Chapter 1: The Science of Psychology Multiple-Choice What Is Psychology? Learning Objectives Define psychology and describe the major subfields within psychology Describe the five enduring issues that cut across the subfields of psychology Explain what psychology has in common with other sciences, how psychologists use the scientific method, and the difference between theories and hypotheses Apply critical thinking to an article in a magazine or newspaper TB_01_01 What Is Psychology?_Remember_LO 1.1 Psychology is the scientific study of a how personality can be determined by the size and shape of one’s head b behavior and mental processes c the physiological functions of the brain d how cultures and societies develop and interact with each other Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.1 Define psychology and describe some of the major subfields within psychology Topic: What Is Psychology? Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: - Easy TB_01_02 What Is Psychology?_Understand_LO 1.1 Psychologists are interested in a every aspect of human thoughts, feelings, and actions Correct: The different perspectives of psychology encompass every aspect of human thoughts, feelings, and actions b aspects of human behavior, but not human thought Incorrect: Behavior is absolutely crucial to the study of psychology, but so too is the concept of human thought c aspects of human thought, but not human behavior d only major aspects of human thought and behavior Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.1 Define psychology and describe some of the major subfields within psychology Topic: What Is Psychology? Skill: Understand the Concepts 11 © 2016, 2014, 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved Difficulty: - Easy TB_01_03 What Is Psychology?_Apply_LO 1.1 A group of psychologists study human, mental, and physical growth from the prenatal period through childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old age They are most likely to be psychologists a developmental Correct: Developmental psychologists study all aspects of growth and change from conception through death b social Incorrect: Social psychologists study the bidirectional effects that people have on each other, including thoughts, feelings, and actions c personality d organizational Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.1 Define psychology and describe some of the major subfields within psychology Topic: What Is Psychology? Skill: Apply What You Know Difficulty: - Easy TB_01_04 What Is Psychology?_Remember_LO 1.1 Life-span psychologists focus mainly on studying a adolescent changes and development b adulthood c the entire developmental spectrum from infancy through adulthood d infancy and childhood development Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.1 Define psychology and describe some of the major subfields within psychology Topic: What Is Psychology? Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: - Moderate TB_01_05 What Is Psychology?_Remember_LO 1.1 are interested in the workings of the brain and the nervous system a Experimental psychologists b Psychobiologists c Behavioral geneticists d Neuropsychologists Answer: d 22 © 2016, 2014, 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved Learning Objective: 1.1 Define psychology and describe some of the major subfields within psychology Topic: What Is Psychology? Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: - Easy TB_01_06 What Is Psychology?_Apply_LO 1.1 A group of psychologists are interested in how hormones, psychoactive medications, and “social drugs” affect us They are most likely to be a neuropsychologists Incorrect: A neuropsychologist would definitely be interested in how drugs affect the brain, but the more general answer of psychobiologist is the best choice b biological psychologists Correct: Biological psychologists are interested in the biological bases of human behavior, which includes the way that chemicals such as hormones and drugs affect individuals’ actions c experimental psychologists d behavioral geneticists Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.1 Define psychology and describe some of the major subfields within psychology Topic: What Is Psychology? Skill: Apply What You Know Difficulty: - Moderate TB_01_07 What Is Psychology?_Remember_LO 1.1 A group of psychologists conduct research on basic psychological processes, including learning, memory, sensation, perception, thinking, motivation, and emotion They are most likely to be psychologists a physiological b clinical c experimental d psychometric Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.1 Define psychology and describe some of the major subfields within psychology Topic: What Is Psychology? Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: - Easy TB_01_08 What Is Psychology?_Apply_LO 1.1 33 © 2016, 2014, 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved A group of psychologists study the differences among individuals’ traits such as agreeableness, sociability, self-esteem, emotional stability, and aggressiveness They are most likely to be psychologists a clinical b developmental Incorrect: A developmental psychologist might have some interest in how personality develops, but the process of development is his or her primary interest c psychometric d personality Correct: Personality psychologists have an interest in identifying and understanding the differences between individuals Answer: d Learning Objective: 1.1 Define psychology and describe some of the major subfields within psychology Topic: What Is Psychology? Skill: Apply What You Know Difficulty: - Easy TB_01_09 What Is Psychology?_Apply_LO 1.1 A group of psychologists at a cocktail party are discussing what kinds of questions are most studied and useful in the field of psychology Which of the following pairs of psychologists are most likely to find agreement? a industrial/organizational and experimental psychologists Incorrect: I/O psychologists are interested in the application of psychology in the workplace, while experimental psychologists are more interested in conducting pure research b industrial/organizational and physiological psychologists c clinical and counseling psychologists Correct: Clinical and counseling psychology are two subdisciplines that share a lot of features, including dealing with patients, mental illness, and treatment d personality and experimental psychologists Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.1 Define psychology and describe some of the major subfields within psychology Topic: What Is Psychology? Skill: Apply What You Know Difficulty: - Difficult yr.: 71% r = 21 TB_01_10 What Is Psychology?_Apply_LO 1.1 A group of psychologists studies how people influence one another, exploring issues such as first impressions, interpersonal attraction, and how attitudes are formed and maintained These psychologists are most likely to be psychologists a developmental 44 © 2016, 2014, 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved b experimental c social Correct: Social psychologists focus on the manner in which the interactions between human beings affect their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors d personality Incorrect: Personality psychologists focus more on the individual factors that differentiate one individual from another, and not emphasize the interactions between people as much as social psychologists Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.1 Define psychology and describe some of the major subfields within psychology Topic: What Is Psychology? Skill: Apply What You Know Difficulty: - Easy TB_01_11 What Is Psychology?_Apply_LO 1.1 In recent years, several Japanese automobile companies have opened manufacturing plants in the United States, bringing Japanese management practices with them For the most part, American workers at these plants have refused to unionize in the traditional American mold, preferring to work under the Japanese model Of the following mental health professionals, psychologists would probably be most interested in these events a developmental b industrial/organizational Correct: I/O psychologists are interested in the application of psychological principles in the workplace c social Incorrect: The interaction of two different groups would be of interest to a social psychologist, but the added dimension of making the workplace more successful and productive makes this example most relevant to an I/O psychologist d experimental Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.1 Define psychology and describe some of the major subfields within psychology Topic: What Is Psychology? Skill: Apply What You Know Difficulty: - Easy yr.: 79% r = 30; yr.: 82% r = 23 TB_01_12 What Is Psychology?_Apply_LO 1.3 Wilhelm runs an experiment and finds that males with high levels of testosterone tend to be more physically aggressive than males with lower levels of testosterone This leads him to believe that testosterone has a direct effect on physical aggression in males Wilhelm’s belief is best described as a a thesis 55 © 2016, 2014, 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved b prognosis c theory Correct: Wilhelm’s proposed explanation is based on the data that was collected in his experiment That is the essence of a theory d hypothesis Incorrect: Wilhelm’s assumptions of the relationship between aggression and testosterone that were made before gathering the data from his experiment would be a hypothesis, which is also an educated guess Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.3 Explain what psychology has in common with other sciences, how psychologists use the scientific method, and the difference between theories and hypotheses Topic: What Is Psychology? Skill: Apply What You Know Difficulty: - Moderate TB_01_13 What Is Psychology?_Apply_LO 1.3 A scientist decides to solve a problem by collecting data through careful systematic observation, developing theories, making predictions based on those theories, and systematically testing those predictions The scientist is using a the inductive method b the deductive method c the scientific method Correct: The scientific method is a step-by-step process for asking questions and determining the correct answers d objective introspection Incorrect: Objective introspection, or “looking inward,” is a method that was used by structuralists to determine the basic elements of consciousness The best answer is the scientific method Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.3 Explain what psychology has in common with other sciences, how psychologists use the scientific method, and the difference between theories and hypotheses Topic: What Is Psychology? Skill: Apply What You Know Difficulty: - Moderate TB_01_14 What Is Psychology?_Understand_LO 1.4 Each of the following characterizes a state of mind necessary for critical thinking except a a willingness to submit your own beliefs to scrutiny b creativity Correct: It is not necessary to think creatively in order to think critically c a willingness to challenge the opinions of others d objectivity 66 © 2016, 2014, 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved Incorrect: One must be willing to look at a situation objectively, or without bias, in order to think critically Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.4 Characterize critical thinking by its various steps Topic: What Is Psychology? Skill: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: - Difficult The Growth of Psychology Learning Objectives Describe the emergence of scientific psychology in the late 19th and early 20th centuries Explain the differences between psychodynamic, behavioral, humanistic, cognitive evolutionary, and positive psychology Describe the role of women in the history of psychology TB_01_15 The Growth of Psychology?_Remember_LO 1.5 The history of psychology can be divided into main stages a two b three c four d five Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.5 Describe the emergence of scientific psychology in the late 19th and early 20th centuries Topic: The Growth of Psychology Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: - Difficult TB_01_16 The Growth of Psychology?_Remember_LO 1.6 At the beginning of the 20th century, most university psychology programs were located in a philosophy departments b education departments c medical schools d biology departments Answer: a 77 © 2016, 2014, 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved Learning Objective: 1.6 Explain the roles voluntarism, structuralism, functionalism, and psychodynamic theory played in initially defining psychology as “a science of the mind.” Topic: The Growth of Psychology Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: - Moderate TB_01_17 The Growth of Psychology?_Remember_LO 1.6 The first psychology laboratory was founded by a James b Watson c Titchener d Wundt Answer: d Learning Objective: 1.6 Explain the roles voluntarism, structuralism, functionalism, and psychodynamic theory played in initially defining psychology as “a science of the mind.” Topic: The Growth of Psychology Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: - Easy TB_01_18 The Growth of Psychology?_Remember_LO 1.6 Most psychologists agree that psychology, as a science, was born in a 1879 b 1921 c 1909 d 1891 Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.6 Explain the roles voluntarism, structuralism, functionalism, and psychodynamic theory played in initially defining psychology as “a science of the mind.” Topic: The Growth of Psychology Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: - Moderate TB_01_19 The Growth of Psychology?_Understand_LO 1.6 Wundt believed that be studied through scientific experiments a only mental processes could b all mental processes could Incorrect: Wundt felt that science was essential, but it was not possible to scientifically explore all phenomena c some mental processes could not Correct: Wundt recognized the limitation of science in that some phenomena were resistant to scientific study d no mental processes could 88 © 2016, 2014, 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.6 Explain the roles voluntarism, structuralism, functionalism, and psychodynamic theory played in initially defining psychology as “a science of the mind.” Topic: The Growth of Psychology Skill: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: - Difficult TB_01_20 The Growth of Psychology?_Understand_LO 1.6 According to Wundt, the mind should be studied a scientifically Correct: Only through the proper use of science did Wundt feel that psychology could advance itself as a discipline b according to philosophical traditions c as a spiritual entity d subjectively and introspectively Incorrect: Wundt believed in objective, not subjective, introspection Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.6 Explain the roles voluntarism, structuralism, functionalism, and psychodynamic theory played in initially defining psychology as “a science of the mind.” Topic: The Growth of Psychology Skill: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: - Moderate yr.: 84% r = 24 TB_01_21 The Growth of Psychology?_Remember_LO 1.6 Wundt used the term to describe his view of psychology a voluntarism b cognitism c Gestaltism d mentalism Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.6 Explain the roles voluntarism, structuralism, functionalism, and psychodynamic theory played in initially defining psychology as “a science of the mind.” Topic: The Growth of Psychology Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: - Difficult TB_01_22 The Growth of Psychology?_Remember_LO 1.6 James argued that consciousness a is comprised of “atoms of thought” 99 © 2016, 2014, 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved b is an illusion c flows in a continuous stream d does not exist Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.6 Explain the roles voluntarism, structuralism, functionalism, and psychodynamic theory played in initially defining psychology as “a science of the mind.” Topic: The Growth of Psychology Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: - Moderate TB_01_23 The Growth of Psychology?_Remember_LO 1.6 James suggested that allow us to benefit from previous experience a atoms of experience b rewards and punishments c mental associations d dreams Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.6 Explain the roles voluntarism, structuralism, functionalism, and psychodynamic theory played in initially defining psychology as “a science of the mind.” Topic: The Growth of Psychology Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: - Difficult TB_01_24 The Growth of Psychology?_Apply_LO 1.6 A noted scientist argues that consciousness is a continuous flow, and that perceptions, associations, sensations and emotions cannot be separated This scientist is most likely a follower of a Titchener Incorrect: Titchener, the founder of structuralism, felt that consciousness could be separated into three basic elements – physical sensations, feelings, and images b Wundt c James Correct: James, the founder of functionalism, believed that consciousness flowed in a continuous stream d Galton Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.6 Explain the roles voluntarism, structuralism, functionalism, and psychodynamic theory played in initially defining psychology as “a science of the mind.” Topic: The Growth of Psychology Skill: Apply What You Know Difficulty: - Moderate 10 © 2016, 2014, 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved Learning Objective: 1.15 Identify key ethical issues in psychological research with humans and nonhumans Topic: Ethics and Psychology: Research on Humans and Animals Skill: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: - Difficult TB_01_96 Ethics and Psychology: Research on Humans and Animals_Remember_LO 1.15 Currently, with regard to research using animals, the APA a only requires that animals may not be killed as a normal part of research b has no ethical guidelines c requires that researchers must ensure appropriate consideration of animals’ comfort health, and humane treatment d forbids the use of animals except in research involving life-threatening disorders Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.15 Identify key ethical issues in psychological research with humans and nonhumans Topic: Ethics and Psychology: Research on Humans and Animals Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: - Moderate Careers in Psychology Learning Objective Describe some of the career paths that are available to people who have studied psychology Distinguish between psychiatrists, psychoanalysts, clinical psychologists, counseling psychologists, and social workers TB_01_97 Careers in Psychology_Remember_LO 1.16 About of the people holding advanced degrees in psychology are clinicians who treat clients having emotional or mental difficulties a one-half b one-third c one-fifth d one-fourth Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.16 Describe some of the career paths that are available to people who have studied psychology Distinguish between psychiatrists, psychoanalysts, clinical psychologists, counseling psychologists, and social workers Topic: Careers in Psychology 39 © 2016, 2014, 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: - Difficult TB_01_98 Careers in Psychology_Remember_LO 1.16 A is a medical doctor with four years of medical training and three years of residency training (spent mostly in supervised clinical practice) a psychoanalyst b psychiatric social worker c psychologist d psychiatrist Answer: d Learning Objective: 1.16 Describe some of the career paths that are available to people who have studied psychology Distinguish between psychiatrists, psychoanalysts, clinical psychologists, counseling psychologists, and social workers Topic: Careers in Psychology Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: - Easy TB_01_99 Careers in Psychology_Remember_LO 1.16 Which of the following mental health professionals is the only one who, in many states, can prescribe medicine? a a psychiatrist b a counselor c a social worker d a psychologist Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.16 Describe some of the career paths that are available to people who have studied psychology Distinguish between psychiatrists, psychoanalysts, clinical psychologists, counseling psychologists, and social workers Topic: Careers in Psychology Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: - Easy TB_01_100 Careers in Psychology_Understand_LO 1.16 A mental health professional who typically holds a PhD or PsyD degree, has completed a oneyear internship in psychological assessment and psychotherapy, has had at least one more year of supervised practice, and assesses and treats emotional and behavioral disorders ranging from short-term crises to chronic disorders such as schizophrenia is a a counseling psychologist Incorrect: All of these criteria also apply to a counseling psychologist, except that this individual is less likely to treat patients with such severe levels of psychopathology b psychiatrist 40 © 2016, 2014, 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved c psychometric psychologist d clinical psychologist Correct: The part of this answer that distinguishes a clinical from a counseling psychologist is the likelihood of treating patients with a high level of psychopathology Answer: d Learning Objective: 1.16 Describe some of the career paths that are available to people who have studied psychology Distinguish between psychiatrists, psychoanalysts, clinical psychologists, counseling psychologists, and social workers Topic: Careers in Psychology Skill: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: - Moderate True/False TB_01_101 What Is Psychology?_Remember_LO 1.1 Psychology is a single, unified field a True b False Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.1 Define psychology and describe some of the major subfields within psychology Topic: What Is Psychology? Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: - Easy TB_01_102 What Is Psychology?_Remember_LO 1.1 Personality psychologists study mental and physical growth in humans from the prenatal period through childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old age a True b False Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.1 Define psychology and describe some of the major subfields within psychology Topic: What Is Psychology? Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: - Moderate 41 © 2016, 2014, 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved TB_01_103 What Is Psychology?_Remember_LO 1.1 Physiological psychologists investigate the biological bases of behaviors, thoughts, and emotions a True b False Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.1 Define psychology and describe some of the major subfields within psychology Topic: What Is Psychology? Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: - Easy TB_01_104 What Is Psychology?_Remember_LO 1.1 Clinical psychologists are concerned with everyday problems of adjustment a True b False Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.1 Define psychology and describe some of the major subfields within psychology Topic: What Is Psychology? Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: - Moderate TB_01_105 What Is Psychology?_Remember_LO 1.1 Social psychologists investigate the influence of people on one another a True b False Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.1 Define psychology and describe some of the major subfields within psychology Topic: What Is Psychology? Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: - Easy TB_01_106 The Growth of Psychology?_Remember_LO 1.6 The first psychology laboratory was founded by Wolfgang Köhler a True b False Answer: b 42 © 2016, 2014, 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved Learning Objective: 1.6 Explain the roles voluntarism, structuralism, functionalism, and psychodynamic theory played in initially defining psychology as “a science of the mind.” Topic: The Growth of Psychology Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: - Moderate TB_01_107 The Growth of Psychology?_Remember_LO 1.6 Titchener broke consciousness down into three basic elements a True b False Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.6 Explain the roles voluntarism, structuralism, functionalism, and psychodynamic theory played in initially defining psychology as “a science of the mind.” Topic: The Growth of Psychology Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: - Moderate TB_01_108 The Growth of Psychology?_Remember_LO 1.6 William James is most closely associated with the school of structuralism a True b False Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.6 Explain the roles voluntarism, structuralism, functionalism, and psychodynamic theory played in initially defining psychology as “a science of the mind.” Topic: The Growth of Psychology Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: - Easy TB_01_109 The Growth of Psychology?_Remember_LO 1.6 Functionalist theory is concerned only with learning, sensation, and perception a True b False Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.6 Explain the roles voluntarism, structuralism, functionalism, and psychodynamic theory played in initially defining psychology as “a science of the mind.” Topic: The Growth of Psychology Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: - Difficult 43 © 2016, 2014, 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved TB_01_110 The Growth of Psychology?_Remember_LO 1.6 Freud argued that human beings are rational and have free will a True b False Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.6 Explain the roles voluntarism, structuralism, functionalism, and psychodynamic theory played in initially defining psychology as “a science of the mind.” Topic: The Growth of Psychology Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: - Easy TB_01_111 The Growth of Psychology?_Remember_LO 1.7 John B Watson is known for his theories on behaviorism a True b False Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.7 Explain how Watson and Skinner redefined the field of psychology Topic: The Growth of Psychology Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: - Moderate TB_01_112 The Growth of Psychology?_Remember_LO 1.7 Ivan Pavlov is known for his experiments on the conditioning of dogs a True b False Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.7 Explain how Watson and Skinner redefined the field of psychology Topic: The Growth of Psychology Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: - Easy TB_01_113 The Growth of Psychology?_Remember_LO 1.7 The name Pavlov gave to his method for training his dogs was reinforcement a True b False Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.7 Explain how Watson and Skinner redefined the field of psychology Topic: The Growth of Psychology Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: - Difficult 44 © 2016, 2014, 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved TB_01_114 The Growth of Psychology?_Remember_LO 1.7 Watson was interested in showing that fears could be eliminated by conditioning a True b False Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.7 Explain how Watson and Skinner redefined the field of psychology Topic: The Growth of Psychology Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: - Moderate TB_01_115 The Growth of Psychology?_Remember_LO 1.8 When applied to perception, “Gestalt” refers to our tendency to respond to primitive sexual urges a True b False Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.8 Describe what is meant by “the cognitive revolution” in psychology Topic: The Growth of Psychology Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: - Easy TB_01_116 The Growth of Psychology?_Remember_LO 1.8 Köhler, Wertheimer, and Koffka are all most closely associated with the Gestalt school of psychology a True b False Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.8 Describe what is meant by “the cognitive revolution” in psychology Topic: The Growth of Psychology Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: - Moderate TB_01_117 The Growth of Psychology?_Remember_LO 1.8 The oldest of the modern schools of psychology is cognitive psychology a True b False Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.8 Describe what is meant by “the cognitive revolution” in psychology 45 © 2016, 2014, 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved Topic: The Growth of Psychology Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: - Moderate TB_01_118 The Growth of Psychology?_Remember_LO 1.8 Cognitive psychology is the scientific study of our mental processes a True b False Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.8 Describe what is meant by “the cognitive revolution” in psychology Topic: The Growth of Psychology Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: - Easy TB_01_119 The Growth of Psychology?_Remember_LO 1.9 Evolutionary psychologists see the human mind as a “general purpose” computer that requires software (experience) to process information a True b False Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.9 Explain how evolutionary psychology and positive psychology are changing the focus of contemporary psychology Topic: The Growth of Psychology Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: - Moderate TB_01_120 The Growth of Psychology?_Remember_LO 1.9 Positive psychologists argue that psychology should abandon its focus on healing abnormal behavior and instead focus on “wellness.” a True b False Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.9 Explain how evolutionary psychology and positive psychology are changing the focus of contemporary psychology Topic: The Growth of Psychology Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: – Difficult TB_01_121 Human Diversity_Remember_LO 1.11 46 © 2016, 2014, 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved Most psychologists agree that appreciating human diversity will lead to a fuller understanding of human behavior and mental processes a True b False Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.11 Discuss the ways in which knowledge and awareness of human diversity can and does inform and enrich psychological study Topic: Human Diversity Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: - Easy TB_01_122 Human Diversity_Remember_LO 1.11 Feminist psychology has had little impact on most facets of psychological practice a True b False Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.11 Discuss the ways in which knowledge and awareness of human diversity can and does inform and enrich psychological study Topic: Human Diversity Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: - Easy TB_01_123 Human Diversity_Remember_LO 1.11 Most Americans participate in a number of subcultures a True b False Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.11 Discuss the ways in which knowledge and awareness of human diversity can and does inform and enrich psychological study Topic: Human Diversity Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: - Moderate TB_01_124 Research Methods in Psychology_Remember_LO 1.12 An advantage to using naturalistic observation is observer bias a True b False Answer: b 47 © 2016, 2014, 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved Learning Objective: 1.12 Describe the characteristics, strengths, and weaknesses of naturalistic observation, case studies, surveys, correlational research and experimental research Topic: Research Methods in Psychology Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: - Moderate TB_01_125 Research Methods in Psychology_Remember_LO 1.12 Surveys helped Jean Piaget develop his theory of cognitive development a True b False Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.12 Describe the characteristics, strengths, and weaknesses of naturalistic observation, case studies, surveys, correlational research and experimental research Topic: Research Methods in Psychology Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: - Difficult TB_01_126 Research Methods in Psychology_Remember_LO 1.13 To explain the causes of psychological phenomena, psychologists most often use experimental research a True b False Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.13 Describe the differences between independent and dependent variables and between control groups and experimental groups Topic: Research Methods in Psychology Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: - Easy TB_01_127 Research Methods in Psychology_Remember_LO 1.14 African Americans score higher on IQ and other tests when the person administering the test is also African American a True b False Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.14 Differentiate between random and representative samples, and describe the factors that can influence a research study Topic: Research Methods in Psychology Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: - Moderate 48 © 2016, 2014, 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved TB_01_128 Ethics and Psychology: Research on Humans and Animals_Remember_LO 1.15 To find out what he wanted to know, Stanley Milgram deceived subjects in his studies a True b False Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.15 Identify key ethical issues in psychological research with humans and nonhumans Topic: Ethics and Psychology: Research on Humans and Animals Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: - Easy TB_01_129 Ethics and Psychology: Research on Humans and Animals_Remember_LO 1.15 Psychologists study animal behavior in order to shed light on human behavior a True b False Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.15 Identify key ethical issues in psychological research with humans and nonhumans Topic: Ethics and Psychology: Research on Humans and Animals Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: - Easy TB_01_130 Careers in Psychology_Remember_LO 1.16 Social workers may offer treatment for psychological problems a True b False Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.16 Describe some of the career paths that are available to people who have studied psychology Distinguish between psychiatrists, psychoanalysts, clinical psychologists, counseling psychologists, and social workers Topic: Careers in Psychology Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: - Difficult Essay TB_01_131 What Is Psychology?_Remember_LO 1.1, 1.4 Define psychology and explain the role played by the scientific method in psychological inquiry Discuss how psychologists use theories and hypotheses in conducting research 49 © 2016, 2014, 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved Answer: Learning Objective: 1.1 Define psychology and describe some of the major subfields within psychology 1.4 Characterize critical thinking by its various steps Topic: What Is Psychology? Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: - Moderate TB_01_132 What Is Psychology?_Understand_LO 1.2 Identify and briefly explain the five enduring issues that draw psychologists together from the various subfields of psychology Answer: Learning Objective: 1.2 Describe the five enduring issues that cut across the subfields of psychology Topic: What Is Psychology? Skill: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: - Difficult TB_01_133 The Growth of Psychology?_Understand_LO 1.6 Describe the differences between the structuralist and functionalist schools of psychology Who were the main proponents of each school and what were the major contributions of each school? Answer: Difficulty: - Moderate Learning Objective: 1.6 Explain the roles voluntarism, structuralism, functionalism, and psychodynamic theory played in initially defining psychology as “a science of the mind.” Topic: The Growth of Psychology Skill: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: - Moderate TB_01_134 The Growth of Psychology?_Understand_LO 1.6 Briefly describe Freud’s psychoanalytic psychology in terms of its major principles Explain why Freud’s ideas were controversial and describe their impact on psychology Answer: Learning Objective: 1.6 Explain the roles voluntarism, structuralism, functionalism, and psychodynamic theory played in initially defining psychology as “a science of the mind.” Topic: The Growth of Psychology Skill: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: - Easy TB_01_135 The Growth of Psychology?_Understand_LO 1.7 50 © 2016, 2014, 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved Compare and contrast Watson’s behaviorism with that of B F Skinner, focusing on the specific techniques used by each approach Describe Pavlov’s research and identify its role in the development of behaviorism Answer: Learning Objective: 1.7 Explain how Watson and Skinner redefined the field of psychology Topic: The Growth of Psychology Skill: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: - Moderate TB_01_136 The Growth of Psychology?_Understand_LO 1.8 What is the “cognitive revolution”? How is cognitive psychology different from behaviorism? What impact has cognitive psychology had on the field of modern psychology? Answer: Learning Objective: 1.8 Describe what is meant by “the cognitive revolution” in psychology Topic: The Growth of Psychology Skill: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: - Easy TB_01_137 The Growth of Psychology?_Understand_LO 1.9 Explain the goals and interests of evolutionary psychology Explain how evolutionary psychologists and cognitive psychologists differ in their views of the human brain Answer: Learning Objective: 1.9 Explain how evolutionary psychology and positive psychology are changing the focus of contemporary psychology Topic: The Growth of Psychology Skill: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: - Easy TB_01_138 The Growth of Psychology?_Remember_LO 1.9 Describe the goals and focus of positive psychology Answer: Learning Objective: 1.9 Explain how evolutionary psychology and positive psychology are changing the focus of contemporary psychology Topic: The Growth of Psychology Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: - Easy 51 © 2016, 2014, 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved TB_01_139 The Growth of Psychology?_Remember_LO 1.10 Describe the role played by women in the history of the field of psychology Discuss some of the obstacles that have prevented many women, and hindered others, from achieving equal status with males as respected professionals What is the current status of women in the field of psychology? Answer: Learning Objective: 1.10 Describe the role of women in the history of psychology Topic: The Growth of Psychology Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: - Moderate TB_01_140 Research Methods in Psychology_Remember_LO 1.12 Explain what surveys are and how they overcome some of the shortcomings of case studies What are some of the specific advantages and disadvantages of this type of research? Answer: Learning Objective: 1.12 Describe the characteristics, strengths, and weaknesses of naturalistic observation, case studies, surveys, correlational research and experimental research Topic: Research Methods in Psychology Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: - Moderate TB_01_141 Research Methods in Psychology_Remember_LO 1.12 Define correlational research How is correlational research useful to psychologists? What are the advantages and disadvantages of this type of research? Answer: Learning Objective: 1.12 Describe the characteristics, strengths, and weaknesses of naturalistic observation, case studies, surveys, correlational research and experimental research Topic: Research Methods in Psychology Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: - Difficult TB_01_142 Research Methods in Psychology_Remember_LO 1.12 A scientist is studying the effects of alcohol on driving ability Set up an experimental design in which this scientist could identify the effects of alcohol on driving ability In your description, be sure to label your hypothesis, the independent variable, the dependent variable, the control group, and the experimental group How could this scientist avoid the effects of experimenter bias when scoring the results of the study? Answer: 52 © 2016, 2014, 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved Learning Objective: 1.12 Describe the characteristics, strengths, and weaknesses of naturalistic observation, case studies, surveys, correlational research and experimental research Topic: Research Methods in Psychology Skill: Apply What You Know Difficulty: - Difficult TB_01_143 Research Methods in Psychology_Remember_LO 1.12 Explain why human diversity is important to researchers Specifically, how can a lack of diversity, or a lack of understanding of diversity, affect research results? What is cultural bias and why is it important to researchers? Answer: Learning Objective: 1.12 Describe the characteristics, strengths, and weaknesses of naturalistic observation, case studies, surveys, correlational research and experimental research Topic: Research Methods in Psychology Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: - Easy TB_01_144 Ethics and Psychology: Research on Humans and Animals_Understand_LO 1.15 Describe at least four stipulations from APA’s ethical guidelines for researchers What are some current opinions among researchers and their critics in regards to these guidelines? Answer: Learning Objective: 1.15 Identify key ethical issues in psychological research with humans and nonhumans Topic: Ethics and Psychology: Research on Humans and Animals Skill: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: - Difficult TB_01_145 Ethics and Psychology: Research on Humans and Animals_Remember_LO 1.15 Explain why psychologists use animals in research and discuss the reasons for and reactions to the current controversy regarding the use of animals in scientific research Answer: Learning Objective: 1.15 Identify key ethical issues in psychological research with humans and nonhumans Topic: Ethics and Psychology: Research on Humans and Animals Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: - Easy 53 © 2016, 2014, 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved ... psychology and positive psychology are changing the focus of contemporary psychology Topic: The Growth of Psychology Skill: Apply What You Know Difficulty: - Moderate TB_01_58 The Growth of Psychology? _Understand_LO... evolutionary psychology Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.9 Explain how evolutionary psychology and positive psychology are changing the focus of contemporary psychology Topic: The Growth of Psychology. .. psychology and positive psychology are changing the focus of contemporary psychology Topic: The Growth of Psychology Skill: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: - Easy TB_01_60 The Growth of Psychology? _Understand_LO