The studies whose results are here given have been prosecuted throughout the last sixteen years. I have largely limited my investigations to the habits and industry of spiders, as the matters which seemed most important at this stage of scientific knowledge. None but the field naturalist can fully know and appreciate the difficulties of my task. To these ordinary obstacles have been added special hindrances of my own. The cabinet or laboratory student, with A Field jjg pix,;ied and alcoholic specimens, is largely independent of Natural jj conditions; but he who studies nature as a living thing ISt S Dlfla ., . , ITT iTJl culties I servant of seasons, hours, moods. He must live amidst
AMEEICAN SPIDEES AND THEIR SPINNINGWORK A NATURAL HISTORY OP THE ORBWEAVING SPIDERS OF THE UNITED STATES WITH SPECIAL REGARD TO THEIR INDUSTRY AND HABITS ^' HENHY C.^MoOOOK, D D., Vick-Presipent of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia; Vice-President of the American Entomoixjqical Sw'ietv Author of " The Agricitltural Ants op Texas," "The Honey and Occident Ants," ; etc., etc VOL I PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia A D 1889 (^ '^H.^ A] } ^ AUTHOR^S EDITION Tliis Edition is limited to Two Hundred and Fifty which SUBSORIPTIO: Author's Signature, ' TUB PBUSS OF ALLEN, LANE & SCOTT, PUILADKLPHIA this set is copies, of THESE STUDIES IN NATURAL HISTORY ARE DEDICATED TO THE VENERATED MEMORY OF MY FATHER, JOHN McCOOK, M D., A LOVER OF NATURE, A FRIEND OF SCIENCE, A GOOD PHYSICIAN, A SERVANT OF HIS FELLOW MEN WHOSE FArrH IN THE UNSEEN NEVER FALTERED PREFACE The given have been prosecuted have largely limited my investigathe habits and industry of spiders, as the matters which seemed tions to whose studies throughout the most important last my field task I naturalist can fully To hindrances of A Field here are at this stage of scientific knowledge None but the culties of results sixteen years know and these ordinary obstacles my own The appreciate the have been added diffi- special cabinet or laboratory student, with and alcoholic specimens, is largely independent of Natural^j^^^^^^j conditions; but he who studies nature as a living thing ' ISt S DlflaHe must live amidst ^'^^ servant of seasons, hours, moods I'' culties the life which he would see, and seize the opportunities as they pix^,;ied j^jg , iTJl ITT , come, or lose his venture for that season or year, or perhaps wholly The duties of my calling in a large city have held me rigorously away from Summer vacathe open country except during two months of the year tions, and such leisure hours as a most busy life would allow, have been given to the pleasant task of following my little friends of the aranead world into their retreats, and watching at the doors of their fragile domiciles for such secrets of their career as they might happen to uncover Occasional excursions at other times were unavoidably brief, and often broken off at the point of promised discoveries I have, in part, indeed, overcome this obstacle by transporting and colonizing specimens, and by directing the observations of others fall short of But, at the best, artificial conditions Nature's fullness, and no faithfulness of assistants can quite equal personal investigations Then, again, the natural disposition of the spider is a great hindrance It is a solitary and secretive animal, to the prosecution of field studies and the most ingenious device for winning "^^^ its confidence is as hiding as to persuade it to revelations In Spiders ^^j^^-^ j,ggpg(.j_ there is a great difference between these solitary creatures and those sociable and demonstrative insects, the ants, Nature whoso life history I have heretofore been permitted to give to the scientific world The success which was readily obtained by spending _ apt to drive it into a few weeks or months encamped ually eluded me when among formicaries of emmets, contin- trying like methods with araneads ^5) To be sure, in some respects the Orbweavers and Lineweavers are more approachable than other tribes of spiders; for, as they are sedentary creatures, and are found continuously upon their webs, one often has the oppor- them with comparative freedom and the commoner species, and of that part tunity to observe But this which concerns the structure of snares and trapping of food In other, and even more interesting fields, these sedentary spiders, like all the wandering groups, is only true of comfort of their life persistently conceal their manners When in my books have been collected under such difficulties, and at widely separated periods and places, it is not strange that some gaps in the life record may be found But, if in some parts the connecting links are lacking, and the story is incomplete, it is no more than ordinarily befalls other naturalists when investigating the habits of other animals While, therefore, no one can regret more than I the blanks which here and there occur in the pages of that wonderful history of industrial life and art which I have attempted to unfold, I venture to urge the above reasons for indulgence towards any failures which is it considered that most of the facts presented consecutively, as a connected history, may appear general plan of my work, as it will be given to the public, may be stated as follows The first volume is chiefly taken up with descriptions of those parts of aranead spinningwork which are genGeneral epally known as the web or snare, and the nest or den The ^°^™^'" concerns the nurture of the spider, as the snare is its the Work manufactured tool for capturing insects The latter concerns the protection of the animal from changes of weather and assaults of enemies In my studies of the snares of Orbweavers, I have tried to obtain the full- The briefly : the spinning methods of every species; to mark the which exist among the various groups; and to associate far as my knowledge would permit, with the general habits of the various families Furthermore, I have brought to bear upon ,, , „ ,, f *"®^®' "^ ^ comparative way, the spmnmgwork and habits of est possible details of striking differences these, as ^ ^, Plan of Volume I other tribes, so that the reader and differences, general life and to perceive what may , , , be able to trace resemblances if any, exist between the relations, habits of all spiders The consideration of these topics has necessarily suggested the degree of intelligence and the variety and adaptation of methods shown by spiders in their ordinary and special behavior Thus have come into view the profound and interesting problems relating to animal mentalism Finally, I have endeavored, in the closing chapters, to present a bird's eye view of the entire field of industrial life treated of in the volume, with special bearing upon a common origin, whether from the one standpoint of a single originating Mind, or from the other standpoint of a genetic evolution from common ancestral actions and tendencies In the second volume I shall take up and treat in the same way the and industry associated with mating and maternal instincts, the life of the young, the distribution of species, and other general Plan of The third habits indicated in the appended table of contents Volumes ^^i^j^g ^f ^^^ ggj-ies will be a systematic presentation of the "Orbweavers of the United States, and this I hope to make tolerably complete The descriptions will be accompanied by a number of plates drawn in the best style of lithographic art, and painted by hand in habits the colors of nature plan is the result of an entire change in my original purwhich was to write a natural history of all American spiders, following consecutively and separately the several tribes, beginning with the OrbA vast amount of material has been gathered with weavers Original ^j^.^ p^j-p^gg ^^ view, but I have found that the work thus The above pose, *" all marked out For, even should entire field mapped is my ability to accomplish it be sufficiently lengthened to overtake the the expense of the undertaking appears to be an so great that I doubt my out, life I have, therefore, concluded to introduce, in the comreferred to, such notes of tribes, other than Orbweavers, as impassable barrier parative way seemed most desirable and important for solution of the various problems which have arisen as my studies progressed Thus, while the Orbweavers are treated fully, the natural history of all other tribes of our spider fauna comes well into view Although I confess some regret at the abandonment am confident that most naturalists will agree with that the present treatment adds to the value of the volumes now published, and is, perhaps, after all the best that could have been adopted There is another point at which this work departs from my original plan As my observations have especially traversed the spinning habits of of the original plan, I me spiders, Study of it seemed important to make a careful study of the spin- not only of Orbweavers, but of all other spider Spinning ^^.-^^^ j^ ^,j^g thought that such a comparative study would not rgans determination of the ^^^^^ ^.^_^ valuable hints in the systematic j^ijjg organs, animals, but would have an especial bearing upon the variations in spinning habit It was inferred that there must be some connection between special function and the organs prosecuted far enough to see In this line work was begun and thereof how promising and interesting is the field whose consequences were felt for several knife and years, compelled an entire cessation of work with the dissecting microscope I was, therefore, reluctantly compelled to omit from the openlimit ing chapters much material which I had hoped to present, and to my illustrations to the few which are really necessary to give the reader a in correct idea of the structure of the spinning organs and the manner But a severe attack of sickness, which the spinning material of spiders I have borrowed in part from others is I formed Even these illustrations venture to express the hope that some one who can thoroughly prosecute this line of studies will be led to take it up and give the results to the scientific world I have made a point of illustrating all descriptions with drawings whenever the proper material was in hand During mj'^ studies of ara"^^'^ spinningwork, I have made thousands of original sketches PuUIU "^ '^^' "^^^ books, from which I have selected those that seemed trations best suited to make clear the points treated of Judging by my own experience, even an outline drawing is better to communicate certain facts than pages of verbal explanation Acting upon this belief, I have preferred to risk excessive illustration rather than fall upon obscure description Indeed, I cherish the hope that the contents of some of the following chapters might be fairly understood by a simple examination of the cuts with their explanatory legends have not been unmindful of the artistic sense of my readers, which, has been measurably satisfied but I take it for granted that those who honor me by looking at my work will understand that the chief object of the engravings is to make plain what I have to say In other words, the figures are for illustration and not for embellishment Many of the cuts have been redrawn by competent artists, but a large number remain as figured by myself on block or paper Among those who have assisted in making the drawings are the well known artists and arachnologists, Mr J H Emerton, of Boston, and Dr George Marx, of Washington also, Messrs Edwin Sheppard and Frank Stout, of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia; and the Misses Bonsall, of this I I trust, ; ; city It my may not be out of place to allude to the fact that, in order to give investigations to the public in any form that would satisfy me, I have undertake the entire burden and expense of P"t)lication Few things could be more inconvenient and disAuthor^f tasteful than the business details thus imposed but I have acPublisher cepted them as a part of the sacrifice required of one who, as a prophet of the mysteries of Nature, feels called to declare, at whatever cost, the truths known to him been compelled to ; Those who have undergone a like experience need not be told that the of loss to fall upon an author will be largely determined by the interest which friends and associates take in procuring for his book a place on the shelves of scientific societies and leading libraries I have received many favors and much generous help in procuring information and specimens from various naturalists and friends, for wliich I have tried to give full credit to all in ^ express my thanks Thanks the appropriate place in text or foot note, but will make deserved personal acknowledgments in a succeeding volume amount The Manse, November Piiii,Ai)ELi>HiA, H 1st, 1889 C McC TABLE OF CONTENTS OF VOLUME PART I.— STRUCTURE L AND SPINNING ORGANS CHAPTER I GENERAL CLASSIFICATION AND STRUCTURE The Origin of the Name Spider PAOB8 —Principal Groups, Sedentary and Wandering— Tribal Divisions— Blackwall's Classifloation-Thorell and Bertkau— Highest Fonns— Superiority of Lycosids Orbweavers and Lineweavers Anatomy of a Spider— Caput — — Eyes— Mandibles -Sternum — Labiuih— Maxillae and Palps— Legs and Claws—The Abdomen — Pulmonary Sac -The Epigynum and Male Organs — Hints to Collector A Spidery — How to Observe Spinningwork and Habits— Preserving Specimens 15-33 CHAPTER II THE SPINNING ORGANS — External Spinning Organs The Spinnerets or Spinning Fingers— The Posterior Spinnerets—Middle Spinnerets Anterior Spinnerets Puchol/, and I/imdois' Studies Studies of Meckel Spinning S{)ools Internal Spinning Organs Silk Glands— Liquid Silk— Pyriform (ilands and Ducts Cylindrical (ilands— Treeforin (ilands Spinning Spools of the Pyriform (ilands Si)igot Spools— Spools of Middle and Anterior Spinnerets Generic Differences in Spinning Spools The Muscular System for Expelling — — — — — — — — — — " Silk PART '34-,'il II.— GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS, CONSTRUCTION, AND ARMATURE OF WEBS CHAPTER III GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ORBWEAVERS' SNARES — Popular Errors— An Orbweb Defined Great Groups of Forms of the Hub—The Free Zone— Notched Zone CHAPTER Orbwebs— Parts of the Orb52-.">!) IV CONSTRUCTION OF AN ORBWEB Laying Out the Frame — — — Dragline The Prime Foundation Foundations by Vir C'urrents Bridge Lines— Webs Between Trees— Webs on Water Plants Cobweb Bridges— Trial Air Lines Swinging Insjjection Baskets Jonathan Edwards as an \nichnologist — — Double Foundation Lines ing the Notched Zone — Placing in Radii — Alternate Apposition of Radii — Form(10-78 (9) —— 10 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ARMATURE OF ORBWEBS V VISCID SPIRALS : PAGES Spiral Scaffolding— Corner Size of Rains Loops—Spinning Beads— Elasticity —^Tortion of Spiral Line of Spirals by Rain — Formation —Number and Properties PART Viscid Spirals— Cutting of Beads Away the Scaffold — Beads Dissolved Adlicsiveness of Beads by —Medicinal 79-95 ' III.— CHARACTERISTIC FORMS AND VARIATIONS OF SNARES CHAPTER VI ARGIOPE AND HER RIBBONED ORB Full Orbs—Argiope Snare of Linyphia— 150-171 AMERICAN SPIDERS AND THEIR SPINNINGWORK 360 Besides, this spinning material can flow oflF through a wide spool and produce the necessary spinningwork for throwing on the animals Pholcus has a large gland and a wide spool Apstein believes that this gland serves to throw threads on the animals in the web, and keep them there ^ Note E — Medicinal Property of Spider Wers (Pagf 95.) Dr James, in The Spider is Medical Dictionary, introduces his article Araneus* Spider and the Web are used in Medicine said to avert the Paroxism of Fevers if it be applied to the liis with this statement : " Botli Pulse of the Wrist, or Temples, but is peculiarly recommended for a Quartan, being inclosed in the Shell of a Hazle-nut The Web astringes and conglutinates, and any Inflamations." therefore vulnerary, retains Bleeding is Note F — Effects (Page and prevents of Spider Poison 281.) Dr James, in liis Dictionary, quotes from the works of Harvy the following sentence, which shows that the distinguished discoverer of the circulation of the blood was a fearless experimenter and an earnest searcher Truth " Having for Trial's sake pricked my hand with a Needle I rubbed the point of the same Needle with the Tooth of the spider, and perforated the Skin therewith in another part of my Hand, but could after : after distinguish no Difference in the Sense of the Punctures However there was one remarkable enough in the Skin, for in the Envenomed Puncture the same was soon raised up into a Tubercle looking red with Heat, and Inflamations rising uj) as it were to shake off the inflicted." up small birds with Mygake javanica and M sumatrensis, both large and strong spiders, and the birds died in a few seconds after being bitten One of the spiders was left for ten days without food, and then was made to bite another bird, whicli was injured, but in six liours recovered The same author was bitten in the finger by a Jumping spider The pain was severe for a few minutes, and was followed by lameness of the finger, and gradually of the hand and arm, which soon went away entirely.^ Doleshall sliut Bertkau allowed spiders to bite his hand On the ends of the fingers the skin was too thick to be penetrated, but between the fingers they easily pricked it The bite swelled and smarted for a quarter of an hour, and then itched for some time, and for a day after itched whenever rubbed, as mosquito bites will He also experimented on flies, which died in a • Apstein, op ' Quoted by Emerton, ^ cit " Med Diet., Vol Structure and Ilabit.s," London, 1743 page 34 I., APPENDIX 361 few minutes after being bitten Of course, however, experiments of this kind are greatly invalidated by the fact that it cannot be determined whether the death of the insects resulted from poison, or from the mutilation produced by the entrance of so formidable a weapon as a spider's fangs Dr Alfred Duges gives an account of a little girl patient who had been bitten by one of those enormous spiders, quite common in Guanajuato, Mexico, which Mr Leon Becker has named Metriopelma breyeri The wound presented an oblong, tumefied border, about three lines high, of a livid violaceous color, filled with a serosity which he was not able to examine The centre of the tumor was concave, and filled with red pus Eight days after the accident there was little pain, but no general symptoms Dr Duges was not able to follow up the case, but thinks that if there had been any serious consequences of the bite the child would have been brought back to him for further treatment ^ > " Insect Life," Vol II., No 2, 1889, page 47 INDEX OF VOLUME Abdomen, anatomy of, 22 manner of tion of, 25 general dcserii)- ; protecting, ; 288 Argiope argyraspis, 59, 87, 95 decorations on web, 107 suspended to snare, 55 ; view of ; ; section view of organs, 27 Acrosoma, characteristic snares, 55 compared with Orchard si>ider, 153 influence of climate upon, 164 length of legs, 24 rib; abdomen, ; ; Acrosoma spinea, 126 ; spigots, 38 254 Adaptation, in laying foundation lines, 73 in spinning spirals, after mutilation, 78 labor saving, 85 to force of winds, 82, 83 Argiope ; 209, 216, 217 of orbweb for it« ends, 247 in nesting habits of Epeini strix, 289, 290 ; Hentz, see fasciata Argiope argy- raspis ; of nesting habit, 297 Aeronautic habits, swinging basket, ; ; insects, 250 position at liub, 127 ; of, 52; spinning spinning spools, 37 swathing glands, 40; snare, figure ; files, character of orb, 108 96; loses a captured bee, 258; protective wings of, 309; sheeted hub, 55, 56; silk ; ; ; of snare Chapter VIII., 96, 229; as a bird catcher, 234; curious incident while feeding, 256; distribution, description boned brace, 57 webs of, 64 Acrosoma niitrata, 126, 127 Acrosoma rugosa, foundation web, 73 snare Acrosoma rugosa, 338 manof, 125, 126 ner of trapping 22 Argiope cophinaria, 90 ; ; I see Argiope cophinaria Argiope riparia, Argyroneta aquatica, nest of, 328 Argyroepeira hortorum, 77, 91, 92; beautiful colors, 151 favorite sites, 152; position at ; hub, 152; protective apron, 152; orb char- 68, 69 acteristics, 153 Affinities, 204 Agalena labyrinthea, 45 Agalena ncevia, 23, 28, 220, Armature of orbwebs, 221, 227, 260, 315, 78, Chapter V Attoidse, 19 Attoids compared with Lycosids, 20 345, 353 "Agricultural Ants of Texas," author's work, Atypus Abboti, nests of, 325 Ausscrer, 16, 28 164, 168 Air currents, in making foundation lines, 62, Bag worm, 64, 74 Alternate apposition of radii, 75, 228 Amaurobius, sticky web of, 351, 352 ; see Ap- 332 Ballooning, sec Aeronautic habits Banks, Sir J., 77 pendix Basilica spider, see Epeira basilica spinningwork of Orbweavers and Lineweavers, 170 Beads, viscid, 80 on spirals, acid character adhesiveness of, 94 appearance of, 95, 96 to eye, 88 formation of, 88, 89 dissolved Analogies, in Anatomy of spiders, see Chapters II I., ; ; ; by rain, 91, 92 effect of sun and air on, 94; natural formation of, 90, 91; prey on webs, 93, 94 size and shape, 87 value in Anchors, of stone, for orb webs, 213, 214 Angulata group, nesting habits, 299 Anthropomorphism, ; ; ; 210 ; ; Apstine, Dr Carl, see Appendix capturing prey, 86; on Tubeweavers' Arachne, Greek myth of, 15 Arachnida, origin of the word, 15 Architecture, 284; see Nesting habits on Theridium's snare, 352 351 Appendix Bee, honey, escaping from spider's swathing, Argiope, ribboned decorations, 57 Argiopc argentata, character of orb, Argiope argenteola, 108 Bertkau, Dr Philip, snares ; ; ; see 258 108 18, 21, 178 Bible reference to spider, (362) 26 ;;; ; 363 Blackwall, 26, 28, 49, 56, 61, 63, 75, 76, 85, 93, of spiders, 17; experiments with poison of 129, 231, 279, 249, classification 317; Cyclosa biftirca, 128 Cylindrical glands, 42 Cyrtauchenius clongatus, 322 spiders, 271 Bowing Bridge snare, 198 tlie lines, 342 Bridges, of spider 65 silk, 63, 64, snare of ; Stilt spider, 157, 158 Bucholz and Landois, 42; see Chapter ; 186 Cambridge, Rev Pickard-Cambridge, 19, Campbell, Mr F Maule, 143, 262 by Labyrinthea, economy of, 56 Horace of 20, 182; Domed of Domicile vertical, on Epeira strix, 111 ""^^ 34/ of, 236 orbs, 150, 164 Dragline, 00, 61, ;W2 Drassus 347 spinning spools, 49 and fang of, 272; nest ater, Classification, general divisions, 17 Drassus, falx Claws, used in hanging to snare, Drinking, 202 Duct, of silk glands, 42 Cleaver, Mr snares Domicile spider, see Epeira domiciliorum Epeira's nest, 110 l(i, ; of, 248 109, , photograph P., 348 of, Dolomedes scriptus, 311 Dolomedes sexpunctiitus, nest Dolomedes captures a ay idur 132 21 Ciniflo atrox, 278 Citigrades, curled thread ; of, 349 Dictyna philoteichus, welw of, 348 Diptera, indifference to a spider, 257 spider, 116; effect Ccphalotliorax described, Mr Dictyna, 354 Distribution, Cannibali.sin, 259 Cai)turing insects, spider's web, 134; Dews, efiect of, on webs,"^ 231, 232 Diagram of spinning organs, 39 Direction, sense 23, 27, 28, 62, 174, 195, 204, 203, 272, 279 Chandler, Laet, 233 of habit in Triaranea, 141, 142, 102, 247 II Caddis flies, various neste of, 333, 334 Capturing insects, 206 Calamistrum, 26, 177, 186, 351 of Hyptiotcs, Central space, De Development of Labyrinth see Ciiapter II ; ; ; Bridge suspension of Theridium, 224 Buchol:!, Dr Keinhold, anatomy of spinning organs, 35, 40 Darting threads, 45 Darwin, 234 Decoration, ribbon cords, 57 ribbons of Uloborus, 175, 176 on orb of Argiope, 107 flossy, on (iasteracantha's web, 123 55 P., 243 Climate, limiting distribution, 103 length ; of, 310 in Tege- of, naria, 49 egg bag Cocoon, influence of position, 259 of Lycosa, 327 of Theridium nervosum and T riparium, 317 nesta of Misumena and Philodromus, 323 tent of Attus, 327 ; ; Dysdera, 223 Dysdera bicolor, 222 ; ; ; tent of AVater spider, 328 Cocooning, 347 boxes for observing, 29 Argiope cophinaria, 39, ; spiders, 68 ; of implements Emerton, 31 for, ; manner of, ; ; ; , Tetragnatha, 155 Composite snares, Rosa Smith, Mi's J II., 59, 80, Enemies of 125, 120, 122, 130 Construction of leaf nests, 299 Cooperative housekeeping, 135, 348 Counterpoise, 210 Courtship of Kpcira labyrinthea, 132 Cribcllum, 178, 351 Cteniza californica, see Trapdoor spider, 19 Currents of air, use in beginning a snare, 62 Cyclosa caudata, 87, 128 100, 129, 178, 186 spiders, 132 Engineering 28, 29 brilliancy of certain spidere, 20 20 of Nephila's threads, 147 of Tetragnatha extensa, 156 of Orehard spider, 151 of Color, Eigenmann, 142, 211, 298 Coil of slack line, 189 Collecting, Edwards, Rev Dr Jonathan, observation of of spiders, skill Chapter 208, XIII., 342, 343 Environment, influence selecting in web on food, 259 on dispower to resist, 163 tribution, 163 floating on the Epeira, figure of face, 21 water, 101 the most common species, 110 68 sites, ; influence ; ; ; ; orbs ; frequent, 56; orbs over water, of, Epeira apoclisa, Epeira basilica, snare, 165 ; architecture building web the (>4 93, 299 its discovery, 104 of the snare, 166 figure of dome, 168 ; ; form of spider, ; 165 manner of cocoons, 169 relations with Orchftr, 71, 80 Knott, Hon Proctor, 244, 245 Koch, Dr Louis, 107, 108, 190, 204 variegata, 19 Labyrinth spider, 130 Gosse, P H., 275 see Epeira labyrinthea Landois, Dr Leonard, 35, 40; see Chapter II Larvffi, tube making, 329 Grout, Kev Mr., 140 Laterigrades, 16, 347 Guidon, Latreille, 15, 16 Goldsmith, Dr Oliver, 282 Gossamer threads used for flossy, 161 sails, 8() ; nests of, 323 ; Latrodectus mactans, 274 Laurel, used for nests, 295 Habitat, 292 Hahn, Ijeeuenhoek, 231, 208 173 Hairs, color Legs, of; 26 Harmony, universal, in nature, 335 Heineken, Dr., 78 Hentz, Prof NichoUis M., 119, 151, 172, 57, 110, 59, of, 24 antennal use ; ; of, 69 fourth leg in Acro- soma, 127; not used as a measure, 76; use in spinning spirals, 80, 81 voluntarily am- 118, ; putated, 278 173, 238 Hopper, Mr .I.W., anatomy eflect of mutilation, 78 242 Li^idy, Horizontiil orbs, 53, 150, 35() Prof Joseph, 240, 245, 333 Lepidoptera, larval spinningwork suggesting Basilica's web, ; spiders, 284 109 Hub, centre of don, 74 ; orb, 54 open, 55 orbs with open, 126 ; Lineweavers, 19, 20, 21, 353; derivation of word, 17 swathing captives, 260 nests of, flossy gui- ; ; of Orchard ; spider, 152; position of spider at, 86, 112; Acrosoma position of Tetragnatha at, 127 at, 156; rinthea, 133; sheeted, ; meshed, of Laby- i 55 ] Hulse, Dr., 61 | Hunt, Mr Benjamin Hymenoptera, 19 Hyptiotes, 3.50, 3.54; II., habits ; Chapter XI.; compared with Theridiosonia, 204 ; habits of, of, 340 19, 28, 1.57, 345 Lister, 28, 62 Loops, spiral and corner, 80 spirals, 140 Lownes, George Hyjjtiotes paradoxus, 181 ; Linyphia marginata, Looped trapline, 340 of webs, 206; parasitic nest and snares of, 320 310, 311 site Linyphia communis, 1()7, 320, 344, 348; Ixiwl shaped web, Kili Linyphia cosfata, 107; sheeted web fif, 343; snare the Triangle spider, 177; descrii)tion of snares systx'matic place, 180 and 101 ; 310 Linyphia, 353; position of B., 272 Lucas, 274, 277 manner of weaving, 327 Industry, nesting, jwoteetive, 307 Lycosa, Industrial habit, unity Lycosa agretit'a, 278 Lycosa arenicola, 19, 314; see Turret spider Lycosa carolinensis, 314 Lycosa scutulata, flguri' of, 20 effect of bit*', Insects, of, 356 manner of entanglement, 248 etl'ect ; of poison on, 277 Instinct, in si)idei>!, 77 ; beginning an orb, 62; 70 ; variation in subordination in number young of radii, Lycosa of, 255 Insular si)ider, see Epeira insularis; nests 284, 285, 286, 287, 295, 296 ing a nest, 301 ; 273 ; mode of of, mak- tigrina, nest of, 323 LycosidiB, 19; physical powers organization 314 of, 20 ; of, 235; high niditlcation of, 313, 366 Male, palpal organs, 23 ; generative organs, rudimentary web of Argiope cophi- 28; naria, 106 Nephlla, 49, 95, 96, 233; the bite snares of, 310 of, 276; Nephila plumipcs, description of female, 147 snare of, 147 golden strands, 147 form •of web, 147 Wilder, 147, 148 distribution, ; Mandibles described, 22 Manufacturing methods, uniformity Marx, George, M.D., 120, KSS, 169 of, :!24 ; ; 140 Maternity, influence on imperfection of orbwebs, Mathcniatics, 73 79 irregularity of radii, 76 order of spinhabit, 347 ; ; ; ; ; orientation of lines, 75 ning radii, 77 polygonal and triangular forms in snares, ; 61." Nephila wilderi, see Nephila plumipes Nests of manner of spidei-s, preserving, 31 Chapter XVII Nesting habits, Chapter XVII., 284 cluster making, 134, 173, 225 ; ; leaf nest, folded 284, 286; silken tubes, 288, 289 ; 288; various adaptations leaf, 285, McCook, Commander Rhoderick Sheldon, 222 McLeay, 17 Meade, R H., 27, 38 anatomy of si)idcrs, 44 nests of of, 290 favorite sites for, 292 fern Trifolium in various ])lants, 293 nests, 295; plant habitat modifying nest Mechanical advantage, order of radii, 76; of and ; not