An Introduction to Mechanical Engineering

www.elsolucionario.net www.elsolucionario.net An Introduction to Mechanical Engineering Third Edition Jonathan Wickert Iowa State University Kemper Lewis University at Buffalo—SUNY Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States www.elsolucionario.net www.elsolucionario.net This is an electronic version of the print textbook Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest www.elsolucionario.net www.elsolucionario.net www.elsolucionario.net An Introduction to Mechanical Engineering, Third Edition Jonathan Wickert and Kemper E Lewis Publisher, Global Engineering: Christopher M Shortt Senior Acquisitions Editor: Randall Adams Senior Developmental Editor: Hilda Gowans © 2013, 2006 Cengage Learning ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher Editorial Assistant: Tanya Altieri Marketing Manager: Lauren Betsos Media Editor: Chris Valentine Director, Content and Media Production: Patricia M Boies For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706 For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions Further permissions questions can be emailed to permissionrequest@cengage.com Content Project Manager: Kim Kusnerak Production Service: RPK Editorial Services, Inc Library of Congress Control Number: 2011934125 Copyeditor: Shelly Gerger-Knechtl ISBN-13: 978-1-111-57680-6 Proofreader: Erin Wagner ISBN-10: 1-111-57680-7 Indexer: Shelly Gerger-Knechtl Compositor: MPS Limited, a Macmillan Company Senior Art Director: Michelle Kunkler Internal Designer: Juli Cook/Plan-It-Publishing Cover Designer: Andrew Adams/4065042 Canada Inc Cover Images: © Tzooka/Dreamstime; R-studio/Shutterstock; Scott Hales/ Shutterstock; Laurence Gough/Shutterstock; Andriy Solovyov/Shutterstock; Losevsky Pavel/Shutterstock; Dumitrescu CiprianFlorin/Shutterstock; irin-k/Shutterstock; marema/Shutterstock; Brian A Jackson/ Shutterstock; 3DDock/Shutterstock; Patrick Breig/Shutterstock; Andrey Kekyalyaynen/ Shutterstock; Vladitto/Shutterstock; Zbynek Jirousek/Shutterstock; Poznukhov Yuriy/ Shutterstock; Dimon/Shutterstock; Darren Baker/Shutterstock; Tom Grill/Shutterstock; Nomad_Soul/Shutterstock; Sergii Korolko/ Shutterstock; minik/Shutterstock Rights Acquisitions Specialist: Deanna Ettinger Text and Image Permissions Researcher: Kristiina Paul Senior First Print Buyer: Doug Wilke Printed in the United States of America 13 12 11 Cengage Learning 200 First Stamford Place, Suite 400 Stamford, CT 06902 USA www.elsolucionario.net Team Assistant: Carly Rizzo Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with office locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and Japan Locate your local office at: International.cengage.com/region Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education Ltd For your course and learning solutions, visit www.cengage.com/ engineering Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.cengagebrain.com www.elsolucionario.net DEDICATION To Karen and Rebecca for their patience and encouragement throughout this project Jonathan Wickert To the Lord for grace and to Laura, Kamryn, and Kaden for their overwhelming patience, support, and love www.elsolucionario.net Kemper Lewis www.elsolucionario.net www.elsolucionario.net This page intentionally left blank www.elsolucionario.net Contents Student’s Preface xi Instructor’s Preface xiii About the Authors xxi THE MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PROFESSION 1.1 Overview The Elements of Mechanical Engineering 1.2 What Is Engineering? 1.3 Who Are Mechanical Engineers? 10 Mechanical Engineering’s Top Ten Achievements 1.4 Career Paths 22 1.5 Typical Program of Study 24 Summary 28 Self-Study and Review 28 Problems 29 References 31 CHAPTER MECHANICAL DESIGN 33 2.1 Overview 33 2.2 The Design Process 37 Requirements Development 41 Conceptual Design 42 Detailed Design 43 Production 47 2.3 Manufacturing Processes 50 2.4 Case Study in Conceptual Design: Mousetrap-Powered Vehicles 57 First Concept: String and Lever Arm 58 Second Concept: Compound Geartrain 59 Third Concept: Sector-Shaped Gear 61 2.5 Case Study in Urban Power Infrastructures 62 Requirements Development 62 Conceptual Design 63 Detailed Design 65 12 www.elsolucionario.net CHAPTER v www.elsolucionario.net Contents 2.6 Case Study: Computer-Aided Design: Noninvasive Medical Imaging 66 Summary 70 Self-Study and Review 71 Problems 72 References 76 CHAPTER TECHNICAL PROBLEM-SOLVING AND COMMUNICATION SKILLS 77 3.1 Overview 77 3.2 General Technical Problem-Solving Approach 82 3.3 Unit Systems and Conversions 84 Base and Derived Units 84 International System of Units 84 United States Customary System of Units 88 Converting Between the SI and USCS 91 3.4 Significant Digits 96 3.5 Dimensional Consistency 98 3.6 Estimation in Engineering 107 3.7 Communication Skills in Engineering 112 Written Communication 113 Graphical Communication 115 Technical Presentations 116 Summary 120 Self-Study and Review 120 Problems 121 References 128 CHAPTER FORCES IN STRUCTURES AND MACHINES 129 4.1 Overview 129 4.2 Forces in Rectangular and Polar Forms 131 Rectangular Components 132 Polar Components 133 4.3 Resultant of Several Forces 134 Vector Algebra Method 135 Vector Polygon Method 136 4.4 Moment of a Force 140 Perpendicular Lever Arm Method 140 Moment Components Method 142 www.elsolucionario.net vi www.elsolucionario.net Contents vii CHAPTER MATERIALS AND STRESSES 183 5.1 Overview 183 5.2 Tension and Compression 185 5.3 Material Response 193 5.4 Shear 205 5.5 Engineering Materials 210 Metals and Their Alloys 211 Ceramics 212 Polymers 213 Composite Materials 214 5.6 Factor of Safety 218 Summary 222 Self-Study and Review 224 Problems 225 References 237 CHAPTER FLUIDS ENGINEERING 238 6.1 Overview 238 6.2 Properties of Fluids 240 6.3 Pressure and Buoyancy Force 248 6.4 Laminar and Turbulent Fluid Flows 255 6.5 Fluid Flow in Pipes 259 6.6 Drag Force 266 6.7 Lift Force 275 Summary 281 Self-Study and Review 282 Problems 283 References 290 www.elsolucionario.net 4.5 Equilibrium of Forces and Moments 148 Particles and Rigid Bodies 148 Free Body Diagrams 150 4.6 Design Application: Rolling-Element Bearings 158 Summary 166 Self-Study and Review 167 Problems 168 References 182 ... herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping,... marema/Shutterstock; Brian A Jackson/ Shutterstock; 3DDock/Shutterstock; Patrick Breig/Shutterstock; Andrey Kekyalyaynen/ Shutterstock; Vladitto/Shutterstock; Zbynek Jirousek/Shutterstock; Poznukhov... provides an introduction to mechanical engineering during either the freshman or sophomore years Over the past decade, many colleges and universities have taken a fresh look at their engineering