Wundt and the philosophical foundations of psychology

Saulo de Freitas Araujo Wundt and the Philosophical Foundations of Psychology A Reappraisal Wundt and the Philosophical Foundations of Psychology Saulo de Freitas Araujo Wundt and the Philosophical Foundations of Psychology A Reappraisal With Foreword by Annette Mülberger Saulo de Freitas Araujo Departamento de Psicologia Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil ISBN 978-3-319-26634-3 ISBN 978-3-319-26636-7 DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-26636-7 (eBook) Library of Congress Control Number: 2015956339 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 This work is subject to copyright All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made Printed on acid-free paper Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Pois é possível que Eu, causa Mundo, Quanto mais em mim mesma me aprofundo Menos interiormente me conheỗa?! (Augusto dos Anjos, Natureza Íntima) Foreword Why another book on Wundt? If we look at the twentieth-century literature in the field of the history of psychology, we can soon see the prominent role that has been attributed to this historical figure, often referred to as the “founding father of scientific psychology.” When and why did he ascend to these heights in psychology’s history? It had already happened during his lifetime, when his laboratory became a “mecca” for scholars interested in what was called a “new” and “scientific” psychology A number of external factors certainly helped, such as the attractiveness of German university studies for North-American students and the prestige of Leipzig University at the time, but Wundt also clearly managed to “sell” his research as a monumental and innovative project, while converting his laboratory into an extremely productive scientific institution The fact that many of the psychologists who would afterwards obtain influential and prominent positions in foreign universities (such as S Hall, E B Titchener, and J M Cattell) had been trained in Leipzig undoubtedly contributed to Wundt’s prestige inside and outside the country It was also in the interest of his students to praise the quality of their training, paying homage to their mentor Thus, the historical role of Leipzig as the “cradle of the new science” was being constantly re-affirmed and celebrated Apart from a particular reverence for the master, what these visitors often grasped and took with them was only a very vague and distorted idea about his thinking, together with a fascination about psychology as a science based on precise measurement and experimentation Even in his own lifetime, then, Wundt was an author who often was neither fully read nor fully understood by those invoking his name He was a typical German Universitätsgelehrter or Mandarin, who spent his life absorbed by his ambitious intellectual endeavor of constructing a coherent Weltanschauung (worldview) The outcome is an impressive, voluminous, and complex opus of more than 50,000 pages A complete understanding requires an enormous amount of patience, a thorough expertise in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century psychology and philosophy, and a good knowledge of the German language Many students and visitors lacked this and had only a very limited knowledge of Wundt’s project through reviews or a superficial reading of his famous Grundzüge der physiologischen Psychologie vii viii Foreword As a result, Wundt became one of the most cited authors while at the same time an essential part of his thinking was ignored, misunderstood, and sometimes even rejected Immediately, simpler (in the sense of less philosophical, ambitious, and complex) and more positivist approaches to psychology were adopted, such as those found in the textbooks of Ebbinghaus, Külpe, and Titchener Histories written before Boring’s, such as the biographies of the six “founding fathers” of “modern psychology” written by G Stanley Hall (1912), dedicated twice as much space to Wundt than to any of the other founding fathers Boring’s book on the history of experimental psychology would soon became a landmark in the field, offering a richness of biographical data clothed in a comprehensive narrative, elaborating on the interplay between the “great men” and the Zeitgeist of their time In his account, Helmholtz and Fechner played the role of immediate forerunners, while the work developed in Wundt’s laboratory, founded in 1879, was described as the starting point of psychology as an institutionally autonomous and truly experimental science The historical research on Wundt initiated by Blumenthal and Danziger at the centennial celebration of the foundation of his laboratory pointed out the shortcomings, distortions, and even “mystifications” in Boring’s work and tried to offer alternative accounts Aspects of his work such as his epistemology, Völkerpsychologie, his journal (Philosophische Studien), and the activities in his institute were thus reexamined In this process of demystification, Wundt’s approach was redefined as old-fashioned, conservative, and idealistic He was presented as an elitist scholar who defended a conceptual framework that was rarely accepted or followed by others In addition, his political engagement in the First World War against the allies and the cultural arrogance of his Elements of Völkerpsychologie were studied Moreover, his life-long dedication to philosophy was noted, casting into doubt the role he had been given in ending the philosophical era of the history of psychology, and his rejection of what would become the dominant trend, namely applied psychology, made him appear incomprehensible for most psychologists of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries Thus, it comes as no surprise that, after an enthusiastic reappraisal of Wundt at the centennial celebration, the interest in this historical figure soon declined Apart from his rather negative reputation, the value of his psychology was questioned in similar terms to Titchener’s structuralism What can such a psychology, based on an analysis of the content of consciousness of an abstract human mind, offer that could be of interest? The present book clearly shows that this attitude is unjustified Wundt’s psychology stands out as one of the most sophisticated philosophical conceptions of psychological knowledge, offering insights into essential methodological and conceptual problems of research on thinking, feeling, and perception His unjustly neglected work can still serve as an example and inspiration for the development of current studies on the human mind Of course, under the impact of still-growing social concerns and the presence of Foulcauldian historiography, it is not fashionable to write about Wundt, especially about Wundt as a philosopher of psychology Nevertheless, a renewed interest in this figure has arisen in Brazil In 2005, Saulo de Freitas Araujo arrived from the University of Juiz de Fora (in the Region of Minas Gerais) as a doctoral student Foreword ix at Leipzig He was determined to dedicate himself to reaching an understanding of Wundt’s huge intellectual endeavor It would take him years of hard work The outcome of this effort is the present volume Already honored by the American Psychological Association (Division 26), which awarded Araujo the 2013 Early Career Award, it is clearly not just “another book” or one more celebration of the Wundtian myth On the contrary, it constitutes a piece of serious scholarly work, offering a well-constructed analysis The book thereby serves excellently as an introduction to Wundt’s psychology and thinking His argumentation is easy to follow, voicing accurately the point of view of the Leipzig scholar At the same time, it offers a new historical interpretation Focusing on the close link established by Wundt between his psychological work and his philosophical thinking, Araujo offers an insightful view of his intellectual development and the quest for conceptual coherence How is his experimental psychology linked to his Völkerpsychologie? Why did Wundt at a certain point reject the unconscious? Can he be classified as a Neo-Kantian? How are his principles (psychological laws) connected to his experimental findings and philosophical thinking? Araujo’s comprehensive study offers clearly understandable and novel answers to these questions This book is a piece of intellectual history, exemplifying one way to connect the history and philosophy of science It stands in clear contrast to previous sociological analyses The author starts with a thorough work on the primary sources and thus avoids the consequences of imposing a previously assumed scheme Without attempting to offer a final and complete picture of Wundt’s thinking, Araujo’s research clearly leads to a major advancement in Wundt scholarship CEHIC, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona, Spain Annette Mülberger 240 References Richards, G (1992) The absence of psychology in the eighteenth century: A linguistic perspective Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science, 23(2), 195–211 Richards, R (2008) The tragic sense of life Ernst Haeckel and the struggle over evolutionary thought Chicago: The University of Chicago Press Rieber, R (Ed.) 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(1999a) Introspektion Texte zur Selbstwharnehmung des Ichs Wien: Springer Ziche, P (1999b) Neuroscience in its context: Neuroscience and psychology in the work of Wilhelm Wundt Physis, 36, 407–429 Ziche, P (Ed.) (2000a) Monismus um 1900 Wissenschaftskultur und Weltanschauung Berlin: Verlag für Wissenschaft und Bildung Ziche, P (2000b) Die „Scham“ der Philosophen und der „Hochmut der Fachgelehrsamkeit“ In P Ziche (Ed.), Monismus um 1900 Wissenschaftskultur und Weltanschauung (pp 61–79) Berlin: Verlag für Wissenschaft und Bildung Ziche, P (2008) Wisseschaftslandschaften um 1900 Zürich: Chronos Verlag Zöllner, F (1860) Ueber eine Art von Pseudoskopie und ihre Beziehungen zu den von Plateau und Oppel beschriebenen Bewegungsphänomenen Annalen der Physik und Chemie, 110, 500–523 Zöllner, F (1872) Zur Geschichte und Theorie der unbewussten Schlüsse In F Zöllner (Ed.), Über die Natur der Cometen Beiträge zur Geschichte und Theorie des Erkenntniss (pp 342– 377) Leipzig: Engelmann Index A Actual causality (aktuelle Kausalität), 150 Aesthetic feelings, 62, 65, 170 Alhazen (Ibn al-Haytham), 71 Allgemeine Psychologie See General psychology Anachronism, 184 Analogy, 41–42, 61, 85, 192, 194 Animal psychology, 29, 30, 173, 174 Antagonism, 151 Anthropology, 2, 77, 107, 115, 185 Anti-apriorism, 73, 79 Anti-inductivist, 31, 164 Anti-innatism, 74 Anti-ontological attitude, 107 Apperception, 101, 102, 117, 177, 202, 204–205 Applied psychology, 172, 190 Apriorism, 60 Arabatzis, Theodore, 17 Arbeitskreis Wundt-Forschung, Aristotelian tradition, 39 Aristotle, 12, 23, 108, 159, 192 De Anima, On Sense and the Sensible, 32 theory of immanent purposes, 151 Arnold, Friedrich, 37, 67 Ash, Mitchell, 8, 12 Asymmetrically opposed concepts, Asymmetric counterconcepts, Autogenetic theory, 204, 207 Avenarius, Richard, 131, 161–163, 169 Axioms of physics, 92–98, 134 B Bacon, Francis, 22, 40, 66 Bain, Alexander, 194, 204 Bastian, Adolf, Baumann, Julius, 204 Baumgarten, Alexander, Beiträge zur Theorie der Sinneswahrnehmung (Wundt), 22 Bekhterev, Vladimir, 201 Beneke, Friedrich Eduard, 5, 23, 27, 77, 119 Benetka, Gerhard, 8, 15, 70 Bewusstsein See Consciousness Blumenthal, Arthur, 7, 8, 91, 176, 180, 197 Boole, George, 39, 62, 71 Brentano, Franz, 177, 178 Bringmann, Wolfgang, 7, 21 British associationist tradition, 44 Broca, Paul, 197 Büchner, Friedrich Karl Christian Ludwig, 74, 75 Buckle, Thomas, 32, 33 Bunsen, Robert Wilhelm, 66 C Cabanis, Pierre, 198 Carus, Carl Gustav, 5, 27 Carus, Friedrich August, Causal interaction, 199, 201 Causal law, 96 Chiba, Tenerari, Child psychology, 27, 28, 173, 174 Classen, August, 70 © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 S.d.F Araujo, Wundt and the Philosophical Foundations of Psychology, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-26636-7 247 248 Classical mathematical philosophy of nature, 93 Cohen, Hermann, 121, 159 Collective mind (Volksseele), 184, 185, 188, 193, 194, 212 Collective will, 57 Colligation of sensations, 38, 40, 41, 86 Comparative judgment, 138 Comparative Physiology of Vision, 72 Comparative psychology, 26, 29, 30 observational methods in, 31 Comparative thinking, 139 Comte, Auguste, 160, 176, 177 Concept formation analysis of, 46 problem of, 47 stage of, 53 Concept of causality (Kausalbegriff), 96, 148 Concept of development See Entwicklung Concept of experience, 137–144, 146 Concept of mind (Seele), 24, 86, 191–193, 200, 204 Concept of object (Gegenstandsbegriffe), 138 Concept of property (Eigenschaftsbegriffe), 138 Concept of state (Zuständebegriffe), 138 Concept of substance, 145–148, 150, 192 Concept of understanding, 144, 145 Condillac, Étienne Bonnot de, 74 Confuse consciousness, 99, 102 Confuse perception, 179 Consciousness (Bewusstsein), 25, 40, 175 act of, 89 conception of, 81, 88, 92 determination, 87 empirical, 115–117 exposition of, 81 formation, 43, 50, 51 freedom, 205 functions, 204 individual, 54–55, 175, 188 Kant’s theory, 115 logical forms of, 97, 111 new theory of, 98–103 sensory feelings and, 52 types, 42 Contextualization, Cornill, Adolph, 76–79 Creative synthesis, 184, 200–202 Criticism, 8, 158 Kant’s position, 151 of Neo-Kantianism, 160 of ontological theses, 97 Paul’s, 184, 185 Critique of Pure Reason, 42, 58, 95, 104, 108 Index Critique of the Power of Judgment, 113, 151 Cultural practices, 16 Cultural psychology, 26 Custom (die Sitte), 30, 181, 182, 187–189 D Danziger, Kurt, 7, 12, 13, 163, 164, 176, 179, 203 Darwin, Charles, 27–29, 152, 153 Darwin’s evolutionary theory, 28, 29, 152, 153 Das Fühlen See Feeling Das Gedankenmesser See Thought meter Delbrück, Berthold, 187 Denkkollektiv, 15 Denkstil, 15 Denkstile der Psychologie (Benetka), 15 Die Geschwindigkeit des Gedankens, 34 Die physikalischen Axiome und ihre Beziehung zum Causalprinzip (Wundt), 18, 93, 209 Dilthey, Wilhelm, 169, 172 Discursive practices, 16 Distinctness, 114 Distinct representations, 114, 116 Doctrine of principles (Prinzipienlehre), 132 Dogmatism, 155 Drobisch, Moritz Wilhelm, 24, 70, 104–106 Dualism, 10, 64, 128 du Bois-Reymond, Emil, 5, 67, 68, 74 Dühring, Eugen, 105, 106 E Ebbinghaus, Hermann, 169 École, Jean, Eisler, Rudolf, 11 Elemente der Völkerpsychologie, 189 Empfindung See Sensation Empirical concepts, 48, 143, 144, 212 Empirical consciousness, 112, 116, 117 Empirical psychology, 3, 4, 23–25, 112 Empiricism, 81, 164 Empiricist theory, 85 Empirio-criticism, 161–164 Empty sophistry, 95, 108 Enthusiasm, 66 Entwicklung, 29, 130, 185 Entwicklungsgeschichte der Psyche, 27 Entwicklungsgeschichte der Seele, 27 Epistemological concept, 149 Erdmann, Johann Eduard, Eschenmayer, Carl August von, 249 Index Evolutionary psychology, 28 Experimental method, 3, 179 application of, 178, 184 large-scale use of, 34 limits of, 4, 18 enthusiasm for, 31, 66 extension of, 36 methodological limitations of, 45 privileging of, 175 use of, 69 Experimental psychology, 3, 10, 81, 173–175 Experimental self-observation, 176 Experimental theory of the mind, Explanatory psychology, 169 F Faculty psychology, 48 Fahrenberg, Jochen, 6, Fechner, Gustav Theodor, 5, 35, 40, 69, 194, 195 Fechner’s psychophysics, 35 Feeling (das Fühlen), 48–54 Feuerbach, Ludwig, 76, 77, 79 Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 74, 120, 130, 192 Fischer, Kuno, 119 Fleck, Ludwik, 15 Formal science, 142 Fortlage, Karl, 23 Frege, Gottlob, 39, 59 Freud, Sigmund, 114 Friedman, Michael, 17, 157 Fundamental laws of thought, 139 G Galileo, 22 Galison, Peter, 16 Gall, Franz Joseph, 197 Gatterer, Johann Christoph, 33 Geisteswissenschaften, 168–173 General psychology, 26, 181 General science, 134 General theory of knowledge, 132 Genetic theory of perception, 90 George, Johann Friedrich Leopold, 37 German Idealism, 23, 24, 127, 129–130 German positivism, 161, 162 Giere, Ronald, 17 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, Göring, Carl, 131 Grundzüge der physiologischen Psychologie, 18, 81 Gruppe, Otto Friedrich, 46 Gundlach, Horst, 2, 37, 176, 206 Gymnasium, 105 H Haeckel, Ernst, 18, 104, 128 Hall, Granville Stanley, Handbook of Medical Physics, 67 Handbuch der medicinischen Physik, 92 Handbuch der physiologischen Optik, 70, 84 Hanson, Norwood, 16 Hartmann, Eduard von, 90, 103, 104 Hasse, Karl Ewald, 37 Hatfield, Gary, 3, 4, 11, 17, 69, 71, 119 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 24, 29, 46, 60, 71, 74, 75, 77, 129–131, 164, 165, 192 Heidelberger, Michael, 17, 35, 64, 120, 194, 195 Heinze, Max, 131 Helmholtz, Hermann von, 5, 22, 23, 31, 38, 39, 68, 70–74, 79, 84–86, 92–93, 105, 119–124 Herbart, Johann Friedrich, 4, 5, 24–26, 55, 69, 105, 107, 204 Herbartian psychology, 24, 25, 36 Hering, Ewald, 104 Heterogenetic theories, 204 Hilgard, Ernest, 8, 49 Historical psychology, 182 Historiography, 33 History of Civilization in England (Buckle), 33 A History of Experimental Psychology (Boring), History of Materialism (Lange), 121, 123 Humanity, 33 natural history of, 33 psychological development of, 189, 190 Human science, 62, 134, 172 Hume, David, 104, 108, 119 Husserl, Edmund, 59 I Idealism, 75–79, 129, 130 Ideal-realism, 164, 165 Immediate reality, 171 Indistinctness, 114 Individual mind, 188, 194, 212 Individual psychology, 55, 173, 175, 176, 181–183, 188, 190, 193, 210 Individual will, 57 Inductive method, 34, 63, 66 Inductivism, 41, 61, 66, 164 250 Innatism, 60 Inner experience, 61, 63, 148, 169, 172 condition of, 99 content of, 207 forms of, 64 idealism and, 164 investigating, 78 logical subject of, 191 natural science, 148 priority of, 129, 144 treatment of, 150 vast areas of, 91 Inner perception (innere Wahrnehmung), 176–180 Instinctive actions, 55, 56 Intellectual concepts, 53, 144 Intellectual influence, 61, 65, 74, 79 Intellectual knowledge (Verstandeserkenntnis), 141–144, 171, 172 Intellectual movement, 73 Internal perception, 180 Introduction to Philosophy (Wundt), 169 Introspection, 4, 14, 25, 176, 179 J James, William, 18 Judd, Charles, 10 Judgment of dependence, 139 Judgment of identity, 139 Justificatory thinking, 139 K Kant, Immanuel Anthropology, 116 critical philosophy, 79 criticism of, 151 critique of psychology, 4, 23 idealism, 56, 58 influence on physikalischen Axiome, 103–118 limits of experimental method, Neo-Kantianism and positivism, 154–166 transcendental aesthetics, 155, 156 Koffka, Kurt, 41 Köhler, Wolfgang, 41 Kosellek, Reinhart, 9, 10 Krueger, Felix, 185 Krüger, Johann Gottlob, 3, Krüger, Lorenz, 17 Külpe, Oswald, 168 Kusch, Martin, 12, 14, 15 Kunsttriebe, 30 Index L Lakatos, Imre, 16 Lange, Friedrich, 119, 121–124, 191 Language (Die Sprache), 187–189 Law of knowledge, 139 Law of thought, 139 Laws of development, 185, 187, 190 Lazarus, Moritz, 29, 30, 55, 65, 184, 185 Lehrbuch der Physiologie des Menschen, 83–85 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 11, 59, 60, 62, 65, 101, 139, 146, 151, 194, 195 Leipzig Period, 211 Lenin, Vladimir Ilitch, Liebmann, Otto, 118, 119, 159 Lipps, Theodor, 60 Locke, John, 14, 60, 119 Logical processes, 86 domain of, 86 of induction, 39 of mind, 28 unconscious, 84 Logical theory, 86 Logical theory of mind, 20, 36–45, 83, 85, 209 Logic of knowledge, 134–136 Logik, 126, 135, 145, 151 Lotze, Rudolph Hermann, 5, 37, 81, 165, 204 M Mach, Ernst, 161163 Magendie, Franỗois, 67 Marxism-Leninism, 9, 11 Materialism, 7579 Materialism and Empiriocriticism (Lenin), Materialismusstreit, 75, 121, 160 Mathematical psychology, Mechanical psychology, Meischner, Wolfram, 8, 9, 123 Meischner-Metge, Anneros, Mendelssohn, Moses, 48 Mental dispositions, 91 Mental panlogism, 83–86 Mental processes genesis/development, 35 individual, 184 logical deployment of, 29 logical nature of, 42 unconscious, 49, 50 Mental products, 187 Mental synthesis, 88 Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science, 69 Metaphysical psychology, 4, 24 251 Index Metaphysics, 23–25, 132, 133, 135 Methodological dualism, 210 Meumann, Ernst, 160, 165 Meyer, Jürgen Bona, 159, 160 Meynert, Theodor, 197 Michelet, Carl Ludwig, Mill, John Stuart, 44, 66–68, 79 Mind, collective, 184, 185, 188, 193, 194, 212 concept, 24, 86, 191–193, 200, 204 experimental theory of, individual, 188, 194, 212 logical development of, 28 logical theory of, 20, 36–45, 83, 85, 209 Mind-body problem, 63 Mind-body relationship, 194 Modern philosophical realism, 161 Moleschott, Jacob, 74, 76 Monism, 128, 129, 165 Monistische Weltanschauung, 128 Moral feelings, 53–54 Mülberger, Annette, 10, 14, 164 Müller, Johannes, 5, 52, 67, 68, 71, 72, 74 Münchhausen, Hyeronimus Karl Friedrich von, 177 Munk, Hermann, 197 Muscular feeling, 37–38 Muscular sense, 40 Myth, 188 N Naive knowledge, 140 Nativism, 81 Natorp, Paul, 121 Natural science, 147, 148, 171 Natürliche Dialektik, 105 Naturwissenschaften, 168–173 Neo-Hegelianism, 74, 75 Neo-Kantianism, 118–124 and positivism, 154–166 Nitsche, Wolfgang, 21, 64, 73–76, 78, 82 Non-conceptualism, 116 O Objective consciousness, 42 Objective purposiveness, 153 Objective reality, 170 Object-representation, 140, 145 Obscure, 114 Observation, 177 On Sense and the Sensible (Aristotle), 32 On the Origin of Species, 28 On the Sense of Touch, 37 Ontological antinomies, 95, 96 Ontological dogmatism, 105, 158 Ontological monism, 210 Ontology, 36 Opprobrium, 163 Ostwald, Wilhelm, 161 Outer experience, 169, 172 P Panlogism, 83–86 Parrot, Georg Friedrich, 71 Particular sciences, 134 Paul, Hermann, 184, 185 Paulsen, Friedrich, 155, 165, 202 Perception, 42, 116, 117 Perceptual knowledge, 141, 142 Philosophical Faculty, 172 Philosophical issues, 62 Philosophical movement, in Germany, 118, 131, 160 Philosophical reflection, 147 Philosophical treatment, 186 Philosophische Studien, 180 Philosophy, 131 See also Psychology branches of, 62 psychology and, 59–64 Physical reality, 95 Physikalischen Axiome, 94, 97 Physiological disposition, 89, 91 Physiological Neo-Kantianism, 72 Physiological Optics, 70 Physiological psychology, 81, 174, 175 Physiological Psychology (Wundt), 104 Piderit, Theodor, 81 Positivism, 31 Neo-Kantianism and, 154–166 Practical psychology, 34 Pragmatic anthropology, 113 Pre-conceptual consciousness, 117 Primitive activity of the will, 204, 205 Principle of causality, 96 Principle of contradiction, 139 Principle of identity, 139 Principle of psychophysical parallelism, 194 Principle of reason, 139 Principle of relational analysis, 202 Principle of sufficient reason, 97 Principle of the conservation of energy, 198, 201 Principle of the heterogeny of purposes, 153 Principles of mental causality, 191 Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics, 104, 116 252 Psychic anthropology, 182 Psychic disposition, 91 Psychological development, 90 Psychological emergence, 204 Psychological Knowledge: A Social History and Philosophy (Kusch), 14 Psychological law, 200 Psychological theory of perception, 86 Psychologische Studien, 180 Psychologism, 59, 60 Psychology, appearance of, 24 arbitrary and superficial conception, 185 branches of, 173–191 of child development, 27 critical historiography of, 12 definition, 27, 212 as Entwicklungsgeschichte der Psyche, 27 as Entwicklungsgeschichte der Seele, 27 Herbartian, 24, 25 historiography of, 12 Kant’s critique of, metaphysics, 23–25 methodological remarks, 12 as natural science, 22, 23 philosophical history of, 1, 16 and philosophy, 17, 59–64 prejudice in, 34 reform of, 22–26 self-observation, 25–26 theoretical principles of, 191–202 Psychology of consciousness, 126 Psychophysical interaction, 197 Psychophysical parallelism, 195–197, 212 Pure activity, 192 Pure actuality, 192 Pure formal concepts, 145 Pure real concepts, 145 Pure self-observation, 176 Pure sensation, 87–89 Purpose (Zweck), 150 Q Quetelet, Adolphe, 32 R Raspe, Rudolph Erich, 177 Rational knowledge, 141, 143 Reactionary function, Reaction-time experiments, 178 Realism, 77, 78, 165 Real science, 142 Index Real self-observation, 179 Reflective knowledge, 140, 141 Regressus in infinitum, 110 Reichenbach, Hans, 157 Reimarus, Hermann Samuel, 29, 30 Representation (Vorstellung), 42 Representation of purpose, 152 Robinson, Daniel, 12 Robinson, David, 82, 103 Romantic psychology, Rose, Nikolas, 12 Rosenkranz, Johann Karl Friedrich, S Samelson, Franz, 12 Scheitlin, Peter, 29 Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von, 5, 76, 130 Schiel, Jakob Wilhelm, 66 Schopenhauer, Arthur, 61, 71, 77, 79, 104, 111, 119, 152, 204 Schuppe, Wilhelm, 161 Scientific knowledge analysis of, 144 categories of, 144–154 foundational role in, 168 logical evolution, 137–144 logic and theory, 134–136 sociological analysis of, 15 Scientific philosophy, 126–134 Scientific psychology classification of, 173 historiography of, 68 program for, 26–36 Seele See Concept of mind Selbstbeobachtung See Self-observation Self-consciousness, 42, 70, 99, 102, 137 Self-determination, 72 Self-observation, 25–26, 176–179 Self-world differentiation, 51 Sensation, 42, 47, 50–51, 64 Sensory feelings, 49, 52–53, 87 Sensory perception Investigation, 120 from mental activities, 105 Müller’s theory of, 72 theory of, 50 treatment of, 45 Smith, Adam, 32 Smith, Roger, 24 Social practices, 16 Sociologism, 14 Sociology of scientific knowledge (SSK), 14 253 Index Sommer, Robert, 72, 84, 85 Soul, 3, 26 Spatial autonomy, 146 Spencer Herbert, 160 Spurzheim, Johann, 197 Steinthal, Heymann, 29, 30, 184, 185 Stern, Wilhelm, 11 Stumpf, Carl, 18 Sturm, Thomas, 4, 14, 33, 71, 113 Subjective sense, 40 Substantial causality, 149–151 Sulzer, Johann Georg, System of Philosophy, 10, 91, 125, 131, 135 T Tetens, Johann Nicolas, 48 Textbook of Human Physiology, 70, 83 Theoretical philosophy, 132 Theory of consciousness, 112, 116 Theory of experience, 167, 169 Theory of knowledge, 132, 134–136, 158, 195 Theory of mental faculties, 150 Theory of method, 132, 136 The Theory of Muscular Movement (Wundt), 75 Theory of sensory perception, 81 exposition of, 81 objection, 84 theses of, 84 Thinking process, 137–144 Thought meter, 35 Titchener, Edward Bradford, 7, 8, 24 Tobias, Wilhelm, 74 Tönnies, Ferdinand, 202 Transcendental Analytic, 109, 110 Transcendental Deduction, 112 Transcendental Dialectic, 108, 110 Transcendental Logic, 111 Trendelenburg, Friedrich Adolph, 52, 165 Trieb, 30, 205 Turner, Stephen, 16 U Über empirische und metaphysische Psychologie, 168 Ueber die Definition der Psychologie, 168 Unbewusstsein See Unconscious Unconscious, 40 analogy, 85 inferential processes, 84, 85 mental life, 25 rejection of, 87–92 representation, 90, 114 sensations, 87 will, 153 Unconscious inferences conception of, 43 hypothesis of, 37, 73, 86 logical theory of mind and, 36–45 nature of, 39 theory of, 43, 69–71 visual perception, 38 Ulrici, Hermann, 81 V Vaihinger, Hans, 105, 158, 161 Vergleichende Psychologie See Comparative psychology Vischer, Friedrich Theodor, 65 Visual representation, 88 Völkerpsychologie, 167, 173, 181 characterization, 186 conception of, 186, 193 demarcation of, 185 domain of, 182 elaboration of philosophy, 187 epistemological position, 212 establishment, 187 from ethnology and anthropology, 185 first volume, 189 foundations of, 189 fundamental problems, 187 integral part of, 189 interpretation, 183 language, myth, and custom, 189 methodological strategy, 185 modification of, 190 philosophical treatment, 186 problems of, 189 psychological investigation, 188 psychophysical parallelism, 212 re-elaboration, 183 rejection of experiment, 184 right to existence, 185 systematic exposition, 182 task of, 189 themes/domains, 187 Volkmann, Wilhelm Fridolin, 5, 37 Voluntarism, 202–208 Voluntary actions, 55 Vorlesungen über die Menschen- und Thierseele, 24 first volume, 45–47 mental phenomena in, 35 preface of, 25 254 Vorlesungen über die Menschen- und Thierseele (cont.) as realization of Wundt’s early psychological project, 45–59 reception of, 104 second volume, 48 Vorstellung See Representation Vulgar materialism, 73–76 W Waitz, Theodor, 23, 27, 29, 30, 33 Wahrnehmung See Perception Wassmann, Claudia, 37, 64, 65, 74 Weber, Ernst Heinrich, 30, 37, 72 Weltanschauung, 77, 128, 133 Wernicke, Carl, 197 Wertheimer, Max, 41 Whewell, William, 40, 66 Will (der Wille), 55–59, 152, 167 Willing (ein Wollen), 153 Windelband, Wilhelm, 119, 160 Wolff, Christian, 3, 4, 24, 68 Wundt, Eleonore, Wundt, Max, Wundt, Wilhelm academic career, 21, 82 autobiography, 82 Axioms of Physics, 92–98 Beiträge zur Theorie der Sinneswahrnehmung, 22, 85 Die physikalischen Axiome und ihre Beziehung zum Causalprinzip, 18 early psychology, 65 Heidelberg years, 22 intellectual legacy, intellectual project, 11 Kant’s influence, 103–118 Index logical theory of mental processes, 83 logic and theory of knowledge, 134–136 and Neo-Kantianism, 118–124 new theory of consciousness, 98–103 personal library, psychological investigation, 173–191 psychological project critical appraisal of, 213 foundational issues, 213 intellectual roots of, 65–79 issues, 209 logical theory of the mind, 36–45 need for reform, 22–26 phases, 211 philosophical dimension, 210 psychology and philosophy, relationship between, 59–64 pre-conceptual experience, 212 unconscious inferences, 36–45 Vorlesungen as realization, 45–59 rejection of unconscious, 87–92 scholarship and problems, 6–12, 18 scientific philosophy, 126–134 voluntarism, 202–208 Würzburg School, 169 Y Young, Robert, 12 Z Zeitschrift für rationelle Medizin, 22 Zeitschrift für Völkerpsychologie und Sprachwissenschaft, 30 Zeller, Eduard, 119, 122, 124, 158, 160 Zöllner, Johann Karl Friedrich, 71 Zur Lehre von den Gemüthsbewegungen, 206 .. .Wundt and the Philosophical Foundations of Psychology Saulo de Freitas Araujo Wundt and the Philosophical Foundations of Psychology A Reappraisal With Foreword... of the Young Wundt 21 22 26 36 45 58 64 The Grundzüge and the Abandonment of the Unconscious 81 3.1 Abandoning Mental Panlogism (Thesis 1) 83 3.2 The Grundzüge and the Rejection of. .. project between the Psychological Society of the GDR and the Universities of Leipzig, Berlin, and Jena to foster the creation of interdisciplinary groups for the study of the history of psychology,