ORBWEAVING SPIDERS OF THE UNITED STATES

LIBRARV CALIFORm UNIVERSITY OF DAVIS Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/americanspiderstOOmccorich AMEKICAN SPIDEKS THEIR SPINNINGWORK -e- A NATURAL HISTORY ORBWEAVING SPIDERS OF THE UNITED STATES WITH SPECIAL REGARD TO THEIR INDUSTRY AND HABITS BY HEKRY O McOOOK, D D., Vice-Presidekt of the Academy of Natural S-Pkesident op the American Entomological Society * AuTrfOR OF "The Agricultural Ants of Texas," ; " The Honey and etc., VOL CXx?ident Ants," etc II PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia A D 1890 THE PRKSS OF ALLEN, LANE & SCOTT, PHILADELPHIA ; PREFACE With have substantially ended the task which their Spinningwork," I feel that I many That years ago I proposed to myself was the description and pose, "American Spiders and the completion of the second volume of task, as my lay in it pur- illustration, in as large detail as possible, of the spinning industry and general habits of true spiders Subsequently, as announced in the was so far modified as to volume my of this work, plan the spinningwork and habits of Orbweav- theme, and to group around the same the industries of ers the principal other spiders in make first such relations and proportions as seemed practicable the present volume I have adhered to this modified plan, but In less closely than in the preceding one, having made large use of the natural history of other tribes than the Orbitelarise and general public scientific and follows them spiders, the grave; more than that, ancestral araneads who continents, the sites amber forests, are their cocoon life lived their ; and babyhood fore thie strange disguises of science to in the strange surroundings of prehistoric The the ocean maternal ; skill, their youth — these ; and other like the or, courtship and mating of devotion, and self sacrifice and old age their voyages and enemies their allies rocks, ; facts I ; their means through the of air their fashion of death have tried to bring be- me face to face with reader in the following pages Moreover, many ; from the cradle and touches upon the history and destiny of now beneath and dens in the ground its to death, I history of life goes beyond the sphere of existing faunal it communion with the world around them and up the which are embosomed in the of these solitary creatures takes It from birth literally into the geologic periods, life Volume probable that this volume will be more interesting than It is both to the my studies have necessarily brought the interesting problems, I theories, have had no pet theory to (3) and speculations of modern approve or oppose, and have not PREFACE sought phy to marshal the facts in hand for or against this or that philoso- and of life Indeed, origin its and not a philosophy history, aim has been Yet thereof make volume more generally this a natural to write have here and there alluded I which current thinking has much to matters with also tend to my may This fact to interesting than the preced- ing or succeeding one I have not found the difficulties my of task lessened, but rather in- Spiders are solitary and creased in treating these features of the history and these secretive at the best, expression in those acts of Volume — cocooning, concerned is II.' It have reached their highest characteristics for example — with which a large part has thus been unusually difficult to secure Then, again, these studies have a continuous authentic record of habits necessarily been only the recreations of a busy professional whose en- life, gagements have rapidly multiplied, and been more onerous and exacting These than ever before in the last six years labors have, therefore, off more continually receded or been suspended before the pressing and rious obligations of duty and have great labors, may satisfaction in the my have spoken of that the Third Volume costly and, in some work thereon leisurely hope that way is lies others, task as substantially completed most These and explore difficult of all not forget I it is the most But much already done, and I feel justified in finishing it will it seems to Orb weaving fauna more will me be neces- of the United number of lithographic and colored by hand from Nature be illustrated by a in the best style of art of the in a That volume, with the exception of two chapters, sary for identification, descriptions of the drawn stop, beyond devoted to species work, and will present, as far as States stimulated by ray must yet remains to be finished, and that respects, the se- glad to have done so much, pass on through the vestibule where I the vast temple of aranead lore that I am Nevertheless, I plates, Plate IV of the five colored plates in the present volume will best illustrate the character of those which are to follow species of other tribes I have now said To the above I will add some whose habits have had especial notice in all that I expect to make public of of spider manners, with the exception of one chapter which I my may me III., and, per- be necessary for the explanation and enlargement of matters to which attention have followed observations on General Habits, have reserved for the opening pages of Volume haps, a second chapter, which this work in the preceding studies may be called by those who INDEX 472 Coleoptera, 46(5 long life, 429 Colonies of Medicinal spider, 237, 238; on adult webs, 234, 235; over water, 233; of ; South American Epeiras, 231 ; of Epeira triaranea, 231 Color and color sense, Chapter XI consciousness Color, causes that modify, 341 ; Danger, influence of, Darwin, Charles, 16, 30, 56, 230, 232, 273, 315, ; ders, 335: De ; ; patterns, 348; 337; sense of, 34(5 structural causes of, 349 exhibited by males in wooing, 52 preference for, 343 relation to cocoons, 347 utility of, ; ; ; ; Colorado, Gray's Peak, 128 of spiders ; 29, 50, 133, 150 Lignac, 45 Dendryphantes capitatus, 31, Dendryphantes elegans, 33 52 Dens, spider, 433 Dermestidse, 87, 396 Colors and sex, 328 Development, Combativeness in females, 33 ; in males, 32, 33 Diadem effects of, 208 spider, 22 ; see Epeira diademata Communication by sound, 314 Communities of spiders, 230 Digger wasp, 383, 406 Conflicts of males, 30 Dispersion of young, 220 Dissimulation of insects, 359 Distribution of species, 97, 272, 274 of Orbweavers, 178 Diurnal eyes, 290 Diptera, 340 Conifers of the Tertiary, 464 Consciousness of color, 333, 342 Copal, 4(53 Cope, Prof Edward, 450, 458 Copulation, 73 Dodge, Capt George H., 273 Coreopsis, 367 Dolichoscaptus inops, 410, 411 Dolichoscaptus latastei, 410 Cornwallis, Mr E C, 362 Courtship, 333, 335; attitude in, 62; first stages 307 Crab, male, dances Cresson, Ezra of, 55 T., 131, 396 Cretaceous formations, 463 Cricket, 314, 315 Crum Creek, 368 Crustaceans, 342 sound making, 315 Cteniza ariana, 250 ; eggs of, 182, 183 Cteniza fodiens, 249 Ctenus, 148 young of, 226, 227 Cutting ants, 357, Cuvier, Baron, 415 Cyclocosmia truncata, 415, 416, 417 ; Cyclosa bifurca, 189, 372, 376 Cyclosa caudata, 102, 104, 169, 191, 204, 232, 301, 372, 373, 376 flies, 466 Drassids, cocoon 125, 210; of and nest 98, 99 of, England, 133 ; 132 ; cocoons of, ovipositing, 181 Di-assus ater, 133, 194 Drassus Drassus Drassus Dufour, lapidicolens, 133, 194 nitens, 133 sylvestris, 133 M., 407 Dwight, Dr Sereno Cyclosa conica, 374 Cynips, 142; parasitic on spiders, 246, 247 Cyrtarachne, cocoons of, 95, 98, 97 27, 28, 39, 63 Doors of Lycosids, 405 Dragon Cyrtarachne cornigera, Cyrtophora biiurca, 95 vertical, Dolichoscaptus vittatus, 417 Domesticity of spiders, Domicile spider, 302 ; Cteniza californica, 169, 414, 415 ; Dolomedes albinius, 193 Dolomedes lanceolatus, 194 Dolomedes mirabilis, 27, 146, 147, 189 Dolomedes scriptus, 195 Dolomedes sexpunctatus, 145, 146 Dolomedes tenebrosus, 192, 201, 299, 301 Dolomedes, young of, 240, 241 of, 20 Cowan, Edward, indus- of, 340 319,358,359,441,442 Dawson, Dr G M., 459 Death, 378 feigning, 255, 438, 442 Chapter XIV., 419 De Geer, Baron, 16, 27, ; ; influences ; ; development, 60 hairs, 351 mimicry, 367 normal, 325 of Cave spi341 of, 333, 341 407 insects unconscious Daphnia pulex, 342 try, Dyctina, nests Dying, manner E., 280 and cocoons of, of, 136, 137 419 Dysdera bicolor, 134, 135, Dysdera hombergii, 189 189 Eating, 428 Dahl, Herr, 309, 312 Dances, love, of males, 50, Edgerton, Lord, of Tatton Hall, 290 Edwards, Dr Jonathan, as a naturalist, 281 280, INDEX Eggs, spider, 75, 88, 193, 199, 201, 202, 396; devoured by mother, 182; fecundity of, 177; irregular oviposition, 184; number of, 90,188; parasites on, 394; v, 'thin the ab- domen, 180 Egress from cocoon, 212 Eigenmann, Mrs Rosa, 83, 93, 135, 225, 329, Electricity, influencing ballooning, 279 165, 181, 182, 187, their influence Chapter XIII., 378 Enemies of spiders, 191, 363, 375, 399, 411 English spiders, 280, 284, 289, 290, 292, 328, 330, 348, 366, 369, 374, 403, 429, 433 Drassids, 133 Atypus, 137 gossamer showers ; ; ; of, 276 Enock, Mr Frederick, 29, 137, 244, 245, 249, 429 patagiata, 327 Epeira sclopetaria, 36, (52, 207, 234, 254, 289, 293, 399, 432 time of cocooning, 88 Epeira strix, 24, 26, 164, 165, 181, 288, 285, 329, ; Epeira thaddeus, 331 cocoon, 90 Epeira triaranea, 89, 90, 195, 208, 222, 231, 338, 339 Epeira umbratica, 179, 290, 396 Epeira vertebrata, 26, 334 Epiblemum scenicum, 30, 50, 57, 236 Erigone, cocoon of, 118 Erigonum, 147 Erber, Mr., 250 Eresus monarchus, 467 Ergatis benigna, 27 Ero, 466 Environment, 352 ; influence ence on color, 334 Entombment, manner of, 412 ; influ- in amber, 468 of, ; of fossils, 447 Eo parvula, 328, 371, 440 Ei)eira trifolium, 289, 331, 439 212, 261, 291, 292, 335, 351, 389, 404 Enemies and see Epeira insularis ; J H., 21, 27, 36, 44, 49, 95, 109, 120, 155, ; 338, 341, 386, 431, 433, 453 Elis 4-notata, 384, 406, 414 121, 123, 135, 154, marmorea, 34 meekii, 453 Epeira Epeira Epeira Epeira P^peira quadratii, 28, 189, 289, 433 388, 395 Emerton, 4.73 thoracica, 460 Eotypus woodwardii, 456 Epeira apoclisa, 27, 36, 38, 187, 433 Epeira basilica, 169, 191 cocoon string of, 106 Epeira bicentennaria, 330 Epeira bifurca, 95, 169; cocoon string, 104; see Cyclosa bifurca Epeira bombicinaria, 440 Epeira cavatica, see Epeira cinerea Epeira cinerea, 89, 190, 224, 398 Epeira cooksonii, 334 Epeira cornigera, 207 Epeira cornuta, 290 Epeira cucurbitina, 330, 370 Epeira diademata, 21, 110, 187, 188, 189, 190, ; 224, 283, 284, 289, 328; pairing of, 34 Epeira domiciliorum, 224, 334 cocoon, 86, 87 time of cocooning, 88 Epeira epiblemum, 207 Epeira fusca, 27 see Meta menardii Epeira gemma, 330 Epeira inclinata, 24, 292 Epeira infumata, 440, 441 Epeira insularis, 208, 214, 289, 441, 453; cocoon of, 86, 87 male, 20 Epeira labyrinthea, 62, 99, 168, 187, 191, 222, 289, 305, 333, 386, 390; cocoons stnmg in site, 100 string of, 101 suspension of, 102 ; ; ; ; courtship, 21 ; Ero setulosa, 467 Ero thoracica, 114, 115 Ero variegata, 114, 115 Eumeneg, genus of wasps, 130, 131 European spiders, 95, 289, 452 Eurypelma hentzii, 140, 249, 321, 385, 428 Evolution, 60, 360, 378 Eye Eye tubercles, 298 turrets, 297, 298 Eyes of 287 ; spiders, 283 ; atrophy night and day, 288 ; of, 292 ; color structure of, of, 284 Fabre, J H., 445 Fakir, 444 Fairmount Park, 399 Faithfulness, maternal, 199 Fear paralysis, 438 Fecundity of female spiders, 177 Feigning death, 195, 255 Female spiders, quiescent during courtehip, 57 relative activity, 70 Ferocity, 66 ; Fertility of spiders, 189 Fertilization, 72 Feud among spiders, 389 Fighting of females, 33; of males, 30, Fingal's Cave, spiders in, 179, 290 31 Flies, 387, 442 Florida spiders, 91, 201, 356 Florissant spiders, 447, 458 Flowers, attracting insects mimicked, 368 Flying spiders, 256 and spiders, 346; 474 INDEX Food of cave spiders, 156 ; of yoiing spiders, 213, 243 Forel, Prof Auguste, M D., 295, 345 Hawkins, Forethought, 202, 204 Form mimicry, 357 among 102, 107, 147, 192, 193, 357, 390, 417, 451 Herman, Mr Otto, 236, 237 Hermeteles fasciatus, 392 Hermeteles formosus, 392 Herpyllus aureata, 127, 128 Herpyllus ecclesiasticus, 191, 299, 301 Heterapoda venatoria, 109, 153, 272, 273 Hey wood, Mr., 449 life of, 469 Fountain Cave spiders, 291, Four spotted Elis, 385 Fraternity 393 Hentz, I^of Marcellus, Formicariidee, 363 Franklin, Clarence Sir Henops marginatus, Formica exsecta, 362 Formica fusca, 3(52, 427 Formica integra, 362 Formica rufa, 362, 364 ; of, 207, 25)4 John, 307 Hearing, organs of, 301 Heer, Prof, 449 Foreordi nation in Nature, 88 Forests protected by spiders, 401 Fossil spidery, 446 Harger, Mr., 455 Harris, Dr T W., 194 Hatching of young, period 292 P., 155 Hibernating, 430, 435 Holden, Mr William, 271 broodlings, 225, 255 Fright, 341 Fronani, Prof, 428 Furrow spider; see Epeira Hope, Rev F AV., 452, 465 Horn, Dr George H., 429 strix Hornets, 387 Howard, Mr Gasteracantha, 93, 329, 340, 388 Gasteracantha bourbonica, 93, 208 Huntsman Hummingbirds, 210, 399 Hymenoptera, parasitic, 394, Hypnotism, voluntary, 444 Gentry, Dr Allan, 434 Geology, 458 Geotrachea crocata, 351 Germany, Tertiary Sea, 462 ; L O., 397 spider, 153, 268 397 Tertiary bound- Ichneumon aries of, 463 flies, 129, 189, 338, 392, 395, 466 Gerstaecker, Herr, 271, 272 Gestation, 341 influence on color, 331 Icius mitratus, 54 Gnaphosa, cocoons Impregnation of female spider, Illinois spiders of, 128 ; of, 128 India, spiders Gnatcatcher, blue gray, 399 Goeppert, Prof Dr h' R., 462 Goethe on wasps, God, presence of, Golden rod, 367 Industrial mimicry, 352 Industrial skill, 415 in Nature, 204 enced by enemies, 402; by maternity, Industry, maternal, 75; unmodified, 461 Graber, M, how ; formed, of, 274, 275, 276, 278 by spiders, 383 intuitive, 202, 338 ; Insects, 314, 335, 340 floating, 259, 265, 274 277; showers, origin Gourret, ; ; color sense, 343 fossil, Insular spider, 28, 338 ; stored succinic or see Epeira insularis Intelligence, maternal, 185 (iretrey, M., 307 Ithomia, 359 Iridescence, 335, 351 Guerin, M., 142 (Juest wasps, 384 Joannes, Moreau de, 142 Jones, Rev P L., 186 modification 412 value of, 61 Habitat of spiders, 401 Habrocestus splendens, 52, 333 Hairs, auditory, 309; colored, 350, 351 ; ; 64 maternal, 75, 193, 196, 199, 200 of, 250 Internal structure, 108 of, ; influ- amber, 465 Gregarious habit, 216, 217, 230 Grenacher, H., 283 Habit influencing industry, 406 452 ; Instinct, 201, 202; manifest in young, 250, 251 446, 458 ]Mr., 345 Grecian Archipelago, Trapdoor spiders Green, Mr E Ernest, 392 • 49, 74 392 380, 381 Gordius, 394 Gossamer, of, ; Keller, Dr Kent, C, 401 J, Sackville, 315 Kirby and Spence, 375 Koch, Dr L., 84, 151, 271 INDEX Labyrinth spider; see Epeira labyrinthea Laterigrades, 69, 180, 434, 466 cocoon of 151; ; colors 324, 369 of, Latreille, 281 Lathrodectus mactans, 112 475 Lycosa riparia, 143 Lycosa scutulatii, 394 Lycosa tarentula, 407 Lycosa tigrina, 244, 384, 404, 407 Lycosa saccata, 144, 280, 2m, 314 I^bert, Mr., 288 Leidy, Prof Joseph, 154, 336, 394, 428, 429 Legs, 313; restored when lost, 229; color Magellan, Straits of, 349 relative length of male and femalt;, 26 Lepidoptera, 466 ; Males, 206, 333 titude of, ; of, 333 amorous Leptalis, 359 with females, 27 315; love dances Leptopelma attract females, 57; cavicula, 409 Ijcptopelma elongata, 411 I^squereux, 447, 450, 458 Life, prolonged, 425 Lignac, Abbe de, 28 someness, 63 19; of, 50, 51, mating, 59 ; love ; call 52; displays to of, 22; po- (58 ; ; revelry and quarrel- sluggishness immature web 71 of, ; snare, of, 19 Cave, 336, 337 Mandibles, 322 Manifold cocooning, 95 Marptusa spiders ; of, 154 familiaris, 51, 58 Martindale, Isaac H., 98 33, 36, 73, 119; Marx, Dr Cieorge, 93, 95, 98, lOii, 107, 151, 334, 377, 397, 432, 460 of, 41, 42 montana, 16, 119 phrygiana L costata, — Mason, Prof AV^ood, 322 Maternal instincts, motherhood Chapter VII., 178, 190, 195, 198, 202, 212, 417, 418; and industry Chapter IV., 75; influence on 27- scripta, 389 subterranea, 335 industry, 64 tenebricola, 318 Mating, 337 weyerii, 154, 289, 290 Liphistius, 455 Lister, Dr Martin, 35, 95, 187, 264, 279, 374, Mating habits, comparative views of, Mechanical skill of spiders, 129, 203 Medicinal spider, 123, 288 375 Livingstone, Dr David, 399 Local mimicry, 365 Locy, William H., 284 Love, a, bower, 57 call, 315 dances of male spiders, 51 maternal, 205 signals, 21 59 ; ; ; ; , 201, 283, 296, 342, 343, 344, 345, 427, 429 M H., 252 Luray Cave, 289, 290, Lucas, 336 Lycosids, 72, 301, 334, 344, 364, 382, i03 434; ^ cocoon of, 143 cocoon making, 166 effects of music on, 301 maternal feeling of, 198 maternal instincts of, 193; sight of, 295; ; » ; of, 240, 242 agrestis, 189 arenicola, 336 carolinensis, 403, 407 herbigrada, 370 lenta, 193 narbonensis, 189, 445 ; 61 see Tegenaria me- dicinalis Lizards, eating spiders, 379 young at- interniptions during Mammoth phry- giana Lycosa Lycosa Lycosa Lycosa Lycosa Lycosa when relative size of, Linyphia crypticolens, 119 Linyphia inserta, 292 Linyphia marginata, 21, 29, Lubbock, Sir John, ; pugnacity of, 32 relative activity, 70; relative numljer, 16; sition ; Linyphia Linyphia Linyphia Linyphia Linyphia Linyphia fights of, 30 ; pairing, 43; office of, 15; peril Lincecum, Dr G., 264, 267, 385 Linton Park, England, 362 Linyphia communis, 341, 389 Linyphia costata, 27 see Linyphia pairing solicitations, 63 58; before mating, 18; dwelling ; Meehan, Thomas, 210, 399 Memory, 199 Menge, Herr A., 22, 28, 34, 73, 182, 190, 212, 213, 272, 332, 393, 394, 452 Merejkowski, M., 342 Merian, Madame, 142 Mermis allicans, a "hair snake," 393 Meta, 178 Meta menardii, 94, 288 Meta segmentata, 29 Metallic colors, 325, 349, 371 Metatarsus, hairs on, 313 Micaria aureata, 127, 128 Micaria limicunse, 129, 130, 203, 204 Micaria longipes, 351 Micaria scintilans, 358 Micromata marmorata, 194 Micromata ornata, 332 Mimetic harmonies, 335, 337 resemblance, 353 Mimetus interfector, 389, 390 ; 476 INDEX Mimetus syllepeicus, 390 Mimicry, 152, 190, 337, ; 357 of colors, 367 knots and vironment, 365 ; ; ; buds, ; 366 ; Nesticus pallidus, 154, 156, 189 Nesticus speluncarum, 291 New England spider fauna, 90 New Lisbon, Ohio, spider fauna, ground, 369 Miranda Nesting habits, 70, 402 of Argyroneta, 45, 46 influence of habit, 67 Trapdoor spiders, 64 ; 345 of animal forms, of cocoons, 372 of en- adiantsi, 394 Missouri spider fauna, 108 Night eyes, 288 Mistakes of mothers, 200 Niantic, Connecticut, 20 Misumena Nocturnal eyes, 290 Numerical proportion, vatia, 152, 192, 324, 344, 346, 367, 369, 371, 386 Weir, 443 Moggridge, T Traherne, 182, 184, 247, 248, 249, ; 89 habits, 180, 287, 308 69 IMitchell, Dr S 250, 352, 354, 355, 356, 412, 415, 416, 429, 443 Morgan, T H., 55 among Mortality spiders, 222, 228 first ; stages Motherhood, 72, 178, 186, 192, 193, 194, 197, Moulting, 207, 208, 220, 229, 341 ; influence Mud Mud ; Oeningen spiders, Ogontz Seminary, 452 218 Oligocene spiders, 447, 458 Abbe, 307 Oncodes pallipes, 393 Oonops pulcher, 189 Olivet, 200, 205 22, 23 Odors, effects on spiders, 299 Olfactory organs, 300 of, 422 428 Ocelkis, 283 on 331 color, ; ; dangers of, of Argiope, Orbweavers, tents, 403 62 cocoons, 129, 203 dauber wasps, 364, 381, 382, 383, 387 Midler, Herr (Alpen Bliimen), 346 of, 65, 71 ; difference position in pairing, 62 ; 178 Orchard ; between sexes, favorite sites ; by wasps, 386 stored ; fossil, 466 spider, 339, 350, 366 Multifold cocoons, 108 Orcutt, C R., 83, 388 Murray, John, 276 Muscular action, 332, 341 Music, effects on spiders, 300, 305, 306, 307, Organs of hearing, 301, Ornamentation, 333 302 Orthoptera, 466 Osborn, Capt., 444 309 Mygale avicularia, 142 Mygale blondii, 142, 189 Mygale stridulans, 319 Mygale truncata, see Cyclocosmia truncata Oustalet, M., 451, 458 Ovaries, 180 Oviposition, 181, 184 Mygalidse, 141, 142, 169, 316, 321 Oxyopes Oxyopes Natural selection, 363, 370, 442, 445 Navigating spiders, 268, 269 Pachygnatha, 27 Packard, Prof A Nemesia Nemesia Nemesia Nemesia Nemesia ccementaria, 249, 353, 355, 416 congener, 248, 415 meridionalis, 353, 355, 411 ; nest of young, 250 248 ; 196 ; ; ; Parasitic larvae, 393 pennatipes, 451 Parasitism, 395, 398 plumipes (wilderi), ; spiders, 235 ticus cocooning of Dras134, 135; development of trapdoor, 235, veg- Parson spider, 127; see Herpyllus ecclesias- 66, 91, 189, 450 dentipalpis, 277 parasitism ; etable, 399 nigra, 25, 20, 66, 235 winter, 431, 432 • Paralyzed spiders, 383, 406 Parasites, 129, 142, 393, 394 of body, 391 fossil, 450 building, 355 " II., 41 Paralysis, fear, 438 inaurata, 93, 235 ; 128, 154, 155, 156, 286, Palpal bulb, use of, 42 Palpipes priscus, 457 Palps, 48, 72, 302 248, 356 chrysogaster, 24 Nests, 339 sids, S., Jr., Pairing of spiders Chapter Palmer, L Chalkley, 368 mandei-stjernse, 356 cocoons, 92 viridens, 147, 193, 380 335 eleanora, 248 Nemesia moggridgii, Nephila Nephila Nephila Nephila Nephila Nephila Neriene salticus, 147 ; 388 ; repairing of, Parthenogenesis, 74 Partridges eat ants, 362 Patterns, dorsal, 348 Pavesi, Sig Prof., 291 INDEX Peal, Mr S E., 319, 321 W and Peckhain, Prof George Elizabeth G., 16, 21, 31, 33, 50, 51, 54, 00, 151, 187, 188, 477 Pucetia aurora, 147, 149, 241 Pugnacity of males, 32 Purseweb spiders, 356 Atypus see ; abbotii 189, 198, 199, 201, 295, 299, 301, 304, 305, 323, 328, 332, 333, 335, 337, 343, 357, 358, Quails eat ants, 302 365, 371, 372, 376, 440, 441, 442 Queen of ants, 427 Pellisson, M., 307 Penny, Rev C W., 369 Rats eat spiders, 380 Pepsis formosa, 384, 414 Perils of spiders, 378 Ray Pezomachus, 395, 398 Red Pezomachus dimidiatus, 396 Pezomachus gracilis, 396 Pezomachus meabilis, 131 Phidippus Phidippus Phidippus Phidippus spider, 288, 460; see osum Rearing spiders Theridiosoma radi- artificially, 213 by color preferred spiders, 344 Rennie, Mr., 433 Resins, 463 frenatus, 467 Retitelarije, 434 galathea, 182 Rhytidicolus structor, 139 jonsonii, 331 Riley, Dr C V., 362 morsitans, 33, 59, 148, 189, 190, 295, Romer, Mr., 453 Romanes, G J., 441, 444 335, 350, 351, 397 Phidippus opifex, 149, 150 Phidippus rufus, 33, 59, 167 Russian spiders, 289 Philanthropy, spider, 400 Saitis pulex, 51, 397 Philseus militaris, 31, 32, 53, 57, 332 Saltigrades, 30, 180, 434, 460 Philodrominse, 147 ; Philodromus fallax, 370 Philodromus microcephalus, Philodromus mollitor, 151 Pholcus phalangioides, 120, Physical vigor, 63, Pigment, 341, 349, 351 ; brilliant eyes of, 287 cocoons of, 148 cocoon making, 107 sense of smell, 299 sight of, 295 ; ; Samland, 402, 463, 469 Sanborn, F G., 154 San Domingo, 142 Sauvages, Abbe, 64, 414 467 186, 222, 236 Scales of colors, 351 Pike, Col Nicholas, 397 Scelioftinge, 397 Pinites succinifer, 462 Schindler, Anthon, 307 Pirata piraticus, 198 Schiodte, Mr J C, Pittidai, 362 Scorpions, 315 ; stridulating, 316 Pliny on gossamer showers, 274 Poison of wasps, 382 Scudder, Prof S Pollock, Frederick, Esq., 188, 209, 228 Scytodes thoracica, 120 Season, influences of, 209 453 H., 148, 226, 315, 446, 447, 448, 450, 452, 455, 457, 458, 459 Polysphincta carbonaria, 391 Pompilus annulatus, 445 Pompilus formosus see Pepsis formosa Secretiveness, 355 Portage of cocoon, 119, 120, 153 Presbyterian and Reformed Review, 282 Segestria, 466 Prey, capturing, 70, 286, 368 Preyer, Dr., 437 Segestria nana, 407 Priocnemjs pomilius, 384 Proctotn pids, 397 Prosthesima ecclesiastica see Herpyllus Self protection, 353, 354, 404 Seebach, Herr, 458 ; Segestria canities, 135, 130 Segmentation, 349 ; Senses of spiders, 283, 314 ec- Protect] )n, 192 Sex, influence on color, 328, 332 Sexes, numerical proportion clesia jticus ; by colors, 338 ; of female duri ig courtship, 57 Shamming death, 440 resemblance, 375 Protolycosa anthrocophila, 450, 454 Shamrock spider, 17, 28 PsalistDps melanophygia, 140 Sheep eat spiders, 380 Showers of gossamer, 274, ; Pseud diops opifex, 350 09 ; relative Shaler, Prof, 154 Protect- ve architecture, 402, 409; forms, 358; habits, 378 of, size of, 24 ; see Epeira trifolium Sharp, Dr David, 429 275 INDEX 478 Shrilling of insects, 314 of, 286 limited, ; 295, 296 Silk, spider, colors of, 348 Silliman, Prof Benjamin, 281, 282 Simon, M Eugene, 69, 138, 139, 140, 169, 184, 287, 288, 2V)7, 332, 347, 35