SPIDERS OF SOUTH AFRICA

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South African National Survey of Arachnida Technical Report 2010 version FIRST ATLAS OF THE SPIDERS OF SOUTH AFRICA (ARACHNIDA: ARANEAE) compiled by A.S Dippenaar-Schoeman, C.R Haddad, S Foord, R Lyle, L Lotz, L Helberg, S Mathebula A van den Berg, P Marais, A.M van den Berg, E Van Niekerk & R Jocqué Contents Abstract ……………………………………………………….4 Introduction …………………………………………… … Material and methods ……………………………………….6 Results ……………………………………………………… Family and species numbers …………………….… ATLAS AGELENIDAE …………………………………… ……9 AMAUROBIIDAE ………………………………… … 17 AMMOXENIDAE ………………………….…………….22 ANAPIDAE ……………………………………………… 31 ANYPHAENIDAE ……………………………………….34 ARANEIDAE…………………………….…………… 36 ARCHAEIDAE …………………………… ………… 94 ATYPIDAE ……………………………………… …….101 BARYCHLIDAE ………………………… ………… 103 10 CAPONIIDAE …………………………….…………… 106 11 CHUMMIDAE ……………………………………………113 12 CLUBIONIDAE ………………………… …………… 115 13 CORINNIDAE ……………………………………….… 131 14 CTENIDAE …………………………… ………….……173 15 CTENIZIDAE …………………………… …………….178 16 CYATHOLIPIDAE …………………………… ……….199 17 CYRTAUCHENIIDAE ……………………………….….208 18 DEINOPIDAE …………………………… ……… ….226 19 DESIDAE ………………………………… … ………230 20 DICTYNIDAE ……………………………….… ………232 21 DIPLURIDAE …………………………… ………….…235 22 DRYMUSIDAE ……………………… ……… ……… 239 23 DYSDERIDAE ……………………… ……… ……….242 24 ERESIDAE …………………………… …………….…244 25 FILISTATIDAE ……………………………… ………260 26 GALLIENIELLIDAE ……………………….………….…262 27 GNAPHOSIDAE ………………………… … ……… 271 28 HAHNIIDAE ………… ……………………………… 366 29 HERSILIIDAE ………………………………………… 371 30 IDIOPIDAE ………………………………………………379 31 LINYPHIIDAE………………………………………… 405 32 LIOCRANIDAE ………………………………………….421 33 LYCOSIDAE …………………………………………….428 34 MICROSTIGMATIDAE …………………………………485 35 MIGIDAE …………………………………………… …489 36 MIMETIDAE…………………………………… ………501 37 MITURGIDAE………………………………… ……….504 38 MYSMENIDAE…………………………………….…… 522 39 NEMESIIDAE…………………………………………….524 40 NEPHILIDAE…………………………………………… 549 41 NESTICIDAE…………………………………………… 555 42 OECOBIIDAE…………………………………………….557 43 OONOPIDAE …………………………………………….562 44 ORSOLOBIDAE………………………………………….571 45 OXYOPIDAE …………………………………………….574 46 PALPIMANIDAE ……………………………………… 597 Contents (continued) 47 PENESTOMIDAE .607 48 PHILODROMIDAE …………………………………… 613 49 PHOLCIDAE ……………………………………….…….634 50 PHYXELIDIDAE ………………………………….…… 654 51 PISAURIDAE …………………………………….………671 52 PRODIDOMIDAE ……………………………………… 691 53 SALTICIDAE …………………………………….…… 706 54 SCYTODIDAE …………………………………….…….833 55 SEGESTRIIDAE …………….……… …………….… 847 56 SELENOPIDAE ………………………………………….855 57 SICARIIDAE …………………………………………… 891 58 SPARASSIDAE ………………………………………….899 59 SYMPHYTOGNATHIDAE …………………………… 930 60 TELEMIDAE …………………………………………… 932 61 TETRAGNATHIDAE …………………………………….934 62 THERAPHOSIDAE ………………………………….… 949 63 THERIDIIDAE .973 64 THERIDIOSOMATIDAE ……………………………… 1006 65 THOMISIDAE ……………………………………………1008 66 TROCHANTERIIDAE ………………………………… 1088 67 ULOBORIIDAE ………………… …………………… 1094 68 ZODARIIDAE …………………………………………….1100 69 ZORIDAE ……………………………………………… 1143 70 ZOROPSIDAE ……………………… …….……………1145 Abstract The South African National Survey of Arachnida (SANSA) was initiated in 1997, with the main aim of documenting the arachnid fauna of South Africa at a national level The South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) came on board for the project’s second phase, called SANSA II, from 2006 to 2010, in partnership with the Agricultural Research Council (ARC) This four-year inventory and conservation assessment project was dedicated to unifying and strengthening biodiversity research on spiders, and other arachnid fauna of South Africa SANSA’s aims are multiple, and include the collation of data, to determine the distribution ranges of species in South Africa, for assessing their Red List status, using the IUCN criteria All available data were collated into a relational database and to maximize benefits it was important to determine the spatial coverage of the already available data, and determine where the ‘gaps’ in this data lie Thus, field collecting can be guided towards filling these gaps Data that was available electronically formed the basis of a GIS based gap analysis that was done end of 2007 to identify these gaps in spatial coverage for South African arachnids Based on the GAP analysis areas were identified to undertake SANSA surveys Due to extensive field work by SANSA field work managers and by catches of other research projects, student projects and public participation in collecting specimens, more than 40 degree squares were sampled in areas previously poorly sampled, providing valuable material that improved our knowledge of the distribution of species and provided specimens for future taxonomic studies All these data was used to compile this first atlas of the spider species of South Africa Data included in this atlas will be used to assess their Red Listing status Some of the results are: • 70 families, 463 genera and 2003 species are presently known from South Africa • This represent 4.8% of the world’s fauna • Of the 2003 species 1220 (61%) are endemic to the region • With 485 species having a restricted distribution, known only from few localities • In South Africa Salticidae is the most diverse family with 240 species, followed by the Gnaphosidae with 176 species and Thomisidae with 133 • Two families Chummidae and Pentastomidae is endemic to South Africa • During SANSA II a total of 116 new species were discovered and described and another 50 is in the process of being described • Distribution ranges of more than 200 species known from the rest of Africa were extended to include South Africa • Information on habitat requirements showed that the Savanna Biome is the most diverse with 1207 species from 62 families, followed by the Grassland Biome with 245 from 56 families Introduction In November 1995, South Africa ratified the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), which emanated from the convention Signatories are obligated to develop a strategic plan for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity To meet these goals will require an intensive national effort involving three interrelated scientific missions: to discover, describe and to make an inventory of the species diversity of South Africa; to analyze and synthesize the information into predictive classification systems that reflect the history of life; and to organize this information in an efficiently retrievable form that best meets the needs of science and society In 1997 the “South African National Survey of Arachnida” (SANSA) in accordance with the country’s obligations to the CBD was launched at the Agricultural Research Council (ARC) in Pretoria The rationale for this project was to document the arachnid fauna of South Africa primarily to gather base-line information on species and to determine areas still poorly sampled The main aim of SANSA is to compile an inventory of the arachnid fauna of South Africa that will provide essential information needed to address the abovementioned issues concerning the conservation and sustainable use of the arachnid fauna SANSA is an umbrella project conducted on a national basis in collaboration with other researchers and institutions countrywide and dedicated to the unification and enhancement of biosystematic research on Arachnology in South Africa Spiders are ranked the seventh most diverse Order in global diversity with about 39 000 species described globally and this is estimated to increase to 170 000 South Africa has a rich spider fauna probably due to the wide range of habitat types associated with the region ranging from extreme desert to forest within a relatively small land area Most spider sampling and taxonomic research, over the period 1820-1960, was based on the fauna of the coastal provinces as most of the practicing arachnologists were stationed there SANSA surveys increased sampling of spiders and the number of species described and named has increased drastically As with insects, arachnids have several qualities to support human well-being and life on earth For example, in the face of urgent conservation issues, they are likely to be used as valuable bioindicators i.e species whose presence or abundance readily reflects some measure of the character of the habitat within which they are found This is true because most arachnid orders are known to be sensitive to pollution and alterations in habitat structure, and because they are abundant, speciose and relatively easy to collect quantitatively to, e.g monitor changes within a particular habitat They may also prove useful as indicators of overall species richness of biotic communities Moreover, with spiders being an important predatory group of terrestrial animals, they are known to play important roles in biological control in agro-ecosystems, while a few species are also of medical importance to man Although spiders are absent from the majority of Red Lists this does not mean that they are less threatened by human activities Spiders are wingless animals and frequently have a high bio-indicative value, as they are usually more strongly associated with a biotope than flying insects Spiders of the suborder Mygalomorphae and especially the larger baboon spiders of the family Theraphosidae, owing to their demand for pets, need to be accessed according to the IUCN systems In this document the first atlas for spiders for South Africa is provided It contains information on the species found in South Africa, their endemic status, distribution, abundance, taxonomic status as well as information on their presence in protected areas and agroecosystems From this data it is now possible to determine the species that might be threatened and need to be accessed for red listing Material and methods Data collecting As part of SANSA II, data from a variety of sources were used to compile the atlas of the spiders of South Africa • All collected specimens were identified and entered into a specimen relational database of the National Collection of Arachnida (NCA) All the collecting records were georeferenced • Present and historical data contained in publications based on material housed in 17 collections worldwide were added to the SANSA database Atlas • Family information A short description is provided for each family and the following information is provided: common names, life style, body size, diagnostic characters, web/retreat, habitat, behaviour, notes on the present taxonomic status and the latest most relevant references • Species names The taxon names as listed in Platnick (2010) are used unless otherwise indicated Species listed in bold are names listed in revisions that are in final stages of preparation or in press A few distinct undescribed morphospecies are also listed • Arachnida Biodiversity Index (ABI) The indices of the Arachnida Biodiversity Index (ABI) range from to It is based on the two sub-indices relating to geographical distribution (endemicity) and local abundance The ABI is the sum of the scores for the two sub-indices A common, widespread, notthreatened and highly-tolerant species would score (0 + 1), while a highly range-restricted, threatened and sensitive species would score (6 + 3) (see Table 1) • Distribution records Records for the distribution of South African species are provided, listed per province Type localities are indicated with an asterix Where possible the institution housing the type is indicated in brackets • Habitat Distributions are provided for the different Floral Biomes (Fig 1) FB — Fynbos Biome FoB — Forest Biome GB — Grassland Biome NKB — Nama Karoo Biome SB — Savanna Biome SKB — Succulent Karoo Biome TB — Thicket Biome synantropic (introduced) • Records from protected areas The number of records from protected areas include: Nation- al Parks; Nature and Game Reserves; state forests; wilderness areas—all areas for which you need a collecting permit This provides information on species presently protected in protected areas in South Africa • Records from agro-ecosystems The spiders are important predators and play a role as natural control agents in agro-ecosystems From the NCA the crop and the number of occurrence per crops are listed This data was obtained from primary collection records and publications • Known distribution The distribution of a species in the Afrotropical Region was obtained from the African Arachnida Database (AFRAD and the distribution of species in South Africa from the NCA and SANSA databases If a species is listed from >10 countries it is listed as “wide throughout Africa” • Conservation status Level of endemicity: A code from 0-6 were used (see Table 1) with indicating cosmopolitan species to indicating endemic species known only from the type locality Local abundance: The number of localities a species hasbeen recorded from is indicated from (common) to (rare) (see Table 1) • Taxonomic status The value of the taxonomic status (1-3) indicated whether the species has recently been described or revised (Table 1) Type locality is indicated with a * New species “In press” are included and indicated in bold • Abbreviations DRC - Democratic Republic of the Congo (previously Zaire) Material and methods TABLE 1: Codes used to determine the conservation status of spider species in South Africa VALUE LEVEL OF ENDEMICITY Endemic-known only from type locality / one locality only Known from one province only, wider than type locality Known from two adjoining provinces only South Africa >two provinces Southern Africa (south of Zambezi and Kunene Rivers) Afrotropical Region Cosmopolitan or introduced VALUE LOCAL ABUNDANCE Very rare known from 1-3 localities Rare known from 4-10 localities Abundant known from >10 localities VALUE TAXONOMIC STATUS Only description / not part of revision Revised before 1960 Revised after 1960; or good descriptions, well illustrated Results Table 2: Number of families, genera and species presently known from South Africa FAMILY GENUS SPP ENDEMICS FAMILY GENUS SPP ENDEMICS Agelenidae 12 Miturgidae 29 17 Amaurobiidae 8 Mysmenidae 1 Ammoxenidae 15 Nephilidae Anapidae Nesticidae 1 Anyphaeidae 1 Oecobiidae Araneidae 35 95 26 Oonopidae Archaeidae 12 11 Orsolobidae 3 Barychelidae 3 Oxyopidae 41 Caponiidae 11 Palpimanidae 17 12 Chummidae 2 Penestomidae Clubionidae 30 21 Philodromidae 37 Corinnidae 24 78 48 Pholcidae 36 25 Ctenidae Phyxelididae 30 28 Ctenizidae 40 39 Pisauridae 12 36 Cyatholipidae 16 16 Prodidomidae 26 19 Cyrtaucheniidae 34 33 Salticidae 65 240 124 Deinopidae Scytodidae 30 22 Desidae 1 Segestriidae 13 13 Dictynidae Selenopidae 68 48 Dipluridae Sicariidae 12 Drymusidae 3 Sparassidae 56 40 Dysderidae 1 Symhytognathidae 2 Eresidae 29 15 Telemidae 1 Filistatidae 1 ? Tetragnathidae 25 Gallienellidae 16 16 Theraphosidae 44 35 Gnaphosidae 29 176 130 Theridiidae 20 58 35 Hahniidae Theridiosomatidae 2 Hersiliidae 12 Thomisidae 37 133 40 Idiopidae 49 48 Trochanteriidae Linyphiidae 21 28 17 Uloboridae Liocranidae 11 Zoridae 1 Lycosidae 25 105 62 Zoropsidae 25 24 Microstigmatidae 6 TOTALS 70 463 2003 1220 Migidae 22 20 Mimetidae 4 FAMILY AGELENIDAE The family Agelenidae occurs worldwide and is known from South Africa by genera and 12 species with only one species Agelena zuluana endemic to the region • Common name: funnel-web spiders • Life style: web dwellers (funnel-web); usually made in low vegetation close to the soil surface • Body size: 6-16 mm (male slightly smaller than female and legs more slender) • Diagnostic characters: colour: greyish brown abdomen with a reddish brown hue, a well defined lancetshaped pattern with two rows of dark lateral patches and a series of yellow to white spots present dorsally; carapace: longer than wide and narrower in the vicinity of the eyes; eyes: eyes equal in size and arranged in rows (4:4); abdomen: narrow-oval and tapering behind; spinnerets: posterior spinnerets long and slender, two-segmented, clearly visible from above; legs: similar in length, long and fairly slender, especially in males • • Web and retreat: capture web consist of a flat, slightly concave, non-adhesive silk sheet (40-60 cm wide) composed of a mesh of silken threads suspended by oblique and vertical threads; the sheet is laid over the ground or any horizontal area, usually clearly visible in the early morning when covered with dew drops; the web usually remains in the same place and is repaired and enlarged as the spider grows; retreat: funnel-shaped retreat situated on one side of the web and usually with an exit at the other end Habitat: they are found in most of the floral biomes but are more abundant in the Savanna and Nama Koroo Biomes In built-up areas the webs are sometimes found between rubble around buildings One species, Tegenaria domestica, is synanthropic and is usually found in and around houses • Behaviour: the spider hides in the retreat with the front legs stretched out on the web to pick up vibrations from prey landing Flying and jumping insects hit the vertical threads and drop onto the web The spider rushes out with great speed, running over the upper surface The prey is grabbed, killed and carried back into the retreat When threaten the spider quickly disappear down the retreat, escaping through the other exit The female lays her eggs in a flat bottle-shaped cocoon covered with sand and attach it to one side of the retreat • Taxonomic note: The only revision of the family of the Afrotropical Region was by Roewer (1955), who also provided a key to the species References: HEIDGER, C 1988 Ecology of spiders inhabiting abandoned mammal burrows in South African savanna Oecologia 76: 303-306 • LEHTINEN P.T 1967 Classification of the cribellate spiders and some allied families with notes on the evolution of the suborder Araneomorpha Annales Zoologici Fennici 4, 468 pp ROEWER C.F 1955 Araneae Lycosaeformia I (Agelenidae, Hahniidae, Pisauridae) In: Exploration du Parc National de l’Upemba (MWion G.F de Witte), Bruxelles 30, 420 pp FAMILY AGELENIDAE (CONTINUED) 10 Agelena australis Simon, 1896 Distribution in South Africa: type locality listed as Daka, South Africa but there is only a Daka in Kenya* Northern Cape: km W of Hopetown (-29.62, 24.06) Western Cape: Karoo National Park (-32.28, 22.46) Habitat (biomes): NKB, SB Records from protected areas: Records from agro-ecosystems: Known distribution: Botswana, Kenya*, Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe Conservation status: endemicity: 2; abundance: [5] Taxonomic status: Agelena gaerdesi Roewer, 1955 Distribution in South Africa: Northern Cape: Green Valley Nuts Estate, Prieska (-29.68, 22.74) Habitat (biomes): NKB Records from protected areas: Records from agro-ecosystems: pistachio (1) Known distribution: Namibia*, South Africa Conservation status: endemicity: 2; abundance: [5] Taxonomic status: FAMILY ERESIDAE (CONTINUED) 245 Dresserus angusticeps Purcell, 1904 Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: St Helena Bay (-32.77, 18.03)* Habitat (biomes): TB Records from protected areas: Records from agro-ecosystems: Known distribution: South Africa* Conservation status: endemicity: 6; abundance: [9] Taxonomic status: Dresserus collinus Pocock, 1900 Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: De Hoop Nature Reserve (Potberg) (-34.45, 20.44); Table Mountain National Park (Table Mountain) (-33.82, 18.48)* Habitat (biomes): FB Records from protected areas: Records from agro-ecosystems: Known distribution: South Africa* Conservation status: endemicity: 5; abundance: [8] Taxonomic status: FAMILY ERESIDAE (CONTINUED) 246 Dresserus colsoni Tucker, 1920 Distribution in South Africa: Gauteng: Roodeplaatdam Nature Reserve (-25.64, 28.36); Meyersdal (-26.3, 28.09); Pretoria/Tshwane (-25.74, 28.19); Ezemvelo Nature Reserve (-25.8, 28.77) KwaZuluNatal: Mkuzi Game Reserve (-27.63, 32.25); Pongola (Farm Vergeval) (-27.35, 31.61) Limpopo: Kruger National Park (-22.93, 31.02); Nylsvley Nature Reserve (-24.65, 28.67); Springbok Flats (Tuinplaas) (-24.56, 28.46); Lajuma Mountain Retreat (-23.03, 29.45); Polokwane Nature Reserve (-23.9, 29.47); Rust de Winter (-25.19, 28.63) Mpumalanga: Barberton (-25.79, 31.04); Groblersdal (Kameeldrift) -25.16, 29.39); Loskop Research Station (-25.17, 29.4); Lydenburg (-25.09, 30.46)*; Oudestad Experimental Farm (-25.2, 29.2) Habitat (biomes): GB, SB Records from protected areas: Records from agro-ecosystems: cotton (2) Known distribution: South Africa* Conservation status: endemicity: 3; abundance: [4] Taxonomic status: Dresserus kannemeyeri Tucker, 1920 Distribution in South Africa: Free State: Bloemfontein (Farm Hopefield) (-29.11, 26.22); Bloemfontein (Farm Deelhoek) (-29.11, 26.22); Mpetsane Conservation Estate (-28.92, 27.58); Smithfield (-30.21, 26.53)* Gauteng: Suikerbosrand Nature Reserve (-27.59, 27.53); Pretoria/Tshwane (Rietondale Research Station) (-25.74, 28.19); Nooitgedacht (-25.74, 28.19); Germiston (-26.21, 28.15) Western Cape: Swartberg Nature Reserve (-33.36, 21.69) Habitat (biomes): GB, NKB Records from protected areas: Records from agro-ecosystems: Known distribution: South Africa* Conservation status: endemicity: 3; abundance: [5] Taxonomic status: FAMILY ERESIDAE (CONTINUED) 247 Dresserus laticeps Purcell, 1904 Distribution in South Africa: Northern Cape: Tsabis, 20 m NE Cordonia (-29.26, 17.28)* Habitat (biomes): SKB Records from protected areas: Records from agro-ecosystems: Known distribution: South Africa* Conservation status: endemicity: 6; abundance: [9] Taxonomic status: Dresserus namaquensis Purcell, 1908 Distribution in South Africa: Northern Cape: Steinkopf (-29.25, 17.73)*; Kamaggas (-29.75, 17.4) Habitat (biomes): SKB Records from protected areas: Records from agro-ecosystems: Known distribution: Namibia, South Africa* Conservation status: endemicity: 2; abundance: [5] Taxonomic status: FAMILY ERESIDAE (CONTINUED) 248 Dresserus nigellus Tucker, 1920 Distribution in South Africa: Western Cape: Matroosberg (-33.42, 19.84)*; Gamkaberg Nature Reserve (-33.31, 21.71) Habitat (biomes): FB, NKB Records from protected areas: Records from agro-ecosystems: Known distribution: South Africa* Conservation status: endemicity: 6; abundance: [9] Taxonomic status: Dresserus obscurus Pocock, 1898 Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Estcourt (-29, 29.87)*; Richards Bay (15 km N) (-28.78, 32.1) Habitat (biomes): FoB, GB, SB Records from protected areas: Records from agro-ecosystems: Known distribution: South Africa* Conservation status: endemicity: 5; abundance: [8] Taxonomic status: FAMILY ERESIDAE (CONTINUED) 249 Dresserus olivaceus Pocock, 1900 Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Grahamstown (-33.3, 26.52)* Habitat (biomes): TB Records from protected areas: Records from agro-ecosystems: Known distribution: South Africa* Conservation status: endemicity: 6; abundance: [9] Taxonomic status: Dresserus schreineri Tucker, 1920 Distribution in South Africa: Northern Cape: Hanover (-30.94, 24.53)* Western Cape: Karoo National Park (-32.28, 22.46) Habitat (biomes): NKB Records from protected areas: Records from agro-ecosystems: Known distribution: South Africa* Conservation status: endemicity: 4; abundance: [7] Taxonomic status: FAMILY ERESIDAE (CONTINUED) 250 Dresserus tripartitus Lawrence, 1938 Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Pietermaritzburg (-29.6, 30.38)* Habitat (biomes): SB Records from protected areas: Records from agro-ecosystems: Known distribution: South Africa* Conservation status: endemicity: 6; abundance: [9] Taxonomic status: Gandanameno fumosa (C.L.Koch, 1837) Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Grahamstown (-33.3, 26.52) Limpopo: Polokwane Nature Reserve (-23.9, 29.47) Northern Cape: Naauwpoort, near Hanover (-31.13, 24.57)*; Port Nolloth (-29.25, 16.87) Habitat (biomes): NKB, SB, SKB, TB Records from protected areas: Records from agro-ecosystems: Known distribution: Namibia, South Africa* Conservation status: endemicity: 2; abundance: [4] Taxonomic status: FAMILY ERESIDAE (CONTINUED) 251 Gandanameno purcelli (Tucker, 1920) Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: East London (-33.01, 27.9); Grahamstown (Farm Gretna) (-33.3, 26.52) Gauteng: Kloofendal Nature Reserve (-26.14, 27.86) Limpopo: Kruger National Park (-22.93, 31.02) Northern Cape: Oorlogskloof Nature Reserve (-31.45, 19.1) Western Cape: Kogelberg Biosphere Reserve (-34.32, 18.96); Swartberg Nature Reserve (Gamkaskloof) (-33.36, 21.69); Karoo National Park, Stalshoogte (-32.28, 22.46) Habitat (biomes): FB, GB, NKB, SB, SKB Records from protected areas: Records from agro-ecosystems: Known distribution: South Africa* Conservation status: endemicity: 3; abundance: [5] Taxonomic status: Gandanameno spenceri (Pocock, 1900) Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Cradock (-32.16, 25.61); Grahamstown (-33.3, 26.52); Mountain Zebra National Park (-32.24, 25.43); Port Elizabeth (-33.95, 25.61)* KwaZulu-Natal: Cedara Forest Reserve (-30.16, 29.32) North West: Brits (Swartberg) (-25.62, 27.77) Northern Cape: Hanover (-30.94, 24.53); Kamaggas (-29.75, 17.4); Kimberley (Hillcrest) (-28.76, 24.74); Steinkopf (-29.25, 17.73)* Western Cape: Swartberg Nature Reserve (Gamkaskloof) (-33.36, 21.69); De Hoop Nature Reserve (Potberg) (-34.45, 20.44); Prince Albert (Tierberg) (-33.13, 22.25); Swartberg Nature Reserve (-33.36, 21.69) Habitat (biomes): FB, FoB, GB, NKB, SKB, TB Records from protected areas: Records from agro-ecosystems: Known distribution: Namibia, South Africa*, Zimbabwe Conservation status: endemicity: 2; abundance: [3] Taxonomic status: FAMILY ERESIDAE (CONTINUED) 252 Paradonea parva (Tucker, 1920) Distribution in South Africa: Northern Cape: Kuruman (Dithakong Tribal Land) (-27.46, 23.43); Benfontein Nature Reserve (-28.73, 24.76); Hopetown (4 km W) (-29.62, 24.06) North West: Junction Crocodile & Marico Rivers (-25.19, 26.87)* Habitat (biomes): GB, SB Records from protected areas: Records from agro-ecosystems: Known distribution: South Africa* Conservation status: endemicity: 4; abundance: [6] Taxonomic status: Paradonea splendens (Lawrence, 1936) Distribution in South Africa: Gauteng: Sunnyside (-25.75, 28.21) Northern Cape: Gemsbokpan (-29.47, 23.58)* Habitat (biomes): GB, SB Records from protected areas: Records from agro-ecosystems: Known distribution: Namibia, South Africa* Conservation status: endemicity: 2; abundance: [5] Taxonomic status: FAMILY ERESIDAE (CONTINUED) 253 Paradonea striatipes Lawrence, 1968 Distribution in South Africa: Northern Cape: Kathu (-27.69, 23.06)* Habitat (biomes): SB Records from protected areas: Records from agro-ecosystems: Known distribution: South Africa* Conservation status: endemicity: 6; abundance: [9] Taxonomic status: Paradonea variegata (Purcell, 1904) Distribution in South Africa: Northern Cape: Calvinia (-31.46, 19.77); Kamaggas (-29.75, 17.4); Namies (-29.29, 19.2); Nariep (Naroep) (-30.77, 17.64)*; Pella (-29.03, 19.13); Steinkopf (-29.25, 17.73)* Western Cape: Cederberg (Dwarsriver) (-32.16, 18.89); Karoo National Park (-32.28, 22.46); Matjiesfontein (-33.24, 20.58); Touwsriver (-33.44, 21.18); Worcester (-33.64, 19.47); Nieuwoudtville (Bokkeveld Mts) (-31.37, 19.11) Habitat (biomes): FB, NKB, SB, SKB Records from protected areas: Records from agro-ecosystems: Known distribution: Namibia, South Africa* Conservation status: endemicity: 2; abundance: [3] Taxonomic status: FAMILY ERESIDAE (CONTINUED) 254 Seothyra fasciata Purcell, 1904 Distribution in South Africa: Limpopo: Messina/Mussina (Farm Onseigengrond) (-22.34, 30.03); Waterpoort (Farm Rochdale) (-22.54; 29.41); Mosdene Nature Reserve (-24.52; 28.7) Northern Cape: Breekkierie Dunes (-30.12, 21.55); Gordonia (-28.7, 20.96)*; Kalagadi Transfontier Park (Twee Rivieren) (-26.43, 20.26); Steinkopf (-29.25; 17.73); Upington, 19.2 km W (-28.4, 21.24); Upington, km NW (-28.45, 21.24) Western Cape: Witsand Nature Reserve (-34.39; 20.85) Habitat (biomes): FB, NKB, SB, SKB Records from protected areas: Records from agro-ecosystems: Known distribution: Botswana, Namibia, South Africa* Conservation status: endemicity: 2; abundance: [4] Taxonomic status: Seothyra longipedata Dippenaar-Schoeman, 1991 Distribution in South Africa: Northern Cape:Upington (Farm Grootdrink) (-28.6, 21.7); Richtersveld Transfrontier National Park (3 km SW of Claim Peak) (-28.25; 17.17) Western Cape: Cederberg Wilderness Area (-32.16, 18.89) Habitat (biomes): FB, SB, SKB Records from protected areas: Records from agro-ecosystems: Known distribution: Namibia*, South Africa Conservation status: endemicity: 2; abundance: [5] Taxonomic status: FAMILY ERESIDAE (CONTINUED) 255 Seothyra perelegans Simon, 1906 Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Willowmore (-33.3, 23.5) Free State: Bothaville (-27.38, 26.62)* Habitat (biomes): GB, SKB Records from protected areas: Records from agro-ecosystems: Known distribution: South Africa* Conservation status: endemicity: 4; abundance: [7] Taxonomic status: Seothyra schreineri Purcell, 1903 Distribution in South Africa: Northern Cape: Hanover (-30.94, 24.53)*; Hopetown (4 km W) (-29.62, 24.06); Poortjiesfontein (-30.97, 24.45); Onderste Narries (-28.55, 19.83) Western Cape: Beaufort West (Farm Eerste Water) (-32.69, 22.96); Karoo National Park (-32.28, 22.46); Prince Albert (-33.22, 22.03) Habitat (biomes): NKB Records from protected areas: Records from agro-ecosystems: Known distribution: Namibia, South Africa* Conservation status: endemicity: 2; abundance: [4] Taxonomic status: FAMILY ERESIDAE (CONTINUED) 256 Seothyra semicoccinea Simon, 1906 Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Willowmore (-33.3, 23.5)* Free State: Bothaville (-27.38, 26.62) Habitat (biomes): GB, SKB Records from protected areas: Records from agro-ecosystems: Known distribution: South Africa* Conservation status: endemicity: 6; abundance: [9] Taxonomic status: Stegodyphus africanus (Blackwall, 1866) Distribution in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal: Ndumo Game Reserve (-26.87, 32.24); Underberg, Sangwana (-29.79, 29.5) Limpopo: Blouberg Nature Reserve (-22.99, 29.04); Kruger National Park: Punda Milia (-22.68, 31.01), between Shingwedzi and Letaba (-23.12, 31.43), Mooketsi (-23.59, 30.08); Soutpansberg (-31.04, 20.04); Vaalwater (-24.29; 28.11) Mpumalanga: Shiluvane (-24.03, 30.27) Northern Cape: Colesberg (-30 73, 25.11) North West: Barberspan (-26.62, 25.58) Habitat (biomes): GB, NKB, SB Records from protected areas: Records from agro-ecosystems: Known distribution: Angola, Cameroon, DRC, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Zimbabwe Conservation status: endemicity: 1; abundance: [2] Taxonomic status: FAMILY ERESIDAE (CONTINUED) 257 Stegodyphus bicolor (O.P.-Cambridge, 1869) Distribution in South Africa: Northern Cape: Augrabies National Park (-28.66, 20.42); Riemvasmaak (-28.45, 20.31); Naroep (-28.98, 18.58) Habitat (biomes): NKB, SKB Records from protected areas: Records fro.m agro-ecosystems: Known distribution: Botswana, Namibia*, South Africa Conservation status: endemicity: 2; abundance: [5] Taxonomic status: Stegodyphus dumicola Pocock, 1898 Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Grahamstown (-33.3, 26.52); Grahamstown (Goodwins Kloof) (-33.9, 29.47); Grahamstown (Gretna, km SW) (-33.3, 26.52); Jeffrey's Bay (-34.06, 24.91); Middelburg (-23.9, 29.47); Middledrift (-32.82, 26.98); Pearston (-32.59, 25.15); Somerset East (-32.73, 25.6) Free State: Kroonstad (-27.65, 27.24); Mpetsane Conservation Estate (near Clocolan) (-28.8, 27.65); Vredefort(-27, 27.37); Wepener (-23.9, 29.47) Gauteng: Roodepoort (-23.9, 29.47), Hekpoort (-23.9, 29.47); Modderfontein (-23.9, 29.47); Pretoria/Tshwane: University of Pretoria, Exp Farm (-25.73, 28.17), Gezina (-25.72, 28.21), Wonderboom, Saltpan (-25.68, 28.2); Roodeplaatdam Nature Reserve (-25.64, 28.36); Roodepoort National Botanical Garden (-23.9, 29.47) KwaZulu-Natal: Estcourt (-29, 29.87)*; Hluhluwe (Ubizane Ranch) (-28.02, 32.28); Ladysmith (Klip River) (-28.55, 29.76); Mhlopeni Nature Reserve (-28.96, 30.39); Mkuzi Game Reserve (-27.63, 32.25); Mseleni (27.19, 32.32); Ndumo Nature Reserve (-26.93, 32.24); Pongola (Farm Vergeval) (-27.35, 31.61); Spioenkop Dam Nature Reserve (-28.55, 29.76) Limpopo: Hoedspruit, km S (-24.34, 30.93); Kruger National Park: Shingwedzi-Babalala (-22.93, 31.02), between Shingwedzi and Letaba (-22.93, 31.02), Olifants camp (-24.02, 31.75), Skukuza (-22.93, 31.03); Nylsvley Nature Reserve (-23.9, 29.47); Pietersburg/Polokwane (-23.89, 29.46); Polokwane Nature Reserve (-23.9, 29.47); Waterberg (-24.33, 28.33) Mpumalanga: Barberton (-25.79, 31.04); Hectorspruit (Farm Lekkerdraai) (-25.43, 31.68); Lydenburg (-25.09, 30.46); Kruger National Park: Pumbe Picket (-24.22, 31.93), Skukuza (-25.0, 31.97) North West: Mafikeng (-25.82, 25.63); Molopo Nature Reserve (-23.9, 29.47) Northern Cape: Augrabies National Park (-28.58, 20.35); Dibeng (-27.59, 22.87); Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park (Urikaruus Camp) (-25.78, 20.39); Kimberley (-28.73, 24.76); Nariep (-30.77, 17.64); Nieuwoudtville (31.37, 19.11); Upington (-28.45, 21.24).Western Cape: Cape Town (-33.91, 18.42); Cederberg Camp (Kromrivier) (-32.16, 18.89); Karoo National Park (-32.28, 22.46); Table Mountain National Park (Table Mountain) (-33.82, 18.48) Continued on next page FAMILY ERESIDAE (CONTINUED) 258 Stegodyphus dumicola (continued) Habitat (biomes): FB, GB, NKB, SB, SKB, TB Records from protected areas: 15 Records from agro-ecosystems: Known distribution: Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa*, Swaziland, Zimbabwe Conservation status: endemicity: 2; abundance: [3] Taxonomic status: Stegodyphus mimosarum Pavesi, 1883 Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Middelburg (-23.9, 29.47); Mzimhlava River mouth, Lusikisiki (-31.37, 29.57) Free State: Bloemfontein (Farm Deelhoek) (-23.9, 29.47) Gauteng: Roodeplaatdam Nature Reserve (-23.9, 29.47) KwaZulu-Natal: Durban (-29.85, 31.01); Hluhluwe Nature Reserve (Ubizane) (-28.02, 32.28); Mkuzi Nature Reserve (-27.6, 32.02); Mseleni (-27.19S, 32.32E); Ndumo Game Reserve (-26.93, 32.24); Pinetown(-29.81, 30.85); Richmond (-29.86, 30.26); Spioenkop Dam Nature Reserve (-28.55, 29.76); Verulam (-29.62, 31.06) Limpopo: km S of Hoedspruit (-24.34,30.93); Kruger National Park: Punda Milia (-22.68, 31.01), Springbok Flats (Tuinplaas), (-24.56, 28.46); Maastroom (Farm Al-te-Ver) (-23.9, 29.47); Sandrivierspoort, Waterberg (-24.33, 28.33) Mpumalanga: Baberton (-25.79, 31.04); Kruger National Park (Skukuza Camp) (-25.00, 31.97) Northern Cape: Boegoeberg Dam (-28.5, 26.8) Western Cape: Swartberg Nature Reserve (-33.36, 21.69) Habitat (biomes): FB, GB, NKB, SB Records from protected areas: Records from agro-ecosystems: Known distribution: wide throughout Africa Conservation status: endemicity: 1; abundance: [2] Taxonomic status: FAMILY ERESIDAE (CONTINUED) 259 Stegodyphus sabulosus Tullgren, 1910 Distribution in South Africa: Limpopo: Kruger National Park (Nwambiya Pan) (-22.93, 31.02) Habitat (biomes): SB Records from protected areas: Records from agro-ecosystems: Known distribution: Kenya, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania* Conservation status: endemicity: 1; abundance: [4] Taxonomic status: Stegodyphus tentoriicola Purcell, 1904 Distribution in South Africa: Eastern Cape: Herschel (-30.62, 27.16); Mountain Zebra National Park (-32.24, 25.54); Middelburg (-29.73, 27.03); Twee Rivieren (-31.48, 26.03); Zwartkops (-33.87, 25.63) Free State: Wepener (-29.73, 27.03) Gauteng: Krugersdorp / Mogale (-26.14; 27.86); Centurion (-25.9; 27.61) Limpopo: Makapansgat (-24.15, 29.18) Northern Cape: Eierfontein (-31.06, 24.4); Vlagkop, Hanover (-30.94, 24.53)*; Kalagadi Transfontier Park (Twee Rivieren) (-26.43, 20.26) Western Cape: Witsand Nature Reserve (-26.02; 25.5); Karoo National Park (-26.08; 28.17); Swartberg Nature Reserve (-33.36; 21.69) Habitat (biomes): FB, GB, NKB, SB, TB Records from protected areas: Records from agro-ecosystems: Known distribution: Botswana, Namibia, South Africa* Conservation status: endemicity: 2; abundance: [3] Taxonomic status: ... Abstract The South African National Survey of Arachnida (SANSA) was initiated in 1997, with the main aim of documenting the arachnid fauna of South Africa at a national level The South African National... research on spiders, and other arachnid fauna of South Africa SANSA’s aims are multiple, and include the collation of data, to determine the distribution ranges of species in South Africa, for... fauna of South Africa primarily to gather base-line information on species and to determine areas still poorly sampled The main aim of SANSA is to compile an inventory of the arachnid fauna of South