Medical and veterinary entomology g mullen, l durden (AP, 2002)

CONTRIBUTORS Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors" contributions appear Peter H Adler (185), Department of Entomology, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0365, USA Roger D Akre (383), Deceased, formerly Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6382, USA Richard J Brenner (29), USDA-ARS, Office of Technology Transfer, Beltsville, Maryland 20705; formerly USDA-ARS, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, Florida 32604, USA E Paul Catts (317), Deceased, formerly Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6382, USA Lance A Durden ( 1, 45, 103), Georgia Southern University, Institute of Arthropod and Parasitology, Statesboro, Georgia 30460, USA Woodbridge A Foster (203), Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1220, USA Reid R Gerhardt (127), Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37901-1071, USA Raj K Gupta (147), Headquarters, USAMRC, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702-5012, USA Robert D Hall (127), Department of Entomology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA William L Krinsky (67, 87, 303), Department Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale Medical School, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8034, USA Robert S Lane (517), Division of Insect Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA John E Lloyd (349), Department of Entomology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA John W McCreadie (185), Department of Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36688, USA Roger D Moon (279), Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA Gary IL Mullen (1,163,317, 425,427, 449), Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA Bradley A Mullens (263), Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA William L Nicholson (517), Viral and Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA Barry M OConnor (449), University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA Hal D Reed (383), Biology Department, Oral Roberts University, Tulsa, Oldahoma 74171, USA William K Reisen (15), Arbovirus Field Station, University of California, Bakersfield, California 93312, USA Louis C Rutledge (147), Mill Valley, California 94941-3420, USA Daniel E Sonenshine (517), Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 235290266, USA Scott A Stockwell (411), U S Army, 25th Medical Detachment (Entomology), Fort Hood, Texas 76544, USA Robert Traub (103), Deceased, formerly Bethesda, Maryland, USA Edward D Walker (203), Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA PREFACE This book is the result of the recognized need for an up-to-date, entomologically oriented textbook for teaching courses in medical and veterinary entomology at the college and university level It was initiated in 1993 by Section D (Medical and Veterinary Entomology) of the Entomological Society of America, following surveys that were conducted to identify the scope and format of such a book that would best meet the needs for classroom instruction The clear sentiment was to produce a comprehensive textbook covering both medical and veterinary entomology, recognizing the close relationship between these two disciplines The individuals polled indicated a strong preference for organizing the chapters taxonomically according to the insect and relatedarthropod groups involved, similar to that followed in W B Herms's original Medical and Veterinary Entomology, published in 1915 That classic work, and the seven editions that followed, served as the standard textbook for medical and veterinary entomology students for more than sixty years, until its last printing in 1979 It is hoped that this book will help to fill the void that has persisted these past two decades in promoting the teaching of medical and veterinary entomology as an important part of college and university curricula With the exception of the first two chapters (Introduction and Epidemiology of Vector-Borne Diseases), the chapters are similarly organized with the following major subheadings: Taxonomy, Morphology, Life History, Behavior and Ecology, Public Health Importance, Veterinary Importance, Prevention and Control, and References and Further Reading This format should be helpful to the reader in locating specific information and to teachers who wish to assign only select portions of a chapter for their students to read It is also for this reason that the discussions of Public Health Importance and Veterinary Importance are addressed separately This should maximize the flexibility in using this as a textbook for courses in either medical or veterinary entomology, or for courses in which the two disciplines are combined Literature citations generally have been kept to a minimum throughout the text to make the book as readable and student-friendly as possible The authors were asked to follow a guideline of providing - references for each chapter, selecting only those that are particularly pertinent or serve as recommended followup sources for additional information relating to the chapter subject Exceptions were made for some of the longer chapters (e.g., Mosquitoes, Mites, and Ticks) in which the number of references and suggested readings significantly exceeds the guideline, reflecting the breadth and importance of these particular arthropod groups In addition to students in the traditional sense, this book is targeted at a much broader audience, including: (1) entomologists in general; (2) specialists in other disciplines who have an interest in arthropods of medical or veterinary importance; (3) physicians, nurses, health officials, and others in the medical field who encounter insects, spiders, scorpions, ticks, and other arthropods in the course of their professional activities; (4) personnel in a variety of public health- and community-related programs (e.g., mosquito control, tick control) and professional pest control operators who wish to have an informative, readable reference source on their shelf; (5) military personnel who have responsibility for dealing with a diversity of entomologically related problems; (6) and veterinarians, wildlife personnel, zoological park officials, and other individuals in animal health-related 00 XII Preface fieldswho invariably encounter insects and related arthropods in their respective lines of work Traditionally, medical and veterinary entomology has included not only insects but also certain arachnid groups that can present problems for humans and other animals This book follows that tradition However, unlike most other books in this subject area, a greater amount of attention is given to these eight-legged relatives of insects in this work Fully one-quarter of the text is devoted to arachnids, with separate chapters on scorpions, solpugids, spiders, mites, and ticks In fact, the chapters on mites and ticks (note: ticks are simply a subgroup of mites) represent the first and third largest chapters in the book, respectively, reflecting their diversity and medical-veterinary importance Mosquitoes are the subject of the second largest chapter, as the most important group of insects from a medical and public health perspective In providing appropriate balance to the insect groups discussed, the reader may be surprised to see separate chapters on the Coleoptera (beetles) and Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) These two groups are not the first that come to mind when one thinks of medical and veterinary entomology and typically are treated only briefly, if at all, in most medical-veterinary books However, as the space devoted to these groups indicates, the beetles and moths and the problems they cause deserve more attention than they are generally accorded We wish to acknowledge the loss of three contributors to this book who passed away after submitting, or contributing to, the initial and one or more revised drafts of their chapters They are Roger D Akre and E Paul Catts of the Department of Entomology, Washington State University, and the late Robert Traub of Bethesda, Maryland In recognition of their contributions, the respective chapters appropriately bear their names as authors, albeit posthumously This book is dedicated to the memory of these distinguished entomologists Gary R Mullen Lance A Durden ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many people have helped in various ways with the preparation of this textbook and we are grateful to all of them Foremost, we must thank all of the chapter authors who wrote their assigned chapters and patiently accommodated our editorial requests, comments, guidelines, and also responded to comments furnished by outside reviewers Obviously, without the commitment and dedication of the chapter authors, this project could not have come to fruition Rebecca L Nirns (Auburn University, Alabama and Georgia Southern University, Statesboro) was contributing art editor and expertly captured the majority of the figures as digital images and then digitally labeled and improved many of them; she also prepared original figure 23.2 Margo A Duncan (Gainesville, Florida) was commissioned to prepare original or composite pen and ink drawings for the following figures: 2.1, 2.3, 4.6, 4.8, 7.3, 18.1A, and 18.4 We also wish to thank the following individuals who contributed original artwork in the form of line drawings, with the respective figure numbers indicated in parentheses following their institutional affiliations: the late Dr E Paul Catts (Washington State University, Pullman; 16.1-16.9, 16.11, 16.13-16.15, 16.17, 16.20, 16.23, 16.26, 16.31, 16.32, 16.35, 16.36, 16.39), Dr Woodbridge A Foster (The Ohio State University, Columbus; 12.14), Susan J M Hope (Mebane, North Carolina; 13.1), Takumasa Kondo (Auburn University, Alabama; 8.9), Dr William L Krinsky (Yale Medical School, New Haven, Connecticut; 5.6), Dr Roger D Moon (University of Minnesota, St Paul; 14.2), Dr Bradley A Mullens (University of California, Riverside; 13.3), Dr Blair J Sampson (USDA-ARS, Small Fruit Research Center, Poplarville, Mississippi; 19.5), and Dr Lawrence W Zettler (Illinois College, Jacksonville; 11.2) We are grateful to the following persons for providing original photographs, slides, and other illustrations reproduced in this book, with the respective figure numbers indicated in parentheses: Dr W V Adams, Jr (Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge; 13.11), Dr Peter H Adler (Clemson University, South Carolina; 11.1, 11.5), the late Dr Roger D Akre (Washington State University, Pullman; 19.9, 19.14, 19.15, 19.24); Dr Hans B~inziger (Chaing Mai University, Thailand; 18.18-18.23), Dr Yehuda Braverman (Kimron Veterinary Institute, Israel; 10.19), Dr Alberto B Broce (Kansas State University, Manhattan; 14.7), Dr Corrie Brown (Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Plum Island, New York and University of Georgia, Athens; 10.16), Dr Jerry F Butler (University of Florida, Gainesville; 18.13, 19.13, 23.25, 23.40, 23.43), Dr James D Castner (University of Florida, Gainesville; 3.3-3.11), Dr Ronald D Cave (Escuela Agricola Panamericana, Zamorano, Honduras; 16.25), Valerie J Cervenka, (University of Minnesota, St Paul; 14.22), Dr Jack Kelly Clark (University of California, Davis; 24.16), Dr George H D'Andrea (Alabama State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Auburn; 10.14), Dr Debbie R Folkerts (Auburn University, Alabama; 21.1), Dr Woodbridge A Foster (The Ohio State University, Columbus; 12.14, 12.17, 12.19, 12.25, 12.27, 12.31), Dr Ellis G Greiner (University of Florida, Gainesville; 11.8), Dr Martin Hall (The Natural History Museum, London; 16.37), Dr Robert G Hancock (Cumberland College, Williamsburg, Kentucky; 12.23), Dr Carl C Hansen (National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C.; 18.12), Dr Elton J Hansens (Asheville, North Carolina; 4.12, 4.13, 7.14, 13.6, 14.12, 19.12, 19.30, 23.11), Dr Charles M Hendrix, ooo XUl XIV Acknowledgments (Auburn University, Alabama; 23.48, 23.60), Dr Nancy C Hinkle (University of California, Riverside and University of Georgia, Athens; 4.14, 7.7-7.10), Paul M Horton (Clemson University, South Carolina; 19.28), Lacy L Hyche (Auburn University, Alabama; 18.15), Dr Robert J Keiffer (University of California, Hopland; 24.15), Takumasa Kondo (Auburn University, Alabama; 19.23), Peter J Landolt (USDA-ARS, Wapato, Washington), Dr Robert S Lane (University of California, Berkeley; 24.13, 24.19), Lloyd L Lauerman (Alabama State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Auburn; 10.8-10.11), Dr Kriangkrai Lerthudsnee (Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; 12.20), Dr John E Lloyd (University of Wyoming, Laramie; 4.15, 17.2, 17.6, 17.10-17.12), Dr John M MacDonald (Auburn University, Alabama; 23.45, 23.46, 23.54), the late Dr Sturgis McKeever (Georgia Southern University, Statesboro; 13.4, 13.13, 16.18, 18.6, 18.8, 18.11, 18.14, 18.17, 22.13, 22.17), Dr Hendrik J Meyer (North Dakota State University, Fargo; 14.18, 14.21, 14.23), Dr Roger D Moon (University of Minnesota, St Paul; 14.19), Dr Gary R Mullen (Auburn University, Alabama; 5.14, 6.9, 10.4, 10.5, 10.12, 14.20, 16.19, 18.7, 19.8, 19.19-19.22, 19.29, 22.12, 22.19), Dr Bradley A Mullens (University of California, Riverside; 10.2, 13.7), Dr Harold D Newson (Michigan State University, East Lansing; 12.34, 12.36), Dr Yoshiro Ohara (Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; 13.10), Dr Jonathan D Patterson (Michigan State University, East Lansing; 12.35), the late Dr L L Pechuman (Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; 13.5), Dr Hal C Reed (Oral Roberts University, Tulsa, Oklahoma; 19.18, 19.31), Ross Ritter (Potter Valley, California; 24.14), Mary Elizabeth Rogers (Waukegan, Illinois; 10.17), Dr William S Romoser (The Ohio State University, Columbus; 12.20), Dr Justin O Schmidt (Carl Hayden Bee Research Laboratory, Tucson, Arizona; 19.4, 19.27), Dr Philip J Scholl (USDA-ARS, Lincoln, Nebraska; 16.34), Dr Scott A Stockwell (US Army, 25 th Medical Detachment, Fort Hood, Texas; 20.1, 20.7, 20.8), Dr Daniel R Suiter (University of Georgia, Griffin; 3.2), Dr Robert B Tesh (University of Texax Medical Branch, Galveston; 5.4), P Kirk Visscher (University of California, Riverside; 10.6), Dr Laurel L Waiters (Lieen-Follican Research, Bishop, California; 9.7), and Dr Ralph E Williams (Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; 14.17) In addition, we express our appreciation to these individuals who assisted in the preparation of figures or in other ways provided illustrations from which the figures that appear in this book were selected: Dr Anne-Marie Callcott (USDA-APHIS, Gulfport, Mississippi), Dr Randy Davidson (Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia, Athens), Dr Harold J Harlon (Crownsville, Maryland), Dr Sidney Kunz (U.S Livestock Insects Laboratory, USDA/ARS, Kerrville, Texas), Dr Peter Landolt (USDA-ARS, Wapato, Washington), Dr Donald G Manley (Pee Dee Research and Education Center, Florence, South Carolina), Dr Leonard E Munstermann (Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut), Dr Edward T Schmidtmann (USDA-ARS, Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Laboratory, Laramie, Wyoming) and Dr Bryce Walton (Gettysburg, Pennsylvania) Additional figure and illustration credits are provided throughout the book We are especially grateful to the following individuals who served as external reviewers or provided advice for one or more of the chapters or chapter sections: Dr John R Anderson (Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven), Renee Anderson (Auburn University, Alabama), Dr Arthur G Appel (Auburn University, Alabama), the late Dr Ross H Arnett (formerly of Gainesville, Florida), Matt Aubuchon (Auburn University, Alabama), Dr Hans B~inziger (Chaing Mai University, Thailand), Dr Alberto B Broce (ICansas State University, Manhattan), Dr Richard L Brown (Mississippi State University, Mississippi), Dr John Burger (University of New Hampshire, Durham), Dr John B Campbell (University of Nebraska, North Platte), Dr Bruce M Christensen (University of Wisconsin, Madison), Dr G B Edwards (Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Gainesville), Dr Richard G Endris (Schering Plough, Union, New Jersey), Dr Marc Epstein (U.S National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C.), Dr Richard D Fell (Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg), Dr Howard Frank (University of Florida, Gainesville), Dr Reid R Gerhardt (University of Tennessee, Knoxville), Dr M Lee Golf (University of Hawaii at Manoa, and Chaminade University, Honolulu), Dr Ellis C Greiner (University of Florida, Gainesville), Dr William L Grogan (Salisbury State University, Maryland), Dr Duane J Gubler (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado), the late Dr William L Hardy (formerly at the University of California, Berkeley), Dr Cluff E Hopla (University of Oklahoma, Norman), Dr James A House (USDAAPHIS, Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Plum Island, New York), Dr Lawrence J Hribar (Florida Keys Mosquito Control District, Marathon), Dr Gregg J Hunt (USDA/ARS, Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Laboratory, Laramie, Wyoming), Lacy L Hyche (Auburn University, Alabama), Dr James E Keirans (Georgia Southern University, Statesboro), Dr Robert R Killick-Kendrick (Imperial College at Silwood Park, Ascot, England), Dr Katherine M Kocan (Oldahoma State University, Stillwater), Dr Elliot S Krafsur (Iowa State University, Ames), Dr Daniel C Kurtak (Chewelah, Washington), Dr Phillip G Lawyer Acknowledgments (Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland), Dr Robert E Lewis (Ames, Iowa), Dr John E Lloyd (University of Wyoming, Laramie), Dr Timothy J Lysyk (Agriculture Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta), Dr Adrian G Marshall (University of Aberdeen, Scotland), Dr Robert Mincldey (University of Utah, Salt Lake City), Dr Roger D Moon (University of Minnesota, St Paul), Dr Charles D Morris (Winter Haven, Florida), Dr Bradley A Mullens (University of California, Riverside), Dr Roy A Norton (State University of New York, Syracuse), Dr Richard S Patterson (Gainesville, Florida), Michelle Perdue (Auburn University, Alabama), Dr Peter V Perldns (Gainesville, Florida), Dr Robert V Peterson (Monte L Bean Life Sciences Museum, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah), Dr Oscar J Pung (Georgia Southern University, Statesboro), Dr Sarah E Randolph (University of Oxford, England), Dr William C Reeves, Sr (University of California, Berkeley), Dr William K Reisen (Arbovirus Field Station, University of California, Bakersfield), Dr Richard G Robbins (Defense Pest Management Information Analysis Center, Forest Glen Section, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington D.C.), Dr The Honorable Dame Miriam Rothschild (Ashton Wold, England), Dr Michael J Rust (University of California, Riverside), Dr Raymond E Ryckman (Redlands, California), Dr Justin O Schmidt (Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, Tucson, Arizona), Dr Edward T Schmidtmann (USDA-ARS, ArthropodBorne Animal Diseases Laboratory, Laramie, Wyoming), Dr Christopher J Schofield (London School of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene, United Kingdom), Dr Philip J Scholl (USDA-ARS, Lincoln, Nebraska), Dr Craig T Sheppard (University of Georgia, Coastal Experiment Station, Tifton), Dr Louis N Sorkin (American Museum XV of Natural History, New York, New York), Dr Scott Stewart (NIH/NAIAD, Hamilton, Montana), Dr Christine A Sundermann (Auburn University, Alabama), Dr Sabina F Swift (University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu), Dr Pete D Teel (Texas A & M University, College Station), Dr Robert B Tesh (University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston), Dr Stephen Torr (Natural Resources Institute, Chatham Maritime, England), the late Dr Robert Traub (formerly of Bethesda, Maryland), Dr Michael J Turell (U.S Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland), Dr William J Turner (Washington State University, Pullman), Dr S Bradleigh Vinson (Texas A & M University, College Station), Dr Laurel L Waiters (Lieen-Follican Research, Bishop, California), Amelia Williams (Auburn University, Alabama), Dr Mark L Wilson (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor), Dr James C Wright (Auburn University, Alabama), Dr Russell E Wright (Oklahoma State University, Stillwater), and Dr David G Young (Gainesville, Florida) We are indebted to the following individuals for their assistance in conducting library searches or otherwise providing the authors with relevant literature: Dr Harold J Harlan (Crownsville, Maryland), Elizabeth Mason (North Dakota State University, Fargo), Dr Richard G Robbins (Defense Pest Management Information Analysis Center, Forest Glen Section, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington D.C.), the late Dr Robert Traub (formerly of Bethesda, Maryland) and Anne R Viera (University of Tennessee, I~oxville) We also would like to thank the staff with whom we have worked at Academic Press/Elsevier Science in San Diego, especially Dr Charles R Crumly, Monique Larson, Molly Wofford, and Christine Vogelei I INTRODUCTION LANCE A D U R D E N AND GARY R MULLEN GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY MEDICAL-VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY LITERATURE HISTORY OF MEDICAL-VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY IDENTIFICATION AND SYSTEMATICS OF ARTHROPODS OF MEDICAL-VETERINARY IMPORTANCE TYPES OF PROBLEMS CAUSED BY ARTHROPODS ARTHROPOD-BORNE DISEASES FOOD CONTAMINANTS FEAR OF ARTHROPODS DELUSORY PARASITOSIS TOXINS AND VENOMS HOST DEFENSES FORENSIC ENTOMOLOGY MINOR ARTHROPOD PROBLEMS OF MEDICAL-VETERINARY INTEREST REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING Medical entomology is the study of insects, insect-borne diseases, and other associated problems that affect humans and public health Veterinary entomologyis similarly MEDICAL A N D VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA) All rights reserved the study of insects and insect-related problems that affect domestic animals, particularly livestock and companion animals (dogs, cats, horses, caged birds, etc.) In addition, veterinary entomology includes insectassociated problems affecting captive animals in zoological parks and wildlife in general Medical-veterinary entomology combines these two disciplines Traditionally the fields of medical and veterinary entomology have included health-related problems involving arachnids (particularly mites, ticks, spiders, and scorpions) This broad approach encompassing insects and arachnids is followed in this text Alternatively, the study of health-related problems involving arachnids is called medical-veterinary arachnology or, if just mites and ticks are considered, medical-veterinary acarology Historically, both medical and veterinary entomology have played major roles in the development of human civilization and animal husbandry Outbreaks of insectborne diseases of humans have profoundly influenced human history; these include such diseases as yellow fever, plague, louse-borne typhus, malaria, African trypanosomiasis, Chagas disease, and lymphatic filariasis Likewise, livestock scourges such as bovine babesiosis, bovine theileriosis, scabies, pediculosis, and botfly infestations, all of which are caused or transmitted by arthropods, have greatly influenced animal production and husbandry practices Arthropod-related disorders continue to cause significant health problems to humans, domestic animals, and wildlife At the same time, new strains of known Lance A Durden and Gary R Mullen pathogens, as well as previously unrecognized disease agents transmitted by arthropods, are causing newly recognized diseases (e.g., Lyme disease and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis) and the resurgence of diseases that had been suppressed for many years (e.g., malaria) In fact, emerging and resurging arthropod-borne diseases are recognized as a growing health concern by public health and veterinary officials (Wilson and Spielman 1994, Walker et al 1996, Gubler 1998, Winch 1998, Gratz 1999) GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY Basic concepts of entomology, such as morphology, taxonomy and systematics, developmental biology, and ecology, provide important background information for medical and veterinary entomologists General entomology books which the reader will find helpful in this regard include Borror et al (1989), Gullan and Cranston (1994), Oillot (1995), Elzinga (1997), Chapman (1998), and Romoser and Stoffolano (1998) References that provide a more taxonomic or biodiversity-oriented approach to general entomology include works by Arnett (1993), Richards and Davies (1994), Bosik (1997), and Daly et al (1998) General insect morphology is detailed in Snodgrass (1993), whereas a useful glossary of general entomology is Torre-Bueno (1962) Texts on urban entomology, the study of insect pests in houses, buildings, and urban areas, which also has relevance to medical-veterinary entomology, have been prepared by Ebeling (1975), Hickin (1985), MaUis (1997), and Robinson (1996) General texts on acarology include works by Krantz (1978), Woolley (1987), Evans (1992) and Walter and Proctor (1999) MEDICAL-VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY LITERATURE Textbooks or monographs pertaining to medical entomology, veterinary entomology, or the combined discipline of medical-veterinary entomology are listed under these headings at the end of this chapter Most of these publications emphasize arthropod morphology, biology, systematics, and disease relationships, whereas some of the more recent texts, such as Beaty and Marquardt (1996) and Crampton et al (1997), emphasize molecular aspects of medical-veterinary entomology Other works are helpful regarding common names of arthropods of medicalveterinary importance (Pittaway 1992), surveillance techniques (Bram 1978), control measures (Drummond et al 1988), or ectoparasites (Andrews 1977, Marshall 1981, Kim 1985, Uilenberg 1994, Barnard and Durden 1999) Publications that devote substantial sections to arthropods associated with wildlife and the pathogens they transmit include Davis and Anderson (1971), Davidson et al (1981), Fowler (1986) and Davidson and Nettles (1997) Several journals and periodicals are devoted primarily to medical and/or veterinary entomology These include the Journal of Medical Entomology, published by the Entomological Society of America (Lanham, MD); Medical and Veterinary Entomology, published by the Royal Entomological Society of London (UK); Journal of Vector Ecology, published by the Society of Vector Ecologists (Corona, CA); Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, published by Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., Larchmont, New York; and Review of Medical and Veterinary Entomology, published by CAB International (Wallingford, UK) Journals specializing in parasitology, tropical medicine, or wildlife diseases that also include articles on medical-veterinary entomology include Parasitology, published by the British Society for Parasitology; Journal of Parasitology, published by the American Society of Parasitologists (Lawrence, KS); Parasite-Journal de la Societe Franfaise de Parasitologie, published by PRINCEPS Editions (Paris, France); Advances in Disease Vector Research, published by Springer-Verlag (New York); Bulletin of the World Health Organization, published by the World Health Organization (Geneva, Switzerland); Journal of Wildlife Diseases, published by the Wildlife Disease Association (Lawrence, KS); Emerging Infectious Diseases, published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Atlanta, GA); the American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, published by the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (Northbrook, IL); and Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz; published by the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) Various Internet Web sites pertaining to medical-veterinary entomology can also be accessed for useful information HISTORY OF MEDICALVETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY Problems caused by biting and annoying arthropods and the pathogens they transmit have been the subject of writers since antiquity (Service 1978) Homer (mid-8th century BC), Aristophanes (ca 448-380 BC), Aristotle (384-322 BC), Plautus (ca 254-184 BC), Columella (5 BC to AD 65), and Pliny (AD 23-79) all wrote about the nuisance caused by flies, mosquitoes, lice, and/or bedbugs However, the study of modern medicalveterinary entomology is usually recognized as beginning in the late 19th century, when blood-sucking arthropods were first proven to be vectors of human and animal pathogens Introduction Englishman Patrick Manson ( 4 - 2 ) was the first to demonstrate pathogen transmission by a blood-feeding arthropod Working in China in 1877, he showed that the mosquito Culex pipiensfatigans is a vector of Wuchereria bancrofti, the causative agent of Bancroftian filariasis Following this landmark discovery, the role of various blood-feeding arthropods in transmitting pathogens was recognized in relatively rapid succession In 1891, Americans Theobald Smith ( - ) and F L Kilbourne ( 8 - ) implicated the cattle tick, Boophilus annulatus, as a vector of Babesia bigemina, the causative agent of Texas cattle fever (bovine babesiosis/piroplasmosis) This paved the way for a highly successful B annulatus-eradication program in the United States directed by the US Department of Agriculture The eradication of this tick resulted in the projected goal: the elimination of indigenous cases of Texas cattle fever throughout the southern United States In 1898, Englishman Sir Ronald Ross ( - ) , working in India, demonstrated the role of mosquitoes as vectors of avian malarial parasites from diseased to healthy sparrows Also in 1898, the cyclical development of malarial parasites in anopheline mosquitoes was described by Italian Giovani Grassi ( - ) In the same year, Frenchman Paul Louis Simond ( 8 - ) , working in Pakistan (then part of India), showed that fleas are vectors of the bacterium that causes plague In 1848, American physician Josiah Nott ( 1873) of Mobile, AL, had published circumstantial evidence that led him to believe that mosquitoes were involved in the transmission of yellow fever virus to humans In 1881, Cuban-born Scottish physician Carlos Finlay ( 3 - ) presented persuasive evidence for his theory that what we know today as the mosquito Aedes aegypti was the vector of this virus However, it was not until 1900 that American Walter Reed ( - ) led the US Yellow Fever Commission at Havanna, Cuba, which proved A aegypti to be the principal vector of yellow fever virus In 1903, Englishman David Bruce ( 5 - ) demonstrated the ability of the tsetse fly Glossina palpalis to transmit, during blood-feeding, the trypanosomes that cause African trypanosomiasis Other important discoveries continued well into the 20th century In 1906, American Howard Taylor Ricketts ( - ) proved that the Rocky Mountain wood tick, Dermacentor andersoni, is a vector of Rickettsia rickettsii, the causative agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever In 1907, F P Mackie ( - 4 ) showed that human body lice are vectors of Borrelia recurrentis, the spirochete that causes louse-borne (epidemic) relapsing fever In 1908, Brazilian Carlos Chagas ( - ) demonstrated transmission of the agent that causes American trypanosomiasis, later named Chagas disease in his honor, by the cone-nose bug Panstrongylus megistus In 1909, Frenchman Charles Nicolle ( 6 - ) , working in Tunis, showed that human body lice are vectors of Rickettsia prowazekii, the agent of louse-borne (epidemic) typhus These important discoveries, as well as others of historical relevance to medical-veterinary entomology, are discussed in more detail in the references listed at the end of this chapter Because of the chronology of many major discoveries relevant to this topic in the 50-year period starting in 1877, this time has been called the "golden age of medical-veterinary entomology" (Philip and Rozeboom 1973) IDENTIFICATION AND SYSTEMATICS OF ARTHROPODS OF MEDICAL-VETERINARY IMPORTANCE Table I provides a list of the eight orders of insects and four orders of arachnids that are of particular interest to medical-veterinary entomologists Accurate identification of these arthropods is an important first step in determining the types of problems they can cause and, subsequently, in implementing control programs Although taxonomy and identification are discussed in more detail with respect to arthropod groups treated in the chapters that follow, some publications provide a broader perspective on the classification, taxonomy, TABLE I Principle Orders of Insects and Arachnids of Medical-Veterinary Interest Order Class Insecta Order Blattaria Order Phthiraptcra Order Hemiptera Order Colcoptera Order Siphonaptera Order Diptera Order Lepidoptera Order Hymenoptera Class Arachnida Order Scorpionida Order Solpugida Order Acari Order Araneac Common names Cockroaches Lice True bugs: bedbugs, ldssing bugs, assassin bugs Beetles Fleas Flies: mosquitoes, black flies, no-see-urns, horse flies, deer flies, sand flies, tsetse flies, house flies, stable flies, horn flies, bot flies, blow flies, flesh flies, louse flies, keds, etc Moths and butterflies Wasps, horncts, velvet ants, ants, bees Scorpions Solpugids, sun spiders, camel spiders, barrel spiders Mites, ticks Spiders Subject Index Foxes, see also Dogs dog fly 354 fleas 111 lice 52 Powassan encephalitis 536 Frit fly, 141 Frogs, see also Australian frog flies beetle ingestion 95 cantharidin poisoning 93 Corethrella 135 filariasis 147 trypanosomes 136 tularemia 546 Fruit flies, 317, 328 Fungi, cockroaches as vectors 38 G Gadding, 326, 338-339, 341,345 Gadfly, 263,338 Gamasidosis, 454 G a m b u s i a , see Mosquito fish Gametocyte, 241 Garbage flies, 280,284, 286-287, 290, 293 Gaster, 385 Gasterophilinae 321-323,334, 341- 342; see also Stomach bot flies Geese, avian spirochetosis 551 cantharidin poisoning 93 leucocytozoonosis 197 Gen6's organ, 520, 528 Genu, 417, 451 Geometridae, 364, 375-376 Gerbils, leishmaniasis 158 plague 115 German cockroach, 32, 36, 38, 40 esophageal worms 42 stomach worms 42 gullet worm 42 Giant water bugs, see Belostomatidae Giraffes, myiasis 341 tsetse flies 308 G l o s s i n a f u s c a group, 304, 308,314 Glossina m o r s i t a n s group, 304, 308, 312, 314 Glossina p a l p a l # group, 304, 312, 314 Glossinidae, 303-316, 350 Glossininae, 304 Gluconate, calcium 421,442 Gnat fever, 197 Gnathosoma, 450 Goats, African horsesickness 178 cat fleas 120, chorioptic mange 499 demodectic mange 488-489 ehrlichiosis 550 elaeophorosis 275 epizootic hemorrhagic disease 176 lancet fluke 406 lice 52, 56, 62 mite-borne tapeworms 509-510 mites 459,467, 479, 501,503 muscid flies 293 myiasis 340- 341 nagana 312 psoroptic scab mites 495-496 Q fever 540 Rift Valley fever 250-251 sarcoptic mange 467, 491-492 simuliotoxicosis 198 spider bites 445,446 stable fly 296 sweating sickness 553 tick paralysis 552- 553 trypanosomiasis 357 vesicular stomatitis 158-159 Wesselsbron virus 251 Golden age, medical-veterinary entomology, Gonopods, lice 54 Gonotrophic cycle, 16 mosquitoes 215 muscid flies 285 ticks 526 Gonotrophic dissociation, mosquitoes 222 Gorgas, William Crawford, 231 Graber's organ, 265 Grass flies, 140, 328 Grassi, Giovanni Batista, 3,244 Grebl, 324 Green-bottle flies, 330 Greenheads, 263 Green muscle disease, 296 Ground squirrels, California encephalitis 238 Colorado tick fever 536 plague 115 pneumocoptid mites 506-507 Grouse fly, 349, 355 Grub, 322, 324 Guanine, 451,471 Guaroa virus, 236 Guinea fowl, lice 52 Guinea pigs, lice 63 mites 460, 482,491-492, 494-495,501-502 ticks 528 Gulf coast tick 519, 533, 554 Gut barrier, 23 Gyropidae, 46 583 H Habronemiasis, 294, 297 Haematopinidae, 46 Haemobartonellosis, rats 61, 63 Haemosporidians, 178-180,240 Hair cutter, 425 Hairy maggot blow fly, 331-332 Halictidae, see Sweat bees Haller's organ, ticks 520 Halteres, 132, 211 Hamsters, mites 460, 476-477, 488, 492,495 trypanosomiasis 122 Hanging groin, 193 Hantaan virus, mites 455,458,507 Hares, see also Lagomorphs Lyme disease 542 ticks 533 tularemia 552 Hartebeest, African sleeping sickness 312 myiasis 341 Harvester's keratitis, 91 Haustellum, 282,289 Head fly disease, 298; see also Sheep head fly Head louse, human 54- 55, 64 Heartwater, 533,550, 556 Hedgehogs, caparinic scab mites 499-500 Chandipura virus disease 154 harvest mite 459 notoedric mange 494 psoroptic scab mites 495 ticks 533, 539 Heel fly 338; see also Cattle grubs Helminths, see also Acanthocephala; Lancet fluke; Tapeworms ants as intermediate hosts 406 beetles as intermediate hosts 89, 91, 96 cockroaches as intermediate hosts 38, 40 Hemimerina, Hemiptera, 67-86 Hemiscorpioniinae, 415 Hemogamasinae, 477 Hemolysins, 389 Hemorrhagic disease, 175; see also Bluetongue disease; Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever; Epizootic hemorrhagic disease Hepatitis B virus, black flies 196 Cimicidae 83 muscid flies 290 Triatominae 79 Hepatozoonosis, 122,478,507 584 Subject Index Heptyl butyrate, 407 Heteroptera, 67 Hide beetle 99 Highlands J virus, 226 Hippoboscidae, 306, 349-350, 352-356 pathogen transmission 357-358 phoresy by lice 53 Hippoboscoidea, 306, 349-362 Hippocrates, 60 Hippopotamus, Glossinidae 308 Histamines, 373,389-390 History, medical-veterinary entomology 2, 10 Hobo disease, 55 Hog cholera, 275 Hog louse, 56, 62 Hogs, see Pigs Holocyclotoxin, 546 Holoptic eyes, 188,265,282 Homer, Homoptera, 67 Honey bees, 384, 388,400-403,405 Africanized honey bee 402-403, 405-407 Asian honey bee 401 common honey bee 401 European honey bee 402 giant honey bee 401 Hookworms, cockroaches as vectors 40 Hoplopleuridae, 46 Horn fly, - , - , 289, 293,297-298 Hornets, 384, 396, 398-399; see also Bald-faced hornet; European hornet Horse biting louse, 56 Horse bot flies, see Horse stomach bot flies Horse flies, 263-264; see also Tabanidae filarial nematodes 253 Horse guard, 276 Horse nose bot, 340 Horse sickness fever, see African horsesickness Horse stomach bot flies, 321,326, 341-342, 345 Horse sucking louse, 52 Horse throat bot, 342 Horses, African horsesickness 177-178 beetle ingestion 95 biting midges 173 bunching 296 bush fly 294 cantharidin poisoning 96-97 cat fleas 120 chicken mite 475 chorioptic mange 498-499 demodectic mange 488 dung flies 329 eastern equine encephalomyelitis 226, 249 equine allergic dermatitis 173 181 equine infectious anemia 249,274, 297 erucism 378 eyeworm 292,295 face fly 294 filarial nematodes 181 gadding 341 habronemiasis 294,297 harvest mite 459 Japanese encephalitis 250 keds 354-355 lachryphagous moths 368,376 lancet fluke 406 lice 52, 62 louping ill 548 Lyme disease 551 mite-borne tapeworms 509 muscid flies 293,329 myiasis 326, 340, 341,344 nagana 312 nematodes 294 onchocerciasis 180-181 psoroptic mites 496, 502 sarcoptic mange 467, 491 scab mites 495-496 simuliotoxicosis 198 spider bites 445,446 stable fly 296-297 stomach bot ties 341- 342 surra 73 S y m p h o r o m y i a bites 137 tick paralysis 552 tick spirochetosis 551 t6rsalo 334- 335 tularemia 552 trypanosomiasis 273, 312- 313 urticating caterpillars 379 Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis 228,250 vesicular stomatitis 152, 158-159, 198 Western equine encephalomyelitis 227, 250 West Nile virus 250 yellowjackets 406 Host specificity, lice 50, 52 ticks 528 Host selection, 18 Host attractants, see Attractants, host Host attachment, lice 52 Host defenses, 7, 12 Host-finding behavior, 133,220 Host-seeking diapause, ticks 530 House fly, , - , - , 287-288,290-291,293-294, 299,319,329 pathogen transmission 142 Hover flies 139, 327; see also Syrphidae Howard, Leland O 127, 142 Human acute conjunctivitis, see Pinkeye Human body louse, see Body louse, human Human hot fly, see T6rsalo Human crab louse, see Crab louse Human ehrlichiosis, 533,539-540 Human flea, 111,113, 121 murine typhus 118 plague 115 Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis 533, 539-540 Human head louse, see Head louse, human Human immunodeficiency virus, Cimicidae 83 Triatominae 79 Human monocytic ehrlichiosis 533, 539-540 Human pubic louse, see Crab louse Humpbacked flies 139 Hyaluronidase, 389, 390 Hyenas, dog fly 354 filariasis 123,357 Hymenoptera, 383-409 hypersensitivity 404-405 monogyny 387 poison gland 387 polygyny 387 sting apparatus 386-388,405 sting autotomy 388 snng kit 406 sting reactions 403-406 sting treatment 405-406 stinging behavior 387-388,407 Hypersensitivity, body lice 55 fleas 113-114, 120-121 horses 181 Hymenoptera 404-405 mites 468,497, 502 mosquitoes 222 moths 373 ticks 547 urticating caterpillars 373 Hypodectinae, 500 Hypodermatinae, 320, 321 Hypopleuron, 283 Hypopode, see Hypopus Hypopus, 452 Hypostome, ticks 520 Hysterosoma 451 Subject Index I Ibex, epizootic hemorrhagic disease 177 Idiosoma, 450, 451 Igbo Ora virus, 229 IgG, see Immunoglobulin G IgM, see Immunoglobulin M Iguanas, Triatominae 72 Ilheus virus, 229,236 Immunity, acquired 17 natural 17 Immunoglobulins, 17 immunoglobulin G, 17, 25 immunoglogulin M, 17, 26 Immunological defenses, against biting arthropods 7, 12 Immunomodulators, Immunosuppressive compounds, see Immunomodulators Indian tick typhus, see Boutoneuse fever Infection, 16 incidence 23 prevalence 23 rate 23, 25-26 susceptibility 23 Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis, see Pinkeye Infestation, 16 Inkoo virus, 236 Insect growth regulators, Hymenoptera 407 Intermediate hosts, general 8, 17 Interseasonal maintenance, vector-borne parasites 22 Intrinsic incubation period, 20 Iquipito, 70; see also Kissing bugs Ira 473, see also Tsutsugamushi disease Iridoviridae, 549 Ischnocera, 46 phoresy 53 Ischnocolinae, 435 Isoamyl acetate, 388,406 Isobutanol, 407 Itchy heel, 499 Ivermectin, 172, 180-181,200, 256 I x o d e s r i c i n u s complex 542 Ixodida, 517-558 Ixodidae, 518- 519 l Jackals, canine filariasis 123 Jail fever, see Epidemic typhus Jamestown Canyon virus, 236, 239 January disease, 548 Japanese B encephalitis, see Japanese encephalitis Japanese encephalitis, 229,234, 249-250 biting midges 171 Japanese river fever 474; see also Tsutsugamushi disease Japanese encephalitis virus complex, 233-236; see also Japanese encephalitis Jejenes, 163 Jericho boil, 157 Jerry Slough virus, 236 Jerrymander, 425 Jerrymunglum, 425 Jigger, 108,111-112, 119-121; see also Chigoe; T u n g a p e n e t r a n s Johnston's organ, 210, 218 Journals and periodicals, medical-veterinary entomology, Junin virus, 458 Justinian's plague, 114 K Kala-azar, 158 Kangaroo rats, Lyme disease 542 Kangaroos, chiggers 478-479 filarial nematodes 253,275 myiasis 340 Q fever 540 tear-drinldng moths 368 Karoo paralysis tick, 546, 552 Kasen disease, see Equine allergic dermatitis Ked flies, see Hippoboscidae Ked-free programs, 360 Keds, 349-362 Kenya tick typhus, see Boutoneuse fever Keystone virus, 236, 239 Kilbourne, F L., Kinins, Hymenoptera 389 Kissing bugs, 68-80 bites 83 common names 69-70 Kitchen gnat, 328 Koch's blue bodies, 548 Korean hemorrhagic fever, see Hantaan virus Kudus, Glossinidae 308 Kuiki, 13 Kunjin virus, 236 Kurumini mandama, 95 Kyasanur Forest disease, 532,536 L La Crosse encephalitis, 224, 236, 238-239 La peste, see Plague 585 Lachryphagy, moths 368-369 La Crosse virus, 19 Lady beetles, 89, 95-96 bites 95 irritation, 95-96 Ladybird beeries, see Lady beetles Lagomorphs, boutoneuse fever 539 California encephalitis 238 chorioptic mites 498 Colorado tick fever 536 demodectic mange 488 eyeworm 293 filarial nematodes 253 fire ants 406 fleas 111,120 Keystone virus 239 lice 57, 63 mite-borne tapeworms 510 mites 479-481,482 muscid flies 293 myiasis 324, 327, 336, 339 Myxoma virus 121,249,251,507 psoroptic mites 495-496, 501-502 rabbit fur mite 480 reservoir hosts 21 respiratory mites 506 sarcoptic mange 492 Snowshoe Hare virus 239 Tahyna virus 239 ticks 531 Trivittatus virus 239 trypanosomiasis 122 tularemia 272-273, 546, 552 Western equine encephalomyelitis 227 wolves, myiasis 336 Lancet fluke, 406 Languriidae, 99 Larder beetles, see Dermestidae Large turkey louse, 50 Larvipary, Diptera 132 Glossinidae 307 Hippoboscoidea 352 Larviposition, 307, 323-324, 334, 340 Lasiocampidae, 364, 366, 369, 373-374 Latrine fly, 138,280,290,293, 319, 329 Latrodectism, 427, 434, 442-445 Laveran, Charles Louis Alphonse 244 Lawnmower fly, 289; see also Stable fly Lazear, Jesse, 231 Legworms, 197 Leishmaniasis, 154-158 canine 158 chronic relapsing 157 cutaneous 156-158 diffuse cutaneous 157 disseminated cutaneous 157 586 Subject I n d e x Leishmaniasis (c0ntinued) feline 158 mucocutaneous 157 nasopharyngeal 157 post-kala-azar cutaneous 158 recidivans 157 visceral 158 viscerotropic 158 Lemurs, filariasis 357 Leopard skin, 193 Lepidoptera, 363-381; see also Butterflies; Moths; Scoleciasis gastrointestinal problems 363 rat tapeworm 379 Lepidopterism, 363 Leptoconopinae, 164 Leptopsyllidae, 104 Lesser mealworm beetle, pathogen transmission 97-98 tissue invasion 99 Leukosis, see Bovine leukosis Leucocytozoonosis, black flies 185,196, 197, 200 Lice, 45-65; host attachment 52 host grooming 53 host transfer 53 phoresy 53 site specificity 52 stragglers 52 symbionts 50 tibio-tarsal claws 49 Lice, common names body louse, human 54-55, 58-60, 64 cat biting louse 57 cattle biting louse 56 cattle tail louse 53, 56, 62 chicken head louse 57 chicken body louse 57 crab louse 54-55, 64 dog biting louse 57, 62 dog sucking louse 50-51, 57, 62 elephant louse 49 head louse, human 54-55, 64 hog louse 56, 62 horse sucking louse 52 horse biting louse 56 large turkey louse 50 little blue cattle louse 56 longnosed cattle louse 56, 62 mouse louse 56, 57 oval guineapig louse 63 rabbit louse 57, 63 shaft louse 57, 63 sheep biting louse 53, 56, 62 sheep face louse 52- 53 sheep foot louse 52- 53 shortnosed cattle louse 56, 62 slender guineapig louse 50, 63 spined rat louse 57, 63 tropical rat louse 57 wing louse 57 Life cycles, general Limacodidae, 364, 366-371 Linognathidae, 46 Lipopteninae, 350, 357 Little blue cattle louse, 56 Little house fly, 280, 284, 288-290, 292-293,319, 329 Lizards, L u t z o m y i a 151 monitor lizards, Glossinidae 308 spirochete-killing factor 543 ticks 533,543 Triatominae 72 Loberinae, 99 Loiasis, 263,271-272 Lone star tick, 519, 533 Long-horned beetles, 89; bites 91 Longnosed cattle louse, 56, 62 Louping ill, 533,536, 548 Louse-borne fever, see Epidemic typhus Louse-borne relapsing fever 3, 20, 59-60 Louse-borne typhus, see Epidemic typhus Louse flies, 349-362; see also Hippoboscidae Love bugs, 134-135 Loxoscelism, 427, 438-441 Lumbo virus, 236, 239 Lutz's organ, 188 Lygaeidae, 68 Lymantriidae, 364-365,367, 369, 372 Lyme borreliosis, see Lyme disease Lyme disease, 2, 533,541-544, 554-555 amplifying hosts 543 reservoirs 542- 543 Tabanidae 273 vectors, 542 Lymphatic filariasis, 1,245-249; see also Filariasis, human M Mackie, F P Macrogamete, 241 Macrogametocyte, 241 Macrophages, 17 Maculopapular rash, Rocky Mountain spotted fever 537 Mad cow disease, 507 Madeira cockroach, 38 Maggots, 130,280, 321,324 Maggot therapy, 343- 344 Makunagi, 163 Mal de caderas, 273 Mal morado, 193 Mala aria, 240 Malaria, 1, 3, 17, 27, 203-204,222, 240-244, 251-252 airport malaria 244 avian malarias 197, 251-252,357 benign tertian malaria 242 cerebral malaria 242 duck malaria 197 falciparum malaria 242 historical perspective 244 malaria eradication programs 254 malignant tertian malaria 242 murine malaria 252 primate, nonhuman malarias 251-252 quartan malaria 242 reptilian malarias 251 rodent malarias 252 saurian malaria 251 stable malaria 244 treatment 256 turkey malaria 197 vivax malaria 242 Malleoli, 426 Mallophaga, 45-54, 56-58, 61-65 Malpighian tubules, 209,212, 220, 253,451 Mange, caparinic mange 499-500 cheyletid mange 479 chorioptic mange 498-499 demodectic mange 487-489 foot mange 499 itchy heel 498 knemidokoptic mange 485 leg mange 499 murine ear mange 490 myocoptic mange 482 notoedric mange 468,493-494 otodectic mange 502-503 psorergatid mange 490 psoroptic mange 495-498 red mange 488 sarcoptic mange 464-467, 490-493 scrotal mange 498 trixacaric mange 494-495 Mango fly, 263 Manson, Patrick 2,244, 249 Mansonelliasis, 169; see also Mansonellosis Mansonellosis, 163,169, 171-173 biting midges 196 black flies , , , - March flies, 134-135,263 Mard el debab, 273 Marine mammals, mites 504-505 Marmosets, wasting disease 42 Subject Index Marmots, Powassan encephalitis 536 Marseilles fever, see Boutoneuse fever Marsupials, see also Kangaroos mites 482,494, 506 Maruins, 163 Mast-cell degranulating peptides, 390 Mastitis, 406 Mastoparans, 390 Mata venado, 425 Matrone, 219 Mayaro virus, 229 Mayflies, 263; see also Ephemeroptera Median infectious dose, 23 Medicocriminal entomology, see Forensic entomology Mediterranean spotted fever, see Boutoneuse fever Mediterranean tick fever, see Boutoneuse fever Mefloquinc, 256 Megalopygidae, 364, 368-370 Melao virus, 236 Melao virus complex, 236, 239 Meliponinae, 400 Melittin, 390 Meloidae, 91-93; see also Blister beetles Menoponidae, 46 Merogony, 241 Merotoc, 163 Merozoite, 242 Merutu, 163 Merycidae, bites 91 Mesembrinellinae, 321 Mesosoma, 416 Mesostigmata, 453 Mesothelae, 428 Metasoma, 416 Metastriata, 518 Mexican chicken bug, 84 Mexican typhus, see Murine typhus Mice, see also Rodents Chagas disease 7 Colorado tick fever 536 fleas 112, 120 lice 57, 63 Lyme disease 542 murine trypanosomiasis 122 murine typhus 117 Q fever 540 rickettsialpox , 5 , - ticks 529 Microfilaremia, 246, 253 Microfilariae, 172-173, 193, 194, 246, 272,296 Microgamete, 241 Microgametocyte, 241 Micropyle, 186 louse eggs 47 Midges, Ceratopogonidae 163-183, 204 Chaoboridae 135-136 Chironomidae 136-137 Milk glands, Hippoboscoidea 352 Millipedes, see Diplopoda Miltogramminae, 321,333,334 Mineral blocks, 346 Minimum infection rate, 23 Miridae, 68 Mites, 4 - 516; see also Acarophobia delusory acariasis ear mites 501-503 feather mites 483-484 feather pillow dermatitis 468 fur mites 479-483 house-dust mites 468-471 intermediate hosts of vertebrate parasites 474, 508-510 internal acariasis 471-472, 500-501 mange mites and scab mites 484-500 mite-borne diseases 472-474, 507-510 mite-induced allergies - , 0 mite-induced dermatitis 453-463, 475-479 occupational acarine dermatitis 460 paper mites 475 quill mites 484 respiratory mites 503-507 skin-invading mites 463-468 stored-products mites 460-463 tapeworms 474, , - telephone mites 475 tularemia 455 Mites, common names African hedgehog mange mite, 500 air-sac mite 506 American house-dust mite 468-471 American bird mite 454 aoutat, see harvest mite bicho colorado 459 cable mites 475 canary lung mite 503 cattle ear mite 503 cattle follicle mite 489 chicken mite 453-454, 475 coloradilla 459 depluming mite 486 dog follicle mite 488-489 dog nasal mite 505 ear mange mite, see Psoroptic ear mite ear canker mite, see Otodectic ear mite elk scab mite 498 European hedgehog mange mite 499 European house-dust mite 468-471 fowl cyst mite 486-487 free-tailed bat mite 457, 476 587 goat ear mite 503 goat follicle mite 489 grain itch mite 462 grocer's itch 461 harvest mite 459-460,478 hay itch mite 462 house mouse mite - 5 , house-dust mites 453,468-471 human itch mite 465-467 human scabies mite 465-466 lepte automnal, see Harvest mite mouse follicle mite, see Mouse itch mite mouse fur mite 481 mouse itch mite 490 northern fowl mite 457, 476-477 notoedric cat mite 493-494 notoedric rat mite 494 notoedric squirrel mite 494 otodectic ear mite 502-503 pigeon mite 475,486; see also Chicken mite psoroptic body mite 496 psoroptic ear canker 502 psoroptic ear mite 501-503 rabbit fur mite 480 red poultry mite 475; see also Chicken mite red bugs 452,459; see also Chiggers scabies mite 465-467, 491-493 scab mites 484, - 0 - scaly-face mite 485 scaly-leg mite 484-485 sheep itch mite 489 sheep scab mite 496-497 spiny rat mite 458,478 straw itch mite 462 tlalzahuatl 459 tropical fowl mite 455-457, 476 " tropical rat mite 455,476, 507 Mites, families Acaridae , , , 0 Analgidae 483 Ascidae 453 Carpoglyphidae 461,468 Ceratozetidae 510 Cheyletidae , , , , , 5O7 Cheyletiellidae, see Cheyletidae Cnemidocoptidae, see Knemidokoptidae Cytoditidae 500, 503,506 Demodicidae - , - , 484, 487-489,490, 500 Dermanyssidae 453-455,475 Echimyopodidae 468 Entonyssidae 503 Epidermoptidae 484-485 588 SubjectIndex Mites, families ( c o n t i n u e d ) Ereynetidae 503,505 Galumnidae 510 Gastronyssidae 503,507 Glycyphagidae 468,500, 510 Halarachnidae 503,504-505 Harpyrhynchidae 484, 500 Hypoderatidae 484, 500 Knemidokoptidae 484-485 Hypodermatidae 484 Laelapidae 458,475,477-478 Laminosioptidae 484,486-487 Lemurnyssidae 506 Listrophoridae 479,482 Macronyssidae 455-458,475-477, 5OO Myobiidae 479, 481 Myocoptidae 479,482 Oribatulidae 510 Pneumocoptidae 503,506-507 Proctophylodidae 483 Psorergatidae 484, 490 Psoroptidae 484,495-500, 501-503 Pterolichidae 483 Pyemotidae 460,462-463 Pyroglyphidae 468-471 Raillietidae 501,503 Rhinonyssidae 503-504 Rhyncoptidae 495 Scheloribatidae 510 Suidasiidae 461 Syringobiidae 484 Syringophilidae 484 Tarsonemidae 471-472 Trombiculidae 451-452,458-460, 473,475,501,503,506; see also Tsutusgamushi disease Turbinoptidae 506 Mongooses, dog fly 354 Monkeys, see also Primates, nonhuman beetle infestation 99 biting midges 169, 179 blood protozoans 179 bot flies 337 cat fleas 120 Chagas disease 719 Chikungunya virus 228 filarial nematodes 253 malaria 52 nematodes 42 myiasis 337-338 Oropouche fever 169 sand fly fever 152 tdrsalo 337 trypanosomiasis 79 vesicular stomatis 152 yellow fever 229 Moose, elaeophorosis 275 epizootic hemorrhagic disease 177 muscid flies 293; see also Moose fly myiasis 341 onchocerciasis 197 Moose fly, 163,280 Morbidity data, 24 Morpho butterflies, see Morphoidae Morphoidae, 369, 375 Morulae, E h r l i c h i a 539, 549 Mosquito fish, 254 Mosquito-borne viruses, 223-247 Mosquitoes, 203-262 taxonomy 204-206 morphology 206-213 life history 213-216 behavior and ecology 216-222 public health importance 222-249 veterinary importance 249-254 prevention and control 254-256 Moth flies, 147-161 Moths, 363-381; see also Erucism; Nettle grubs; Urticating hairs and spines; Caterpillars allergic reactions 363,373 black-waved flannel moth 369-370 crinkled flannel moth 369-370 brown-tail moth 365,372-373 buck moths 371-372 cocoons with urticating hairs 368, 373-374 cottonwood dagger moth 374 dagger moths 374 douglas-fir tussock moth 367 eastern tent caterpillar 374 eye-frequenting moths, see tear-drinking moths fire caterpillars 369 flannel moths 368-370 forked euchlaena 375 giant silk moths 371 gypsy moth 367, 372-373 hag moth 365,370 hairmarry caterpillar 367 hickory halysidota 373 io moth 371 Isabella tiger moth 373 lachryphagous moths, see Tear-drinking moths lappet moths 373-374 large tolype 374 milkweed moth 373 monkey slugs 370 Nason's slug moth 371 New England buck moth 372 Nevada buck moth 372,374 oak processionary 374 owlet moths 374 pectinate euchlaena 375 processionary caterpillars 366 puss caterpillars 365,369-370, 7 saddle-back caterpillar 370, 377 silkworm allergy 378 skin-piercing moths 368-369,378 slug caterpillars 366, 370 small tolype 374 smaller parasa 371 southern flannel moth 369 spiny oak caterpillar 370-371 stinging rose caterpillar 371 tear-drinking moths 368,375-376, 378 tent caterpillars 373-374 tiger moths, see Arctiidae tussock moths 372-373 underwing moths 374 white flannel moth 370 wooly-bear caterpillar 373 wound-feeding moths 368-369, 376-377 Mouse louse, 56- 57 pathogen transmission 63 Mud daubers, 395 Mule's operation, 344 Mules, see Horses Murine eperythrozoonosis, 61, 63 Murine haemobartonellosis, 61, 63 Murine trypanosomiasis, 122 Murine typhus, 117-118,122 mites 455,458 reservoirs 117-118 vectors 117-118 Murray Valley encephalitis, 229, 235-236 Murrina, 273 Muscidae, 279-301,304, 318, 319, 329-330 Muscinae, 280 Muscoidea, 131,318,321,323, 324, 325 phoresy by lice 53 Muscomorpha, 128,131-132 Mutillidae, see Velvet ants Mycetomes, lice 49-50 Mycetophilidae, 135 Mygalomorphae, 428 Myiasis, 5,127, 139-140, 142,317 accidental myiasis, 317, 328,330, 334 aural myiasis 293 auricular myiasis 318,346 cutaneous myiasis 318,328,339, 343 enteric myiasis 318,329 E r i s t a l i s 139 facultative myiasis 317- 318, 325-327, 330, 332,334, 342 Subject Index gastrointestinal myiasis 292-293, 318,327-330, 334, 343 incidental myiasis 318 nasopharyngeal myiasis 318, 330-331,346 obligatory myiasis 317, 318,325, 327, 330-332, 334, 342 ocular myiasis 318, 331,340- 341, 343,346 primary myiasis 318, 331 pseudomyiasis 317 secondary myiasis 318,343 temporary myiasis 318 traumatic myiasis 318 urogenital myiasis 292-293, 318, 329-330, 343,344 wound myiasis 343 Myrmeciinae, 389 Mystacinobiidae, 321,342 Myxoma virus, 121,249,251,481; black flies 198 Myxomatosis, see Myxoma virus N Nabarro, David 309 Nabidae, 68 Nagana, 312-314 Nairobi eye, 94 Nematocera, 128,132,204 Nematodes, beetles as intermediate hosts 91, 98 cockroaches as intermediate hosts 40-42 Nematodes, filarial, see also Elaeophorosis; Filariasis; Loiasis; Habronemiasis; MansoneUosis; Onchocerciasis; Parafilariasis; Periodicity; Stephanofilariasis biting midges 169, 181 black flies 193-196, 198 life cycle 246-247 mites 476, 507 mosquitoes 245-249, 252-254 muscid flies 294-295 tabanids 271-272,274-275 Nematodes, mermithid, mosquitoes 254 tabanids 276 Neosomy, 108 Neottiophilidae, 318,319,328 Nest blow flies 332 Nest maggots, 323, 325-326, 330, 335 Nest skipper flies, 318,328 Nestling maggots, 318 Nettle grubs, 370 New World bot flies, 333, 343 New World screwworm, 319, 331-332, 346-347 New World skin bot flies, 334-336, 343 Newcastle disease 457, 477, 507 Nicolle, Charles 3, 58 Nidicoly, fleas 110 Conorhinopsylla 110 Megarthroglossus 110 ticks 527, 529 Wenzella 110 Nits, lice 49 No-no, 163 No-see-urn, 163 Noctuidae, 364, 367-369, 375-376 Noctuoidea, 364 Nonviremic transmission, 534 Northern cattle grub, 320, 326, 338-339, 343 Northern house mosquito, 205; see also Culex pipiens Northern rat flea, 112-113, 120 murine typhus 118 plague 115 Nose bot flies, 323-325,334-335, 340-342, 345; see also Oestrinae Notodontidae, 364, 374-376 Notonectidae, 68 Nott, Josiah Nukaka, 163 Nulliparity,16, 215 Nuttalliellidae, 518,520 Nycteribiidae, 306, 349-352,357 Nymphalidae, 367, 369, 374 Nyung noi, 163 Octenol, 270 Oedemeridae, 93 Oestridae, 318,320, 321,327, 334-335,340-341 Oestrinae, 320,321,334, 340-341 Oestroidea, 318,321,323-325,330, Old World skin bot flies 338-339; see also Cattle grubs Old World screwworm 131,319, 325, 331,332 Omsk hemorrhagic fever, 536 Onchocerciasis, 128 biting midges 163 bovine onchocerciasis 181,185, 97 equine onchocerciasis 180-181 human onchocerciasis 185-186,191, 193-194, 200 Onchoccrciasis Control Programme 200 Onchocercidae, 245; see also Filariasis; Onchocerciasis mosquito-borne genera 253-254 O'nyong-nyong virus, 225,228-229 589 Oocyst, 241 Ookinete, 241 Oothecae, cockroaches 30 Operculum, louse eggs 47 Opisthosoma, 416, 431,451 Opisthothelae, 428 Opossums, Chagas disease 77, 79 fleas 111,120 murine typhus 117 Rickettsia felis 118 Triatominae 72 trypanosomiasis 79 Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis 228 vesicular stomatitis 152 Orbiviruses, 173, 175,177 Oribatid mites, see Oribatida Oribatida, 451 intermediate hosts of tapeworms, 474, 508-510 Oriental cockroach 32, 33, 38 bites 38 Oriental rat flea 111,113,120 murine typhus 118 plague 115 Orientia tsutsugamushi 460; see also Tsutsugamushi disease Ornithomyinae, 350, 357 Ornithonosis, 21 Oropouche virus, see Oropouche fever Oropouche fever, 163, 169 mosquitoes 169 Oroya fever, 154 Ostrich louse fly, 353 Ostriches, lice 63 louse fly 353 tsetse flies 308 Otitidae, 292 Oval guineapig louse, 63 Overwintering, face fly 300 muscid flies 287 Ovine anaplasmosis, 358 Oviparity 284 Oviposition, lice 54 Ovoviviparity, 132,324 P Pacific Coast tick, 518 Paederinae, 89, 91-93 Palatal brush, 208,217 Palmate setae, 216 Paludism, 240 Pandemics, 25 Pangoniinae, 264, 266 Pantry beetles, see Dermestidae Papataci fever, see Sand fly fever Papatasi fever, see Sand fly fever 590 Subj ct I,,aex Papilionoidea, 364 Papular urticaria, flea bites 114 Parafilariasis, 295-296 Parajoello tick, 547 Parakeets, lice 63 mites , , - , 503-504 Parasimuliinae, 185 Parasite, 16 Parasite endemicity, 25 Parasitica, 384 Parasitiformes, 518 Parasitism, facultative 16 obligate 16 Parasitoids, muscid flies 298-299 Parity, 215 Parrots, lice 63 Parthenogenesis, Hymenoptera 387 Partridges, tularemia 552 Pasteur, Louis 142,244 Patella, see Genu Pathogen, 16 Paturon, 431 Pea fowl, lice 52 Pecten, 208 Pederin, 93, 97 Pedicinidae, 46 Pediculicides, 64 Pediculidae, 46 Pediculosis, 1, 45-65 Pedipalps, 431 Pentastomida, reptiles 42 Periodicity, dog heartworm 253 lymphatic filariasis 246 Peritreme, 281 Peritrophic membrane, 212 Permethrin-impregnated cotton balls, tick control 554 Peruvian wart, 154 Pesta ecvina, see African horsesickness Pesta equine, see African horsesickness Phantom midges, 135-136 Phasmida, Pheasants, avian spirochetosis 551 eastern equine encephalomyelitis 249 lice 52 Lyme disease 542 tularemia 552 Pheromones, see a l s o Isoamyl acetate ants, alarm 391 bees and wasps 388,390, 398,402, 406 cockroaches, aggregation pheromones 31 ticks, mounting sex pheromone 528 ticks, sex attractants 528 Philopteridae, 46 Phlebotominae, 147-161 Phlebotomine flies, 147-161 Phlebotomus fever, see Sand fly fever Phleboviruses, 236, 239-240 Phoresy, lice 53 Phoridae, 139, 319 Phospholipases, 389,390 Photoperiodic entrainment, ticks 527 Phthiraptera, 45-65 Physiological age grading, 216 Pian bois, 157 Pieridae, 378 Pigeon fly, 352,356-357 pathogen transmission 357 Pigeonpox, see Fowlpox Pigeon tick, 519 Pigeons, beetle infestation 99 chicken mite 453-454,475 fowl cyst mite 486-487 hypoderatid mites 500 pigeon fly 352,356-357 pigeon tick 519 tropical fowl mite 456, 476 trypanosomiasis 357 Pigs, African swine fever 549 black flies 198 chiggers 478 demodectic mange 488 dung flies 329 eastern equine encephalomyelitis 249 fleas 111,121 Glossinidae 308 Japanese encephalitis 233-234, 250 lancet fluke 406 lice 56, 62 louping ill 548 muscid flies 293,329 myiasis 341 nagana 312 sarcoptic mange 467, 491-492 simuliotoxicosis 198 skin-piercing moths 377 spider bites 446 stable fly 296 Tahyna virus 239 trypanosomiasis 312-313 tungiasis 121 vesicular stomatitis 152, 158-159, 198 Pinkeye, bovine infectious keratitis 379, 293,295 cockroaches 38 cattle 293,295 eye gnats 141 Lepidoptera 379 Piophilidae, 139-140, 319,328; myiasis 140 Piperideine, 389 Piroplasmosis, see Babesiosis Pissle strike, 334 Pito, 70; see also Kissing bugs Plague, 1, 3, , 1 - 1 buboes 116-117 bubonic 116-117 campestral 115 classic bubonic 117 control programs 123 Justinian' s 114 mites 455 modern 115-117 pneumonic 116-117 reservoirs 114-115 rural 115 septicemic 116 sylvatic 115 urban 115 vaccines 117 vectors 114-115 wild-rodent 115 Plasmodiidae 240; see also Malaria Plautus, Pliny, Pneumocoptidae, 503,506-507 Pneumonic plague, 116 Podosoma, 451 Polistinae, see Wasps, paper wasps Polistini, 384 Pollen basket, 385 Polleninae, 321 Polybiini, 384 Polyctenidae, 69 Polyphagidae, 29 Polyplacidae, 46 Pomace flies, 317, 328 Pompilidae, see Wasps, spider wasps Ponerinae, 389; see also Ants, ponerine ants Populations, 25 Porcupines, Colorado tick fever 536 filarial nematodes 253 Triatominae 72 tsetse flies 308 vesicular stomatitis 152 Porter, 337 Post-kala-azar cutaneous leishmaniasis, 158 Poultry, see also Chickens avian spirochetosis 551 beetles, structural damage 96, 99 biting midges 163, 178-180 blood protozoans 178-180 chicken mite 453-454, 475 Cimicidae 84 cockroaches 40 dung flies 329 eye worms 42 fire ants 406 fleas 111 Subject I n d e x fowlpox 251 leucocytozoonosis 180,197 lice 52, 53, 57-58, 63-64 muscid flies 293-294, 329 nematodes 42 northern fowl mite 457, 476-477 pathogen transmission by beetles 97 scaly-leg mite 485 stomach worms 42 tapeworms 406 ticks 533-534 Triatominae 79 tropical fowl mite 455-457, 476 Pour-on insecticides, 346 Powassan encephalitis, 536 Poxviridae, 173 Poxviruses, see Fowlpox Prairie dogs, plague 115 Prediuresis, 220 Prelarva, mites 452 Primates, nonhuman, see also Monkeys Chikungunya virus 228 mites 482,490,492,495 malarias 252 Mayaro virus 229 mite-borne tapeworms 474 psoroptic mites 496 respiratory mites 504-505,506 scabies 492-493 yellow fever 230 Proleg, 364 Pronghorn, deer keds 356 vesicular stomatitis 152 Propodeum, 385 Propodosoma, 451 Prosimuliini, 186, 188 Prosoma, 416, 431 Prostigmata, 453 Prostriata, 518 Protonymph, mites 451,458 Protozoans, see also Malaria; Trypanosomiasis biting midges 163, 178-180 cockroaches 38 Haemoproteus; spp 178 Hepatocystis spp 178 Hepatozoon 478,507 Leucocytozoon spp 178, 180, 197 muscid flies 290-291 P l a s m o d i u m 240-243,251-252,357 Trypanosoma 70, 73-79, 84, 113, 122, 198,271,273,310-314, 357-358 Proventricular blockage, fleas 116 Proventriculus, 116, 284 Psammophore, 393 Pseudo foot-and-mouth disease, 158; see also Vesicular stomatitis Pseudo-ovovivipary, cockroaches 31 Pseudo-vivipary, cockroaches 31 Pseudomyiasis, 317 Pseudomyrmecinae, 389; see also Ants, acacia ants Pseudoscorpions, Pseudotracheae, 282,285 Pseudowarbles, 342 Psocoptera, Psora dermanyssica, 454 Psoroptic otoacariasis, 501 Psychodidae, 147-161,319 Psychodinae, 147-161 Pteromalidae, 276, 299 Pthiridae, 46 Ptilinal suture, 282-283,321 Ptilinum, 133,282 Pubic louse, see Crab louse Pulicidae, 104, 106 Punky, 163 Pupariation, 281 Puparium, 133,280-282, 322-324, 328 Pupipara, 350 Pupipary, Diptera 132 Pygidial glands, beetles 89 Pygidium, fleas 104 Pyralidae, 364, 375 Q Q fever, 118,122, 540-541,550 Quail, fleas 111 Queensland itch, see Equine allergic dermatitis Queensland tick typhus, 472 Questing behavior, ticks 527 R Rabbit fever, see Tularemia Rabbit louse, 57, 63 Rabbit tick, 519,531 Rabbits, see Lagomorphs Raccoons, Chagas disease 77 filarial nematodes 253 fleas 111 Moniliformis 99 Trypanosomiasis 79 vesicular stomatitis 152 Racquet organ, 425 Rat-tailed maggot, 139, 327 Rats, see also Rodents fleas 111-112, 120 lice 57 murine typhus 117 nematodes 42 plague 114 591 tapeworms 122 tularemia 546 Reactivation phenomenon, Rickettsia rickettsii 538 Red-tailed flesh fly, 334 Reduviidae, 68-80 Reed, Walter, 3,127, 231 Reflex bleeding, lady beetles 89 Reindeer see also Caribou mites 498 myiasis 327, 339, 341 reindeer throat bot 341 simuliotoxicosis 198 Relapsing fever, louse-borne 3, 20, 59-60 tick-borne 517, 534, 544-545 Reoviridae, 173, 177, 536 Repellents, see also Diethyltoluamide black flies 200 fleas 123 Hymenoptera 407 mosquitoes 254 muscid flies 300 sand flies 158 tabanids 275 ticks 553-554 Reporting systems, vector-borne diseases 24 Reptiles, see also Lizards biting midges 168, 178-180 chiggers 458,459-460, 506 flesh flies 334 haemosporidians 178 hepatozoonosis 507 malarias 251 mites 457-458,475,477, 479, 503, 507 myiasis 334 Pentastomida 42 Q fever 540 Raillietiella hemidactyli 42 tongue worms 42 tsetse flies 308 Reservoir hosts, general 17, 26 Respiratory siphon, 208 Rhabdoviridae, 173 Rhagionidae, 137 Rheas, lice 63 Rhiniinae, 321 Rhinoceroses, Glossinidae 308 myiasis 341,342 skin-piercing moths 377 tear-drinking moths 368,376 Rhinophoridae, 321,342 Rhopalidae, 68 Rhopalopsyllidae, 104 Rhyncophthirina, 46 Rib coclde, 358 592 Subject I n d e x Ricketts, Howard Taylor 3, 58,537 Rickettsiae, flea-borne 117-118 louse-borne 58-59 mite-borne, see Rickettsialpox; Tsutsugamushi disease tick-borne 517, 531-532, 536-539 Rickettsialpox, , 5 , - Rickettsiosis, mite-borne, see Tsutsugamushi disease Rift Valley fever, 171,224, 239,249, 250-251 Ringworm, cattle 62 River blindness, see Onchocerciasis, human Robertdollfusidae, 198 Rocio virus, 225,236 Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 3, 517, 532, 536-538 mites 472 Rocky Mountain wood tick, 3,518,532 Rodent bot flies, 318,326, 335-336, 338,339; see also Cuterebrinae Rodents, see also Mice; Rickettsialpox; Rodent bot flies; White-footed mouse; Wood rats beetle infestation 99 boutoneuse fever 539 California encephalitis 238 Chagas disease 77, 79 chicken mite 475 chiggers 459,474, 506 cotton rat filariasis 507 dermanyssid mites 453-455 flaviviruses 229 fur mites 481-482 hepatozoonosis 507 house mouse mite 454-455,472 Keystone virus 239 La Crosse encephalitis 238 Lyme disease 542 malaria 251 mites 460,482 M o n i l i f o r m i s 99 myiasis 324, 325,335-336, 338-339 notoedric ear mange 494 Phlebotomus 151 plague 114-117 psorergatid mites 490 respiratory mites 506-507 sand fly fever 152 sarcoptic mange 492 spiny rat mite 458,478 tapeworms 120 Triatominae 72 trixacaric mange 494-495 tropical rat mite 455,476, 507 trypanosomiasis 122 tularemia 552 tumbu fly 333 tungiasis 108 Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis 228 Roman, 425 Romafia's sign, 75 Root maggot flies, 318,329; see also Anthomyiidae Ropalidiini, 384 Rose chafer, ingestion by turkeys 97 Ross River virus, 229 Ross, Ronald 3,244, 251 Ross-Macdonald equation, 256 Rove beetles, 89, 93-94 bites 91 dermatitis 93-94 Rural plague, 115 Russian spring-summer encephalitis, 517 S Saint Vitus' dance, 434 Saliva activated transmission, 534 Salivary glands, escape barrier, 23 infection, 23 mosquitoes 220 Salmonellosis, beetles 97 cockroaches 38, 40 lice 61 fleas 119 muscid flies 290 San Angelo virus, 236 Sand puppy, 425 Sand flea, 108,111-112, 119-121 Sand flies 147-161,163,236; see also Phlebotomine flies; Psychodidae Sand fly fever, 152 Sarcophagidae, 318,320-325,327, 333-334, 343-344 Sarcophaginae, 320, 321,333 Sarcoptidae, 453,463,482,484, 490-495; see also Scabies Saturniidae, 364, 367-369, 371-372 Sausage stage, filarial nematodes, 246, 253 Scabies 1,465-467, 491-493; see also Sarcoptidae animal scabies 467, 491 bullous scabies 466 canine scabies 491 crusted scabies 466-467 human scabies 465-467 hyperkeratotic scabies 466 human notoedric scabies 468 nodular scabies 466 Norwegian scabies 466 papular scabies 466 sarcoptic mange 467, 490-493 urticarial scabies 466 Scarabaeidae, 95 accidental ingestion 95 body invasion 95 intermediate hosts 97-98 vectors 91 Scarabiasis, 90, 95 Scelionidae, 276 Schizogony, 241 Schizophora, 128, 131 Sciaridae, 135 Scoleciasis 363 Scorpioninae, 415 Scorpions, 411-423 aculeus 417 anfivenim 421 birth basket 420 comb organ 416 juddering 419 pecten, pectines 416,418-419 postabdomen 416 preabdomen 416 promenade 419 spermatophore 419 stilting 420 telson 416, 417 toxins 420 trichobothria 417 Scorpions, common names bark scorpions 421 fat-tailed scorpions 421 Indian red scorpion 421 Omdurman scorpion 421 striped scorpion 422 yellow scorpion 421 Scorpions, families Bothriuridae 414 Buthidae 412-413 Chacfidae 411,413 Chaelidae 413 Diplocentridae 415 Euscorpiidae 413 Heteroscorpionidae 415 Ischnuridae 415,420 Iuridae 413,414 Microcharmidae 413 Pseudochactidae 413 Scorpionidae 415,420 Scorpiopidae 413 Supersfitioniidae 413,414 Troglotayosicidae 414 Urodacidae 415 Vaejovidae 411,413,414 Scrapie, 507 Screwworms, 318,321,326-327, 330, 331-332, 335,343-344, 346-347 Subject Index primary screwworms, 318,325,331, 344, 346-347 Screwworm Adult Suppression System 347 screwworm eradication programs 346-347 secondary screwworms 332 sterilized-male release 142, 346-347 swormlure, 347 Scrub typhus, see Tsutsugamushi disease Scuttle flies 139 Sea otters, see Marine mammals Seals, see Marine mammals Self-treating tick applicator, 555 Sensilium, fleas 104 Sensilla auriformia, ticks 520 Sentinels, 26 birds 26 chickens 26-27 seroconversion rates 26 Septicemic plague, 116 Sergent, E 59 Seroconversion, 25 Serological surveys, see Serosurveys Seropositivity, 25 Serosurveys 25 Serotonin, 389-390 Serra Navio virus, 236 Sewage-treatment facilities, Psychodinae 151 Shaft louse, 57, 63 Sheep, African horsesickness 178 anaplasmosis 551 back loss 359 biting midges 173, 181 bluetongue disease 173-175 cat fleas 120 chiggers 459,478-479 chorioptic mange 498-499 cockle 358 C u l i c o i d e s - i n d u c e d dermatitis 181 demodectic mange 488 ehrlichiosis 550 elaeophorosis 275 epizootic hemorrhagic disease 176 eyeworm 293 fleece rot 344 fleece worm 346 ked 350, 353-354 lancet fluke 406 lice 52, 56, 62 louping ill 548 mite-borne tapeworms 509-510 muscid flies, see Sheep head fly myiasis 330, 335,337, 341, 344-345 nagana 312 pissle strike 344 psorergatid mange 490 psoroptic ear mite 501 psoroptic scab mites and mange 494-498 Q fever 540, 550 rib coclde 358 Rift Valley fever - , - sarcoptic mange 467, 491 sheep scab 496 sheep scabies 496 sheep strike 324 simuliotoxicosis 198 spider bites 445 stable fly 296 tick paralysis 552-553 tick pyaemia 533 tick spirochetosis 551 tick toxicosis 553 t6rsalo 337 trypanosomiasis 273, 357 tularemia 552 vesicular stomatitis 152, 158-159 Wesselsbron virus 251 Sheep biting louse, 53, 56, 62, 359 Sheep bot fly, see Sheep nose bot fly Sheep face louse, 52-53 Sheep foot louse, 52- 53 Sheep head fly, 290, 298 Sheep ked, 350, 353-354, 357-359 Sheep nose bot fly 318,326, 340, 343, 345 Sheep strike 142 Sheep tick, 518,533; see also Sheep ked Shichito fever 474; see also Tsutsugamushi disease Shigellosis, muscid flies 290-291 Shortnosed cattle louse, 56, 62 Shot-holed hides, 345 Shrews, Lyme disease 542 Shuni virus, 171 Siberian tick typhus, mites 472 Sickle-cell anemia, 243 Silphidae, vectors 91 Simond, Paul-Louis, 3, 114 Simuliidae, 204; see also Black flies Simuliinae, 185-186 Simuliini, 186, 188 Simuliotoxicosis, 198-199 Sindbis virus, 229 Siphonaptera, 103-125 Skipper 139-140, 328; see also Piophilidae Skipper flies, 139-140, 328; see also Piophilidae Skunks, Powassan encephalitis 536 Sleeping siclmess, African, 303, 309-312 Slender guineapig louse, 50, 63 593 Sloths, beetle infestation 99 changuinola fever 152 oropouche fever 169 Triatominae 72 Small fruit flies, 140 Smith and Kilbourne, 517 Smith, Theobald, 3,517 Smokybrown cockroach, 32, 35 Snakes, chiggers 460, 479, 506 entonyssid mites 503 harpyrhynchid mites 500 macronyssid mites 455,457-458 respiratory mites 506 snake mite 457-458,477 Snipe flies, 137 Snowshoe Hare virus, 224, 236, 239 black flies 198 Soldier flies, 138,327 Solenopsin, 389 Solifugae, 425-426 Solpugida, see Solifugae Soremuzzle, 173; see also Bluetongue disease South River virus, 236 South African tick typhus, 539 Southern house mosquito, 205; see also Culex quinquefasciatus Southern cattle tick, 518 Sowda, 193 Spanish fly, 91 Speleognathinae, 505 Sphecidae, 276; see also Wasps, sphecid wasps Sphingidae 364, 375-376 Spicule hairs, Lepidoptera 365 Spicule spines, Lepidoptera 365 Spider flies, see Hippoboscidae Spider-lick, 94 Spider-like bat flies, see Nycteribiidae Spiders, 427-448 arachnophobia 427 araneophobia 427 araneopmorph spiders 428-430, 431 balooning 433 book lungs 432 calamistrum 432 cribellate spiders 432 cribellum 432 ecribellate spiders 432 epigynum 432 mygalomorph spiders 428,431 scopulae 432 silk glands 432 sperm induction 432 sperm web 432 spiderling 432 spinnerets 432 urticating hairs 434-436 594 Subject Index Spiders, bites and venom antivenin 441 araneism 427 atraxism 427, 436 atraxotoxin 436 cheiracanthism 427, 436-437 eschar 440 gangrenous spot syndrome 441 latrodectism 427, 434, 442-445 latrotoxin 442 loxoscelism 427, 438-441 necrotic arachnidism 438 neuromyopathic araneism 442 phoneutriism 427, 436 pododermatitis circumspecta 446 St Vitus' dance tarantism 429, 433-434 tarantolism 434 tarantulism 434-436 tegenariism 427, 437-438 Spiders, common names arafia del lino 442 arafia capulina 442 arafia rastrojera 442 arafia del trigo 442,445 arafiade los rincones 441 Australian red-back spider 445 baboon spiders 428,434 banana spiders 429,436 bird spiders 428 bird-eating spiders 428 black and yellow garden spider 429 black house spider 446 black widow spiders 432,442-445, 446 bolas spiders 429 brown recluse spider 433,438, 439-441,446 brown widow 443-444 button spiders 442 chintatlahua 442 cirari 430 cobweb spiders 430 comb-footed spiders 430 corner spider 441 crab spiders 430 culrouge 442 European black widow 444-445 false black widow 430 fiddle-back spider, see brown recluse spider fishing spiders 430 flax spider 442 Florida false wolf spider 429 funnel weavers 428 funnel-web spiders 428 funnel-web-building tarantulas 428 grass spiders 429 green lynx spider 430 ground spiders 429 guina 442 hobo spider 429,437-438 hourglass spiders 442 house spiders 437 jockey 442 jumping spiders 430-431,433 karakurt 442 katipo spider 442,445 la malmignatte 442 lucacha 442 lynx spiders 430 mico 442 monkey spiders 428 New Zealand redback 445 night stinger 442 North Coast funnel-web spider 436 northern black widow 444 nursery-web spiders 430 orb weavers 429 pallu 442 podadoras 429 purse-web spiders 432 recluse spiders 428,430, 438-441 red-back spider 445 red widow 443 sac spiders , 3 , - sheet-web spiders 428,433,436 shoe button spiders 430, 442 South American violin spider 441 southern black widow 444 Sydney funnel-web spider 436 tarantola 434 tarantulas , - , 4 - 4 Texas brown tarantula 434 trap-door spiders 428,433 tree funnel-web spider 436 tube-web spiders 433,436 veinte-cuatro horas 442 violin spider, see brown recluse spider viuda negra 442 wandering spiders 436 western black widow 444 wheat spider 442,445 white-tailed spider 429 widow spiders 428,430,433, 442-445 window spider 446 wolf spiders , , 3 - 4 , 446 Spiders, families Actinopodidae 428 Agelenidae - , 3 , - Araneidae 429,433 Atypidae 432 Barychelidae 428 Clubionidae , 3 , - Corrinnidae 429 Ctenidae 429,433 Ctenizidae 428,433 Desidae 446 Dipluridae 428,433,436 Gnaphosidae 429,433 Hexathelidae 428 Lamponidae 429 Liphistiidae 428 Loxoscelidae, see Sicariidae Lycosidae , , 3 - 4 , 446 Oxyopidae 430 Pisauridae 43 Salticidae 430-431,433 Segestriidae 430 Sicariidae , , - 4 Theraphosidae 428,432-436, 445-446 Theridiidae , , 3 , 4 - 4 Thomisidae 430 Uloboridae 427 Spined rat louse, 57; pathogen transmission 63 Spinose ear tick, 519,534, 554 Spiracular plates, Diptera 130 ticks 521 Spirochete-killing factor, lizards 543 Spirochetosis, 59-60, 541-544, 551-552 Spirurida, 245 Spirurida, cockroaches as vectors 41 Sporadic epidemic typhus, 118 Sporogony, 241 Sporozoa, 240 Sporozoite, 241 Spotted blister beetle, 92 Spotted fever group rickettsiae, 537-538 Springtails, Squamma, 323 Squirrel flea, 113; epidemic typhus 118 Squirrels, see also Flying squirrels; Ground squirrels biting midges 179 blood protozoans 179 bot flies, 336 epidemic typhus, sporadic 59, 118 fleas 113, 118 harvest mite 459 Keystone virus 239 La Crosse encephalitis 238 mite-borne protozoans 478,507 malaria 252 myiasis 326, 327, 336 Powassan encephalitis 536 spiny rat mite 478 fur mites 482 notoedric mange 494 reservoir hosts 19 Subject Index respiratory mites 504-505 rock squirrels, plague 115 wolves, myiasis 336 St Louis encephalitis, 27, 205,229,235 mites 454, 457, 507 Stable fly, 280, 284-285,287, 289-290,292-293,296-297, 299 Staphylinidae 93-94 bites 91 dermatitis 93-94 Stenogastrinae, 384 Stephanofilariasis, 297-298 Sterilized-male release technique, cattle grubs 347 screwworms 346-347 tsetse flies 315 Sticktight fleas 106, 111,113, 120-121 Stigma, mites 451 Stinging hairs and spines, see Urticating hairs and spines Stomach bot flies 318,323-326, 334-335,341-342 Stomach worm, cockroaches as vectors 40 poultry 42 Stomoxyini, 304 Stragglers, lice 52 Stratiomyidae, 138,319,327 Streblidae, 306, 349-352,357 Strike, fly 324 Strike, sheep 142 Stylostome, chiggers 459,473,478 Stylus, 321 Sucking lice, 45-65 Sugar feeding, mosquitoes 219 Summer eczema, see Equine allergic dermatitis Summer mastitis, 298 Summer recurrent dermatitis, see Equine allergic dermatitis Summer sores, 297; see a l s o Habronemiasis Sun spider, 425,426 Surgical maggots, 142,344 Surinam cockroach 30- 31 poultry eyeworm 42 Surra, 263,273 Surveillance techniques, Surveillance, active 24 passive 24 vector-borne diseases 24-27 Swallow bug, 80, 84 Swallows, Cimicidae 80, 84 mites 454 Swamp fever, see Equine infectious anemia Swarming, black flies 185,190, 192, 193 caddisflies face fly 294 garbage flies 286 Hymenoptera 387, 402,407 mosquitoes 218 Sweat bees, 384, 399-400 Sweat flies, 279-280,284, 286-287, 290,293,298 Sweating sickness, 553 Sweet itch, see Equine allergic dermatitis Swine, see Pigs Swine eperythrozoonosis, 62 Swinepox, 62 Swormlure, 347 Sycoracinae, 147 Sylvatic plague, 115 Sylvatic epidemic typhus, see Sporadic epidemic typhus Symphyta, 383-384 Symphytognathidae, 427 Synanthropic flies, 279,287 Syrphidae, 139, 319, 327-328 T T cells, 17 Tabanidae, 133,263-277 Tabaninae, 264, 266 Tabanomorpha, 128, 131 Tache noir, 539 Tachinidae, 276, 321,342 Tahyna virus, 236, 239 Taiga tick, 518 Tapeworms, see a l s o Double-pored tapeworm; Dwarf tapeworm beetles as intermediate hosts 91, 98 chicken tapeworm 294 cockroaches as intermediate hosts 40 fleas as intermediate hosts 120 lepidopteran intermediate hosts 379 lice as intermediate hosts 61 mite-associated 474, 508-510 poultry tapeworms 294, 406 rodents, fleas as intermediate hosts 120 Tapirs, lachryphagous moths 368 skin-piercing moths 377 Tarantism, 429,433-434 Tarantolism, 434 Tataranas 369 Telmophagy, 191,266 Tenebrionidae, 89, 94-95 defensive secretions 94 inhalational allergies 91 intermediate hosts 91, 98 595 irritation 95 pathogen transmission 97 Terebrantia, 384 Texas Cattle fever, 517, 533,547-548; see a l s o Bovine babesiosis eradication 555 Thaumaleidae, 204 Thaumetopoeidae 365-367, 369, 374 Theiler, Max, 231 Theileridae, 548 Theileriosis, bovine 1,517, 548 Theraphosinae, 435 Therevidae, 319 Thorny-headed worms, see Acanthocephala Thrips, see Thysanoptera Throat horse bot, see Horse throat bot Thyatiridae, 364, 375,376 Thysanoptera, Tick-borne encephalitis, 533,535-536 Tick-borne encephalitis complex, 535-536, 548-549 Tick-borne fever, 550 Tick-borne meningopolyneuritis, see Lyme disease Tick-borne relapsing fever, 517, 534, 544-545 Tick-borne spirochetosis, 541- 545, 551-552 Tick flies, see Hippoboscidae Tick paralysis, 532-533, 546-547, 552-553 Tick pyaemia, 533 Tick spirochetosis, 541-544, 551-552 Tick toxicoses, 553 Ticks, 517-558 diapause 529 feeding behavior 527 life cycles 525-526 morphology and anatomy 520-525 nidicoly 529 pheromones 528 seasonality 529-530 Ticks, common names African tampan 519, 534 American dog tick 518,532 Australian paralysis tick 533 blacklegged tick 518,533,541-544 bont tick 519, 533 brown ear tick 519, 531 brown dog tick 518-519,530-531 castor bean tick, see sheep tick cattle fever tick, see cattle tick cattle tick 517-518,533,547-548, 551,553 cave tick 519 fowl tick 519,533 Gulf Coast tick 519, 533, 554 596 subject Index Ticks, common names (continued) Karoo paralysis tick 546, 552 lone star tick 519,533 Pacific Coast tick 518 Parajoello tick 547 pigeon tick 519 rabbit tick 519, 531 Rocky Mountain wood tick 3,518, 532 sheep tick 518,533 southern cattle tick 518 spinose ear tick 519,534, 554 taiga tick 518 tropical bont tick 519, 533 tropical cattle tick, see southern cattle tick western blacklegged tick 518 winter tick 518,530 Tingidae, 68 Tipulidae, 134, 319 Toad blow flies, 331 Toe-biters, see Belostomatidae Togaviridae, 223,225-229 Tongue worms, cockroaches as intermediate hosts 42 Tormogen cell, 365 Tdrsalo, 197, 335,337-338,343, 344-346 Toxins, general 6, 7, 12 Toxoplasmosis, transmission by cockroaches 38 Toxorhynchitinae, 204 Trachoma, 292 Transmission, anterior station 20 biological, cyclodevelopmental 20 developmental 20 epidemic 27 horizontal 19-21 mechanical 5, 20 multiplicative 20 nonviremic 534 posterior station 20 propagative 20 saliva-activated 534 stercorarian 20 tangential 21 transgenerational 19 transovarial 19 transstadial 19 venereal 19 vertical 19 Transmission cycles, 16-18, 21-22 enzootic 21, 25 primary 27 Transmission rate, 19 Transovarial transmission, pathogens chiggers 474 mosquito-borne viruses 224, 233, 239 Transstadial transmission, pathogens chiggers 474 Traps, bait 407-408 box, 270, 275 canopy, 270,275 carbon dioxide, ticks 555 pan, flea control 123 pheromone 407 sticky traps, fleas 123 walk-through 299 Traumatic insemination, Cimicidae 82 Trematodes, see also Lancet fluke beetles as intermediate hosts 91, 98 Trench fever, 60 Triatominae, 68-80 Trichinosis, fleas 120, 123 Trichodectidae, 46 Trichogen cell 365,367-368 Trichogrammidae, 276 Trichoptera, Tritonymph, mites 451,458 Trivittatus virus, 236, 239 Trombiculosis, 459,460 Trombidiosis, see Trombiculosis Trophallaxis, 388,407 Tropical bont tick, 519, 533 Tropical cattle tick, see Southern cattle tick Tropical nest flies, 330 Tropical rat louse, 57 Tropical theileriosis, 548 True bugs, 67-86 Trypanosomiasis, see also Surra African 1, , 3 , - American, see Chagas disease avian 198,357 black flies 197 canine 79 Corethrella 136 East African 310-312 equine 273 nagana 312-314 West African 310-312 Trypanotolerant breeds, 314; see also Nagana Tsetse flies, , , 3 - Tsutsugamushi disease, 453,472-474 Tularemia, black flies 196 fleas 119, 122 lice 63 mites 455 mosquitoes 222 tabanids 263,272 ticks 532,545-546, 552 Tumbler, 209 Tumbu fly, 319,333 Tumor necrosis factor, 242 Tungiasis, 108,111-112, 119-121 Turkeys, avian spirochetosis 551 beetle ingestion 97 fleas 111 leucocytozoonosis 197 lice 52 Haemoproteus meleagridis 173, 178-180 Haemoproteus metchnikovi 275 stomach worms 42 turkey malaria 197 Turtles, chiggers 460 Haemoproteus metchnikovi 275 myiasis 320 Typhoid fly, 142,329; see also House fly Typhus, see Epidemic typhus; Murine typhus; Queensland tick typhus; Scrub typhus; Siberian tick typhus; Sporadic epidemic typhus; Tsutsugamushi disease U Umayado disease, 474; see also Tsutsugamushi disease United States Yellow Fever Commission, 3, 127, 231 Urban plague, 115 Urticaria 363; see Urticating hairs and spines Urticating hairs and spines, 365-368 caterpillars 369-375,377, 378 tarantulas 434-436 Uta, 157 V Vaccines, 27 cattle grubs 347 dengue 256 Eastern equine encephalomyelitis 256 epidemic typhus 64 human scabies 466 malaria 252,256 Japanese encephalitis 256 plague 117 transmission-blocking vaccine 256 Western equine encephalomyelitis 256 Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis 256 yellow fever 256 Vagabond disease, 55 Vanillism, 461 Vector, 16, 18 abundance 25 anthropophagic 18 S.bj t I.d x bridge 21 competence 23 endophilic 18 exophilic 18 incrimination 23 infection I8 infection rate 23, 25 mammalophagic 18 ornithophagic 18 transmission 19 zoophagic 18 Vector-borne parasites, 16-17 interseasonal maintenance 22 Vector-borne diseases, general 15-28 Vectorial capacity, 23,244, 256 Velvet ants, 384, 394 Venereal transmission, mosquito-borne viruses 224 Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis, 227-228,249 biting midges 171 black flies 196 Venom, 6, 7, 12; see also Spiders, bites and venom ants 389 fire ants 389 honey bees 390, 402,403 Hymenoptera 389-390,406 scorpions 420-421 therapy 390 Vermipsyllidae, 104, 106 Verruga peruana, 154 Vertebrate hosts, incidental 17 primary 17 secondary 17 Vesicular stomatitis, black flies 198 eye gnats 141 sand flies 152, 158-159 Vespidae, 384; see also Hornets; Wasps, paper wasps; Yellowjackets Vespinae, 405; see also Hornets; Yellowjackets Vespoidea, 384; see also Wasps Vibrissae, oral 282 Vinchuca, 69; see also Kissing bugs Vinegar flies, 140, 328 Viremia, 19 Visceral leishmaniasis, 158 Viscerotropic leishmaniasis, 158 Vittae, 282,287 Voles, babesiosis 535 Lyme disease 542 Q fever 540 yon Prowazek, Stanislaus 58 W Walking sticks, see Phasmida Wallabies, see Kangaroos Wapiti, see also Elk deer keds 355 epizootic hemorrhagic disease 177 Warble fly, see Cattle grubs; Heel flies Warbles, 324-326, 335-336, 339, 343,345 Warthogs, 333, 341 Congo floor maggot 333 onchocerciasis 197 trypanosomiasis 313 Wasps, 394; see also Velvet ants; Yellowjackets paper wasps 384, 387-388,394, 396, 398,403,405-406 potter wasp 394 red wasp 399 Spanish jack 399 social wasps 384, 387, 396-399 solitary wasps 384, 389, 394-396 sphecid wasps 384, 389, 395-396 spider wasps 384, 394 Wasting disease, marmosets 42 Water buffalo, lachryphagous moths 368,375-376 skin maggots 333 skin-piercing moths 377 Weevils, inhalational allegies 91 Wesselsbron virus, 249, 251 West Nile virus, 229,233-234, 250 Western blacklegged tick, 518 Western chicken flea, 121 Western equine encephalitis, see Western equine encephalomyelitis Western equine encephalomyelitis, 19, 21, 27, 226-227, 249 mites 454, 457, 507 Whamefly, 263 Whataroa virus, 198 Wheat pollard itch, 461 Wheat stem maggot, 141 Wheel bug, 68 White-footed mouse, babesiosis 535 Lyme disease 542 Powassan encephalitis 536 ticks 529 Wiggler, see Wriggler Wild-rodent plague, 115 Wildebeest, myiasis 441 Wind scorpion, 425-426 Wind spider, 425 Wine flies, 328 597 Wing louse, 57 Winter tick, 518,530 Winterbottom's sign, 311 Wolhynia, see Trench fever Wolves, see also Dogs fleas 111 lice 52 Wolves, myiasis 324, 327 Wood rats, Chagas disease 77 Colorado tick fever 536 human granulocytic ehrlichiosis 540 leishmaniasis 158 Lyme disease 542 Triatominae 72 trypanosomiasis 122 World Health Organization, 25 Wound therapy, 343- 344 Wriggler, 206 X Xenodiagnosis, Chagas disease 77 Y Yaks, epizootic hemorrhagic disease 177 fleas 121 Yaws, eye-gnat vectors 141 Yellow fever mosquito, 205,233,254; see also A e d e s a e g y p t i Yellow flies, 263 Yellow fever, 1, 3, 27, 203,229-232 United States Yellow Fever Commission 3, 127, 231 Yellowjackets, 384, 387-388,394, 396-398,401,403,406, 408 aerial yellowjacket 397 California yellowjacket 398,407 common yellowjacket, eastern yellowjacket 397-398,408 German yellowjacket 398,406, 408 hybrid yellowjacket 398 southern yellowjacket 397-398, 407-408 western yellowjacket 397-398, 407-408 Yersin, Alexandre 114 Z Zebras, see Horses Zinsser, Hans 59 Zoonosis, 21 Zooprophylaxis, 19 Zygaenoidea 364, 367 ... problems affecting captive animals in zoological parks and wildlife in general Medical- veterinary entomology combines these two disciplines Traditionally the fields of medical and veterinary entomology. .. and Walter and Proctor (1999) MEDICAL- VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY LITERATURE Textbooks or monographs pertaining to medical entomology, veterinary entomology, or the combined discipline of medical- veterinary. .. Several journals and periodicals are devoted primarily to medical and/ or veterinary entomology These include the Journal of Medical Entomology, published by the Entomological Society of America (Lanham,