The making of psychotherapists an anthropological analysis j davies (2009)mxmllACADEMIC

THE MAKING OF PSYCHOTHERAPISTS AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS JAMES DAVIES First published 2009 by Karnac Books Ltd 118 Finchley Road London NW3 5HT © James Davies The moral right of the author has been asserted All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or utilised in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, without permission in writing from the publisher British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A C.I.P is available for this book from the British Library ISBN-13: 978-1-85575-656-4 www.karnacbooks.com 298 THE MAKING OF PSYCHOTHERAPISTS Kardiner, A (1939) The Individual and His Society: the psychodynamics of primitive social organization / by Abram Kardiner; with a foreword and two ethnological reports by Ralph Linton New York: Columbia University Press Katz, J (1984) The Silent World of Doctor and Patient New York: Free Press Katz, R (1982) Boiling Energy: community healing among the Kalahari Kung Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press Keller, C and Keller, J D (1993) Thinking and Acting with Iron In: Chaiklin, S and Lave, J (eds.) 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Oxford: Oxford University Press Yalom, I D (2001) The Gift of Therapy London: Piatkus Books Young, A (1983) The Relevance of Traditional Medical Cultures to Modern Primary Health Care Social Science and Medicine, 17: 1205-11 Young, R (1996a) The Culture of British Psychoanalysis Available from: http://human-nature.com/culture/paper5h.html [accessed Dec 2004] Young, R (1996b) The Psychodynamics of Psychoanalytic Organisations Presented at the conference for the International Society for the Psychoanalytic Study of Organisations in New York City, 15 June 1996 Available at: http://www.sba.oakland.edu/ ispso/html/young.html [accessed Dec 2004] Zatzick, D F and Johnson, F A (1997) Alternative Psychotherapeutic Practice Among Middle Class Americans: some conceptual comparisons Culture, Medicine, and Society, 21: 213-246 111 10 711 20 511 311 911 REFERENCES 111 711 10 211 30 911 307 INDEX Abram, J., 57, 63, 278, 283, 290 abuse, 138, 149, 160, 164, 189 child, 48, 69, 149–150, 169, 283 sexual, 48, 149–150, 152, 160, 283 aetiology, 13, 32, 146–148, 151, 153–154, 166, 170, 173–175, 177–178, 180–181, 200, 219, 238, 252, 284–285 ambivalence, 66, 86–87, 155, 162 American Psychiatric Association, 45 Anderson, B G., 175–176, 293 anger, 69, 87, 157–159, 178 Antze, P., 84–85, 275, 298 Ashurst P., 189, 290 Association of Child Psychotherapists, 27 Association of Psychotherapists, 27, 270 Auchincloss, E L., 16, 290 Auden, W H., 29, 290 Bandura, A., 194, 199, 290 Barth, F., 106, 290 Bass, A., 277, 290 Bateson, G., 3, 290 Bayer, R., 50, 290 Becker, H S., 11, 16–17, 185, 255, 266, 291 Benedict, R., 3, 29, 282, 291 Berger, P L., 26, 243–244, 246–247, 267, 291 Berman, E., 16, 291 Blaxter, M., 176, 283, 291 Bleger, J., 276, 291 Bloch, M., 3, 291 Boscolo, L., 88, 303 Bourdieu, P., 7, 9, 11, 255, 267, 285, 291 Breuer, J., 277, 294 British Association of Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP), 37, 269–270 British Association of Psychotherapists (BAP), 36, 40, 103, 144, 254, 261, 265, 270, 278, 281–282 307 308 111 10 711 20 511 311 911 INDEX British Confederation of Psychotherapists (BCP) see British Psychoanalytic Council (BPC) British Psychoanalytic Council (BPC), 17, 20, 22, 34, 37, 39–43, 49, 56, 127, 144, 258, 263, 270–271, 280, 286 British Psychoanalytic Society, 21, 27, 141, 261 see also: Institute of Psychoanalysis Brown, B S., 45, 291 Bruzzone, M., 15, 267, 291 Calestro, K., 63, 194, 203–204, 286, 291 Campbell, J., 277, 291 Casaula, E., 15, 267, 291 case study Arya, 13, 154–172, 180, 283 Casement, P., 239, 276, 291 Cassel Hospital, 28 Cassell, J., 183, 195, 266, 285, 291 Cecchin, G., 88, 303 Chaiklin, A., 266–267, 291 Chaiklin, S., 266–267, 291, 299 Charny, I W., 189, 192–193, 292 cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), 31, 49, 62, 144, 155, 166, 270, 272, 275 Collingwood, R G., 147, 292 Comaroff, J., 180, 284, 292 conscious(ness), 19, 70, 77–79, 85–87, 90–92, 94, 101, 142, 162, 169, 199, 209, 212, 218–219, 235, 275–276, 286 see also: unconscious(ness) Counselling, Advice, Mediation, Psychotherapy, Advocacy Guidance (CAMP), 31 countertransference, 76–77, 80, 118–119, 151, 169, 276 see also: transference Crapanzano, V., 84, 292 Cremerius, J., 14–15, 59–60, 272, 292 Crichton-Brown, Sir J., 268, 292 Cross-National Collaborative Group, 270, 292 Csordas, T J., 79, 225, 292 Danaher, G., 267, 304 Das, V., 180, 298 De Martino, R., 79, 85, 277, 294 Deleuze, G., 287, 292 Deluz, A., 280, 296 Desjarlais, R R., 273–274, 292 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM), 45–46, 50–51, 284 disposition(s), 4–10, 54, 60–61, 64, 68, 100, 102, 113, 116, 126, 139, 146–147, 154, 173–174, 184–185, 188, 199–200, 202, 236, 240–241, 252, 254, 256 Dougherty, J W D., 3, 292 Dow, J., 203, 273, 292 Durkheim, E., 81, 226–227, 292 ego, 19, 70, 86, 88–93, 209, 257, 277, 286 super, 209, 286 Ehernwald, J., 194, 292 Ellenberger, H., 28, 293 Evans-Pritchard, E P., 79, 86, 127, 147, 176, 226–227, 278, 284, 286, 293 Ewart, E., 73, 293 Eysenck, H J., 47, 50, 293 Falzeder, E., 272, 293 fantasy, 68, 70, 75, 97, 117, 149, 151, 165, 170, 187, 189–190, 192–194, 218, 233 Fernandez, J., 84, 293 Ferris, P., 277, 283, 293 Fiedler, F., 47, 293 Figlio, K., 15, 267, 293 Fornagy, P., 272, 302 Forrester, J., 28, 117, 269, 293 Foster, G M., 175–176, 293 Foucault, M., 51, 117, 293 Fox, R., 182–184, 266, 294 Frank, D., 189, 199, 294 INDEX 111 711 10 211 30 911 Frank, J B., 189, 199, 294 Frattoroli, J., 15, 294 Freud, A., 213 Freud, S., 13, 15, 18–19, 26–28, 33, 36, 40, 44, 48, 50–51, 57–58, 70, 74, 84, 86, 88–91, 94–95, 104–105, 112–113, 122, 134, 140–143, 147–151, 154, 204–205, 207–210, 215–220, 233–235, 238, 257–258, 264–265, 271, 276–277, 279, 281–283, 286–287, 294 Fromm, E., 32, 79, 85, 140–141, 148, 207, 215–219, 277, 283, 286, 294 Frosh, S., 280, 295 Furedi, F., 10, 26, 30–32, 244–245, 269, 289, 295 Gabbard, G O., 28, 295 Gabbard, K., 28, 295 Gallop, J., 283, 295 Gardner, F., 120, 295 Garza-Guerrero, C., 15–16, 295 Geer, B., 11, 16–17, 185, 255, 266, 291 Gellner, E., 9–10, 21, 26, 48, 81, 215–216, 218, 242–244, 268, 295 Giddens, A., 246, 295 Gluckman, M., 81, 280, 295 Goffman, E., 3, 5, 56, 106, 295 Goody, J R., 81–82, 295 Gorer, G., 115–116, 280, 295 Gray, A., 275, 295 Grunbaum, A., 31, 48, 296 Guattari, F., 287, 292 Gusterson, H., 3, 6, 12, 185, 285, 296 habitus, 7–8, 14, 54, 146, 252 Halmos, P., 31, 216, 248, 296 Haynal, A., 88, 296 Heald, S., 29, 280, 296 Heelas, P., 3, 10, 185, 225, 243–244, 296 Heimann, P., 59, 77, 296 Helman, C., 98, 296 Herdt, G., 185, 199, 296 Hillman, J., 100, 280, 296 Hinnels, J R., 278, 301 309 Hinshelwood, R D., 125, 128–129, 267, 296 Hinton, L., 274, 296 Hobart, M., 147, 296 Holmes, J., 27, 100, 269, 280, 296 Horney, K., 18, 32, 140, 215, 296 Horton, R., 178, 296 Hoshmand, L T., 273, 297 Houseman, M and Severi, C., 82–83, 194, 297 Hsu, E., 102, 109–112, 127, 179, 273–274, 279, 283–285, 297 Huber, M T., 84, 293 Hubert, H., 12, 297 Hughes, E C., 11, 16–17, 185, 255, 266, 291 Hutton, R., 225, 297 id, 70, 91, 209, 287 imagination cultural, 32 psychoanalytic, 13, 85, 124, 213 psychodynamic, 100, 102, 118, 120, 181, 202, 247 therapeutic, 64, 139, 200, 281 Institute of Psychoanalysis, 18, 20–21, 27, 36–37, 39–40, 43, 49, 56, 104, 136, 143–144, 154, 213, 261, 270–271, 286 see also: British Psychoanalytic Society Institute of Psychoanalysts, 18, 20–21, 27, 36–37, 39–40, 43, 49, 56, 104, 136, 143–144, 154, 213, 261, 270–271, 286 International Psychoanalytic Association (IPA), 20, 26, 36, 38, 60, 140, 143, 214–215, 272, 281 Jacobs, M., 27, 31, 232–240, 269, 288, 297 Jadhav, S., 165, 299 Jenkins, R., 7, 297 Jimenez, J P., 15, 267, 291 Johnson, F A., 273, 305 Johnson, S M., 283, 297 310 111 10 711 20 511 311 911 INDEX Jones, E., 19, 27, 140–143, 214–215, 217–218, 257, 277, 297 Jordan, J F., 15, 267, 291 Jung, C G., 18, 26, 40, 43–44, 58, 73, 89–90, 140, 144, 230, 233, 239, 264–265, 268, 282–283 Kapferer, B., 12, 297 Kardiner, A., 3, 29, 282, 298 Kareem, J., 153, 299 Katz, J., 183–184, 266, 298 Katz, R., 274, 298 Kernberg, O., 15–16, 59, 113, 116, 279, 298 Kirsner, D., 21, 279, 298 Klein, M., 18, 77–78, 104, 141, 151, 213, 230, 264–265, 276–277, 298 Kleinian therapy, 19–20, 118, 133–134, 230, 263–265, 267, 271, 287, Kleinman, A., 15, 48, 62–63, 98, 153, 180, 194, 203, 273–274, 279, 284–285, 296, 298 Laderman, C., 99, 275, 278, 298 La Fontaine, J S., 199, 298 Lambek, M., 84–85, 275, 298 Larson, M S., 225, 298–299 Lasch, C., 26, 216, 247, 299 Lave, J., 8, 266–267, 291, 299 Leach, E R., 273, 280, 299 Levine, F J., 16, 299 Levi-Strauss, C., 282, 299 Lewis, G., 275, 299 Liberman, B L., 194, 299 Lincoln Centre, 20, 103, 261, 263, 265, 270–271, 281, 289 Lipsedge, M., 32, 224, 253, 299 Little, M., 77, 222, 299 Littlewood, R., 32, 48, 88, 153, 165, 224, 242, 253, 273, 277, 280, 288–289, 299–300 Lock, M., 180, 284, 298, 300 Losche, D., 84, 300 Lousada, J., 15, 30, 45, 51–53, 300 Luborsky, L B., 47, 272, 300 Luborsky, S., 47, 272, 300 Lurhmann, T., 79, 96, 300 MacClancy, J., 14, 300 MacIntyre, A., 206, 300 Malcolm, J., 112, 279, 281, 300 Malinowski, B., 205, 300 Marcuse, H., 215, 218, 300 Marmor, J., 207, 273, 300 Masson J., 48, 149, 216, 300 Maudsley Hospital, 47, 50 Mauss, M., 12, 297 Mayer, L., 16, 300 McDougall, W., 268, 301 Mead, M., 3, 29, 290, 301 Mechanic, D., 99, 300–301 Michels, R., 16, 290 Miller, A., 219–220, 301 Mills, C W., 241, 301 Morgan-Jones, R., 57, 63, 278, 283, 290 Morris, B., 278, 301 Moskowitz, E., 29, 301 myth(s), 14, 51, 62–64, 85, 98, 203–206, 210–211, 213, 224–225, 230–232, 240, 244–245, 249, 251–256, 272, 278, 286 National Health Service (NHS), 22, 49, 51–52, 131, 181–182, 223 National Institute of Mental Health, 45 Needham, R., 14, 108, 278, 301 Nurge, E., 175–176, 301 object relations, 19, 144, 151–152, 216, 257–258, 264–265 Parkin, D., 11, 29, 288, 301 Peck, S., 32, 301 phantasy, 148, 150, 220, 238 Philips, A., 91, 301 Porter, R., 31–32, 50, 269–270, 278, 301 Portman Clinic, 27 Prata, G., 82, 303 INDEX 111 711 10 211 30 911 pre-training therapy, 13, 54, 56–61, 100, 118, 120, 126, 131, 133, 202, 252, 272 priest, 105, 140, 143, 236–237, 240, 278 Prince, R., 63, 302 projective identification, 78, 276 prophet, 105, 140, 240, 278 Pulver, S E., 285, 302 Raguram, R., 165, 299 Rapp, D., 28, 302 regression, 15, 107, 193, 207, 209, 267 repression, 15, 19, 94, 149, 151, 159, 197, 207, 209, 218–219, 234–235, 286 Richards, A., 185, 199, 302 Rieff, P., 34, 116, 302 ritual(s), 13, 62, 73, 81–83, 98, 104, 115, 127, 184, 205, 227, 245, 249, 252, 255, 273–275, 277, 284 secular, 81–82 Rivers, W H R., 29, 174, 269, 283, 302 Rivière, P., 73, 302 Roberts, G., 100, 296 Roberts, J., 81, 277, 302 Rose, N., 29, 302 Roth, A., 272, 302 Rudnytsky, P L., 277, 302 Russell, B., 29, 86, 302 Russell, D E H., 283, 303 Rustin, M., 6, 112, 117, 302 Rycroft, C., 94, 275–276, 303 Samuels, A., 16–17, 117, 152, 194–195, 216, 303 Schafer, R., 100, 303 Scheff, T., 82, 303 Scheper-Hughes, N., 284, 300 Schirato, T., 267, 304 Schultz, D P., 88, 303 Schultz, S E., 88, 303 Seijas, H., 175–176, 303 Selvini Palazzoli, M., 88, 303 311 Sennett, R., 10, 26, 216, 244, 289, 303 Sharma, U., 99–100, 275, 303 Sharp, L., 180, 284, 303 Shorter, E., 32–33, 46, 50–51, 270, 272, 303–304 Sinclair, S., 3–5, 9, 11, 17, 183, 185, 225, 254–255, 304 Skodol, A E., 47, 304 Skorupski, J., 82, 304 Smail, M., 247, 304 socialisation medical, 5, 182–183 professional, 2–4, 14, 61, 102, 124, 200, 202, 251, 254–255 psychoanalytic, 3, 7, 13, 146, 201, 252 Society for Analytical Psychology, 27, 40 Sperber, D., 232, 304 spiritual, 48, 178, 246, 274, 289 Spitzer, R L., 47, 50–51, 290, 304 Storr, A., 66, 68, 70–71, 150, 208, 225, 275–276, 286, 304 Strauss, A L., 11, 16–17, 185, 255, 266, 291 Suzuki, D T., 79, 85, 277, 294 Szasz, T S., 48, 304 talking cure, 27, 29, 30, 33, 268 Tavistock Clinic, 27–28, 40, 51, 53, 141, 236, 261 Torrey, E F., 194, 273, 304 traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), 109, 111, 279, 283 transference, 58, 68, 70–73, 75, 77, 80, 92, 117–118, 125–126, 131, 137, 151, 169, 211, 220, 258, 276, 278 see also: countertransference Turner, V., 73, 81–82, 199, 273–274, 283–284, 304 Tyler, S A., 3, 304 unconscious(ness), 19, 70, 74, 78, 80, 82, 85, 87–88, 91–92, 108, 110, 114, 117, 124–125, 137, 142, 159, 312 111 10 711 20 511 311 911 INDEX 169, 171, 188, 190, 196, 210–212, 217, 219–220, 235, 245, 247, 257–258, 264, 267, 275, 277, 286–287 see also: conscious(ness) United Kingdom Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP), 17–18, 22, 31, 34, 37, 39–41, 43, 56, 127, 135, 137, 258, 261–262, 269–271, 280–281 Valentine, M., 117, 133, 135, 281, 304 Van de Hart, O., 82, 304 Wallace, A., 184, 304 Webb, J., 267, 304 Weber, M., 43, 105, 240, 244, 275, 279, 289, 304 Webster, R., 48, 283, 305 Wenger, E., 8, 266, 299 Whan, M., 16, 305 Whiting, B., 177, 305 Whiting, R A., 82, 277, 305 Wienmann, J., 93, 305 Williams, J B W., 47, 304 Winnicott, D W., 18, 20–21, 77, 104, 151, 213, 264–265, 277, 305 witchcraft, 79, 127, 175–177, 179, 225, 284, 286, 288 Wittgenstein, L., 48, 305 Yalom, I D., 276, 305 Young, A., 174, 176–179, 305 Young, R., 41, 126–127, 129, 135, 215, 281, 305 Zatzick, D F., 273, 305 .. .THE MAKING OF PSYCHOTHERAPISTS AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS JAMES DAVIES First published 2009 by Karnac Books Ltd 118 Finchley Road London NW3 5HT © James Davies The moral right of the author... instinct theory—e.g Freud, Ernest Jones, K Abraham), and the interpersonal psychotherapists (including the ‘Kleinians’ and the ‘Independents’ otherwise known as the ‘object relations’ ther- 20 THE MAKING. .. biography—hence the psychoanalytic mantra the child is the father of the man’ That these strivings are largely repressed does not mean that they cease to exist Rather they retain their dynamism and if not