THE FOOD SAFETY INFORMATION HANDBOOK ❖ Cynthia A Roberts Oryx Press 2001 This Page Intentionally Left Blank The rare Arabian Oryx is believed to have inspired the myth of the unicorn This desert antelope became virtually extinct in the early 1960s At that time, several groups of international conservationists arranged to have nine animals sent to the Phoenix Zoo to be the nucleus of a captive breeding herd Today, the Oryx population is over 1,000, and over 500 have been returned to the Middle East Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Roberts, Cynthia A The food safety information handbook / Cynthia A Roberts p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 1–57356–305–6 (alk paper) Food adulteration and inspection Food contamination TX531.R57 2001 363.19′26—dc21 2001021435 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available Copyright © 2001 by Cynthia A Roberts All rights reserved No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2001021435 ISBN: 1–57356–305–6 First published in 2001 Oryx Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc www.oryxpress.com Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National Information Standards Organization (Z39.48–1984) 10 This Page Intentionally Left Blank For Andy, who had to without This Page Intentionally Left Blank CONTENTS Preface Acronyms xiii xv Part 1 Overview of Food Safety An Overview of Food Safety Safe Food Defined Food Hazards Chemical Hazards Food Additives Food Allergens Drugs, Hormones, and Antibiotics in Animals Naturally Occurring Toxins Pesticides Microbiological Hazards Bacteria Viruses Protozoa and Parasites Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Physical Hazards Factors That Contribute to Foodborne Illness Demographics Consumer Lifestyles and Demand Food Production and Economics New and Evolving Pathogens History of Food Safety The Role of Food Preservation in Food Safety Sources Issues in Food Safety Genetically Engineered Foods Regulation 5 10 12 12 18 19 20 21 21 21 22 24 24 25 28 32 37 37 38 Contents The Case against Food Biotechnology Human Health Hazards Environmental Hazards Socioeconomic Hazards The Case in Favor of Food Biotechnology Human Health Benefits Environmental Benefits Socioeconomic Benefits Sources Bovine Somatotropin Human Health Issues Animal Health Issues Socioeconomic Issues Sources Food Irradiation Background The Case in Favor of Irradiation The Case against Irradiation Sources Pesticide Residues in Foods Introduction Pesticide Regulation Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) U.S Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) Are Pesticide Residues Dangerous? Sources Drinking Water Quality History The U.S Water Supply Hazards to the Water Supply Regulation Safe Drinking Water Act Sources Restaurant Food Safety Regulating the Industry Public Posting of Inspection Scores Education Sources Chronology of Food Safety-Related Events Sources 39 39 40 42 42 43 43 44 45 45 47 48 48 49 49 49 51 52 53 53 53 56 56 57 58 59 59 61 63 63 64 65 66 68 69 69 70 71 72 72 75 87 Food Safety Regulation 89 History of Food Safety Regulation Early Food Safety Regulation in the United States Twentieth Century Food Safety Regulation in the United States The Food and Drugs Act The Federal Meat Inspection Act The Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FDCA) The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) Amendments to the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FDCA) Additional Regulation of Poultry, Meat, and Eggs The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) viii 90 91 92 93 94 94 96 97 97 98 Contents Saccharin Study and Labeling Act The Infant Formula Act The Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) Who Regulates Food Safety Today? Food Safety at the Federal Level Food and Drug Administration (FDA) U.S Department of Agriculture (USDA) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) Federal Trade Commission (FTC) U.S Customs Service Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF) National Institutes of Health (NIH) Food Safety at the State and Local Levels Food Safety at the International Level What Is the Federal Government Doing about Food Safety Now? President’s Food Safety Initiative Healthy People 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans Sources Food Safety Statistics 115 Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) CDC Surveillance for Foodborne-Disease Outbreaks, 1993–1997 Waterborne Disease Outbreaks, 1997–1998 Medical Costs of Foodborne Illness Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Systems (BRFSS) Home Food Safety Survey Sources Careers in Food Safety Part 133 133 133 134 136 136 137 137 138 138 140 Resources Reports and Brochures 143 Reports Brochures 116 121 122 125 126 127 128 131 Education Credentials Certified Food Safety Professional (CFSP) Registered Environmental Health Specialist/Registered Sanitarian(REHS/RS) Certified Food Protection Professional (CFPP) National Certified Professional Food Manager (NCPFM) Food Safety Manager Certificate (FSMC) National Restaurant Association ServSafe Continuing Education Courses in Food Safety Distance Learning Courses Scholarships, Internships, and Fellowships 98 99 99 100 101 102 102 103 104 105 105 106 106 106 106 106 107 108 108 110 111 112 144 159 Books and Newsletters 163 Books 164 ix ... 72 75 87 Food Safety Regulation 89 History of Food Safety Regulation Early Food Safety Regulation in the United States Twentieth Century Food Safety Regulation in the United States The Food and... broad overview of the subject, and the tools necessary to interpret the quality of the food they eat and the validity of the information to which they are exposed The audience for the book includes... through 11, offers food safety resources These resources cover the whole range of food safety? ? ?food allergy, food biotechnology, general food safety, food microbiology, pesticides, food irradiation,