Social Motivation FRONTIERS OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Series Editors: Arie W Kruglanski, University of Maryland at College Park Joseph P Forgas, University of New South Wales Frontiers of Social Psychology is a series of domain-specific handbooks Each volume provides readers with an overview of the most recent theoretical, methodological, and practical developments in a substantive area of social psychology, in greater depth than is possible in general social psychology handbooks The editors and contributors are all internationally renowned scholars whose work is at the cutting edge of research Scholarly, yet accessible, the volumes in the Frontiers series are an essential resource for senior undergraduates, postgraduates, researchers, and practitioners and are suitable as texts in advanced courses in specific subareas of social psychology Published Titles Negotiation Theory and Research, Thompson Close Relationships, Noller & Feeney Evolution and Social Psychology, Schaller, Simpson & Kenrick Social Psychology and the Unconscious, Bargh Affect in Social Thinking and Behavior, Forgas The Science of Social Influence, Pratkanis Social Communication, Fiedler The Self, Sedikides & Spencer Personality and Social Behavior, Rhodewalt Attitudes and Attitude Change, Crano & Prislin Social Cognition, Strack & Förster Social Psychology of Consumer Behavior, Wänke Social Motivation, Dunning Intergroup Conflicts and their Resolution, Bar-Tal Forthcoming Titles Explorations in Political Psychology, Krosnick & Chiang Goal-directed Behavior, Aarts & Elliot Group Processes, Levine Social Metacognition, Briñol & DeMarree Social Judgment and Decision Making, Krueger Behavioral Economics, Stapel & Zeelenberg For continually updated information about published and forthcoming titles in the Frontiers of Social Psychology series, please visit: www.psypress.com/frontiers Social Motivation Edited by David Dunning Psychology Press New York London Psychology Press Taylor & Francis Group 270 Madison Avenue New York, NY 10016 Psychology Press Taylor & Francis Group 27 Church Road Hove, East Sussex BN3 2FA © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2011 To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk Psychology Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business International Standard Book Number: 978-1-84169-754-3 (Hardback) For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400 CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data Social motivation / [edited by] David Dunning p cm (Frontiers of social psychology) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-1-84169-754-3 (hardcover : alk paper) Motivation (Psychology) Social aspects I Dunning, David (David A.) BF503.S655 2011 302’.1 dc22 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the Psychology Press Web site at http://www.psypress.com ISBN 0-203-83399-6 Master e-book ISBN 2010026987 Contents About the Editor Contributors Social Motivation: Some Introductory Notes vii ix David Dunning Interpersonal Threats and Automatic Motives 11 Justin H Park and Abraham P Buunk Belonging Motivation: Establishing, Maintaining, and Repairing Relational Value 37 Mark R Leary and Ashley Batts Allen Cultural Variation in the Motivation of Self-Expression 57 Heejung S Kim and Thai Q Chu Sharing Motivation 79 Gregory M Walton and Geoffrey L Cohen Four Forms of Prosocial Motivation: Egoism, Altruism, Collectivism, and Principlism 103 C Daniel Batson, Nadia Ahmad, and E L Stocks Why Do People Get Involved? Motivations for Volunteerism and Other Forms of Social Action 127 Clelia Anna Mannino, Mark Snyder, and Allen M Omoto Understanding the Psychology of Trust 147 David Dunning and Detlef Fetchenhauer Social Endocrinology: Hormones and Social Motivation 171 Pranjal H Mehta and Robert A Josephs v vi Contents 10 Power Basis Theory: A Psychoecological Approach to Power 191 Felicia Pratto, I-Ching Lee, Judy€Y.€Tan, and Eileen V Pitpitan 11 System Justification Theory as Compliment, Complement, and Corrective to Theories of Social Identification and Social Dominance 223 John T Jost Author Index 265 Subject Index 277 About the Editor David Dunning is Professor of Psychology at Cornell University An experimental social psychologist, Dr Dunning is a fellow of both the American Psychological Society and the American Psychological Association He has published nearly 100 scholarly journal articles, book chapters, and commentaries, and has also served as an associate editor of the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology He is also the former Executive Officer of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, an international organization with over 5,600 members, as well as the Foundation for Personality and Social Psychology Much of his research has been supported financially by the National Institute of Mental Health and the National Science Foundation, and was recently reviewed in his book Self-insight: Roadblocks and detours on the path to knowing thyself (2005, Psychology Press) vii Contributors Nadia Ahmad University of Kansas Department of Psychology Lawrence, Kansas, USA David Dunning Cornell University Department of Psychology Ithaca, New York, USA Ashley Batts Allen Duke University Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Durham, North Carolina, USA Detlef Fetchenhauer University of Cologne Department of Economic and Social Psychology Cologne, Germany C Daniel Batson University of Kansas Department of Psychology Lawrence, Kansas, USA Robert A Josephs University of Texas at Austin Department of Psychology Austin, Texas, USA Abraham P Buunk University of Groningen and Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Social and Organizational Psychology Groningen, the Netherlands John T Jost New York University Department of Psychology New York, New York, USA Thai Q Chu University of California, Santa Barbara Department of Psychology Santa Barbara, California, USA Heejung S Kim University of California, Santa€Barbara Department of Psychology Santa Barbara, California, USA Geoffrey L Cohen Stanford University School of Education and Department of Psychology Stanford, California, USA Mark R Leary Duke University Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Durham, North Carolina, USA ix 268 Author Index Eckel, C., 156 Edelbrook, S., 176 Edwards, C., 201 Egger, R., 109 Ehlert, U., 178 Ehrlich, A H., 200 Ehrlich, P R., 200 Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I., 20 Eidelman, S., 228 Eisenberg, N., 28, 111, 115 Eklund, J H., 111, 114 Elgueta, A., 243 Elias, M., 176 Elkins, S., 229 Ellemers, N., 135, 199, 226, 240, 242 Elliot, A J., 196 Ellison, P., 179 Ellsworth, P., 108 Ellsworth, P C., 14 Elster, J., 227, 233 Eng, S J., 19 Engels, F., 227 Epley, N., 154, 157, 159 Escorihuela, R M., 181 Eysenck, H., 171 F Fabian, A K., 136 Faulkner, J., 13, 15, 17, 18, 21, 27 Fazio, R H., 242 Fehr, E., 108, 149, 154, 161, 163, 177 Feinman, S., Feldman, R., 177 Ferre, P., 181 Fessler, D M T., 2, 19 Festinger, L., 225 Fetchenhauer, D., 151, 155, 163 Fincher, C L., 28 Finkelstein, M A., 130 Fischbacher, D., 154 Fischbacher, U., 161, 177 Fischoff, B., Fiske, A P., 72 Fiske, S T., 13, 14, 206 Fitzsimons, G., 227, 232, 233 Flacks, R., 80 Flyn, F J., 41 Fodor, E M., 191 Folger, R., 47 Folkes, V S., 41 Ford, S K., 199 Forgas, J P., 38 Forster, N., 48 Foster, C A., 153 Fowler, J H., France, J T., 173 Frank, R H., 107 Frank, T., 224, 232, 234 Fried, C B., 83, 92 Friedman, H S., 72 Frith, H., 45 Fromm, E., 227 Fukuyama, F., 150 Fultz, J., 112, 198 G Gabriel, S., 80 Gachter, S., 108, 154 Gaertner, L., 59 Gaertner, S L., 106, 109 Galea, S., 72 Gambetta, D., 153, 154 Gangestad, S W., 23, 25, 27, 28, 179 Gao, G., 67 Gardner, W L., 51, 80 Garst, E., 114 Gaulin, S., 24 Gee, J., 47 Gelman, A., 224 George, G., 224, 227, 232, 233 Gerard, H B., 80 Gerber, A S., 84, 93 Gergen, K J., 108 Giammanco, M., 171 Giammanco, S., 171 Gibbons, F X., 83, 109 Gibson, K., 48 Gilbert, D T., 232 Gilens, M., 232 Giles, H., 226 Giller, E., 201 Gilligan, C., 117 Glades, B A., 176 Gladne, B A., 176 Gladue, B A., 24 Glaser, R., 72 Glasper, E., 201 Gleeson, K., 45 Glick, P., 96 Goldhagen, D J., 96 Gollwitzer, M., 48 Gonzales, M H., 47, 137 Gonzales-Bono, E., 176 Good, C., 83, 92 Goodall, J., 16, 19, 20 Goodman, A., 199 Gordon, M., 115 Gordon, R A., 41 Gouldner, A W., 44, 107, 108 Grabb, E., 128 Graham, S., Gramsci, A., 227 Grant, V J., 173 Gray, P., 179 Author Index Graziano, W G., 50 Green, D P., 84, 93 Green, J D., 158 Green, R T., 234 Greenberg, J., 199 Greene, B A., 42 Greenwald, A G., 229, 239, 240, 243 Gref, H., 199 Grenny, J., Griffitt, C., 112 Griffitt, C A., 112 Gross, J J., 72 Guastella, A., 178 Gudykunst, W B., 66, 67 Guichard, A., 68 Gurr, T., 225 H Haidt, J., 14, 199 Haines, E L., 224, 225, 244 Hale, J L., 44 Haley, K J., Hall, D L., 211 Hall, E T., 67 Hall, J A., 130 Hamilton, W D., 29, 36 Hammon, D., 42 Han, S., 63 Haney, C., 80 Hanson, M., 118 Hansson, R O., 115 Harber, K D., 90 Hardin, C D., 80, 81, 230, 244 Hardin, C D., 229 Hardin, G., 116 Harkins, S., 50 Harlow, R E., 134 Harmon-Jones, E., 115 Harris, J R., 83 Harwood, R L., 58 Haselton, M G., 14–15, 16, 23, 27 Haslam, S A., 232, 235, 240 Havel, V., 223, 225, 227, 230, 238 Hazan C., 164 Heath, C., 84 Hechenbleikner, N., 51 Heider, F., 87, 104 Heine, S, J., 63 Heinrichs, M., 161, 177, 178 Hellhammer, D H., 69 Helmreich, R L., Hendrick, C., 66 Hendrick, S S., 66 Hendricks, M., 198 Henry, P J., 230 Hertel, A., 137 Hewstone, M., 224, 226, 227, 235, 236, 240, 241, 242, 243 Higgins, E T., 60 Highberger, L., 115–116 Hinkle, S., 140 Ho, K., 160 Hobbes, T., 150 Hochschild, L., 80 Hofer, B., 22, 29 Hoffman, A., 223, 225 Hoffman, M L., 107, 109, 110, 111, 114 Hogg, M A., 36–37, 241, 242 Hollander, E., 171 Holmes, J G., 149, 153, 198 Holtgraves, T., 66 Homans, G C., 198 Hornsey, M J., 240, 242 Hornstein, H A., 114 Horowitz, L M., 164, 200 Hoshino-Browne, E., 59, 63, 65 Hosmer, L T., 148 Houle, B J., 141 Houlihan, D., 112, 198 House, J S., Houser, D., 156 Hoyt, J L., 111, 114 Hsee, C K., 159, 160, 164 Huagen, J A., 131, 140 Huddy, L., 234, 235, 237 Hughey, J., 136 Hunt, M O., 234 Hunter, S B., 20 Huntsinger, J., 80, 81 Hunyady, G., 228, 230, 232, 233, 236, 237, 243, 252 I Imhoff, H J., 115 Independent Sector, 128 Insel, T R., 161 Insko, C A., 43 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 201 Isen, A M., 107 Iyengar, S S., 63, 65, 94 J Jackman, M R., 225, 232 Jackson, P L., 114 Jackson, S A., 199 James, L M., 43 James, W., 32 Janis, I L., 80 Jarymowicz, M/, 114 Jennings, M K., 227 Jimenez M C., 96 269 270 Author Index Johannesen-Schmidt, M C., 252 Johnansson-Stenman, O., 151 Johnson, R E., 85 Johnson, T., Joint Commission, Jones, A C., 173, 175, 176 Jones, B C., 45 Jones, E E., 61 Jones, E K., 41 Jones, J T., 87 Jones, S S., Joppa, M., 176 Josephs, R., 179, 182 Josephs, R A., 173, 175, 176, 180, 183 Jost, J T., 96, 223, 224, 225, 227, 228, 229, 230, 232, 233, 234, 236, 239, 240, 243, 244, 245, 248, 252 Jost, L J., 225, 227, 232 K Kacmar, K M., 41 Kagan J., 181 Kahneman, D., 195 Kalin, N., 181 Kalin, N H., 181 Kalish, C W., 16 Kallgren, C A., 43, 108–109 Kaminoff, R., 136 Kampf, H C., 117, 118 Kampmeier, C, 135 Kandel, D B., 44 Kane, H., 68 Kang, M., 114 Kant, I., 117 Kanwisher, N., 29 Kaplan, M F., 141 Kaplan, R., 136 Karan, S J., 80 Karau, S J., 44 Karl, K., 45 Katz, D., 139 Kavaliers, M., 16 Kay, A C., 96, 162, 224, 225, 227, 232, 233 Keating, J P., 107, 113 Keefer, P., 150 Keleman, D., 13 Keller, J., 236, 249 Kelly, R L., 20 Keltner, D., 14, 199 Kenrick, D T., 17, 22, 27, 29 Keren, G., 151 Kielser, C A., 60, 63 Kiesecker, J M., 16 Kim, H S., 58, 59, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 72 Kim, J., 136 Kinder, D R., 244, 247 Kirkpatrick, L., 198 Kirschbaum, C., 69, 178 Kitayama, S., 58, 59, 61, 63, 66, 71, 72, 80, 94 Kiviniemi, M T., 132, 133 Klaczynski, P A., 18 Klandermans, B., 139, 225, 244 Klavina, L., 25 Klein, T R., 115–116 Kluegel, J R., 232 Klumpp, G., 91 Knack, S., 150 Knez, I., 135 Knowles, M., 51 Knowles, M L., 229 Knutelska, M., 201 Ko, D., 58, 68 Kobrynowiscz, D., 117, 118 Koch, E., 51 Koening, A M., 252 Koening, K E., 80 Koestner, R., 94 Kogut, T., 115 Kohlberg, L., 115, 117 Korpela, K M., 135, 136 Kosfeld, M., 161, 177 Kowai-Bell, N., 20 Kramer, R M., 50, 149, 153, 165 Krant, R E., 85 Kreds, D L., 111 Kristof, A L., 41 Krupat, E., 135, 136 Kugler, M., 252 Kunda, Z., 59, 80, 83, 86, 157 Kurzban, R., 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 29, 161 Kuyper, H., 83 L La Guardia, M., 171 LaFrance, M., Lakin, J L., 41 Laliker, M., 44 Lalli, M., 135, 136 Lamb, T A., 176 Lamm, C., 114 Lane, K A., 229, 239 Lanzetta, J T., 108 Larsen, R J., 23 Latane, B., 50, 80, 108 Leach, C., 206 Leary, M., 82, 92 Leary, M R., 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 47, 48, 50, 51, 59, 66, 82, 198, 200 Ledgerwood, A., 230, 244 Lee, I., 214, 215 LeFevre, J., 199 Leggett, E L., 83 Author Index Lehman, D R., 59, 66, 71 Leonard, M., Lepper, M R., 63, 65, 94 Lerner, M J., 227 Leuenberger, A., 62 Leung, K., 58 Levav, J., 63 Levenson, R W., 72 Levin, P F., 107 Levin, S., 226, 232, 245 Levine, A., 177 Levine, S., 172 Lewandowski, G., 80 Lewicki, R J., 148 Lewin, K., 80, 105, 229 Lewis, B P., 80, 114 Lewis, M., Lewis, S., 44 Leyens, J.-P., 224, 229, 232, 235, 236, 237, 240, 242, 247 Liberman, V., 162 Lickel, B., 20 Liecolt-Glaser, J K., 72 Lindwall, M., 45 Lingard, L., Lipowiscz, A., 25 Lipset, S M., 234 Lipson, S, 179 Lishner, D A., 112, 114 Little, A C., 45 Littrell, M A., 45 Lockwood, P., 83, 86 Loehle, C., 15 Loewenstein, G., 6, 159 Loewy, M., 135 Lollis, S P., 84, 94 Loomis, C., 136 Loosen, P., 181 Lorenz, K Z., 11, 12 Lounsbury, J W., 136 Loveland, J M., 136 Lowenstein, G F., 160, 164 Lowy, M., 201 Luce, C., 80, 114 Luce, C L., 113 Luhtamen, R., 37 Lukaes, G., 227 Lyman, S., 47 Lynch, M., 63 M MacDonald, G., 38 Machiavelli, N., 150 MacIntyre, A., 110 MacKinnon, C A., 227 Madsen, R., 57 Mahmud, M., 151 Major, B., 225, 226, 232, 237 Malerbi, F E K., 200 Mandelville, B., 104, 109 Mandisodza, A., 244 Mandisodza, A N., 236 Maner, J K., 22, 29, 113 Manning, D J., 47 Manning, J T., 26 Mansbridge, J J., 113 Manstead, A S., 48 Manteca, X., 172 Markus, H R., 58, 59, 61, 63, 66, 71, 80, 94 Marques, J M., 36–37 Marsh, H W., 199 Martin Ginis, K A., 45 Martin, J., 227 Martin, R D., 178 Martin-Skurski, M E., 80 Martinsson, P., 151 Marx, K., 227 Mashek, D., 80, 138 Maslach, C., 108 Maslow, A H., 199 Mason, J., 201 Massar, K., 23, 24, 25, 27 Mathews, K E., 115 Matzner, W T., 161 Maxfield D., Mays, V., 191, 198 Mazur, A., 172, 173, 176, 179 McAllister, D J/, 148 McCabe, K., 150, 151 McCaul, K D., 176 McCauley, C., 44 McClelland, D C., 191, 199 McDavis, K., 111 McElreath, R., McGraw, K M., 227 McGuire, W J., 237, 247 McIntyre, M., 179 McKnight, D., 148 McLaughlin-Volpe, T., 80 McLeod, B A., 61 McMaster, M R., 112 McMillan, D W., 136 McMillan, R., Mehl, M R., 173 Mehranvar, S., 63 Mehta, P H., 175, 177, 179, 181, 182, 183 Mellers, B A., 160 Meltzoff, A N., 1, 84, 114 Mendes, W B., 20 Mendoza, S P., 172 Mendoza-Denton, R., 89, 90 Merritt, M., 201 Mestas, M., 42 Metthews, L L., 112 Meyer, M., 130 271 272 Author Index Michalek, J., 179 Michels, R., Midili, A R., 139 Mikulincer, M., 165, 200 Milgram, S., 2, 80 Miller, D T., 84, 87, 96, 118 Miller, G F., 23 Miller, J G., 58 Miller, N E., 104 Miller, P., 111, 115 Miller, P A., 28 Miller, P J E., 149 Miller, R B., 42 Miller, R L., 86, 87 Miller, R S., 48 Millman, L., 16 Mills, C W., 192 Mills, J., 109 Milne, A B., 63 Mineka, S., 14, 27 Mirenberg, M C., 87 Mitchell, J P., 229, 239 Mitchell, K V., 130 Mitchell, P., 178 Mitchener, E C., 115 Miyamoto, Y., 61, 66 Moll, H., 94 Montada, L., 48 Montalvo, G P., 42 Monteith, M J., 229 Moore, B., Jr., 247 Moore, C., 25 Moore, M K., Moran, T., 116 Morgan, G S., 228 Moriarity, D., 15–16 Morris, M W., 58 Moscovici, S., 89 Moses, L J., 80 Mosso, C., 136, 230, 232 Mueller, A., 21 Mullally, P., 58 Muller, M N., 172 Mullin, J T., Murninghan J K., 48 Murray D R., 28 Murray, D R., 28 N Nagy, E., Nair, J., 199 Napier, J L., 232, 239 National Transportation and Safety Board, Navarette, C D., 19 Neale, M C., 23 Nelson, D J., 89 Nemeroff, C., 16, 18, 136 Nettle, D., 2, 14–15, 16, 25, 27 Neuberg, S., 20, 22, 27, 29 Neuberg, S L., 15, 20, 21, 27, 80, 113, 114 Newcomb, T M., 80 Newman, M L., 173, 175, 180 Nguyen, D H., 61 Nguyen, S P., 28 Nichols, J D., 42 Nier, J A., 206 Nisbett, R A., 58 Nisbett, R E., 61, 157 Nosek, B A., 22, 223, 224, 225, 228, 229, 230, 232, 236, 239, 240, 243, 248, 252 Nowack, M A., 154 Nowak M A., 107 Nunez, J F., 181 Nystrom, L E., 158 O O’Brien, L T., 141, 228, 232 Oakes, P J., 232, 235 Obst, P L., 136 Ohman, A., 14, 27 Oishi, S., 59, 137 Okum, M A., 135 Okun, M A., 135 Oliner, P M., 115, 119 Oliner, S P., 115, 119 Oliveria, R F., 172 Olson, J M., 43 Omoto, A M., 127, 128, 129, 130, 132, 133, 134, 137, 138, 139, 141 Orbach I., 200 Orbell, J M., 50, 116 Organ, D W., 139 Orr, R., 115 Orth, D., 181 Ortiz, B G., 111, 114 Osgood, C E., 206 Ostrom, E., 149 Oubaid, V., 23, 28 Overbeck, J., 250 P Pagnoni, G., 80 Pandey, J., 41 Panton, R L., 63 Papadopoulou, K., 48 Paris, M., 199 Park, B., 82 Park, J H., 13, 15, 17, 18, 21, 25, 26, 27, 28 Patterson, K., Pawlowski, B., 25 Pearson, A R., 214 Pearson, D M., 68 Pederson, J H., 467 Author Index Pelham, B W., 87, 224, 228, 229, 230, 233, 234 Peluchette, J V., 45 Pennebaker, J W., 72 Penner, L A., 130, 139, 140 Penton-Voake, I S., 45 Pereira, M E., 172 Perrett, D., 45 Perry, J T., 41, 42 Peters, G., 206 Peterson, D., 19 Peterson, N A., 136 Petrie, K J., 72 Phan, V G., 61 Pickett, C L., 49, 51 Piliavin, J A., 106, 109, 113, 135 Pinker, S., 13 Pirke, K., 69 Pittman, T., 13, 29 Plant, V C., 58, 89 Platow, M J., 240 Poggi, I., 48 Pohl, M., 244 Pol, E., 135 Polycarpou, M P., 115 Popma, A., 182 Powell, A L., 112 Powers, E A., 43 Prapvessis, H., 45 Pratto, F., 5, 20, 214, 215, 225, 229, 231, 232, 245, 246, 247, 250 Preisser, E., 16 Prentice, D., 224, 225 Prentice, D A., 84, 87, 96 Prezza, M., 135 Prinstein, M J., 84, 96 Prinz, J J., 29 Proescholdbell, R J., 136 Proshandsky, H M., 136 Pruitt, D G., 153, 165 Pruitt, D G., 108 Pryce, C R., 178 Puddifoot, J E., 136 Putnam, F., 201 Putnam, R D., 149 Rawls, J., 117 Reicher, S., 226, 235, 245 Rempel, J., 198 Reno, R R., 44, 108–109 Resnick, H., 72 Reykowski, J., 109 Reynolds, K J., 232, 235 Reznick, J., 181 Rholes, W S., 60 Ricarte, J., 176 Richards, J., 80 Richardson, B Z., 115 Richman, L S., 50 Ridge, R D., 131, 140 Rioux, S M., 140 Ritov, I., 160 Ritov I., 115 Rittle, R H., 44 Roberts, G., 2, 21 Robertson, T E., 22, 29 Rocher, S J., 232 Roefs, M., 242 Rogers, R W., 114 Roosa, M W., 136 Rosenblatt, J S., 172 Rosengren, K S., 28 Rosicky, J G., 80 Ross, H S., 84, 94 Ross, L., 162 Rothman, A J., 137 Rottenstreich, Y., 159, 164 Rotter, J B., 153, 165 Rousseau, D M., 148 Rowland, J., 115 Rozin, P., 16 Rubin, J Z., 153, 165 Rubin, M., 224, 235, 236, 241, 243 Rudman, L A., 227, 229, 239 Rusbult, C E., 48, 153 Rust, K., 45 Ryan, R M., 82, 83, 87, 94 Ryckman, R M., 43 Q Sachdev, I., 241 Sacks, J., 212 Safarjan, E., 68 Sagarin, B J., 113, 141 Sager, K., 114 Saguy, T., 214 Sai, F., Sakamura, J., 60, 63 Salganik, M J., 91 Salovey, P., 198 Salvador, A., 176 Samuels, S M., 162 Sarason, S B., 135, 136 Quinlivan, E., 50 R Rabie, T., 14, 16 Rabin, M., Radke-Yarrow, M., 114 Rand, L., 84, 93 Rapoport, A., 162 Raven, B H., 191, 196, 197 Ravindran, B., 42 S 273 274 Author Index Sato, K., 201 Sawyer, S., 114 Saxe, R., 29 Scaife, M., Schaal, B., 173 Schachter, S., 43 Schadron, G., 232 Schaller, M., 11, 12, 13, 14–15, 15, 17, 18, 20, 21, 27, 28, 112, 198 Scheier, M F., 82 Schelling, T., Schlenker, B R., 39, 46, 47 Schlozman, K L., 139 Schmeidler, J., 201 Schmitt, B., 63 Schmitt, M., 48 Schroeder, D A., 106, 109, 111, 112, 115 Schultheiss, O., 173, 176, 178 Schunk, D., 156 Schutzwohl A., 23 Schwartz, A., 160 Scollon, R., 66 Scollon, S W., 66 Scott, J., 225 Scott, M B., 47 Sears, D O., 41, 244, 247 Sedikes, C., 59 Seeman, T E., 67 Seipel, M/, 108 Sekerak, G L., 44 Sellers, J G., 173, 175, 180 Semin, G N R., 48 Semmelroth, J., 23 Serrano, M A., 176 Shackelford, T K., 24 Sharpsteen, D., 198 Shaver, P., 158 Shavitt, S., 63 Shaw, L L., 114, 115–116, 118 Sheldon, O., 230, 233, 234 Shelton, J N., 90 Shelton, M L., 114 Shelton, N., 83 Sherif, M., 80 Sherman, D A., 62 Sherman, D K., 58, 61, 68, 69, 82 Sherman, D K/, 68 Sherman, G D., 137 Sherman, S E., 115 Sherman, S J., 223, 224, 226, 236 Shin, J Y., 67 Shiota, M N., 14 Shoal, G., 181 Shweder, R., 59, 72 Siadnius, J., Sibicky M E., 112, 115 Sidanius, J., 20, 225, 226, 229, 232, 245, 246, 247, 250 Sigmund, K., 107, 154 Simeon, D., 201 Simon, B., 130, 135, 225, 244 Simons, A., 91 Simons, C., 242 Simpson, J A., 23, 25 Simpson, M M., 45 Simpson J A., 149, 164, 165 Sinclair, S., 80, 81 Sitkin, S B., 148 Skarlicki, D P., 47 Skelly, D K., 16 Skitka, L J., 227 Skorinko, J., 80, 81 Slovie, P., 115, 164 Small, D A., 6, 164 Smirnov, O., Smith, D M., 140, 141 Smith, E R., 232 Smith, K D., 107, 113 Smith, L., 201 Smith, R H, 43 Snibbe, A C., 63 Snidman, N., 181 Snijders, C., 151 Snyder, M., 118, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141 Sober, E., 2, 110 Sollers, J., 201 Solomon, G E A., 16 Solomon, R S., 50 Sommerville, R B., 158 Southwick, S., 201 Spataro, S E., 198 Spears, R., 226, 239 Speer, A L., 115 Speer, P W., 136 Spencer, S J., 59, 63, 65 Srivastava, S., 198 Stacey, B G., 234 Stango, C., 225 Stangor, C., 38 Stanton, A A., 161 Stanton, S., 178 Staub, E., 115, 117 Steele, C M., 63, 89, 94, 199 Steffen, V J., 206 Sternberg, C., Stevens, C K., 41 Stocks, E L., 112, 115 Stotland, E., 115 Strack, F., 91 Stucke, T S., 95, 200 Stuermer, S., 135 Stukas, A A., 118, 131, 132, 133, 134, 140 Su, J., 137 Suci, G J., 206 Suh, E., 59 Author Index Sullivan J L., 149 Sullivan, W M., 57 Susman, E., 176 Sutton, R M., Swanson, J E., 229, 239, 240, 243 Swidler, A., 57 Switzer, G., 115 Switzler, A., T Tabacchi, G., 171 Tafarodi, R W., 63 Taifel, H., 5, 81, 82, 83, 116, 136, 224, 225, 241, 242, 244, 245 Tangney, J P., 138 Tapias, M P., 71 Taylor, S., 43, 178, 179 Taylor, S E., 58, 67, 68, 69 Teachman, B A., 16 Templeton, J L., 48 Teske, N., 139 Thaler, R., 195 Thompson, E P., 224, 230 Thompson, E R., 118 Thornhill, R., 23, 28 Thorton, B., 43 Tice, D M., 95, 200 Tidball, G., 80 Tiddeman, B P., 45 Tinbergen, N., 12 Ting-Toomey, S., 66, 67 Tipton, S M., 57 Todd, R M., 115, 118 Togochi, Y., 59 Tomarken, A., 181 Tomasello, M., 82, 84, 94 Tooby, J., 13, 20, 27 Traindis, H C., 67 Trainor, B C., 171 Transue, J E., 149 Tremblay, R E., 173 Triandis, H C., 59 Trivers, R L., 154 Trope, Y., 157 Troyer, D., 115 Tsang, J., 116 Tsigos, C., 172 Tuiten, A., 173, 181 Turnbull, W., 47 Turner, J., 5, 232, 235 Turner, J C., 81, 82, 136, 224, 225, 226, 231, 234, 241, 242, 245 Twenge, J M., 50, 82, 95, 200 Tyler, T R., 227 U U S Bureau of Labor Statistics, 128 Uchida, Y., 58 Uhlmann, E., 90, 229, 239, 240, 243 Ullrich, J., 236, 244 University of Maryland Medical Center, 200 Updike, J., 57 Urdan, T., 42 Uvnas-Moberg, K., 161 Uzzell, D., 135 V Van Anders, S., 179 Van Anders, S M., 26 Van Boven, L., 159 van de Kragt, A J., 50, 116 van der Toorn, J., 252 Van Honk, J., 173, 181 van Knippenberg, A., 226 van Knippenberg, D., 240 Van Lange, P A M., 28, 48 Van Rijswijk, W., 242 Van Vugt, M., 28 Verba S., 139 Vernon, P A., 26 Vian, V., 182 Vincent, J., 44 Vincent, J E., 107 Vlahov, D., 72 von Hippel, W., 38 Vonk, R., 206 Vygotsky, L S., 82 W Wack, D L., 44 Waddell, B A., 107 Wade, G., 241 Wade, J., 43 Wakslak, C., 224, 225 Wall, S., 83 Walton, G M., 81, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95 Warburton, V L., 161 Wartenberg, T E., 192 Warwick, D P., 80 Waters, E., 83 Wawra, M., 21 Weber, E U., 160 Weber, M., 206 Weeks, J L., 112 Weghorst, S J., 22 Weiss, H M., 139 Welch, N., 160 Weller, A., 177 Westen, D., 23 Wetter, D W., 47 275 276 Author Index Wheeler, D., 44 White, K M., 136 Whitley, B E., Jr., 250 Wicklund, R A., 109, 233 Wieling, M B., 25 Wieselquist, J., 153 Wiggin, J S., 206 Wilbur, C J., 26 Wilke, H., 108, 226 Williams, K., 50 Williams, K D., 3, 38, 44, 80, 95, 191 Williams, R., 201 Wills, T A., 67 Wilson, A D., 117, 118 Wilson, D S., Wilson, M., 22 Wilson, R., 156 Wilson, T D., 83 Wingfield, J C., 171, 172, 179, 180 Winter, J., 156 Wirth, M., 173, 178 Wirtz, P., 21 Witcher, B S., 48 Woody, S R., 16 Woodzicka, J A., Wrangham, R W., 19 Wright, S C., 234 Wu, F C., 173 Wuehrmann, E., 179 Wujastyk, D., 16 Wynne-Edwards, K E., 179 Y Yamagishi, T., 116, 201 Yehuda, R., 201 Yoshimura, K., 229 Young, L J., 161 Young, S., 224, 225 Yzerbyt, V Y., 232, 249 Z Zagoory-Sharon, O., 177 Zahn-Waxler, C., 114 Zajone, R B., 85 Zak, P., 177 Zak P J., 161 Zanna, A S., 59, 63, 65 Zanna, M., 234 Zanna, M P., 59, 63, 65, 198 Zehm, K., 137 Zimbardo, P., 80 Zink, C K., 80 Zinn, H., 247 Zuckerman, M., 107 Zurriga, R., 25 Subject Index A Abrahamic religions, 212 Academic success, motivation factors in, 83 belonging, 89–90 belonging uncertainty, 90–93 disengaged students, 95 social adversity, 95 Achievement motivation, 81 Affiliation motivation oxcytocin, link to, 177–178 progesterone, link to, 178–179 testosterone, link to, 179–181 AIDS volunteers, motivations of, 132, 133, 137 Altruism empathy-altruism hypothesis, 110–111, 113–116 reciprocal, 153–154 ultimate goal, as, 110 Altruistic personality, 115 Apologies, repairing relational value through, 46–47 Approval, social, 200 Attractiveness, 198–199 clothing, 45 cosmetic surgery, 45 enhancement, 209 romantic interests, role in (see Romantic rivalry) traits of, 44–45 Aversive arousal, 109, 111–112 B Behavioral immune system, 16 See also Communicable diseases, as social motive Behaviors, social equifinality, fixed action patterns (see Fixed action patterns) goals, versus, 105 habits, multifinality, needs, versus, 202 Belonging motivation achievement motivation, link between, 81 counterexamples to, 49 description of, 37–38 domain, desire for, 82 drinking, undergraduate, relationship between, 93, 96 importance of, 81 mere belonging (see Mere-belonging motivation) negative outcomes, potential, 95–96 overarching framework of, 50–51 rejection, results of, 81–82 self-expression, relationship between, 71 self-worth, relationship between, 81 threats to, 37–38 Belonging uncertainty, 90–93 Bourdieu, Pierre, 223, 225 Buddhism, 211, 212 C Carnegie, Dale, 40 Catholicism, 212 Cognitive dissonance theory, 232–233 Collective identity, 96 Collectivism See also Cultural perspective on social motivation definition, 116 egoism, relationship between, 116 research supporting, 116–117 Communicable diseases, as social motive animal kingdom, as motive in, 16 aversive responses, 17 behavioral immune system, 16 cultural differences in response patterns, 27–28 defense mechanisms in response to, 15–16 disease-avoidance process, 17–18 disgust sensitivity, 17 emotional responses to, 16 facial birthmark studies, 17 heightened concerns regarding, 18–19 obesity as disease cue, 17–18 pathogen-detection systems, 16–17 psychological mechanisms, 19 Community acceptance by, 198 bridge between individual and group levels, 136–139 defining, 135 need for, 198 place attachment, 135–136 psychological attachment to, 136, 137, 138 self-esteem, role in enhancing, 136–137 volunteerism, relationship between, 135 Confucianism, 211–212 Cultural perspective on social motivation collectivist cultures, 3, 58–59, 65, 66–67 coping mechanisms, 67–68 individualistic cultures, 3, 58, 60, 65, 94–95 patterns of responses, 27–28 277 278 Subject Index self-expression (see Self-expression, cultural implications of) D Domains desire for, 82 field of studies/pursuits and person types, 88–89 social representation studies, 89 E Economic games related to trust See Trust Ego justification, 230, 235 Egoism aversive-arousal reduction, 109, 111–112 avoiding punishments motivation, 108–109 definition of, 106 empathic joy, 107–108 gaining rewards, 106 mood enhancement/maintenance, 107 reciprocity credit, 107 universal, 110, 113–114 Empathic concern, 110, 111, 114 Empathy See also Empathy-altruism hypothesis human capacity for, 114 origins of, 115 punishments associated with, 112 rewards associated with, 112–113 schools, teaching in, 115 Empathy-altruism hypothesis, 110–111 human capacity for empathy, 114 limits to, 115 negative affect, measurement of, 113 outgroups, stigmatized, impact on, 115–116 self, expansion of, 114 universal egoism, versus, 113–114 Error management theory, 16–17, 27 Ethical precepts of power, 209, 211–213 Evolutionary approach to social motivation biology, evolutionary, communicable diseases, as evolved motive (see Communicable diseases, as social motive) emotional-motivational systems, 27 gene propagation, 13 goal-directed behavior, versus, 26 importance of, motives, clues to, 14 outgroup avoidance, 19–22 psychological tendencies, 13–14 romantic rivalry mechanisms (see Romantic rivalry) selection of behavior, 12 (see also Fixed action patterns) social psychological approaches, relationship with, 14 F False consciousness, 232, 244–245 Fixed action patterns, animal behavior, implications for, 11–12 description of, 11 evolutionary selection of, 12 humans’ versus animals’, 14–15 mechanisms underlying, 12 waterfowl behavioral sequence, 11, 12 Force fields, 105 Freud, Sigmund, 104 Functional projection, 22 G Gays, outrgroup favoritism and, 243 Gender inclusion studies, 89 outgroup avoidance, role in, 20–21 romantic rivalry, relationship between, 24–25 testosterone (see Testosterone) Gene propagation, 13 Gies, Miep, 103 Goals behaviors, versus, 105 distal, 6–7 goal-directed forces, as, 105 instrumental, 7, 104 multiple, 105 power fields, as, 105 relational value, of (see Relational value) ultimate, 7, 104, 105, 110, 111, 117–118 unintended consequences of pursuit of, 104 Good Samaritan, 109 Group justification, 235 Group norms explicit, 44 implicit, 44 morally reprehensible groups, among, 43 rejections of those who deviate from, 43–44 H Havel, Vaclav, 223, 225, 230 Hierarchy, social, Hobbes, Thomas, 150 Hoffman, Abbie, 223, 225 Hull, Clark, 104 Humans belonging motivation (see Belonging motivation) infants, social nature of, social nature of, 13, 37 social pressure on (see Social pressure) tribal species, 19–20 vulnerability of, 1–2 Subject Index Hunger-satiation feedback loop, 199–200 Hypochondriasis, 199 I Ideological dissonance, 226 Individualism, 94–95 Inequality, structural, 203, 206, 214–215 Infants See also Humans adults, interactions with, 84 cooperative social games, participation in, 84 preference for human faces, Internalized inferiority, 229 Islam, 213 Isolation, social, consequences of, J Jessica, Baby, 103 Johnson, Lyndon B., 95 Judaism, 212, 213 Just-world hypothesis, 109 L Lesbians, outgroup favoritism and, 243 M Machiavelli, Niccolò, 150 McPherson, Harry, 96 Mere-belonging motivation See also Belonging motivation belonging uncertainty, 90–93 defining, 88 social representation studies, 89 Moral hypocrisy, 118 Moral integrity, 118 N National Transportation and Safety Board review of pilot error, social pressure influence, Nationalism, 246–247 Needs, versus behaviors, 202 Neoclassical economic theory, 150–151 Neurophysiological component to emotion, 161 Nonconformists, 43–44 Nonverbal social cues, 47–48 O Obesity disease cue, 17–18 Organizational citizenship behavior, 139–140 Ostracism, 81, 95, 198 Outgroup favoritism, 228–229, 242–243, 247 Oxytocin, 177–178 P Pain-pleasure response, 199 Peers and motivation, 83 Personality theory, 206 Place attachment, 135–136 See also Community Plato, 150 Power See also Power Basis Theory defining, 192–193 motivations, relationship between, 196, 197t needs, relationship between, 195–196, 197t, 198 sensibilities, relationship between, 196, 197t Power Basis Theory See also Power conflict sites, 207–208 defining power, 192–193 ethical precepts, 209, 211–213 fungibility among power types, 192, 203, 213 individual perceptions of power, 215–217 knowledge suppression, role of, 207 legitimate power, 207 motivation system of, 193, 195 overview, 191, 192 power struggles, tactics in, 208–209 social dynamics of, 203–204 social perceptions, role of, 206 societal governance of, 206–207 structural inequality, 203, 206 types of, 213–214, 218 Principlism, 117–118 Prisoner’s dilemma, 162–163 Projection, functional See Functional projection Prosocial motivation altruism (see Altruism) collectivism (see Collectivism) conflict in, 119–120 cooperation between different forms of, 120–121 egoism (see Egoism) historical examples, 103 overview, 103–104 principlism (see Principlism) ultimate goals of, 111 vulnerability, relationship between, Psychological hedonism, 110 Psychological mechanisms, flexibility of, 14–15 Punishments avoidance of, 108–109 empathy-specific, 112 fines/imprisonments, 108 sanctions for norm violations, 108–109 279 280 Subject Index R Race belonging and academic success, 90–93 belonging uncertainty, 90–91 inclusion studies, 89–90 outgroup avoidance, as factor in, 21 outgroup favoritism, 242–243 social adversity and achievement, 95 stereotypes, 89, 90 Rationalization, 226 Reciprocal altruism, 153–154 Reciprocity credit, 107 Rejection, distress caused by, 81–82 Rejection-aggression link, 50, 82 Relational value access to desired outcomes, 38 accounts, offering of, 47 apologies, repairing via, 46–47 competency, 39, 42–43 counterexamples to, 49–50 description of, 38 fluctuations in, 40 goal of, 39 goodness/ethical nature, 39, 43–44, 59 ingratiating behaviors, role of, 41–42 likability, 39, 40–42 nonverbal displays, for repairing relational value, 47–48 physical appeal, 39, 44–45 similarity, role of, 41 status, versus, 38–39 tactics used to establish, Reproduction, as need, 198–199, 200 Romantic rivalry attractiveness traits, 23–24, 45 emotional-motivational system, 22–23, 26 functional flexibility, role of, 23 gender-specific responses, 24–25 jealousy, 22–23, 24, 25–26 mechanism for reproduction, as, 22 regulatory cues, 23 second-to-fourth digit ratio study, 25–26 Roots of Empathy project, 115 S Schindler, Oskar, 103 Self-concept, social context of, 80 Self-determination theory, 83 Self-esteem, 136–137 Self-expression, communicating, 71–72 cultural contexts of (see Self-expression, cultural implications of) definition, 57 explicit means, 60 self-affirmations, 62 Self-expression, cultural implications of Asian American constructs, 65, 67, 68, 69, 70 Asian constructs, 63, 67, 68 choices, elements of, 63–65 collectivistic cultures, 58–59, 60, 63, 66–67 East Asian constructs, 61, 62 European American constructs, 61, 62, 65, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71 feelings, talking about, 66–67 individualistic cultures, 58, 60 mental and psychological health implications, 72 North American constructs, 59 psychological tendencies, role of, 59–60 self-disclosure, 65–66 social harmony, cultures that emphasize, 61 social support, differences in use of, 67–71 speech, elements of, 60–62 U.S constructs, 61, 63 Self-transcendence, 199 Sexual harassment, Sharing motivation See also Belonging motivation; Mere-belonging motivation negative outcomes of, 95–96 overview, 79–80 social connection, 94 terror regimes, in, 96 Social action collective motive, 139 collective outcomes, 139 examples of, 127 reasons for, 127 reward motive, 139 selective civic gratification, 139 selective material benefits, 139 selective social gratification, 139 social movements, 139 volunteerism (see Volunteerism) Social context, 80 Social coordination dexterity of people to handle, motivations surrounding, 8–9 mystery of, 7–8 Social dominance theory, development, 245 group attachment, 246–247 individual differences, measurement of, 250 legitimizing myths, 247–250 limitations of, 231 overview, 245–246 Social endocrinology cortisol-testosterone interactions, 182–183 glucocorticoids, 171–172 hormone-hormong interactions, influence of social behavior, 181–183 overview, 171–172 Subject Index oxytocin, 177–178 progesterone, 178–179 testosterone (see Testosterone and statusseeking motivation) Social identity theory, achievement motivation and social belonging link, 81 defining, 81 limitations of, 231, 239–245 motivation, role in, 83 outgroup favoritism, 228–229, 242–243, 247 overview, 81 social context, 82 system justification theory, influence on, 226, 237–238 Social influence individual attitudes, on perceived, 94 voting patterns, relationship between, 84, 93 Social justice, 227 Social learning theory, 104 Social motivation acceptance, 42 analysis of, 5–6 belongingness (see Belonging motivation) cost-benefit considerations, 15, 19 distal goals, 6–7 evolutionary approach to (see Evolutionary approach to social motivation) goal-directed forces, as, 104–105 miscalibrations in, 199–201 motivational systems, 14 negative motives, 28 positive motives, 28 self-expression (see Self-expression) sharing motivation (see Sharing motivation) social hierarchy, relationship between, 6–7 Social neuroscience, 80 Social obligation, 58 Social pressure conforming, extremes, power of, Social status description of, 38–39 relational value, versus, 38–39 (see also Relational value) Socrates, 150 Stereotyping, 20 inclusion studies, 89, 90 student motivations, of, 90 Stress, 201–202, 214–215 Sympathetic distress, 110 Sympathy, 110 System justification theory, corrective value of, 225 group attachment, 246–247 moderating variables, absence of, 236 motives, distinguishing, 235 origins of, 226–228 overview, 223–225 social dominance theory, relationship between, 245–252 social identity theory, relationship between, 237–245 social order, conceptualization of, 231 status quo, capitulation to, 244 strong form of, 232–234 T Terror regimes, shared motivation of, 96 Testosterone and status-seeking motivation, 171 affiliation/cooperation, link to, 179–181 baboon studies, 172 basal testosterone and status interaction, 173, 175 cortisol interactions, 182–183 derivation of, 172 dominance, association with, 172, 173 fluctuations in, 176–177 gender differences, 175 Trier Social Stress Task, 69 Trust, psychology of analytical versus emotional trust decision, 158 benefits, weighing of, 156–157 Cold War implications, 147–148, 166 cynicism, role of, 157 defining trust, 148–149 emotional dimension to, 158–159, 160–161 expectations, role of, 153–154 game labeling, 162 hypothetical versus real decisions, 159–160 intimate relationships, in, 164–165 minimal connect effect, 163–164 neurophysiological component to, 161 noncognitive route to, 152 paradox of, 150–151 prisoner’s dilemma, 162–163 rates of, 151 rationally-based, strong version of, 152, 154, 156 rationally-based, weak version of, 152–153, 154–156 relationship building, importance to, 149 society, importance to, 149–150 trolley analogy, 158 U Undergraduate drinking and belongingness, 93 Universal egoism, 110, 113–114 V Vietnam War, collective identity elements of, 96 281 282 Subject Index Volunteer Functions Inventory, 131–132 Volunteerism AIDS volunteers, motivations of, 132, 133, 137, 138 community, relationship to (see Community) definition, 128 encouragement of by society, 128 functionalist perspective on, 129–134 group identity, role of, 135 group level, at, 131–132 increase in, 127, 128 individual identity, role of, 134 individual level, at, 131 motivations for, 128–129, 132–133 North American views of, 128 prevalence, 128 Volunteer Functions Inventory, 131–132 Voting patterns, motivation for, 84, 93, 96 W Wallenberg, Raoul, 103 Wholeness need, 196, 199 ... Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data Social motivation / [edited by] David Dunning p cm (Frontiers of social psychology) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-1-84169-754-3 (hardcover : alk paper) Motivation. .. published and forthcoming titles in the Frontiers of Social Psychology series, please visit: www.psypress.com/frontiers Social Motivation Edited by David Dunning Psychology Press New York London Psychology... they discuss the roles played by other hormones in other social motives, such as the part played by oxytocin in affiliation and cortisol in social approach Social Motivation Pratto, Lee, Tan,