SMALL GROUPS Key Readings in Social Psychology General Editor: ARIE W KRUGLANSKI, University of Maryland at College Park The aim of this series is to make available to senior undergraduate and graduate students key articles in each area of social psychology in an attractive, user-friendly format Many professors want to encourage their students to engage directly with research in their fields, yet this can often be daunting for students coming to detailed study of a topic for the first time Moreover, declining library budgets mean that articles are not always readily available, and course packs can be expensive and time-consuming to produce Key Readings in Social Psychology aims to address this need by providing comprehensive volumes, each one of which will be edited by a senior and active researcher in the field Articles will be carefully chosen to illustrate the way the field has developed historically as well as current issues and research directions Each volume will have a similar structure to include: ● ● ● ● an overview chapter, as well as introduction to sections and articles questions for class discussion annotated bibliographies full author and subject indexes Published Titles The Self in Social Psychology Stereotypes and Prejudice Motivational Science Social Psychology and Human Sexuality Emotions in Social Psychology Intergroup Relations The Social Psychology of Organizational Behavior Social Psychology: A General Reader Social Psychology of Health The Interface of Social and Clinical Psychology Political Psychology Close Relationships Social Neuroscience Social Cognition Small Groups Roy F Baumeister Charles Stangor E Tory Higgins and Arie W Kruglanski Roy F Baumeister W Gerrod Parrott Michael A Hogg and Dominic Abrams Leigh L Thompson Arie W Kruglanski and E Tory Higgins Peter Salovey and Alexander J Rothman Robin M Kowalski and Mark R Leary John T Jost and James Sidanius Harry T Reis and Caryl Rusbult John T Cacioppo and Gary G Berntson David L Hamilton John M Levine and Richard L Moreland Titles in Preparation Attitudes Language and Communication Persuasion Social Comparison Richard E Petty and Russell Fazio Gün R Semin Richard E Petty and Russell Fazio Diederik Stapel and Hart Blanton For continually updated information about published and forthcoming titles in the Key Readings in Social Psychology series, please visit: www.keyreadings.com SMALL GROUPS Key Readings Edited by John M Levine University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Richard L Moreland University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Psychology Press New York and Hove Published in 2006 by Psychology Press 270 Madison Avenue New York, NY 10016 www.psypress.com Published in Great Britain by Psychology Press 27 Church Road Hove, East Sussex BN3 2FA www.psypress.co.uk This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2008 “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” Psychology Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group Copyright © 2006 Psychology Press All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers 10 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Small groups : key readings / edited by John M Levine & Richard L Moreland p cm – (Key readings in social psychology) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN-10: 0-86377-593-4 (hardback : alk paper) ISBN-10: 0-86377-594-2 (pbk : alk paper) ISBN-13: 978-0-86377-593-2 (hbk) ISBN-13: 978-0-86377-594-9 (pbk) Small groups—Research Communication in small groups I Levine, John M II Moreland, Richard L III Series HM736.S65 2006 302.3Ј4–dc22 2005034118 ISBN 0-203-64758-0 Master e-book ISBN ISBN-13: 978-0-86377-593-2 (hbk) ISBN-13: 978-0-86377-594-9 (pbk) ISBN-10: 0-86377-593-4 (hbk) ISBN-10: 0-86377-594-2 (pbk) Contents About the Editors xi Acknowledgments xiii Small Groups: An Overview John M Levine and Richard L Moreland PA RT Group Composition 11 READING The Contribution of Influence and Selection to Adolescent Peer Group Homogeneity: The Case of Adolescent Cigarette Smoking 21 Susan T Ennett and Karl E Bauman READING Some Effects of Proportions on Group Life: Skewed Sex Ratios and Responses to Token Women 37 Rosabeth Moss Kanter READING Effects of Crew Composition on Crew Performance: Does the Whole Equal the Sum of Its Parts? 55 Aharon Tziner and Dov Eden v vi ■ Contents PA RT Group Structure 65 READING Status, Expectations, and Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Review and Test of the Theory 73 James E Driskell and Brian Mullen READING Asymmetries in Attachments to Groups and to Their Members: Distinguishing Between Common-Identity and Common-Bond Groups 83 Deborah A Prentice, Dale T Miller, and Jenifer R Lightdale READING The “Friendly” Poker Game: A Study of an Ephemeral Role 97 Louis A Zurcher, Jr PA RT Conflict in Groups 111 READING Effects of Group Identity on Resource Use in a Simulated Commons Dilemma 119 Roderick M Kramer and Marilynn B Brewer READING Status, Ideology, and Integrative Complexity on the U.S Supreme Court: Rethinking the Politics of Political Decision Making 133 Deborah H Gruenfeld READING Being Better by Being Right: Subjective Group Dynamics and Derogation of In-Group Deviants When Generic Norms are Undermined 157 José M Marques, Dominic Abrams, and Rui G Serôdio READING 10 Does Power Corrupt? David Kipnis 177 Contents PA RT Group Performance 187 A: Decision Making 189 READING 11 Collective Induction 199 Patrick R Laughlin and Thomas A Shippy READING 12 Social Transition Schemes: Charting the Group’s Road to Agreement 207 Norbert L Kerr READING 13 Pooling of Unshared Information in Group Decision Making: Biased Information Sampling During Discussion 227 Garold Stasser and William Titus READING 14 Threat, Cohesion, and Group Effectiveness: Testing a Social Identity Maintenance Perspective on Groupthink 241 Marlene E Turner, Anthony R Pratkanis, Preston Probasco, and Craig Leve READING 15 The Effects of Repeated Expressions on Attitude Polarization During Group Discussions 265 Markus Brauer, Charles M Judd, and Melissa D Gliner B: Productivity 289 READING 16 Many Hands Make Light the Work: The Causes and Consequences of Social Loafing 297 Bibb Latané, Kipling Williams, and Stephen Harkins READING 17 Impact of Group Goals, Task Component Complexity, Effort, and Planning on Group Performance 309 Laurie R Weingart ■ vii viii ■ Contents READING 18 Transactive Memory: Learning Who Knows What in Work Groups and Organizations 327 Richard L Moreland C: Leadership 347 READING 19 Self-Monitoring and Trait-Based Variance in Leadership: An Investigation of Leader Flexibility Across Multiple Group Situations 357 Stephen J Zaccaro, Roseanne J Foti, and David A Kenny READING 20 The Contingency Model: A Theory of Leadership Effectiveness 369 Fred E Fiedler READING 21 Self-Categorization and Leadership: Effects of Group Prototypicality and Leader Stereotypicality 383 Sarah C Hains, Michael A Hogg, and Julie M Duck READING 22 The Romance of Leadership 401 James R Meindl, Sanford B Ehrlich, and Janet M Dukerich PA RT Group Ecology 421 READING 23 Coming Out in the Age of the Internet: Identity “Demarginalization” Through Virtual Group Participation 433 Katelyn Y A McKenna and John A Bargh READING 24 Stability, Bistability, and Instability in Small Group Influence Patterns Holly Arrow READING 25 Socialization in Organizations and Work Groups Richard L Moreland and John M Levine 469 453 Contents ■ ix READING 26 Beyond Task and Maintenance: Defining External Functions in Groups Deborah Gladstein Ancona and David F Caldwell Appendix: How to Read a Journal Article in Social Psychology Christian H Jordan and Mark P Zanna Author Index 525 Subject Index 539 515 499 ... Administrative Science Quarterly, 30, 78–102 Mills, T M (1958) Some hypotheses on small groups from Simmel American Journal of Sociology, 63, 642–650 Moreland, R L (1987) The formation of small. .. 978-0-86377-594-9 (pbk) Small groups Research Communication in small groups I Levine, John M II Moreland, Richard L III Series HM736.S65 2006 302.3Ј4–dc22 2005034118 ISBN 0-203-64758-0 Master e-book ISBN... Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill Prentice, D A., Miller, D T., & Lightdale, J R (1994) Asymmetries in attachments to groups and their members: Distinguishing between common-identity and commonbond groups