Sanderson ffirs.tex V3 - 01/31/2012 11:53 A.M Page iv Sanderson ffirs.tex V3 - 01/31/2012 11:53 A.M Health Psychology Second Edition Catherine A Sanderson John Wiley & Sons, Inc Page i Sanderson ffirs.tex Vice President and Executive Publisher Senior Acquisitions Editor Associate Editor Editorial Assistant Marketing Manager Media Specialist Photo Researcher Senior Production Manager Associate Production Manager Assistant Production Editor Cover Designer Cover Photo Credit V3 - 01/31/2012 11:53 A.M Jay O’Callaghan Robert Johnston Brittany Cheetham Maura Gilligan Margaret Barrett Andre Legaspi Sheena Goldstein Janis Soo Joyce Poh Yee Lyn Song Alson Low Ulrich Kerth/Getty Images, Inc This book was set in 11/12/ Bembo by Laserwords Private Limited and printed and bound by R.R Donnelley The cover was printed by R.R Donnelley This book is printed on acid-free paper Founded in 1807, John Wiley & Sons, Inc has been a valued source of knowledge and understanding for more than 200 years, helping people around the world meet their needs and fulfill their aspirations Our company is built on a foundation of principles that include responsibility to the communities we serve and where we live and work In 2008, we launched a Corporate Citizenship Initiative, a global effort to address the environmental, social, economic, and ethical challenges we face in our business Among the issues we are addressing are carbon impact, paper specifications and procurement, ethical conduct within our business and among our vendors, and community and charitable support For more information, please visit our website: www.wiley.com/go/ citizenship Copyright © 2013, 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, website www.copyright.com Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, (201)748-6011, fax (201)748-6008, website http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions Evaluation copies are provided to qualified academics and professionals for review purposes only, for use in their courses during the next academic year These copies are licensed and may not be sold or transferred to a third party Upon completion of the review period, please return the evaluation copy to Wiley Return instructions and a free of charge return mailing label are available at www.wiley.com/go/returnlabel If you have chosen to adopt this textbook for use in your course, please accept this book as your complimentary desk copy Outside of the United States, please contact your local sales representative Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Sanderson, Catherine Ashley, 1968Health psychology / Catherine A Sanderson.—2nd ed p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-0-470-12915-9 (hardback) Clinical health psychology Health—Psychological aspects Medicine and psychology I Title R726.7.S26 2013 616.89—dc23 2011047546 Printed in the United States of America 10 Page ii Sanderson ffirs.tex V3 - 01/31/2012 For Bart 11:53 A.M Page iii Sanderson ffirs.tex V3 - 01/31/2012 11:53 A.M Page iv Sanderson fpref.tex V3 - 01/31/2012 PREFACE When I agreed to write the first edition of this textbook in 2001, I was in my fourth year as an assistant professor, had a 1/2-year-old son, and was in my eighth month of pregnancy with my second son As I now complete this second edition, I am struck by the large growth in this field over the past 10 years, including advances in treating illness and disease that continue to increase life expectancy, a greater understanding of the influence of genetics on health, and a growing awareness of the link between psychological states and physical well-being I am also struck by the changes in my life over the past decade that influence the approach I bring to this material My then-toddler turns 13 next week, and hence I write about smoking and alcohol use and motor vehicle accidents with a growing awareness of the health challenges teenagers face I now have a daughter, and thus am increasingly aware of the pressures facing girls in terms of the thinness norm, which can lead to negative body image and disordered eating During the past decade, I also lost my mother, who died at age 57 after a 4-month battle with ovarian cancer, and I therefore write about cancer, terminal illness, and bereavement from a highly personal perspective On a national level, President Barack Obama is working on creating national health coverage, which will clearly have implications for health, especially for lower income people who too often lack health insurance I have several goals for the second edition of this book First, one of the aspects of health psychology that I find most exciting is its basis in research, specifically v 12:30 A.M Page v Sanderson fpref.tex V3 - 01/31/2012 12:30 A.M vi Preface in research conducted using the scientific method I am always shocked when students refer to discussions of research methods as ‘‘the boring part’’ that they must suffer through before we move to the more interesting topics of alcohol and eating disorders and AIDS Therefore, one of my major goals in this book is to show students the exciting aspects of thinking about and conducting research Chapter focuses entirely on research methods (and I promise, it is not dry or boring), and I describe specific research studies—ones chosen to be interesting to college students—in detail in each of the subsequent chapters You’ll read about a study that examines the impact of ‘‘friendship bracelets’’ on condom use, another study that examines whether emergency room visits are lower following the release of the latest Harry Potter book, and still another study examining whether hospice patients who get more frequent visits live longer (they do) I also include graphs of research data in every chapter to show you how research findings are typically presented and samples of actual research questionnaires so that you can see how you score on these measures (aren’t you curious to know how optimistic you are and what strategies you tend to use to cope with pain?) I also want students who read this book to actively think about and even question what I am describing This is not a book that you should simply read and try to memorize so you can repeat back ‘‘the right answer’’ on an exam or homework assignment Of course, I’d like you to read and believe what I’m writing, but I’d also like you to think critically about the information presented I therefore include ‘‘questioning the research’’ queries about particular research studies in most chapters for you to try and answer—and you should be asking yourself these same types of questions throughout all the chapters If I write that married people live longer than single people (which is true), you should think about why this may be so: Is it that being married leads people to engage in healthier behavior, or is it that people who are healthy are more likely to get married, or is it that people who are optimistic are very likely to get married and are also likely to engage in healthy behaviors? All of these are potential explanations for the link between marriage and health—and there are, of course, many others Third, I’ve added several entirely new features so that my book covers the most current findings in health psychology I’ve added an entirely new chapter on injuries and injury prevention, which is particularly important because injuries are the leading cause of death for people ages to 44 Sadly, the leading causes of death for adolescents and young adults—the ages of those most likely to be reading this book—are all injuries, including motor vehicle accidents, homicide, and suicide I’ve also added boxes highlighting the role of development in most chapters to help students understand how psychology impacts health in different ways throughout the life span For example, Chapter examines how the price of snack foods influences children’s preferences of such foods, Chapter examines the influence of early stress on how people cope with stress throughout the life span, Chapter examines the influence of childhood personality and adult health-related behaviors, and Chapter describes the hazards of passive smoking on children’s health And because I want you to understand cultural differences in how the principles of health psychology influence behavior, I have included boxes focusing on the role of culture in most chapters For example, Chapter describes research showing that writing about negative experiences is beneficial for health in Caucasian students but not in Asian students, Chapter describes how the types of social support that are most Page vi Sanderson fpref.tex V3 - 01/31/2012 Preface 12:30 A.M vii beneficial vary by culture, Chapter describes the influence of culture on the risk for childhood injuries, and Chapter 11 describes the influence of culture on grief Fourth, I want you to learn how the topics addressed in this book have real implications for practical and real-world issues In fact, one of the reasons I love teaching health psychology is because the information students can learn by taking this class, and by reading this book, can make a substantial difference in their lives (and perhaps even the lives of their friends and family) This book therefore includes boxes in most chapters called ‘‘Health Psychology in the Real World,’’ which provide a real person’s experience coping with a health issue, such as deciding to test for Huntington’s disease, trying to recover from an eating disorder, or the tragedy of drunk driving And it gives you information that you can use now and for the rest of your life—information about why students often get sick right after they take final exams, strategies for managing the (tremendous) pain of childbirth, and descriptions of the stages of bereavement following the death of a loved one I’ve also included numerous real-world and highly recent examples to help you make connections between what you’ve learned in the text and the real world, including a photo of the royal wedding between Prince William and Kate Middleton in 2011, coverage of the deadly tornados in Alabama in 2011, and coverage of the VA Tech shootings in 2007 Finally, no matter how much information a textbook provides, it is useless if students choose not to actually read it (yes, professors are aware that students sometimes not all of the reading) I therefore worked to make this book interesting and exciting It includes real-world examples, photographs, and even cartoons A professor who reviewed the first edition of this book wrote, ‘‘This text reads like Professor Sanderson is having a conversation’’—and this is exactly the tone I have tried to maintain in this updated version Although this will be mostly a one-sided conversation, I’d love to hear what you think; please drop me an e-mail message (casanderson@amherst.edu) and tell me what you learned, what you liked, and even what you didn’t like! Let the conversation begin Acknowledgments Writing this book has been a tremendous undertaking, and I want to acknowledge a number of people who have provided considerable assistance at various points along the way First, I have received considerable assistance from numerous people at Wiley, including Jay O’Callaghan (vice president and executive publisher), Robert Johnston (acquisitions editor), Steve Chasey (permissions), Sheena Goldstein (photos), Maura Gilligan (editorial assistant), Yee Lyn Song (production), Margaret Barrett (marketing), and especially Eileen McKeever and Brittany Cheetham (associate editors), who both provided and responded to multiple e-mails each day making sure I (mostly) made my deadlines and answering any and all questions The second edition of this book also benefitted from helpful comments from professors, who took time out of their own teaching and research responsibilities to share with me both what they liked about my plans for my revisions as well as what could be even better This book is better thanks to the careful and Page vii Sanderson fpref.tex V3 - 01/31/2012 12:30 A.M Page viii viii Preface constructive feedback provided by the following professors: Thomas Plante (Santa Clara University), Benita Jackson (Smith College), Luis Montesinos (Montclair State University), J Mark McKellop (Juniata College), Dante Spetter (Harvard University), Daniel Holland (University of Arkansas at Little Rock), Astrida Kaugers (Marquette University), Linda Lin (Emmanuel College), Zaje Harrell (Michigan State University), Michael Berg (Wheaton College), and Laura Simonelli (Ohio State University) Finally, I need to give a special thanks to my spouse (Bart) and children (Andrew, Robert, and Caroline) for letting me (at least sometimes) have quiet writing time on the weekends and evenings and allowing me to take over not only my study but also the dining room table Sanderson bindsub.tex V1 - 01/31/2012 Subject Index 684 Death (contd.) by age, 402 cancer, 402 congenital anomalies, 402 heart disease, 402 childrens’ understanding of, 436–438 abstract cognitive reasoning, 436 coping with, 404–411 See also Task-work approach life expectancy and, 402 peoples’ reaction to different types of, 432–436 death of a child, 434–435 death of a parent, 433–434 death of a sibling, 435–436 death of a spouse, 433 places people die, 411–419 homes, 413–415 hospices, 416–419 hospitals, 411–413 nursing homes/extended care facilities, 413 race and, 403 stages in children, 407–408 See also under Children stages of death and dying, 404–405 acceptance, 405 anger, 405 bargaining, 405 denial stage, 404 depression, 405 Debriefing procedure in research ethics, 53 Deception procedure in research ethics, 53 Degree in health psychology, use of, 565–568 enrolling, 565 hands-on experience, 565 PhD degree, 565 postdoctoral training, 565 Delay model, stages of, 457 appraisal delay, 457 behavioral delay, 458 illness delay, 457 6:46 P.M scheduling delay, 458 treatment delay, 459 Denial to reduce stress, 124 stage of death, 404 Dependent variables, 35 Depersonalization, 471 Depression in chronic illness, 357–358 and nonadherence, link between, 484 stage of death, 405 and stress, 117 Desensitization, 131 Detoxification, 248–249 Development of health psychology, 10–18 associated factors, 10–18 behavioral choices affecting health, 11–12 biomedical model’s inability to fully account for health, 13–16 See also under Biomedical models changing nature of illnesses, 10–13 Diabetes, 14, 260 Type diabetes, 260 Diagnostic testing, 443 Diet and heart diseases, 153–154 Direct effects hypothesis, 180–181 Direct modeling, 74 Disagreeableness, 155–156 Disease model, 486 Dissonance, 511–513 Distraction, for pain control, 327–330 guided imagery, 327 meditation, 327 progressive muscle relaxation, 327 systematic desensitization, 327 Tension-Reducing Imagery Practice (TRIP), 328 Divorce impact on life expectancy, 38 Doctor-centered style, 469 Double-blind experiments, 46 Drowning deaths, 206 Drunk driving, 205 Drunken invincibility, 239 Drunken self-inflation, 239 E Eating disorders, 279–282 See also Obesity anorexia nervosa, 279 binge eating disorder, 281 biological factors in, 282 bulimia nervosa, 279–280 life-threatening problems, 281 prevention approaches, 289–291 intervention programs, 290 prevention interventions, 527–529 in women, 527–528 psychological factors in, 282–286 treatment approaches, 292–295 cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), 294 family interaction patterns, 293 interpersonal therapy, 294 supportive psychotherapy, 293–294 supportive-expressive therapy, 294 Education in chronic illness management, 366–367 and health, in health psychology, 565–568 See also Degree in health psychology Emotion-focused coping, 126–130, 160 strategies, 363 written expression of emotion, 129 Emotional appeals, 498–508 See also Fear-based appeals ads promoting condom use, 500 Page 684 Sanderson bindsub.tex V1 - 01/31/2012 Subject Index effectiveness, 498–508 smoking-cessation messages, 501 use of, 498 Emotional pressure and stress, 93 Emotional support, 166, 175 in chronic illness management, 365 Endocrine system, stress affecting, 110–111 estrogen hormone, 111 End-of-life preferences, conveying, 546–547 Endorphins, 306, 333 Enhancing the quality of life, 544–548 Environmental pressure and stress, 94 Epinephrine, 102–103 Esteem support, 167 Estrogen, 111 Ethical issues in experimentation on animals, 54–56 Ethical medical decisions, making, 540–544 cost, 543 genetic screening, 541 organ donation, 541 in reproductive technology, 540–541 Ethnic differences in health Asians, 556 between Whites and African Americans, 555 Hispanics, 556 poverty and, 556–558 Ethnicity and cancer, 382 and stress, 114 Eustress, 107 Ex post facto approach, 38 Exercise in obesity treatment, 275–279 for stress reduction, 134 Exhaustion stage of GAS, 104 Experience of pain, 298–343 A-beta fibers, 304 A-delta fibers, 303 6:46 P.M 685 brain controlling, 304 bradykinin, 306 central control mechanism, 304 endorphins, 306 glutamate, 305 neurotransmitters, 305 periaqueductal gray, 305 prostaglandins, 306 serotonin, 306 substance P, 305 C-fibers, 303 gate control theory, 303–304 neuromatrix theory, 307 nociceptors, 303 pattern theory, 302 psychosocial factors influencing, 310–318 cognition, 314–317 culture, 313 learning, 312–314 mood state, 317–318 stress, 310–312 somatosensory cortex, 304 specificity theory, 302 substantia gelatinosa, 303 Experimental methods, 35–41 See also Quasi-experiments dependent variables, 35 elements of, 36 giving participants the treatment, 36 measuring the outcome, 36 participants, screening, 36 randomly assigning participants to condition, 36 independent variables, 35 Jenny Craig plan, 36 random assignment, 35–36 weaknesses in, 37 artificial settings, 37 experimental/psychological realism, 37 Experimenter-expectancy effects, 45–46 External validity, in research evaluation, 47–49 increasing external validity, ways of, 48 conducting same study in different populations or locations, 49 convenience sample, 48 high mundane realism, 49 representative sample use, 48 low external validity problem, 47 Externality theory, 265 Extraversion, 145 F Fall-related deaths, 199–200 in children (I ages to 19), 200 older children, 200 traumatic brain injuries (TBI), 200 Family dynamics and eating disorders, 286–288 families of anorexics, 287 families of bulimics, 287–288 meal patterns, 287 parents, 286 Fear-based appeals, 500 drawbacks of, 500–503 anxiety, 501 distress, 501 hypertension, 502 high-fear message, 501 low-fear ads versus high-fear ads, 501 low-fear message, 501 making fear-based appeals work, 503–508 by creating moderate level of fear, 503 by focussing on short-term consequences, 504 self-affirmation, 506–507 specific strategy to handle anxiety, 504 medium-fear message, 501 reducing fear, ways of, 503 Feelings of control and health, 152 Page 685 Sanderson bindsub.tex V1 - 01/31/2012 Subject Index 686 Field of health psychology, description, 2–10 Fight-or-Flight Response, 102–103 epinephrine, 102 homeostasis, 102 norepinephrine, 102 updates to, 105–108 allostatic response, 106 tend-and-befriend response, 105 transactional model, 106 Financial pressure and stress, 93 Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 339 Future directions for health psychology, 534–570 broadening the focus to other cultures, 561–564 Europe, 563 infant mortality, 562 malnutrition, 562 Russia, 563 starvation, 562 Tanzania, 562 challenges for health psychology, 554–564 focusing on predictors of women’s health, 559–561 racial-ethnic differences in health, decreasing, 554–559 continuing spread of HIV infection, 563 G Gain-framed messages, 509–510 Galvanic skin response (GSR), 100 GAS See General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) Gate control theory, 303–304 Gender difference See also Men; Women in homicide, 200 in life expectancy, 402 General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS), 103–105 6:46 P.M adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), 104 alarm stage, 103 catecholamines, 103 exhaustion stage, 104 nonspecific nature of, 104 resistance stage, 104 updates to, 105–108 Genetic factors alcoholism and, 245 causing obesity, 262–264 adopted children and their biological parents’, 262 blood pressure, 263 digestion, 263 eating habits, 263 identical twins, 262 metabolism, 263 respiration, 263 set-point theory, 264 Genetic screening, ethical issues in, 541 Glutamate, 305 Grief, 419, 422 See also Death; Mourning influences on, 423–425 lingering-trajectory deaths, 424 quick-trajectory deaths, 424 symptoms, 424 GSR See Galvanic skin response (GSR) Guidance-cooperation model, 466–467 Guided imagery, 327 H HAART See Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) Hardiness, 150–152 Hassles Scale, 99 daily hassles, measures of, 100 HDLs See High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) Headache, Health, and longevity, 555 personality factors in, 144–152 See also Personality traits: in stress management Health behavior, 455 Health belief model, 60–64 cues to action, 62 questions testing components of, 61 barriers, 61 benefits, 61–62 severity, 61–62 susceptibility, 60 usefulness, questions of, 63 Health-care interaction, 441–495 adherence, 441–495 See also individual entry psychological factors influencing, 455–475 See also individual entry relapse, 441–495 See also individual entry screening, 441, 443–455 See also individual entry utilization, 441–495 Health-care utilization, 456–463 Health consequences of alcohol abuse, 237–240 alcohol myopia, 238 drunken invincibility, 239 drunken self-inflation, 239 negative consequences, 237, 241 risky behaviors, 238 Health habits and personality, 160–162 adhering to medical regimens, 162 Health maintenance organization (HMO), 550–551 fee-for-service approach versus, 551 Health-promotion messages, 498–499 Healthy People 2020 goals, access to health care, immunization, injury and violence, overweight and obesity, Page 686 Sanderson bindsub.tex V1 - 01/31/2012 Subject Index physical activity, responsible sexual behavior, substance abuse, tobacco use, Helper T cells, 385 Heredity and personality, 144 High Cost of health-care, reasons for, 549 increased life expectancy, 549 increasing reliance on medical technology, 549 High-density lipoproteins (HDLs), 371 High mundane realism, 49 Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), 449, 477 History of health psychology, 18–21 behavioral health, 20 behavioral medicine, 20 during the 17th century, 19 doctrine of mind–body dualism, 19 holistic view of health, 19 scientific advances, 19 early 400 B.C., 19 Freud’s theory, 20 Hippocrates’ humoral theory, 19 medical anthropology, 21 medical psychology, 20 medical sociology, 20 past 100 years, 19 psychosomatic medicine, 20 HIV See Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) HMO See Health maintenance organization (HMO) Holistic view of health, 19 Homeostasis, 102 Homes, 413–415 as end-of-life place, 41 Homicide, 200–202 gender differences in, 200–201 race differences in, 200–201 Hospices, 416–419 advantages, 418 as end-of-life place, 411 6:46 P.M 687 hospitals versus, 416 Hospitalization experience, 469–474 ‘white coat hypertension’, 471 anticipation of surgery, 472 difficulties with children, 470 experience of burnout, 474–475 psychological and physical well-being in patients, 473 Hospitals as end-of-life place, 411–413 discussions, 412 psychological difficulties, 412 terminally ill patients, 412 Hostility and health, 155–156 CHD, 156 hypertension, 156 mortality and, 156 women, 156 Hostility, 161 Hot topics in health psychology, 537–554 making ethical medical decisions, 540–544 preventing health problems, 537–540 See also individual entry reducing health-care costs, 548–554 HPA See Hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 387–389 continuing spread of HIV infection, 563 early stages of HIV epidemic, 388 psychological factors predicting acquisition of, 389–393 commitment to using condoms, 391–392 perceived severity of being infected with HIV, 390 psychological factors predicting progression of, 393–396 active-coping strategies, 393 avoidance coping, 393 length of survival with HIV infection, 395 social support, 395 Humor, for stress reduction, 133 Humoral immune response system, 115 Humoral theory, Hippocrates’, 19 Hypertension, 375 Hypnosis, for pain control, 324–326 Hypochondria, 462 Hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) system, 111, 177 Hypothesis, 27 I IBS See Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) Illness behavior, 455 Illness delay, 457 Illness intrusiveness, 361–362 Immune functions and social support, 175–177 emotional support, 175 lymphocytes, 175 perceived social support, 176 Immune system, stress affecting, 115–118 antigens, 115 cell-mediated immune response system, 115 chronic stress, 117 depression, 117 humoral immune response system, 115 lymphocytes, 115 macrophages, 115 natural killer (NK) cells, 115 studies in animals, 117 studies in humans, 116–117 vaccinations and, 115 Immunizations, importance of, 13 Incidence, 37 Independent variables, 35 Indirect effects of stress on health, 119–120 Individuals’ role on health, 65 Informational support, 167 Page 687 Sanderson bindsub.tex V1 - 01/31/2012 Subject Index 688 Informed consent procedure in research ethics, 52 Injuries, 188–211 definition, 189–190 intentional injuries, 189–190 leading causes of, 195–202 child abuse, 201 falls, 199–200 homicide, 200–202 motor vehicle accidents, 195–196 neglect, 201 poisoning, 196–197 suicide, 197–199 prevention strategies, 202–210 active strategies, 202, 203–207 See also individual entry passive strategies, 202, 207 societal changes, 202, 207–210 risk of injury and life span, 190–195 See also Life span, risk of injury and unintentional injuries, 189–190 Insight-oriented psychotherapy, 251 Institutional review procedure in research ethics, 51 Instrumental support, 167 Intention, and behavior, 64, 67 Intentional injuries, 189–190 Intentional nonadherence, 476–479, 483 Internal-external hypothesis, 265–266 cracker-rating test, 265 limitations, 266 Schachter’s externality theory, 265 Internal locus of control, 150–152 Internal validity, in research evaluation, 43–49 blind experiments, 44 double-blind experiments, 46 experimenter-expectancy effects, 45–46 6:46 P.M participant–expectancy effects, 44 placebo, 44 Interpersonal conflicts and stress, 93 Interpersonal therapy, for eating disorders, 294 Interventions in psychological theories, effectiveness of, 508–519 See also Cognitive dissonance theory; Learning theories; Prospect theory attribution theory, 513–514 personally relevant messages 519–530 questions remaining, 530–531 social cognitive theory, 517–518 theory of planned behavior, 518–519 Intractable-benign pain, 301 Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), 132 J Jenny Craig plan, 36 Job pressure and stress, 93 L LDLs See Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) Learning, and experience of pain, 312–314 Learning theories, 67–74, 514–517 association, 514 classical conditioning, 67–68 image-based intervention, 516 limitations, 71 absence of intrinsic changes in intensions, 74 antabuse, 74 media messages use, 516–517 modeling, 514 observational learning, 67, 70–71 operant conditioning, 67, 69–70 reinforcement, 514 social learning theory, 515 Life expectancy, 402 divorce impact on, 38 gender difference in, 402–403 increase, 16 positive state of mind and, 146 race differences and, 403 social support and, 173 Life span, risk of injury and, 190–195 accidents leading to death in children, 192 adolescence, 193–194 adulthood, 194–195 childhood, 192–193 culture impact on risk for childhood injuries, 193 death by age, leading causes of, 191 young adulthood, 193–194 Lingering-trajectory deaths, 424 Loss-framed messages, 509–510 Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), 371 Lower-back pain, 301 Lymphocytes, 115 M Macrophages, 115 Maintenance stage, 80 Major Depression Inventory, Maladaptive coping strategy, 160 Malignant tumors, 380–381 See also Cancer Managed-care system, 550 Management of pain, 298–343 See also Physical pain-control techniques; Psychological methods of controlling pain placebos decreasing pain, question of, 336–341 Managing stress, 142–187 See also Personality traits: in stress management; Social support role in stress management strategies for, 122–139 Page 688 Sanderson bindsub.tex V1 - 01/31/2012 Subject Index coping, 122–130 See also Coping styles of stress exercise, 134 humor, 133 mindfulness, 131–133 relaxation, 131–133 religion, 134–139 social support, 134 Marriage and well-being, 182–183 in men, 182 in women, 182 Mass-media campaigns, in injury prevention, 208 Mass psychogenic illness, 456 Massage therapy, 322 Matching hypothesis, 167 McGill-Melzack Pain Questionnaire, 307 Meal patterns and eating disorders, 287 Media approaches to prevent smoking, 226–227 large-scale advertising campaigns, 227 large-scale government-based approaches, 228 ‘truth’ campaign, 227 Media, and observational learning, 71 Medical anthropology, 21 Medical psychology, 20 Medical sociology, 20 Medication, for pain control, 319–320 analgesic drugs, 319 local anesthetics, 319 narcotics, 319 Meditation, 132, 327 Men health, focus on, 559 height and weight tables for, 258 homicide in, 200 social support benefits in, 182–183 suicide in, 197 6:46 P.M 689 Mental disengagement, to reduce stress, 124 Message framing influences, 509 Mind–body dualism, 19 Mindfulness, 132 Mindfulness Scale, 133 for stress reduction, 131–133 Mind-set power on health, 45 MMWR See Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Monitoring, in obesity treatment, 277 self-monitoring, 277 Mood regulation and eating, 267–268 stress, 267–268 in women, 267 Mood state and experience of pain, 317–318 anxiety, 318 depression, 318 lower-back pain, 318 Moral theory, 486 Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), 29 Mortality and hostility, 156 and social support, 170–171 men, 171 Motor vehicle accidents, 195–196 Mourning, 422 See also Death; Grief communication with mourners, 430–431 stages of, 422–423 disorganization and reorganization stage, 423 reaction stage, 422 reorientation and recovery stage, 423 unresolved grief, 423 yearning and searching stage, 422–423 Multiple regulation model, continued smoking, 224 Mutual participation model, 466, 468 Myocardial infarction, 371 N Naloxone, 333 Natural killer (NK) cells, 115, 385 Naturalistic/participant methods, 28–32 advantages, 29 examples for third variables, 31 adolescents having dinner with their family, 31 balding, 31 limitations, 29–30 third variable in, 30–31 Nausea, Negative affect See Neuroticism Negative emotions, 121 and stress, 157 Negative interactions scale, 352 Neglect, 201 Nervous system, stress affecting, 109–110 autonomic nervous system, 109 central nervous system, 109 parasympathetic divisions, 109–111 peripheral nervous system, 109 somatic nervous system, 109 sympathetic division, 109–111 Neurochemical processes and pain, 305 Neuroendocrine functions and social support, 177 Neuromatrix theory of pain, 307 Neurons, 109 Neuroticism, 152–153 physical complaints, 153 Neurotransmitters, 109 Nicotine-based models, continued smoking, 221–222 limitations, 221–222 nicotine fixed-effect model, 221 nicotine regulation model, 221 Nicotine replacement, 229 NK See Natural killer (NK) Page 689 Sanderson bindsub.tex V1 - 01/31/2012 Subject Index 690 Nociceptors, 303 Nonadherence, 476–480 causes of, 476–481 depression and, link between, 484 intentional nonadherence, 476 unintentional nonadherence, 476 Norepinephrine, 102–103 Nurses’ Health Study, 40 Nursing homes/extended care facilities, 413 as end-of-life place, 411 O Obesity, 255–297 See also Eating disorders body mass index (BMI), 257, 259, 262 consequences of, 260–261 diabetes, 260 negative physical effects, 261 psychological, 261 social, 261 cultural factors, 264 definition, 257 factors preventing, 272–275 in adults, 273 breast-feeding, 273 in childhood, 272 eating healthy foods, 273 limiting television watching, 273–274 genetic factors, 262–264 See also under Genetic factors; Psychological factors effect on health height and weight tables for women and men, 258 personality, 288 sociocultural norms, 283–286 treatment, 275–279 exercise, 275 large-scale interventions, 278 long-term goals, 276 monitoring, 277 operant-conditioning approaches, 276 6:46 P.M physical activity, 275–276 self-efficacy, 276 self-monitoring, 277 short-term goals, 276 social influence techniques, 278 Observational learning, 67, 70–71 from the media, 71 Observational methods, 28–32 advantages, 29 archival research, 28 limitations, 29–30 Occupational health psychology in action, 568 Operant conditioning, 67, 69–70, 334–335 in obesity treatment, 276 Operational definition, 27 Opportunistic infections, 388 Optimism and health, 146–148 limitations, 148 recovery from surgery and, 159 State hope scale, 146 T cells and, 158 Optimistic bias, 84 Organ donation, ethical issues in, 541 Outcome expectancies, 75 Overgeneralizing, 331 P Pain, 298–343 See also Experience of pain; Management of pain care for, 300–301 definition, 301–302 acute pain, 301–302 chronic pain, 301–302 intractable-benign pain, 301 lower-back pain, 301 progressive pain, 301 recurrent acute pain, 301 managing, 522–524 measurement, 307–310 behavioral measures, 309 EEGs, 310 EMG, 310 McGill-Melzack Pain Questionnaire, 307 pain discomfort scale, 308 physiological measures, 310 picture scale, 308 self-report measures, 307–309 West Haven-Yale Multidimensional Pain Inventory, 307 Pain Catastrophizing Scale, 316 Paraplegia, 195 Parasympathetic division of autonomic nervous system, 109–110 Passive strategies in injury prevention, 202, 207 for pain control, 331 catastrophizing, 331 overgeneralizing, 331 self-criticism, 331 Patient-centered style, 469 Patient–practitioner communication, 463–469 activity-passivity model, 466 African American patients, 464 assertiveness training, 469 doctor-centered style, 469 guidance-cooperation model, 466–467 information, influencing factors, 464 patient characteristics, 466 mutual participation model, 466 nonverbal behavior, 468 patient-centered style, 469 verbal behavior, 468 Pattern theory, 302 Perceived behavioral control, 65 Perceived social support, 165–167, 176 Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), 100 Periaqueductal gray, 305 Peripheral nervous system, stress affecting, 109 Personal relationships and stress, 93 Page 690 Sanderson bindsub.tex V1 - 01/31/2012 Subject Index Personality alcoholism, 244 and cancer, 386 and health, link between, 156–163 stress, 156–158 See also under Stress influencing CHD, 376–378 physiological reactions, 377 Type A behavior, 377 Type B person, 377 and obesity, 288 Personality factors and bad health, 152–156 hostility/disagreeableness, 155–156 neuroticism/negative affect, 152–153 Type A behavior, 153–155 in men, 153–154 in women, 153–154 Personality traits childhood personality influence, 150 conscientiousness, 149–150 coping strategies, 159–160 See also individual entry feelings of control, 152 and health, 4–5 extraversion, hostility, optimism, health habits, 160–162 internal locus of control/hardiness, 150–152 positive states, 145–146 beliefs, 147 and curing serious diseases, 146 extraversion, 145 life expectancy and, 146–147 in men, 147–148 optimism, 146–148 positive affect, 145 in women, 147 self-report, 162–163 social support, 160, 163–169 in stress management, 142–187 6:46 P.M 691 environment, 145 experiences in the world, 145 heredity, 144 Personally relevant messages, effectiveness, 519–530 alcohol use, 526–527 condom use, 529–530 eating behavior, 527–529 exercise behavior, 527 information on procedure, 523 pain and chronic, managing, 522–524 screening, 520–521 smoking cessation, 524–526 tailored messages, 520 targeted messages, 520 Persuasive interventions, designing, 496–533 See also Emotional appeals Persuasive messages, 18 Pessimism and health, 146–148 Physical consequences of stress, 108–120 See also under Cardiovascular system; Immune system; Nervous system clinical depression, 120 endocrine system, 110–111 indirect effects, 119–120 psychoneuroimmunology, 108, 118–119 Physical pain-control techniques, 318–324 medication, 319–320 analgesic drugs, 319 local anesthetics, 319 narcotics, 319 physical stimulation, 321–324 physical therapy/exercise, 320–321 surgery, 320 Physical problems in chronic illness, 348–350 body image, 349 cognitive problems, 350 disfigurement, 348 incontinence, 348 pain, 348 paralysis, 348 sexual problems, 349 in surgery, 348 in women, 349–350 Physical stimulation, for pain control, 321–324 acupuncture, 322 chiropractic therapy, 323 massage therapy, 322 transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), 322 Physical therapy/exercise, for pain control, 320–321 aerobic exercise, 321 self-management treatments, 321 strength training, 321 Physical well-being and social support, 170–173 recovery from surgery, 171 Physiological measures, 100–102 biochemical measures, 101 limitations, 101 expensive, 102 gender influence, 102 physical activity level, influence, 102 stressful measurement, 101 time-consuming, 102 weight influence, 102 of pain, 310 electroencephalograms (EEGs), 310 electromyography (EMG), 310 physiological arousal, 100 Physiological mechanisms and health, 158–159 Picture scale for pain, 308 PIG See Problem of Immediate Gratification (PIG) Placebo effects, 14, 44 placebo-pill group, 333 Placebos in pain management, 336–341 effectiveness, factors influencing, 336–338 Page 691 Sanderson bindsub.tex V1 - 01/31/2012 Subject Index 692 Placebos in pain management (contd.) behavior of the practitioner, 338 brand name of the pill, 338 expectations, 337 injection, 338 patients’ behavior, 337 fake procedure, 340 functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 339 physiological mechanisms influencing, 338–341 placebo surgery, 340 Planning, to reduce stress, 123 Poisoning, 196–197 unintentional poisoning, 197 Positive affect, 145 cold symptoms and, 145 Positive correlation, 30 Positive emotions and stress, 157 Positive reappraisal, 127 Positive reinterpretation and growth, to reduce stress, 123 Positive states, in stress management, 145–146 Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 121, 354 Precaution adoption process model, 83–87 stages, 84–85 support for, 86 transtheoretical model versus, 86 Precontemplation stage in transtheoretical model, 79 Predisposition testing, 443 Prenatal testing, 443 Preparation stage, 80 Pressures within ourselves and stress, 94 Presymptomatic testing, 443 Preventing health problems, 537–540 community based, 539 improving education, 540 6:46 P.M increasing quality of life, 537–538 by motivating people to take active role in prevention, 539 primary prevention, 537–538 school-based education, 539–540 secondary prevention,538 tertiary prevention, 539 timing of prevention, 538 community, 538 group, 538 individual, 538 institution, 538 organization, 538 Primary appraisal, 106 Primary prevention, 12, 537–538 Problem-disclosure group, in chronic illness management, 369 Problem-focused coping on health, 122, 124–130, 160 strategies, 362 Problem of Immediate Gratification (PIG), 491 Progressive muscle relaxation, 131, 327 Progressive pain, 301 Prospect theory, 508–511 message framing influences, 509 sample gain-framed versus loss-framed persuasive statements, 509 treatment options, 511 Prospective study, 38 Prostaglandins, 306 Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) score, 451 PSS See Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) Psychological consequences of stress, 120–122 influencing behavior, 122 negative emotions, 121 physiological arousal, 121 posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 121 Psychological factors effect on health, chronic disease, development and treatment, 6–7 direct influence, influencing eating, 265–272 eating disorders, 282–286 internal-external hypothesis, 265–266 mood regulation, 267–268 restraint theory, 269–270 sociocultural factors, 270–272 initiating smoking, 217–220 leading to alcohol abuse, 241–245 See also Social learning theory; Tension-reduction theory biological/genetic factors, 244–245 Major Depression Inventory, pain, development and treatment, 6–7 personality, 4–5 social influences, 4, stress, 4–5 terminal disease, development and treatment, 6–7 Psychological interventions in chronic illness management, 366–371 cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), 367–369 education, 366–367 in men, 367 social support groups, 369–371 in women, 367 Psychological methods of controlling pain, 324–336 behavior therapy, 334–335 biofeedback, 326–327 cognitive approach, 330–334 See also Cognitive approaches, for pain control distraction, 327–330 hypnosis, 324–326 relaxation, 327–330 Page 692 Sanderson bindsub.tex V1 - 01/31/2012 Subject Index Psychological principles of persuasion, 18 Psychological problems in chronic illness, 354–361 anger, 355 anxiety, 357 coping styles, 360–361 denial, 355 depression, 357 disbelief, 355 fear of reoccurrence, 358 feelings of perceived control, 359 lifestyle choices, 359 optimism, 359 positive effects, 359–360 shock, 355–356 in women, 357 Psychological well-being and social support, 169–170 Psychologists work, acceptance for, 553 Psychoneuroimmunology, 108, 118–119 Psychosocial approaches to prevent smoking, 226 ‘booster’ sessions, 226 mass-media approaches, 226–227 school-based smoking-prevention programs, 226 smoking-prevention messages, 226 Psychosocial factors influencing pain, 310–318 See also under Experience of pain Psychosomatic medicine, 20 PTSD See Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Q QALY See Quality-adjusted life years (QALY) Quadriplegia, 195 Quality-adjusted life years (QALY), 545 6:46 P.M 693 Quality of life, enhancing, 544–548 Quasi-experiments, 37 cross-sectional studies, 39 ex post facto approach, 38 prospective study, 38 incidence, 37 limitations, 39–41 challenges of drawing conclusions, 40 Nurses’ Health Study, 40 third variable possibility not eliminated, 40 Women’s Health Initiative study, 40 longitudinal studies, 39 prevalence, 37 retrospective study, 39 Quick-trajectory deaths, 424 Quitting smoking, strategies for, 229–234 aversion strategies, 231 cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), 231 contingency-contracting, 233 low-nicotine cigarettes, 229 nicotine replacement, 229 for women, 229–231 R Race differences in homicide, 200 Race/ethnicity differences in health, decreasing, 554–559 suicide and, 198 Random assignment, 35–36 Rapid-smoking technique, 231 Received social support, 168–169 Recurrent acute pain, 301 Recurring heart attacks risk reduction by psychological interventions, 378–380 Relapse, 485–492 preventing strategies, 488–492 abstinence violation effect, 492 cue-exposure training, 489 relapse-prevention programs, 490 self-efficacy questionnaires, 489 social support, 491 stress-management techniques, 490 thinking of old behaviors in new ways, 491 triggers of, 487–488 Relational model, 106 Relaxation for pain control, 327–330 guided imagery, 327 meditation, 327 progressive muscle relaxation, 327 systematic desensitization, 327 Tension-Reducing Imagery Practice (TRIP), 328 for stress reduction, 131–133 biofeedback technique, 131 progressive muscle relaxation, 131 systematic desensitization, 131 Religion impact on chronic illness, 364 in stress reduction, 134–139 adoptive coping mechanisms, 138 to cope with traumatic events, 136 finding meaning and better health, link between, 135 lower mortality rates, 138 sense of meaning, 138 social support, 136 women, 136 Religiosity versus spirituality, 134, 139 Representative sample use, in research evaluation, 48 Reproductive technology, ethical issues in, 540–541 Page 693 Sanderson bindsub.tex V1 - 01/31/2012 Subject Index 694 Research ethics influencing scientific studies, 51–56 in experimentation on animals, 54–56 See also under Animals procedures to follow, 51 confidentiality, 52 debriefing, 53 deception, 53 informed consent, 52 institutional review, 51 unethical research on health, 52 Research methods, 24–57 See also Clinical methods; Experimental methods; Naturalistic methods; Observational methods; Survey methods best research approach, question of, 49–51 case report, 29 ethical challenges on cancer treatment research, 42 evaluating research studies, 43–49 external validity, 47–49 See also individual entry internal validity, 43–49 See also individual entry scientific method, 26–27 steps in, 26 data analysis, 26 data collection, 26 operational definition, forming, 26 problem or hypothesis, specifying, 26 theory, forming, 26 Resistance stage of GAS, 104 Response substitution, 233 Restraint coping of stress, 123 Restraint theory, 269–270 Retrospective study, 39 S SAM See Sympathetic-adrenal medullary (SAM) Scheduling delay, 458 Scientific method, 26–27 6:46 P.M Scientific studies, research ethics influencing, 51–56 Screening, 441, 443–455, 520–521 benefits of, 446–453 BRCA1/2 mutation testing, 447 costs of, 446–453 messages promoting, 521 predictors of screening, 445–446 demographic factors, 445 family history, 445 individual differences, 445 practitioners’ beliefs, 446 recommendations, 446 programs, 553 proponents of, 448 psychological factors influencing, 455–475 appraisal delay, 457 burnout, 455–475 culture influence, 461 demographic factors, 460 ethnicity, 461 hospitalization, 455–475 illness delay, 457 income influences, 461 interaction, 455–475 patient–practitioner communication, 463–469 See also individual entry race, 461 religion influence, 461 stages of delay model, 457 utilization, 456–463 screening tests available today, 443 carrier status testing, 443 diagnostic testing, 443 predisposition testing, 443 prenatal testing, 443 presymptomatic testing, 443 strategies for increasing screening, 453–455 time of, 444 early cancer detection for men and women, 444 Secondary appraisal, 106 Secondary prevention, 8, 538–539 Self-affirmation, 506–507 for reducing smoking, 507 for reducing stress, 128 Self-control theory, 486 Self-criticism, 331 Self-efficacy, 75 building, 76 influencing behavior, 76 smoking cessation, 76 weight loss, 76 in obesity treatment, 276 in predicting behavior, 517 Self-Esteem Scale, 32 Self-examination, 8–9 Self-help groups, in chronic illness management, 370–371 Self-management strategies for quitting smoking, 232–233 Self-presentation group, in chronic illness management, 369 Self-report, 162–163 measures of pain, 307–309 Self-Report Inventories, 95–100 Serotonin, 306 SES See Socioeconomic status (SES) Set-point theory, 264 Severity evaluation, 61–62 Sham procedure, 324, 341 Sick-role behavior, 455 SIDS See Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) Skills training approaches, in smoking prevention, 226 Smoking, 8, 212–254 See also Continued smoking, factors leading to; Quitting smoking, strategies for cessation interventions, 524–526 nicotine-gum intervention, 525–526 Page 694 Sanderson bindsub.tex V1 - 01/31/2012 Subject Index rapid-smoking intervention, 525–526 hazards of smoking in movies, 220 health consequences of, 214–217 blood vessels constriction, 217 cancer, 215 heart rate increase, 217 increased buildup of plaque, 217 reduces oxygen amount in blood, 217 passive smoking impact on children, 216 prevalence around the world, 564 prevalence of, 214 prevention strategies, 225–228 psychosocial approaches, 226 skills training approaches, 226 social influence programs, 225 psychological factors initiating, 217–220 adolescents in group, 218 behaviors, 219 concern about weight, in girls, 218 distinct types of personalities, 218 media, 219–220 parents’ attitudes, 219 peer pressure, 218–219 social modeling, 218 teenagers trying out a new identity, 217 tobacco use, 215 Smoking–health link examination, 51 experimental, 51 observational/naturalistic, 51 quasi-experimental, 51 survey, 51 Social cognitive theory, 74–78, 517–518 6:46 P.M 695 direct modeling, 74 in HIV-prevention, 518 limitations, 78 sensitive interventions, 78 theory of planned behavior versus, 78 outcome expectancies in predicting behavior, 517 outcome expectancies, 75–76 self-efficacy in predicting behavior, 517 self-efficacy of individual, role of, 75 See also Self-efficacy symbolic modeling, 74 Social factors impact on health, 4, 6, 65 in smoking, 218–219 Social influence technique in obesity treatment, 278 in smoking prevention, 226 Social learning theory, 241–244, 486, 515 advertisements for alcohol, 242 watching people drink, 242 Social liberation, 80 Social network, 164–165 Social norms in increasing condom use, 519 Social problems in chronic illness, 350–354 emotional distress, 352 family members, 351 financial problems, 354 friends, 351 on marital relationships, 353 negative interactions scale, 352 negative psychological reactions, 352 overprotection, 352 Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS), 95–96 Social support, 163–169 belongingness support, 166 in chronic illness management, 364–366 emotional support, 365 improved adjustment, 365 in processing information about diagnosis, 365 description, 163–169 differential presence and benefits of, 168 emotional support, 166 esteem support, 167 groups, in chronic illness management, 369–371 problem-disclosure group, 369 self-help groups, 370–371 self-presentation group, 369 instrumental support, 167 measuring, challenges in, 163 perceived social support, 165–167 received social support, 168–169 in relapse prevention, 491 role in stress management, 142–187 seeking, to reduce stress, 123 emotional reasons, 123 social network, 164–165 in stress management, 160 for stress reduction, 134 tangible support, 167 validational support, 167 Social support–health link, 169–181 buffering hypothesis, 177–180 cardiovascular system, 174–175 companionship and, 181 direct effects hypothesis, 180–181 factors leading to, 183–185 chronic illness, 184 illness, 183–184 third variable, 184 and life expectancy, 173 immune system, 175–177 marriage and, 182 in men, 182–183 mortality and, 170–171 mortality rates and, 184 neuroendocrine system, 177 Page 695 Sanderson bindsub.tex V1 - 01/31/2012 Subject Index 696 Social support–health link (contd.) hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) system, 177 sympathetic-adrenal medullary (SAM) system, 177 physical well-being, 170–173 psychological well-being, 169–170 Japan, 169 United States, 169 recovery from surgery, 171 social class and personality, 184 stressful events, 179 in women, 182–183 Societal changes strategies in injury prevention, 202, 207–210 alcohol use prevention, 207 community-based efforts, 208 community-based interventions, 209 low-cost efforts, 208 mass-media campaigns, 208 rules and regulations, creating, 207 Signs of Suicide intervention program, 209 smoke detectors, 208 speed limits, 207 Sociocultural factors influencing eating, 270–272 cultural factors, 271–272 environmental factors, 271 Sociocultural norms and obesity, 283–286 cultural norms, 286 family dynamics, 286–288 socioeconomic status (SES), 284 thinness norm, 283–285 Socioeconomic status (SES) and stress, 125 Somatic nervous system, 109 Somaticizers, 462 Somatosensory cortex, 304 Specificity theory, 302 6:46 P.M Spiral model of changes of change, 79 Spirituality impact on chronic illness, 364 SRRS See Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) Stage models of health behavior change, 78–87 See also Precaution adoption process model; Transtheoretical model Stages of change model See Transtheoretical model State hope scale, 146 Stimulus control, 232 Stress, 91–141 See also Physical consequences of stress; Psychological consequences of stress affecting health, 4–5, 102–108 headache, nausea, and cancer, 385 and experience of pain, 310–312 burnout level, 311 financial worries, 311 work stress, 311 approach–approach conflict, 95 approach–avoidance conflict, 95 avoidance–avoidance conflict, 95 benefits of, 107 cancer and, 97–98 Cannon’s Fight-or-Flight Response, 102–105 epinephrine, 102 homeostasis, 102 norepinephrine, 102 CHD and, 374–375 cognitive appraisal of stressful event, 106 primary appraisal, 106 secondary appraisal, 106 General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS), 103–105 influencing eating, 267–268 limitations of, 98 daily hassles not taken into account, 99 subjective evidence not taken into account, 98 vague reasons, 98 measurement of, 95–102 Self-Report Inventories, 95–100 personality and, 156–158 cardiovascular response, 158 immune functioning, 158 negative emotions, 157–158 physiological mechanisms, 158–159 positive emotions, 157 physical consequences of, 108–120 physiological measures, 100–102 physiological response to, 107 short-term stressors, 127 sources of, 93–95 emotional pressure, 93 environmental pressures, 94 financial pressure, 93 interpersonal conflicts, 93 lack of control, 95 personal relationships, 93 pressures within ourselves, 94 work pressure, 93 Strokes, 371 Subjective norms, 64 Substance P, 305 Substantia gelatinosa, 303 Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), 402 Suicide, 197–199 ethics of assisted suicide, 408–411 impact on other people, 198 in men, 197 race/ethnicity, 198 in women, 197 Support groups, in chronic illness management, 370–371 Supportive-expressive therapy, for eating disorders, 294 Page 696 Sanderson bindsub.tex V1 - 01/31/2012 Subject Index Supportive interpersonal relationships, 478 Suppression of competing activities, to reduce stress, 123–124 Surgical pain control, 320 Survey methods, 32–35 advantages, 32 face-to-face interview, 32 limitations, 33 causality determination, problems in, 35 inaccurate information, 34 leading questions, 33 response options, 33 phone interview, 32 Self-Esteem Scale, 32 Survivor support groups, 432 Susceptibility belief, 60 Symbolic modeling, 74 Sympathetic-adrenal medullary (SAM) system, 111, 177 Sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system, 109–110 Systematic desensitization, 131, 327, 368 T T cells and optimism, 158 Tailored messages, 520 Tangible support, 167 Targeted messages, 520 Task-work approach, 406–407 acute phase, 406 chronic phase, 406 phase-specific tasks, 406 physical tasks, 406 prediagnostic phase, 406 psychological tasks, 406 social tasks, 406 spiritual tasks, 406 TBI See Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) Television watching and obesity, 273–274 Tend-and-befriend response, 105 6:46 P.M 697 TENS See Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) Tension-reduction theory, 241 Terminal illness, 399–440 Tertiary prevention, 9, 539 Testicular self-exam (TSE), 453–454 Theories of health behavior, 58–88 See also Continuum theories of health behavior; Stage models of health behavior change extension of models in, 87–88 integrated of models in, 87–88 Theories of reasoned action/ planned behavior, 64–67 intention as key determinant, 64 attitude, 64, 66 subjective norms, 64 limitations, 66 perceived behavioral control, 65 Theory of planned behavior, 65–67, 518–519 See also Theories of reasoned action Theory, 26–27 Thinness norm, 283–285 Third variable, 30–31 Tobacco use, 215 Transactional model, 106 Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), 322 Transtheoretical model, 78–83 action stage, 80 contemplation stage, 79 limitations, 82 change by stage, problems in, 82–83 maintenance stage, 80 precaution adoption process model versus, 86 precontemplation stage, 79 preparation stage, 80 social liberation, 80 Traumatic brain injuries (TBI), 200 Traumatic events, religion to cope with, 136 Treatment delay, 459 TSE See Testicular self-exam (TSE) Turning to religion, to reduce stress, 123 Type diabetes, 260 Type A behavior, 153–155 and CHD, 154–155 and coronary heart disease, relation between, 38 features of, 154 high levels of time urgency, 154 prone to experiencing anger and hostility, 154 strong competitive drive, 154 gastrointestinal problems, 154 minor illnesses, 154 Type B behavior, 154 U UNICEF See United Nations International Children’s Education Fund (UNICEF) Unintentional injuries, 189–190 Unintentional nonadherence, 476–479 Unintentional poisoning, 197 United Nations International Children’s Education Fund (UNICEF), 561–562 breast-feeding and nutrition, 562 diarrhea and acute respiratory infections, 562 family planning and reproductive health, 562 immunization, hygiene, and HIV, 562 Uplifts, 99 V Vaccinations, 13–14 Validational support, 167 Page 697 Sanderson bindsub.tex V1 - 01/31/2012 Subject Index 698 Venting of emotion, to reduce stress, 123 Vitamin E, 376 W Waiting-list control condition, 335 Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, 237 West Haven-Yale Multidimensional Pain Inventory, 307 ‘White coat hypertension’, 471 WHO See World Health Organization (WHO) ‘Wine-tasting test’, 490 Women chronic illness in, 357 health predictors, focusing on, 559–561 6:46 P.M height and weight tables for, 258 homicide in, 200 quitting smoking strategies for, 229–230 religious services and stress in, 136 screening tests in, 451–452 social support benefits in, 182–183 suicide in, 197 unique health issues and concerns, 559 hormone-replacement therapy, 560 menopause, 560 postpartum depression, 560 reproductive issues, 559 technology, 559 Women’s Health Initiative study, 40 Work stress, 311 work pressure, 93 World Health Organization (WHO), health definition by, 18 Written expression of emotion, 129 Y Young adulthood, risk of injury and, 193–194 drowning, 194 poisoning, 194 unintenional, 193 vehicle accidents, 193–194 Page 698 ... chapters What Is Health Psychology? The field of health psychology addresses how one’s behavior can influence health, wellness, and illness in a variety of ways Specifically, health psychology examines... 533 CHAPTER 14 Future Directions for Health Psychology 534 Preview 535 What Are the Contributions of Health Psychology? 536 What Are the Hot Topics in Health Psychology? 537 7:55 P.M Page xxi Sanderson... Catherine Ashley, 196 8Health psychology / Catherine A Sanderson.—2nd ed p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-0-470-12915-9 (hardback) Clinical health psychology Health Psychological