A dictionary of zoology 2nd ed m allaby (oxford, 1999)

cover title author publisher isbn10 | asin print isbn13 ebook isbn13 language subject publication date lcc ddc subject : : : : : : : : : : : next page > A Dictionary of Zoology Oxford Paperback Reference Allaby, Michael Oxford University Press 0192800760 9780192800763 9780585159973 English Zoology Dictionaries 1999 QL9.C66 1999eb 590/.3 Zoology Dictionaries cover next page > < previous page page_i next page > Page i OXFORD PAPERBACK REFERENCE A Dictionary of Zoology < previous page page_i next page > < previous page page_ii next page > Page ii Oxford Paperback Reference The most authoritative and up-to-date reference books for both students and the general reader Abbreviations ABC of Music Accounting Art and Artists Astronomy* Ballet Bible* Biology Botany Business Card Games Chemistry Christian Church Classical Literature Computing Dates Earth Sciences Ecology Economics* English Etymology English Literature English Place-Names Euphemisms Finance First Names Food and Nutrition Fowler's Modern English Usage Geography Irish Mythology King's English Law Literary Terms Mathematics Medical Dictionary Modern Quotations Modern Slang Music Nursing Opera Philosophy Physics Politics Popes Popular Music Proverbs Quotations Sailing Terms Saints Science Ships and the Sea Sociology Superstitions Theatre Twentieth-Century History Twentieth-Century Poetry Weather Facts Women Writers Word Games World Mythology Zoology *forthcoming < previous page page_ii next page > < previous page page_iii next page > Page iii A Dictionary of Zoology Edited by Michael Allaby Oxford New York OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 1999 < previous page page_iii next page > < previous page page_iv next page > Page iv Oxford University Press, Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP Oxford New York Athens Auckland Bangkok Bogotá Bombay Buenos Aires Calcutta Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Florence Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Paris Sao Paulo Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto Warsaw and associated companies in Berlin Ibadan Oxford is a trade mark of Oxford University Press Text © Oxford University Press 1991, 1999 © in the compilation and editorial matter Michael Allaby 1991, 1999 First published 1991 First issued as an Oxford University Press paperback 1992 Second edition 1999 All rights reserved No pan of this publication maybe reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press Within the UK, exceptions are allowed in respect of any fair dealing for the purpose of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms and in other countries should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, re-sold, hired out or otherwise circulated without the publisher's prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A dictionary of zoology / edited by Michael Allaby.-2nd edn (Oxford paperback reference) Rev edn of: Concise Oxford dictionary of zoology 1991 ZoologyDictionaries I Allaby, Michael II Concise Oxford dictionary of zoology QL9.C66 1998 590'3-dc21 98-9810 ISBN 0-19-280076-0 10 Typeset by Best-set Typesetter Ltd., Hong Kong Printed by Cox & Wyman, Reading, England < previous page page_iv next page > page_v < previous page next page > Page v From the Preface to the First Edition It is to students, professional non-zoologists, and non-professional zoologists that this dictionary is addressed Apart from the entries describing taxa (arthropods, other invertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals) the dictionary covers animal behaviour, cell structure and function, Earth history, ecology, evolutionary concepts, genetics, physiology, taxonomic principles, and zoogeography; and I have also included brief biographical notes on some of the individuals whose names are likely to be familiar To help the user I have also added internal cross-references, indicated by asterisks In many entries, the number of species said to belong to a particular taxon is only approximate, and often rounded The number of genera given should also be regarded as approximate since the definition of a genus is more arbitrary than that of a species and opinions may differ over the allocation of species to genera At every taxonomic level, entries are under the Latin names, with common names in parenthesis, and crossreferenced This arrangement permits consistency, with groups treated in the same way whether or not they have common names, and it avoids the confusions that would arise with groups that have more than one common name Without the support, hard work, and intellectual rigour of my colleagues, compiling the book would have been very much more difficult than it was I am grateful to them for their help and for the unfailing cheerfulness and promptness with which they dealt with the hundreds of pages of computer print-out I mailed to them Contributors and Advisers Michael Kent Michael Allaby Roger Burrows Linda J Losito Colin P Groves Preface to the Second Edition Much has happened during the six years that have elapsed since the publication of the first edition of this book The discovery of 'extremophiles', organisms living in environments formerly considered impossibly hostile, and comparisons between their DNA and that of other organisms have necessitated a major taxonomic revision at the kingdom level New animals have been discovered and relationships revealed by genetic studies have caused some species to be reclassified < previous page page_v next page > < previous page page_vi next page > Page vi In this second edition I have tried to take account of these and other developments I have been helped greatly in this by Robin Allaby, who scrutinized all my revisions, made many of his own, and contributed a substantial proportion of the new entries Many entries have been brought up to date and many new entries have been added, making this edition substantially different from its predecessor It is also somewhat longer, because very few of the original entries have been removed As well as describing some of the newly discovered species, both living and fossil, we have increased the number of entries defining terms from genetics and evolutionary studies and have also added a number of entries relating to mammalian physiology The aim remains unchanged I hope this dictionary will help everyone sufficiently interested in the animals of this planet, past and present, to read books and journal articles containing words and expressions with which they are unfamiliar I am very grateful for the help I received while preparing this edition and wish to express my thanks to Ailsa Allaby, Colin Groves Linda J Losito, and Ruth Slater Without their advice and contributions the new edition would have been much weaker than I hope it is MICHAEL ALLABY < previous page page_vi next page > < previous page page_vii next page > Page vii Contents Dictionary of Zoology Endangered animals 582 The universal genetic code 593 Geologic time-scale 594 SI units 595 < previous page page_vii next page > page_585 < previous page next page > Page 585 (table continued from previous page) Species Common name Order Family Country/region ts Canis simensis Ethiopian Wolf Carnivora Canidae Ethiopia, Alb+2be, C1, E Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica Pyrenean Ibex Artiodactyla Bovidae Spain D1 Centropus steerii Black-hooded Coucal Cucculiformes Cuculidae Phillipines A1c, C1+2a, D1 Ceratotherium simum cottoni Northern White Rhinoceros Perissodactyla Rhinocerotidae Sudan, Zaire A1abc, D1 Cervus nippon mandarinus North China Sika Artiodactyla Cervidae China D1 Cervus nippon pseudaxis Tonkin Sika Artiodactyla Cervidae Viet Nam D1 Cervus nippon taiouanus Taiwan Sika Artiodactyla Cervidae Taiwan D1 Chelonia mydas Green Turtle Testudines Cheloniidae Cyprus, Turkey A1a, B1+2ce, E Clarias cavemicola Cave Catfish Siluriformes Clariidae Namibia Coleura seychellensis Seychelles Sheath-tailed Bat Chiroptera Columba mayeri Pink Pigeon Coluber gyorensis Emballonuridae Seychelles B1+2c, E B1+2cde, C2b, D1 Columbiformes Columbidae Mauritius D1 Serpentes Colubridae Greece D1 Copsychus sechellarum Seychelles Magpie-robin Passedformes Muscicapidae Seychelles D1 Corvus hawaiiensis Hawaiian Crow Passeriformes Corvidae USA D1 Cyanopsitta spixii Spix's Macaw Psittaciformes Psittacidae Brazil D1 Cyanoramphus cookii Norfolk Island Parakeet Psittaciformes Psittacidae Norfolk Island D1 Dicaeum quadricolor Cebu Flowerpecker Passeriformes Dicaeidae Phillipines A2c, B1+2C, C1+2b, D1 (table continued on next page) < previous page page_585 next page > page_586 < previous page next page > Page 586 (table continued from previous page) Species Common name Dicerorhinus sumatrensis harrissoni Order Family Country/region ts Perissodactyla Rhinocerotidae Indonesia, Malaysia A1bcd, C2a, D1 Dicruridae Mayotte C2b, D1 Antarctica D1 Dicrurus waldenii Mayotte Drongo Passeriformes Diomedea amsterdamensis Amsterdam Albatross Procellariiformes Diomedeidae Dipodomys heermanni morroensis Morro Bay Kangaroo-rat Rodentia Heteromyidae USA B1+2c, D1 Elaphurus davidianus Pere David's Deer Artiodactyla Cervidae China D1 Eriocnemis godini Turquoise-throated Puffleg Apodiformes Trochilidae Colombia, Ecuador B1+2c, C2b, D1 Euchondrus ramonensis Stylommatophora Enidae Israel C2b, D1 Eutrichomyias rowleyi Cerulean Paradiseflycatcher Passeriformes Muscicapidae Indonesia B1+2ce, C2b, D1 Formicivora erythronotos Black-hooded Antwren Passeriformes Formicariidae Brazil A2C, C1+2a, D1 Gallicolumba salamonis Thick-billed Grounddove Columbiformes Columbidae Solomon islands C2a, D1 Gallinula pacifica Samoan Moorhen Gruiformes Rallidae Western Samoa D1 Geochelone nigra hoodensis Hood Island Tortoise Testudines Testudinidae Ecuador D1 Gymnogyps californianus California Condor Falconiformes Cathartidae USA D1 Haematopinus oliveri Pygmy Hog Sucking Louse Anoplura Haematopinidae India A1c, B1+2cd, E Hapalopsittaca fuertesi Fuertes's Parrot Psittaciformes Psittacidae D1 Colombia (table continued on next page) < previous page page_586 next page > page_587 < previous page next page > Page 587 (table continued from previous page) Species Common name Order Family Country/region ts Heliangelus zusii Bogotá Sunangel Apodiformes Trochilidae Colombia D1 Hemignathus lucidus Nukupuu Passeriformes Drepanididae USA A1a, B1+2ce, C2a, D1 Artiodactyla Hippopotamidae Niger, Nigeria Hexaprotodon liberiensis heslopi D1 Himantopus novaezelandiae Black Stilt Charadriiformes Recurvirostridae New Zealand D1 Lagorchestes hirsutus Mala Diprotodontia Macropodidae Australia A1a, B1+3abcd, C2b, D1 Laniarius liberatus Bulo Burti Bush-shrike Passeriformes Laniidae Sornalia D1 Passeriformes Laniidae Rwanda D1 Diprotodontia Vombatidae Australia B1+2c, D1 Chiroptera Pteropodidae India B1+2c, D1 Lanius newtoni Lasiorhinus krefftii Northern Hairy-nosed wombat Latidens salimalii Leontopithecus caissara Black-faced Lion Tamarin Primates Callitrichidae Brazil B1+2abcde, C2a, D1 Lepidopyga lilliae Sapphire-bellied Hummingbird Apodiformes Trochilidae Colombia C2b, D1 Leucopeza semperi Semper s Warbler Passeriformes Parulidae St Lucia D1 Leucopsar rothschildi Bali Starling Passeriformes Sturnidae Indonesia B1+2e, C1+2b, D1 Serpentes Colubridae Martinique B1+2e, C2b, D1 Cetacea Platanistidae China A1bc, C2b, D1 Liophis cursor Lipotes vexillifer Baiji (table continued on next page) < previous page page_587 next page > page_588 < previous page next page > Page 588 (table continued from previous page) Species Common name Order Family Country/region ts Lophura edwardsi Edwards's Pheasant Galliformes Phasianidae Viet Nam B1+2c C1+2a, D1 Manorina melanotis Black-eared Miner Passeriformes Meliphagidae Australia C2a, D1 Megalobulimus grandis Stylommatophora Megalobulimidae Brazil D1 Melamprosops phaeosoma Poo-uli Passeriformes Drepanididae USA A1ace, B1+2abcde, C2a, D1 Mergus octosetaceus Brazilian Merganser Anseriformes Anatidae Argentina, A2ce, C2a, D1 Brazil, Paraguay Moho bishopi Bishop's Oo Passeriformes Meliphagidae USA B1+2ce, C2a, D1 Moho braccatus Kauai Oo Passeriformes Meliphagidae USA A1a, B1+2ce, C2b, D1 Myadestes lanaiensis Olomao Passeriformes Muscicapidae USA A1a, B1+2e, C2b, D1 Myadestes myadestinus Kamao Passeriformes Muscicapidae USA A1a, B1+2e, C2b, D1 Myadestes palmeri Puaiohi Passeriformes Muscicapidae USA A1a, B1+2ce, C2a, D1 Mysateles garridoi Garrido's Hutia Rodentia Capromyidae Cuba D1 Nemosia rourei Cherry-throated Tanager Passeriformes Emberizidae Brazil D1 (table continued on next page) < previous page page_588 next page > page_589 < previous page next page > Page 589 (table continued from previous page) Species Common name Neospiza concolor Order Family Country/region ts Passeriformes Fringillidae Rwanda D1 Nipponia nippon Crested Ibis Ciconiiformes Threskiornithidae China, Japan, North Korea C2b, D1 Nothoprocta kalinowskii Kalinowski's Tinamou Tinamiformes Tinamidae Peru D1 Numenius borealis Eskimo Curlew Charadriiformes Scolopacidae New World D1 Oceanodroma macrodactyla Guadalupe Storm-petrel Procellariiformes Hydrobatidae Mexico D1 Ophrysia superciliosa Himalayan Quail Galliformes Phasianidae India D1 Oriolus isabellae Isabela Oriole Passeriformes Oriolidae Phillipines C2a, D1 Panthera pardus orientalis Amur Leopard Carnivora Felidae China, Russia, South Korea, North Korea A1c, D1 Panthera tigris amoyensis South China Tiger Carnivora Felidae China D1 Paroreomyza maculata Oahu Alauahio Passeriformes Drepanididae USA A1a, B1+2ce, C2a, D1 Perameles gunnii Eastern Barred Bandicoot Peramelemorphia Peramelidae Australia B1+2abde, C2a, D1 Physiculus helenaensis Skulpin Gadiformes Moridae St Helena D1 Pomarea dimidiata Rarotonga Monarch Passeriformes Muscicapidae Cook Islands D1 Pomarea nigra Tahiti Monarch Passeriformes Muscicapidae Polynesia C2b, D1 Patorous gilbertii Gilbert's Potoroo Diprotodontia Potoroidae Australia C2b, D1 Pseudemydura umbrina Western Swamp Turtle Testudines Chelidae Australia A1c, B1+2c, C1 +2b, D1 Pseudochelidon sirintarae White-eyed River-martin Passeriformes Hirundinidae Thailand D1 (table continued on next page) < previous page page_589 next page > page_590 < previous page next page > Page 590 (table continued from previous page) Species Common name Order Family Country/region ts Pseudoscaphirhynchus fedtschenkoi Syr-Dar Shovelnose Sturgeon Acipenseriformes Acipenseridae Kazakhstan A1ae, D1 Pseudoscaphirhynchus hermanni Small Amu-Dar Shovelnose Sturgeon Acipenseriformes Acipenseridae Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan A1ae, D1 Psittacula echo Mauritius Parakeet Psittaciformes Psittacidae Mauritius D1 Psittirostra psittacea Ou Passeriformes Drepanididae USA A1ac, B1 +2abcde, C2a, D1 Pterodroma aterrima Mascarene Black Petrel Procellariiformes Procellariidae Reunion D1 Pterodroma becki Beck's Petrel Procellariiformes Procellariidae Guinea, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands D1 Pterodroma macgillivrayi Fiji Petrel Procellariiformes Procellariidae Fiji C2b, D1 Ptilinopus arcanus Negros Fruit-dove Columbiformes Columbidae Phillipines B1+2ce, C2b, D1 Puma concolor coryi Florida Puma Carnivora Felidae USA D1 Puma concolor cougar Eastern Puma Carnivora Felidae Canada, USA D1 Rallus antarcticus Austral Rail Gruiformes Rallidae Argentina, Chile D1 Perissodactyla Rhinocerotidae Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Thailand, Viet Nam Rhinoceros sondaicus annamiticus A1cd, C2b, D1 (table continued on next page) < previous page page_590 next page > page_591 < previous page next page > Page 591 (table continued from previous page) Species Common name Rhinoceros sondaicus sondaicus Order Family Country/region ts Perissodactyla Rhinocerotidae Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand C2b, D1, Phillipines A1c+2c, B1 +2c, C1+2a, D1 Rhinomyias albigularis White-throated Jungle-flycatcher Passeriformes Muscicapidae Rhinopithecus avunculus Tonkin Snub-nosed Monkey Primates Cercopithecidae Viet Nam C1, E Rhodonessa caryophyllacea Pink-headed Duck Anseriformes Anatidae India, Myanmar Nepal D1 Rupicapra rupicapra cartusiana Chartreuse Chamois Artiodactyla Bovidae France C2b, D1 Siphonorhis americanus Jamaican Pauraque Caprimulgiformes Caprimulgidae Jamaica D1 Sporophila insulata Tumaco Seedeater Passeriformes Emberizidae Colombia D1 Sterna bernsteini Chinese crested-tern Charadriiformes Laridae China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Phillipines, Thailand D1 Sus cebifrons Visayan Warty Pig Artiodactyla Suidae Phillipines A1cde, B1 +2acd, E Sus salvanius Pygmy Hog Artiodactyla Suidae Bhutan, India, Nepal A1c, B1+2cd, E Tachybaptus rufolavatus Alaotra Grebe Podicipediformes Podicipedidae Madagascar D1 Tadorna cristata Crested Shelduck Anseriformes China, Japan, Russia, South Korea, North Korea D1 Anatidae (table continued on next page) < previous page page_591 next page > page_592 < previous page next page > Page 592 (table continued from previous page) Species Common name Order Family Country/region ts Tamias minimus atristriatus Pefiasco Least Chipmunk Rodentia Sciuridae USA A1a, D1 Chiroiptera Emballonuridae Australia A1ac, B1+2abcde, D1 Taphozous troughtoni Taudactylus diurnus Mt Glorius Torrent Frog Anura Myobatrachidae Australia D1 Telophorus kupeensis Mount Kupe Bush-shrike Passeriformes Laniidae Cameroon D1 Stylommatophora Hygromiidae Israel C2b, D1 Passeriformes Parulidae Cuba, USA D1 Serpentes Viperidae Turkey C2ab, D1 Trochoidea pseudojacosta Vermivora bachmanii Bachman's Warbler Vipera pontica Zosterops albogularis White-chested White-eye Passeriformes Zosteropidae Norfolk Island D1 Zosterops modestus Seychelles White-eye Passeriformes Zosteropidae Seychelles C2b, D1 < previous page page_592 next page > page_593 < previous page next page > Page 593 The universal genetic code amino acid abbreviation codons alanine Ala GCA, GCC, GCG, GCU arginine Arg AGA, AGG, CGA, CGG, CGC, CGU asparaginine Asn AAC, AAU aspartic acid Asp GAC, GAU cysteine Cys UGC, UGU glutamic acid Glu GAA, GAG glutamine Gln CAA, CAG glycine Gly GGA, GGC, GGG, GGU histidine His CAC, CAU lsoleucine lle AUA, AUC AUU leucine Leu CUA, CUC, CUG, CUU, UUA, UUG lysine Lys AAA, AAG methionine Met AUG phenylalanine Phe UUC, UUU proline Pro CCA, CCC, CCG, CCU serine Ser AGC, AGU, UCA, UCC, UCG, UCU threonine Thr ACA, ACC, ACG, ACU tryptophan Trp UGG tyrosine Tyr UAC, UAU valine Val GUA, GUC, GUG, GUU stop codon UAA, UAG, UGA < previous page page_593 next page > page_594 < previous page next page > Page 594 Geologic time-scale Eon/Eonothem Era/Erathem Sub-era Period/System Quaternary Pleistogene PHANEROZOIC Epoch/Series Starting Ma Holocene 0.01 Pleistocene 1.64 Pliocene 5.2 Miocene 23.3 Oligocene 35.4 Eocene 56.5 Palaeocene 65 Neogene Cenotzoic Tertiary Palaeogene Mesozoic Upper Palaeozoic Cretaceous 145.6 Jurassic 208 Triassic 245 Permian 290 Carboniferous 362.5 Devonian 408.5 Silurian 439 Ordovician 510 Cambrian 570 Palaeozoic Lower Palaeozoic PROTEROZOIC P R E C A ARCHAEAN M B R I PRISCOAN A N 2500 4000 4600 Source: after Harland, W B., Armstrong, R L., Craig, L E., Smith, A G., and Smith, D G (under the Supervision of A G Smith), Geologic Time Scale (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990) < previous page page_594 next page > page_595 < previous page next page > Page 595 SI units (Système International d'Unités) Quantity Name of unit Symbol Equivalent Reciprocal length metre m 3.281 feet ft = 0.3048m mass kilogram kg 2.2 pounds lb = 0.454kg time second s electric current ampere A thermodynamic temperature kelvin K 1°C = 1.8°F 1°C = 1K luminous intensity candela cd amount of substance mole mol Supplementary units Quantity Unit Symbol plane angle radian rad solid angle steradian sr < previous page page_595 next page > page_596 < previous page next page > Page 596 Derived SI units Quantity Name of unit Symbol Equivalent Reciprocal frequency hertz Hz energy joule J 0.2388 calories cal = 4.1868J force newton N 0.225 pounds force lbf = 4.448 N power watt W 0.00134 horse power hp = 745.7W pressure pascal Pa 0.00689 pounds force/sq inch lbf/sq.in = 145 Pa electric charge coulomb C electric potential difference volt V electric resistance ohm Q electric conductance siemens S electric capacitance farad F magnetic flux weber Wb inductance henry H magnetic flux density tesla T luminous flux lumen Im illuminance lux Ix absorbed dose gray Gy activity becquerel Bq dose equivalent sievert Sv < previous page page_596 next page > page_597 < previous page Page 597 Multiples used with SI units Name of multiple Symbol Value (multiply by) atto a 10-18 femto f 10-15 pico p 10-12 nano n 10-9 micro µ 10-6 milli m 10-3 centi c 10-2 deci d 10-1 deca da 10 hecto h 102 kilo k 103 mega M 106 giga G 109 tera T 1012 peta P 1015 exa E 1018 < previous page page_597 ... ACARINA Acarina (acari mites, ticks; class *Arachnida) Order of small or very small arachnids most of which have a short, unsegmented *abdomen The body comprises the *capitulum and a *prosoma... purchaser British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A dictionary of zoology / edited by Michael Allaby. -2nd edn (Oxford paperback... on salmon Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms) A phylum of bilaterally symmetrical, *pseudocoelomate, worm-like organisms most of which not have an excretory system; all lack a gut A retractable