Chapter 1 (introduction to statistics) lecturer

Lecturer: DAO MINH ANH Faculty of Business and Administration Foreign Trade University Email: anhdm@ftu.edu.vn  Textbook Business Mathematics and Statistics – 5th edition (A Francis)  References: - Essentials of Statistics for Business and Economics – 3rd edition, 2003 (Anderson Sweeney Williams) Statistics for Business and Economics – 4th edition (Paul Newbold) -    Class attendance: 10% Group Assignment and presentation: 30% Final exam: 60%    Tracking information: sales, inventory, products being transported, refunded items, customer information (demographic), business performance of suppliers, etc Collecting and analyzing data “Market basket” Decision making on: - Future trend - Inventory Management - Customer Relationship Management I II III IV V What is statistics? Definitions Descriptive statistics and Inferential statistics Qualitative and Quantitative data Scales of Measurement - What first appear in your mind when we talk about “statistics”? interest rates, population, stock market prices, unemployment… - In a very general way: Statistic s numerical information - Furthermore: Statistic s Statistical methods - Collect - describe - summarize - present - analyze Making sense of numerical information  Dealing with uncertainty  Sampling  Analyzing relationships  Forecasting  Decision making in an uncertain environment  In order to make the right decision or forecast, decision-makers require as much information as possible  However, after being collected numerical information is under the raw form  impossible to comprehend thoroughly These information need to be summarized, organized and analyzed so that important features emerges Example: there is a survey on FTU’s students Describe them as quantitative or qualitative, and the scales of measurement Full name: Sex: Male Female Age : Which year student: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th a/ Have you got a part-time job? Yes No b/ If yes, how many hours per week? c/ What you think how much does your part-time job fit your study field? Very suitable Not at all  Define the issue ◦ what are the purpose and objectives of the survey?  Define the population of interest  Formulate survey questions ◦ make questions clear and unambiguous ◦ use universally-accepted definitions ◦ limit the number of questions  Pre-test the survey ◦ pilot test with a small group of participants ◦ assess clarity and length  Determine the sample size and sampling method  Select Sample and administer the survey  Closed-end Questions ◦ Select from a short list of defined choices Example: Major: business liberal arts science other  Open-end Questions ◦ Respondents are free to respond with any value, words, or statement Example: What did you like best about this course?  Demographic Questions ◦ Questions about the respondents’ personal characteristics Example: Gender: Female Male  A Population is the set of all items or individuals of interest ◦ Examples: All likely voters in the next election All parts produced today All sales receipts for November  A Sample is a subset of the population ◦ Examples: interview 1000 voters selected at random for A few parts selected for destructive testing Every 100th receipt selected for audit  Less time consuming than a census  Less costly to administer than a census  It is possible to obtain statistical results of a sufficiently high precision based on samples  Items of the sample are chosen based on known or calculable probabilities Probability Samples Simple Random Stratified Systematic Cluster Every individual or item from the population has an equal chance of being selected  Selection may be with replacement or without replacement  Samples can be obtained from a table of random numbers or computer random number generators  Population divided into subgroups (called strata) according to some common characteristic  Simple random sample selected from each subgroup  Samples from subgroups are combined into one  Population Divided into strata Sampl e Decide on sample size: n  Divide frame of N individuals into groups of k individuals: k=N/n  Randomly select one individual from the 1st group  Select every kth individual thereafter  N = 64 n=8 k=8 First Group Population is divided into several “clusters,” each representative of the population  A simple random sample of clusters is selected  ◦ All items in the selected clusters can be used, or items can be chosen from a cluster using another probability sampling technique Population divided into 16 clusters Randomly selected clusters for sample   There are three kinds of lies… ◦ Lies ◦ Damn Lies ◦ Statistics You need to make statistics work for you, not lie for you! THANK YOU! Describe the variable implicit in these 10 items as quantitative or qualitative, and describe the scale of measurement Age of household head Sex of household head Number of people in household Use of electric heating (yes/no) Numbers of large appliances used daily Average number of hours heating is on Average number of heating days Household incomes Average monthly electric bill 10.Ranking of this electric company among electricity suppliers   - You have to a survey on vacation/ summer holiday of FTU’s students Work with your groups to create a questionnaire for this assignment It should contain: The goal of the survey Objects Content ...  Class attendance: 10 % Group Assignment and presentation: 30% Final exam: 60%    Tracking information: sales, inventory, products being transported, refunded items, customer information (demographic),... checkout counters are used to collect data for a variety of marketing research applications Production A variety of statistical quality control charts are used to monitor the output of a production... data Labels or names used to identify an attribute of each element  Often be referred to as categorical data  Nominal or ordinal scale of measurement will be applied to summarize this kind of