Use of pesticides in fresh water aquaculture in the mekong delta, vietnam, and impacts on environment and food safety

UNIVERSITE DE LIEGE FACULTE DE MEDECINE VETERINAIRE DEPARTEMENT DES SCIENCES DES DENREES ALIMENTAIRES SERVICE D’ANALYSE DES DENREES ALIMENTAIRES Use of pesticides in Fresh Water Aquaculture in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam, and impacts on environment and food safety NGUYEN Quoc Thinh THESE PRESENTEE EN VUE DE L’OBTENTION DU GRADE DE Docteur en Sciences Vétérinaires ANNEE ACADEMIQUE 2018-2019 Jury members: President: M.M Garigliany (ULiège, Belgium) Promotor: M.L Scippo (ULiège, Belgium) Copromotor: P Nguyen Thanh (CTU, Vietnam) Committee members: C Saegerman (ULiège, Belgium) P Kestemont (UNamur, Belgium) Members: J Robbens (ILVO, Belgium) P Spanoghe (UGent, Belgium) F Farnir ((ULiège, Belgium) P Gustin (ULiège, Belgium) T Jauniaux (ULiège, Belgium) B Schiffers (ULiège, Belgium) Acknowledgements Foremost, I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor Prof Marie-Louise Scippo who has built my passions and directions for science as who I am and what I have today Her guidance and enthusiasm have inspired and supported me moving forward and working by my best during my research and writing this thesis I would also like to give my thanks to my co-supervisor, Prof Nguyen Thanh Phuong, for always supporting, encouraging, and watching my steps during my study My sincere thanks also go to Caroline Douny for giving me special advices, writing correction, precious and initiative suggestions which contribute importantly in my thesis Also, I acknowledge Franỗois Brose and Guy Degand who greatly supported on technique of analysis as well as spending time on talking together; it really helped to release a lot of stresses I would like to thank the staffs at the College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University (Vietnam), at the Department of Food Sciences, Laboratory of Food Analysis, FARAH – Veterinary Public Health, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium where my projects were carried out Especially, I would like to thank Prof Do Thi Thanh Huong, Dr Tran Minh Phu, Mr Nguyen Thanh Phong, Mr Vo Hung Vuong, Mr Nguyen Thanh Binh, Ms Phan Thi Be Ngoan, Mr Nguyen Van Qui and Ms Nguyen Thi Bich Tuyen for helping me during my experiments I would also like to thank my fellow friends in CUD project for their friendship and all the funs we have during the time we worked together Finally, I would like to thank my family and my friends for their love and spiritually supporting me throughout my research, my writing, and my whole life My project was funded by Académie de Recherche et d’Enseignement Supérieur – Commission pour la Coopération au Développement (ARES-CCD) i ii Abbreviations Abbreviations AChE Acetyl choline esterase ADI Acceptable daily intake AhR Aryl hydrocarbon receptor BNP Bacillary Necrosis of Pangasius BOF Bio-concentration factor CALUX Chemical-Activated LUciferase gene eXpression CAM Chloramphenicol DDT Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane DFI Daily food intake EC European Commission ELISA Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay FAO Food Agricultural Organization GC ECD Gas Chromatography Electron Capture detector GC MS Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry GSO General Statistic Office HCHs Hexachlorocyclohexane isomers HPLC High performance liquid chromatography IPM Integrated Pest Management LC MS Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry LC50 Lethal concentration cause in 50% experiment animal die LD50 Lethal dose cause in 50% experiment animal die LLE Liquid-liquid extraction LOD Limit of Detection LOQ Limit of Quantification MD Mekong Delta iii Abbreviations iv MRL Maximum residue level OCP Organochlorine pesticide OPP Organophosphate pesticide PCB Polychlorinated-biphenyl PSA primary or secondary amine QC Quality control RASFF Rapid Alert System for Feeds and Foods RSD Relative standard deviation SIM Selected ion monitoring SLE Solid liquid extraction SPE Solid phase extraction TCDD Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin TL Tolerance level USEPA United State Environment Protection Agency VMARD Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Vietnam WHO World Health Organization Table of contents Table of contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I ABBREVIATIONS III TABLE OF CONTENTS V SUMMARY IX INTRODUCTION 1 GENERALITY IN AGRICULTURE, AQUACULTURE AND CHEMICAL USE PESTICIDES AND OTHER CONTAMINANTS OVERVIEW 2.1 Pesticides overview 2.2 Pesticides classification 11 2.3 Pesticides and environment 13 2.4 Properties and toxicity of investigated chemicals 16 ANALYTICAL METHOD OVERVIEW 28 3.1 Instrumental methods 28 3.2 Bioassay application in chemical residues and contamination determination 33 3.3 Validation 34 OBJECTIVES 37 STUDY N°1: SURVEY OF THE USE OF CHEMICALS IN FRESH WATER AQUACULTURE IN THE MEKONG DELTA 43 ABSTRACT 47 INTRODUCTION 48 MATERIAL AND METHODS 49 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 49 CONCLUSIONS 65 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 66 REFERENCES 66 STUDY N°2: SCREENING OF QUINALPHOS, TRIFLURALIN AND DICHLORVOS RESIDUES IN FRESH WATER OF AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS IN MEKONG DELTA, VIETNAM 79 ABSTRACT 83 INTRODUCTION 84 MATERIAL AND METHODS 85 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 89 CONCLUSION 96 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 96 REFERENCES 96 STUDY N°3: BIOCONCENTRATION AND HALF-LIFE OF QUINALPHOS PESTICIDE IN RICE-FISH INTEGRATION SYSTEM IN THE MEKONG DELTA, VIETNAM 101 ABSTRACT 105 INTRODUCTION 106 MATERIALS AND METHODS 107 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 111 CONCLUSIONS 115 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 115 v Table of contents REFERENCES 116 STUDY N°4: CHEMICAL RESIDUES IN ENVIRONMENT AND AQUACULTURE PRODUCTS IN THE MEKONG DELTA AND TRIFLURALIN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT THROUGH FISH CONSUMPTION121 ABSTRACT 125 INTRODUCTION 126 MATERIAL AND METHODS 129 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 133 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 141 REFERENCES 141 DISCUSSION 149 CONCLUSIONS-PERSPECTIVES 155 CONCLUSIONS 157 PERSPECTIVES 159 REFERENCES 161 APPENDICES 191 APPENDIX : QUESTIONNAIRE FOR RICE SYSTEM 193 APPENDIX : QUESTIONNAIRE FOR RICE FISH SYSTEM 195 APPENDIX : QUESTIONNAIRE FOR AGRICHEMICAL DISTRIBUTORS 197 APPENDIX : RICE CUM FISH CULTURE 199 APPENDIX : CATFISH MONOCULTURE FARM 204 APPENDIX : TILAPIA CAGE CULTURE 208 APPENDIX : AGROCHEMICAL DISTRIBUTOR 212 APPENDIX : RISK ASSESSMENT QUESTIONNAIRE 215 APPENDIX 9: RAW DATA ABOUT THE FISH CONSUMPTION SURVEY PERFORMED IN CAN THO CITY, MEKONG DELTA 217 APPENDIX 10: SCREENING OF QUINALPHOS, TRIFLURALIN AND DICHLORVOS RESIDUES IN FRESH WATER OF AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS IN MEKONG DELTA, VIETNAM 219 APPENDIX 11: BIOCONCENTRATION AND HALF-LIFE OF QUINALPHOS PESTICIDE IN RICE-FISH INTEGRATION SYSTEM IN THE MEKONG DELTA, VIETNAM vi 228 Appendices 220 Appendices 221 Appendices 222 Appendices 223 Appendices 224 Appendices 225 Appendices 226 Appendices 227 Appendices Appendix 11: Bioconcentration and half-life of quinalphos pesticide in rice-fish integration system in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam 228 Appendices 229 Appendices 230 Appendices 231 Appendices 232 Appendices 233 Appendices 234 ... Summary The research ? ?Use of pesticides in Fresh Water Aquaculture in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam, and impacts on environment and food safety? ?? consisted of four sections To evaluate the pressure of. .. contaminated food or the use of water connected to aquaculture production systems for domestic purposes Pesticides and other contaminants overview Food contamination is one of the problems of. .. contamination) environment (water and sediments contamination), and finally wild animals and humans through water and food utilization The increased use of chemicals in agriculture and aquaculture