Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it E D I T I O N Cognitive Psychology Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it This is an electronic version of the print textbook Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it E D I T I O N Cognitive Psychology ROBERT J STERNBERG Oklahoma State University KARIN STERNBERG Oklahoma State University with contributions of the Investigating Cognitive Psychology boxes by JEFF MIO California State University–Pomona Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it Cognitive Psychology, Sixth Edition Robert J Sternberg and Karin Sternberg Acquisitions Editor: Jaime Perkins Developmental Editor: Tangelique Williams Production Manager: Matthew Ballantyne Compositor/Production Service: PreMediaGlobal © 2012, 2009 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher Marketing Manager: Elisabeth Rhoden Marketing Communications Manager: Talia Wise Content Project Management: PreMediaGlobal Design Director: Rob Hugel For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706 For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions Further permissions questions can be e-mailed to permissionrequest@cengage.com Art Director: Vernon Boes Print Buyer: Mary Beth Hennebury Library of Congress Control Number: 2010935207 Rights Acquisitions Specialist: Roberta Broyer ISBN-13: 978-1-111-34476-4 Rights Acquisitions Director: Robert Kauser Photo Researcher: PreMediaGlobal Text Researcher: Karyn Morrison Cover Designer: Cheryl Carrington Cover Images: clockwise from upper right: Sung-Il Kim/Corbis; Eva Wernlid/ Nordicphotos/Corbis; Ariel Skelley/Getty Images; Phillip and Karen Smith/ Getty Images; Noel Hendrickson/Blend Images/Corbis; background: Ingram Publishing/Getty Images ISBN-10: 1-111-34476-0 Wadsworth 20 Davis Drive Belmont, CA 94002-3098 USA Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with office locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and Japan Locate your local office at www.cengage.com/region Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd To learn more about Wadsworth, visit www.cengage.com/wadsworth Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.cengagebrain.com Printed in the United States of America 15 14 13 12 11 Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it Contents in Brief CHAPTER Introduction to Cognitive Psychology CHAPTER Cognitive Neuroscience 41 CHAPTER Visual Perception 84 CHAPTER Attention and Consciousness 135 CHAPTER Memory: Models and Research Methods 185 CHAPTER Memory Processes 228 CHAPTER The Landscape of Memory: Mental Images, Maps, and Propositions 269 CHAPTER The Organization of Knowledge in the Mind 319 CHAPTER Language 359 CHAPTER 10 Language in Context 401 CHAPTER 11 Problem Solving and Creativity 442 CHAPTER 12 Decision Making and Reasoning 487 Glossary 530 References 538 Name Index 593 Subject Index 603 v Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it Contents CHAPTER Introduction to Cognitive Psychology n Believe It or Not: Now You See It, Now You Don’t! Cognitive Psychology Defined Philosophical Antecedents of Psychology: Rationalism versus Empiricism Psychological Antecedents of Cognitive Psychology Early Dialectics in the Psychology of Cognition 7 n Practical Applications of Cognitive Psychology: Pragmatism It’s Only What You Can See That Counts: From Associationism to Behaviorism n Believe It or Not: Scientific Progress!? 11 12 The Whole Is More Than the Sum of Its Parts: Gestalt Psychology 13 Emergence of Cognitive Psychology 13 Early Role of Psychobiology 14 Add a Dash of Technology: Engineering, Computation, and Applied Cognitive Psychology 14 Cognition and Intelligence 17 What Is Intelligence? 17 n Investigating Cognitive Psychology: Intelligence Three Cognitive Models of Intelligence 17 18 Research Methods in Cognitive Psychology Goals of Research 22 Distinctive Research Methods 23 22 n In the Lab of Henry L Roediger 24 n Investigating Cognitive Psychology: Self-Reports 32 Fundamental Ideas in Cognitive Psychology 34 Key Themes in Cognitive Psychology Summary 36 38 Thinking about Thinking: Analytical, Creative, and Practical Questions Key Terms 39 40 Media Resources 40 CHAPTER Cognitive Neuroscience 41 n Believe It or Not: Does Your Brain Use Less Power Than Your Desk Lamp? 42 Cognition in the Brain: The Anatomy and Mechanisms of the Brain Gross Anatomy of the Brain: Forebrain, Midbrain, Hindbrain 43 43 n In the Lab of Martha Farah 47 Cerebral Cortex and Localization of Function 51 vi Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it vii Contents Neuronal Structure and Function Receptors and Drugs 64 61 Viewing the Structures and Functions of the Brain Postmortem Studies 65 Studying Live Nonhuman Animals 66 Studying Live Humans 66 65 Brain Disorders 75 Stroke 75 Brain Tumors 76 n Believe It or Not: Brain Surgery Can Be Performed While You Are Awake! Head Injuries 77 77 Intelligence and Neuroscience 78 Intelligence and Brain Size 78 Intelligence and Neurons 79 Intelligence and Brain Metabolism 79 Biological Bases of Intelligence Testing 80 The P-FIT Theory of Intelligence 80 Key Themes Summary 81 81 Thinking about Thinking: Analytical, Creative, and Practical Questions 82 Key Terms 82 Media Resources 83 CHAPTER Visual Perception 84 n Believe It or Not: If You Encountered Tyrannosaurus Rex, Would Standing Still Save You? n Investigating Cognitive Psychology: Perception 86 From Sensation to Representation 86 Some Basic Concepts of Perception 88 n Investigating Cognitive Psychology: The Ganzfeld Effect 90 Seeing Things That Aren’t There, or Are They? 90 How Does Our Visual System Work? 93 Pathways to Perceive the What and the Where 95 Approaches to Perception: How Do We Make Sense of What We See? Bottom-Up Theories 97 Top-Down Theories 107 How Do Bottom-Up Theories and Top-Down Theories Go Together? 110 96 Perception of Objects and Forms 111 Viewer-Centered vs Object-Centered Perception 111 n Practical Applications of Cognitive Psychology: Depth Cues in Photography The Perception of Groups—Gestalt Laws Recognizing Patterns and Faces 116 n In the Lab of Marvin Chun 112 113 119 Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it 85 viii Contents n Believe It or Not: Do Two Different Faces Ever Look the Same to You? The Environment Helps You See Perceptual Constancies 121 Depth Perception 124 120 121 n Investigating Cognitive Psychology: Binocular Depth Cues 127 Deficits in Perception 127 Agnosias and Ataxias 127 Anomalies in Color Perception 130 Why Does It Matter? Perception in Practice Key Themes Summary 131 132 132 Thinking about Thinking: Analytical, Creative, and Practical Questions Key Terms 134 134 Media Resources 134 CHAPTER Attention and Consciousness 135 n Believe It or Not: Does Paying Attention Enable You to Make Better Decisions? The Nature of Attention and Consciousness 136 137 Attention 138 Attending to Signals over the Short and Long Terms 139 Search: Actively Looking 143 Selective Attention 148 n Investigating Cognitive Psychology: Attenuation Model Divided Attention 151 153 n Investigating Cognitive Psychology: Dividing Your Attention 155 n Believe It or Not: Are You Productive When You’re Multitasking? 157 Factors That Influence Our Ability to Pay Attention 159 Neuroscience and Attention: A Network Model 160 Intelligence and Attention 161 When Our Attention Fails Us 163 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) 163 Change Blindness and Inattentional Blindness 165 Spatial Neglect—One Half of the World Goes Amiss 165 Dealing with an Overwhelming World—Habituation and Adaptation n Practical Applications of Cognitive Psychology: Overcoming Boredom Automatic and Controlled Processes in Attention Automatic and Controlled Processes 170 n In the Lab of John F Kihlstrom 167 167 169 171 How Does Automatization Occur? 172 Automatization in Everyday Life 174 Mistakes We Make in Automatic Processes 175 Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it Name Index Huntsman, L A., 289 Hurt, H., 47 Hutsler, J J., 51, 54 Hutter, M., 17 Hybel, D., 89 Hyoenae, J., 391 Iaria, G., 310 Inagaki, H., 292 Inoue, S., 311 Intons-Peterson, M J., 299, 303 Isaacowitz, D M., 118 Isard, S., 371 Ischebeck, A., 433 Ishii, R., 289 Itti, L., 144, 145 Ivry, R B., 43, 48, 57, 66, 74, 76 Izquierdo, I., 63 J., A (mnemonist), 256 Jack, C R., 221 Jackendoff, R., 384 Jackson, S., 99 Jackson, S R., 130 Jacobson, R R., 225 Jacoby, L L., 137, 192 Jaffe, E., 85 James, T W., 303 James, W., 9, 38, 137, 176, 193 Jameson, K A., 407 Jamis, M., 259 Jan, D., 423 Jäncke, L., 71, 293 Janis, I L., 504, 505, 518 Janiszewski, C., 495 Jansen-Osmann, P., 290, 293 Jansiewicz, E M., 169 Jarvin, L., 22 Jefferson, G., 426 Jenkins, J J., 192 Jensen, A R., 162 Jensen, P., 164 Jenson, J L., 504 Jerde, T E., 370 Jerison, H J., 78 Jia, G., 413 Jiang, Y., 127 Jiang, Y V., 248 Jick, H., 438 Johnson, D R., 410 Johnson, M K., 211, 229, 253, 263, 405, 420 Johnson-Laird, P N., 301, 302, 317, 396, 397, 493, 507, 509, 515, 516, 517, 519 Johnston, J C., 390 Johnston, W A., 157, 158 Johnstone, S J., 174 Jolicoeur, P., 287, 289, 290, 301 Jonassen, D H., 455 Jones, E G., 48 Jones, G., 341 Jones, P E., 31 Jonides, J., 314 Jonkers, R., 438 Jonsson, G., 66 Jordan, K., 289, 293, 294 Jordan, P J., 446 Jung, R E., 78, 79, 80, 483 Jung-Beeman, M., 459 Jusczyk, P W., 373 Jussim, L., 521 Just, M A., 79, 290, 388 Kahneman, D., 4, 156, 488, 489, 493, 494, 496, 497, 498, 500 Kail, R V., 291 Kalénine, S., 323 Kali (goddess), 42 Kalisch, R., 74 Kalla, R., 145 Kamio, Y., 232 Kan, K J., 174 Kandel, E R., 166, 168 Kane, M J., 209 Kanner, L., 438 Kant, I., 7, 38 Kanwisher, N., 100, 117, 124, 354 Kaplan, E., 395 Kaplan, G B., 351 Karapetsas, A., 412 Karlin, M B., 253, 405 Karnath, H O., 130, 166 Karni, A., 236 Karpicke, J D., 24, 26 Kaschak, M P., 361 Kashino, M., 371 Kasparov, G., 478, 480 Kass, S J., 294 Kassin, S M., 258 Katz, J J., 324 Kaufman, A B., 192, 483 Kaufman, A S., 18 Kaufman, D R., 502 Kaufman, J C., 22, 161, 482 Kaufman, S B., 481 Kaufmann, L., 174 Kawachi, K., 418 Kay, P., 407, 408 Kaye, J A., 438 Keane, M T., 210, 301, 493 Keating, D P., 192 Keele, S W., 231 Keenan, J M., 396 Keil, F C., 325, 327, 409 Keller, E., 426 Keller, H., 360, 374 Keller, P E., 276 Kemp, I A., 161, 165 Kennedy, K M., 192 Kennedy, R., 12 Kennerley, S W., 505 Kensinger, E A., 221, 222, 223, 336 Kentridge, R W., 181 Keppel, G., 247, 248 Kerr, N., 302 Ketcham, K., 257 Keysar, B., 420 Khader, P., 245 Khubchandani, L M., 413 Kiesel, A., 468 Kiga, D L., 78 Kigar, D L., 52 Kihara, K., 277 Kihlstrom, J F., 171 Kim, K H., 417 Kimchi, R., 103 Kimura, D., 293, 435, 436 Kintsch, W., 395, 396, 397, 449 Kirby, J R., 161 Kirby, K N., 511 Kirker, W S., 201 Kirwan, C B., 256 Kitada, R., 73 Kleim, J A., 62 Klein, G., 502 Klein, K L., 129 Kleinhans, N M., 46 Kliegl, R., 433 Kluger, B., 54 Knauff, M., 517 Knowlton, B J., 205, 224 Koch, G., 74 Koehler, J J., 494 Koenig, O., 295 Koffka, K., 113 Köhler, S., 95 Köhler, W., 13, 97, 113, 456, 457F Koivisto, M., 151 Kok, A., 290, 292 Koko (gorilla), 431 Kolb, B., 51, 129, 432 Kolb, I., 80 Kolodner, J L., 253 Kolomyts, Y., 480 Komatsu, L K., 326, 336, 337 Kontogiannis, T., 175 Kopelman, M D., 225 Kornblum, H I., 75 Kornilov, S A., 483 Koscik, T., 294 Kosslyn, S M., 85, 276, 277, 280, 283, 287, 288, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 315 Kotovsky, K., 452 Kounios, J., 459 Koustanai, A., 131 Kozlowski, L., 110 Kraemer, D J M., 303 Krampe, R T., 472 Krantz, L., 494 597 Kreuz, R J., 397 Krieger, J L., 175 Kringelbach, M L., 75 Krishnan, R., 74 Krueger, J., 523 Kruschke, J K., 322 Kuhl, P K., 370 Kuiper, N A., 201 Kulik, J., 255 Kurby, C A., 276 Kutas, M., 433 Kyllonen, P C., 208 LaBerge, D., 142, 170 Ladavas, E., 163 Ladefoged, P., 365 Lakoff, G., 423 Laland, K., 13 Lander, K., 118 Langer, E J., 175, 176 Langley, L K., 148 Langley, P., 480 Lansman, M., 155 Lanze, M., 110 LaPointe, L L., 31 Large, M.-E., 99 Larkin, J H., 446, 467, 469 Larson, G E., 79 Lashley, K S., 14, 52, 78, 223 Lau, I., 410 Lawrence, E., 518 Lawson, A E., 507 Leahey, T H., Lederer, R., 367, 368 LeDoux, J E., 56 Lee, D., 198, 505 Lee, F L., 348 Lee, K H., 80 Legg, S., 17 Lehman, D R., 5, 331, 518 Leicht, K L., 235 Leighton, J P., 507, 510 Leiman, A L., 42 Lemmon, K., 395 Lempert, R., 518 Lempert, R O., 498 Lennie, P., 105 Lennox, B R., 288 Leonardo da Vinci, 479, 481 Leopold, D A., 118 Lerner, A J., 46 Lesgold, A M., 469, 471, 474 Levin, D T., 177 Levine, B., 218 Levine, D N., 306 Levinson, K L., 129 Levy, J., 51, 54, 56 Lewandowsky, S., 323 Lewis, C., 263 Lewis, M P., 361 Lewis, R L., 361 Lewis, S J G., 46 Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it 598 Name Index Liberman, A M., 369, 372, 373 Lichtenberger, E O., 18 Lichtenstein, S., 498 Lickel, B., 497 Lindem, K., 314 Lindeman, J., 391 Lindsay, D S., 137 Lindsey, D T., 408 Linton, M., 253 Lipshitz, R., 502 Little, D R., 323 Liu, K P Y., 277 Llinas, R R., 143 Locke, J., 7, 38 Lockhart, R S., 187, 189, 200 Lodi, R., 48 Loebell, H., 378, 384, 419 Loftus, E F., 199, 253, 257, 258, 260, 261, 262, 334, 345, 406 Loftus, G R., 199 Logan, G., 170, 173 Logie, R H., 205, 208, 298 Logothetis, N K., 75 Lohman, D F., 467 Longoni, A M., 294 Lonner, W J., 404 Lorincz, A., 106–7 Loth, E., 339 Lou, H C., 163 Louwerse, M M., 300, 312 Love, B C., 322 Love, T., 215 Lowenstein, J A., 261 Lu, C., 472 Lubart, T I., 479 Lucas, T H., 436 Luchins, A S., 460, 461 Luck, S J., 163, 198 Luka, B J., 378 Luo, J., 459 Lupton, L., 370 Luria, A., 214 Luria, A R., 161 Luus, C A E., 258 Luzzatti, C., 166 Lycan, W., 11 Lynch, J., 323 M., H (amnesiac), 218 M., H (patient), 48, 335–36 Ma, J E., 518 McAfoose, J., 193 McArthur, T., 418 McBride, D., 190 McCall, L., 99 McCarthy, G., 73, 100 McCarthy, R A., 376 McClelland, J L., 46, 212, 237, 349, 351, 352, 353F, 355, 371, 388, 389, 390 McCloskey, M., 259 McCloskey, M E., 259 McConkie, G., 411 McCormick, C B., 201 McCormick, D A., 48, 224 McDaniel, M A., 78 McDermott, J., 117 McDermott, K B., 24, 256, 262 McDermott, M A., 24 MacDonald, J., 373 McDonough, L., 409 McDowd, J M., 156 Mace, W M., 98 McGarry-Roberts, P A., 79 McGarva, A R., 159 McGaugh, J L., 224 McGee, S., 455 McGuire, P K., 289 McGurk, H., 373 McIntosh, A R., 210 McIntyre, C K., 63 Mack, M L., 324 MacKay, D G., 218 McKenna, J., 259 McKenzie, K J., 294 McKeown, M G., 394 McKhann, G M., 436 McKinley, S C., 327 Macknik, S L., 89 McKone, E., 190 McKoon, G., 212, 311, 397 Mackworth, N H., 142 MacLean, K A., 142, 160 MacLeod, C M., 174, 263 MacLin, O H., 120 McMullen, P A., 112 McNamara, D S., 397, 468 McNamara, T P., 310, 311, 344 McNamara, T R., 311 McNaughton, B C., 237, 352 McNaughton, B L., 237 McNeil, J E., 129 McNeill, D., 180 Macquet, A C., 502 McRorie, M., 162 MacSweeney, M., 437 Madden, D J, 147, 148 Maddieson, I., 365 Maddox, K B., 347 Maguire, E A., 310 Makel, M C., 480 Makovski, T., 248 Malakis, S., 175 Malgady, R., 420 Malpass, R S., 120, 259 Malsbury, C W., 48 Malt, B., 325, 325T Mandler, G., 219 Mangun, G R., 43, 48, 57, 66, 74, 76, 153 Mani, K., 302 Mankoff, R., 446 Manktelow, K I., 512 Manns, J R., 46, 223 Mantyla, T., 265 Maratsos, M P., 414 Marcel, A J., 178, 181 Marcus, D., 409 Maril, A., 181 Markman, A B., 328, 331 Markman, E M., 331, 367 Markovits, H., 515, 523 Markowitz, H., 488 Marr, D., 16, 27, 85 Marrero, M Z., 414 Marsh, B., 501 Marsh, R L., 151 Marsolek, C J., 112 Martin, L., 404 Martin, M., 104 Martinez-Conde, S., 89 Mascolo, M F., 313 Massaro, D W., 370, 374 Masson, M E J., 388 Masuda, T., Matarazzo, J D., 78 Matlin, M W., 195, 264, 283 Matsui, M., 339 Matsuzawa, T., 311 Matthews, R J., 214 Mattingley, J B., 108 Mattingly, I G., 372 Maunsell, J H., 111 Maxwell, R J., 513 May, E., 517 Mayer, R E., 444F, 453F, 454F Mazaheri, A., 67 Meacham, J A., 241 Meade, M L., 263 Meador-Woodruff, J H., 48 Mechelli, A., 413, 417 Medin, D L., 323, 326, 331 Medina, J H., 63 Meerlo, P., 237 Meeter, M., 157 Meinzer, M., 414 Mejia-Arauz, R., 13 Melnyk, L., 261 Melrose, R J., 524 Melton, R J., 518 Memon, A., 262 Merikle, P., 137 Mervis, C B., 325, 326 Metcalfe, J., 234, 456, 457, 458F Metcalfe, S., 118 Metzger, W., 89 Metzler, J., 287, 289, 290, 291, 298, 300 Meyer, A S., 361 Meyer, D., 157 Meyer, D E., 390, 391 Meyer, M., 314 Meyer, R E., 389 Micheau, J., 63 Micheyl, C., 148 Middleton, F A., 51 Miesler, L., 501 Mignot, E., 48 Milani, I., 103 Miller, B., 387 Miller, D G., 257, 258 Miller, G., 16 Miller, G A., 16, 198, 354, 367, 371, 420 Miller, J., 155 Miller, M B., 54 Miller, M D., 200 Mills, C J., 201 Milner, A D., 95, 96, 130 Milner, B., 218, 221 Minagawa-Kawai, Y., 365 Mirman, D., 371 Mirochnic, S., 221 Mishkin, M., 95 Miyamoto, Y., Moar, I., 312 Modafferi, P A., 257 Modell, H I., 303 Moettoenen, R., 373 Mohammed, A K., 66 Monaco, A P., 387 Monnier, C., 264 Monsell, S., 251 Montague, L., 367 Montello, D R., 300, 312 Montgomery, K., 120 Mooney, A., 426 Moore, C M., 259 Moore, K S., 238 Moran, S., 480, 481 Morawski, J., Moray, N., 151, 153 Morey, R., 378, 384, 419 Mori, M., 79 Morris, C D., 202 Morrison, T., 479 Morton, J., 388 Morton, T A., 331 Morton, T U., 427 Moscovitch, M., 128, 223, 265 Motter, A E., 366 Motter, B., 142 Mouchiroud, C., 479 Moulton, S T., 276 Mueller, H J., 144 Mufwene, S S., 365 Mulder, A B., 66 Mulford, M., 523 Mulligan, N W., 190 Munhall, K G., 365 Münte, T F., 71, 150 Murdock, B B., 193 Murdock, B B., Jr., 247 Murphy, K., 190 Murray, J., 290 Murray, M D., 502 Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it Name Index Naglieri, J A., 161 Nahmias, C., 120 Naigles, L., 367, 410 Nakayama, Y., 131 Naples, A J., 444 Nathan, P W., 218 Nation, P., 394 Naus, M J., 244 Navalpakkam, V., 144, 145 Navon, D., 103, 104, 156 Neely, J H., 178 Neisser, U., 16, 38, 99, 152, 153, 154, 160, 200, 255, 266 Nelson, T O., 232 Neto, F., 460 Nettelbeck, T., 19, 20, 162, 246 Neubauer, A C., 162 Neville, H J., 433 New, A S., 26 Newell, A., 16, 341, 449, 484 Newell, B R., 421 Newman, A J., 436 Newman, M L., 428 Newman, R S., 149 Newman, S D., 79, 466 Newton, I., 481 Nichelli, P., 121 Nicholls, M E R., 374 Nick, A M., 248 Nickerson, R S., 33, 517 Nigg, J T., 163 Nigro, G., 420 Niki, K., 459 Ninio, J., 126 Nisbett, R E., 5, 177, 494, 518, 520, 521 Nishino, S., 48 Noble, K., 47 Nolen-Hoeksema, S., 254, 264 Norman, D A., 152, 174, 175, 176, 193, 241, 248, 287, 308, 474 Nosofsky, R M., 327 Novick, L R., 464 Nuerk, H C., 174 Nyberg, L., 210 Oakhill, J., 395, 397 Oakhill, J V., 301 Obel, C., 163 Obler, L., 414 O’Brien, D P., 510 O’Grady, W., 366 Ojemann, G A., 414, 435, 436 O’Kane, G., 336 O’Keefe, J., 46 Oken, B S., 143 Okubo, M., 289 O’Leary, D S., 72 Olesen, P J., 103 Olivers, C N L., 157 Oller, D K., 412 Öllinger, M., 347 Olsen, T S., 438 Olseth, K L., 465 Olsson, M J., 230 Oppenheimer, D M., 489 Orasanu, J., 502 Orban, G A., 127 O’Regan, J K., 165 O’Reilly, R C., 237, 352 Ormerod, T C., 465 Ornstein, P A., 244 Ortony, A., 336 Osherson, D N., 85 O’Toole, A J., 120 Over, D E., 501, 512 Overton, R., 235 Overton, W., 409 Owen, A M., 466 Oxelson, E., 412 Ozonoff, S., 439 P., V (mnemonist), 215 Paap, K R., 390 Pachur, T., 501 Page, S E., 443 Paivio, A., 277, 315 Palermo, R., 118 Pallanti, S., 74 Paller, K A., 219 Palmer, J C., 406 Palmer, S E., 109, 110, 113, 115, 116 Palmeri, T J., 170, 324, 327 Palmiero, M., 276 Paolillo, J C., 428 Paracchini, S., 387 Paradis, M., 414 Paradise, R., 13 Park, C R., 234 Park, Y S., 291 Parker, A., 99 Parker, A J., 125, 127 Parker, J D A., 256 Parron, C., 116 Pascual-Leone, A., 74 Pashler, H., 155 Passafiume, D., 335 Patel, V L., 502 Patterson, J C., 72 Pavlov, I., 11, 38 Payne, J., 492 Payne, J D., 237, 259 PDP Research Group, 349 Pearlstone, Z., 244 Pearson, B Z., 412 Pearson, D G., 208 Pecenka, N., 276 Pedersen, P M., 438 Peigneux, P., 237 Pellizzer, G., 293 Penfield, W., 199, 209 Pennebaker, J W., 262 Penrod, S., 259 Penrod, S D., 257 Pepperberg, I M., 432 Perfetti, C A., 390, 391, 394 Perlmutter, D., 381 Persaud, K C., 270 Peru, A., 298 Pesciarelli, F., 343 Peters, E., 518 Peters, M., 290 Petersen, S E., 163, 390 Peterson, L R., 247 Peterson, M A., 92, 286, 287 Peterson, M J., 247 Pezdek, K., 255, 259 Phaf, R H., 174 Phelps, E A., 46, 68, 142, 235 Phillipson, R., 417 Piaget, J., 526 Pichert, J W., 396 Pickell, H., 436 Picton, T W., 67 Pierce, K., 438 Piercy, M., 80 Pike, R., 210 Pines, J M., 518 Pinker, S., 43, 271, 286, 298, 377, 378, 380, 425 Pisoni, D B., 371 Piven, J., 46 Pizzighello, S., 165 Platek, S M., 54 Platko, J V., 476 Plato, 6, 38, 39 Platt, B., 63 Platt, M L., 505 Plaut, D C., 351, 389 Plucker, J A., 480 Poggio, T., 92 Poitrenaud, S., 327 Polanczyk, G., 164 Policastro, E., 482 Polk, T A., 100 Polkczynska-Fiszer, M., 433 Pollack, M E., 393 Pollard, P., 518 Pollatsek, A., 157, 386, 387, 388, 390 Pollatsek, S., 411 Pomerantz, J R., 85, 109, 277 Poortinga, Y H., 331 Posner, M I., 68, 72, 73, 143, 161, 163, 170, 231, 344, 390 Postle, B R., 248 Postma, A., 225 Potter, M C., 119 Pouget, A., 145 Poulin, R M., 524 Powell, J S., 395 Prabhu, V., 481 Pradere, D., 262 599 Pretz, J E., 444, 482 Pribram, K H., 16, 354 Prince, S E., 210, 232 Prinzmetal, W P., 113 Proffitt, D R., 126 Proffitt, J B., 323 Provenzale, J M, 148 Puetz, P., 90 Pugalee, D K., 471 Pullum, G K., 404 Pursglove, R C., 263 Pyers, J E., 180 Pylyshyn, Z., 214, 281, 283, 287, 298, 299 Quayle, J D., 515 Qui, J., 526 Quillian, M R., 333–34 Quinn, J J., 31 Quinn, P C., 116 Rabin, C S., 276 Radvansky, G A., 364 Rafal, R., 181 Ragland, J D., 200 Rahm, E., 337 Raichle, M E., 68, 72 Rainbow Project Collaborators, 22 Raine, A., 526 Rajah, M N., 210 Rajan, K., 61 Ralph, M A L., 351 Ramachandra, P., 74 Ramirez-Esparza, N., 27 Ramsey, M., 159 Ramus, F., 174 Ranga, K., 74 Rao, H., 47 Rao, R P N., 137 Ratcliff, R., 212, 311, 327, 352, 397 Raymond, J E., 119 Rayner, K., 386, 388, 390, 411 Raz, A., 170, 172 Raz, N., 192 Read, J D., 253, 255, 394 Reason, J., 175, 176 Reber, P J., 224 Reed, L J., 225 Reed, S., 283, 300 Reed, S K., 443, 449 Reed, T E., 162 Reeder, G D., 201 Rees, E., 469 Rees, G., 181 Rees-Miller, J., 366 Regier, T., 407, 408 Reicher, G M., 110, 390 Reichle, E., 411 Reinholdt-Dunne, M L., 159 Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it 600 Name Index Reisberg, D., 276, 283, 284, 284F, 285, 286, 300 Reiser, B J., 297, 300 Reitman, J S., 248 Remez, R E., 374 Rensink, R A., 131 Rescorla, R A., 11, 429, 430 Reverberi, C., 525 Revonsuo, A., 151 Rey, G., 375 Rhodes, G., 118, 120 Richardson, P., 210 Richardson-Klavehn, A R., 193 Riedel, G., 63 Riggs, L A., 89 Rijswijk-Prins, H., 174 Riley, D., 46 Rips, L J., 329, 330, 334, 507, 510, 513, 524 Ritchie, W C., 412 Ritter, A., 11 Ritter, F E., 341 Ro, T., 181 Robbins, S E., 218 Robbins, T W., 205 Roberson, D., 408 Robert, N D., 462 Roberts, A C., 205 Roberts, J E., 293 Robins, A., 119 Robinson, S R., 189 Roca, I M., 365 Rock, I., 107, 113, 346 Rockland, K S., 42, 46, 48, 50, 64 Rodman, R., 385, 418 Rodrigue, K M., 192 Rodriguez, A., 163 Roediger, H L., III, 24, 240, 241, 256, 262, 263 Rofe, Y., 262 Rogers, R D., 505 Rogers, T B., 201 Rogers, T T., 349, 351 Rogoff, B., 13 Roney, C J R., 499 Roozendaal, B., 224, 234 Rosch, E., 325, 356 Rosch, E H., 323, 324, 325, 326 Rosch Heider, K G., 407 Rosen, G D., 51 Rosenberg, K., 434 Rosenzweig, M R., 42 Ross, B H., 327, 331, 376, 465 Ross, L., 494, 523 Ross, M., 495 Rostad, K., 162 Rostain, A L., 164 Roswarski, T E., 502 Rothbart, M., 161 Rothbart, R., 232 Rothwell, J C , 74 Rouder, J N., 327 Rovee-Collier, C., 264 Rubin, D C., 253 Rubin, Z., 427 Rudkin, S J., 208 Rudner, M., 205 Rudolph, J W., 502 Rugg, M D., 43 Rumain, B., 510 Rumbaugh, D M., 430 Rumelhart, D E., 212, 287, 308, 336, 349, 388, 389, 390, 474 Runco, M A., 479, 480 Russell, J A., 310 Russell, W., 303 Russell, W R., 218 Rychkova, S I., 126 Rychlak, J E., 14 Ryle, G., 271 S (mnemonist), 214–15 Saarinen, T F., 300, 312 Sabini, J P., 518 Sabsevitz, D S., 433 Sacks, H., 426 Saito, S., 418 Salas, E., 504 Salat, D H., 218 Salmon, D P., 224 Salthouse, T A., 474 Samanez-Larkin, G R., 73 Samuel, A G., 371 Samuel, A L., 478 Sapir, E., 404, 410 Sarkar, S., 370, 474 Sarter, M., 50 Sasaki, T., 189 Satterlee-Cartmell, T., 453 Savage-Rumbaugh, S., 431 Savary, F., 515 Scaggs, W E., 237 Scerri, T., 387 Schacter, D L., 46, 179, 181, 210, 212, 219, 221, 224, 235, 256, 262, 352 Schaeken, W., 301, 397, 517 Schaller, M., 5, 331 Schank, R C., 337, 476 Schegloff, E A., 426 Scheibehenne, B., 501 Schiano, D J., 312 Schienle, A., 276 Schirduan, V., 165 Schmid, J., 290 Schmidt, H G., 200 Schmiedek, F., 162 Schneider, W., 142, 170, 187, 234 Schnider, A., 256 Schoenfeld, A H., 473 Schonbein, W., 14 Schooler, J W., 262, 406 Schunk, D H., 425 Schvaneveldt, R W., 390, 391 Schwartz, H C., 323 Schwarz, N., 446, 518 Scott, L S., 324 Scoville, W B., 218 Seal, M L., 289 Searle, D A., 374 Searle, J R., 420, 423 Sears, L., 46 Seguino, S., 460 Sehulster, J R., 254 Seidenberg, M S., 390 Seizova-Cajic, T., 312 Sejnowski, T., 61 Selfridge, O G., 99, 101–2, 103 Selkoe, D J., 62 Sells, S B., 514 Semin, G R., 403 Seo, D C., 159 Sera, M D., 409 Serpell, R., 18 Shah, A K., 489 Shahin, A J., 371 Shakespeare, W., 367, 525 Shallice, T., 221, 376, 438 Shannon, C., 15 Shanock, L., 481 Shapiro, K., 436 Shapiro, P., 259 Shapley, R., 105 Sharpe, S A., 495 Shastri, L., 212, 345 Shatz, M., 365, 410 Shaw, G B., 387 Shaw, J C., 16 Shaywitz, B A., 387 Shaywitz, S E., 387, 434 Shear, J., 138 Shear, S A., 159 Sheard, D E., 255 Shelton, S T., 504 Shepard, R., 290, 291 Shepard, R N., 287, 289, 290, 298, 300 Shepherd, A J., 381 Shepherd, G., 42 Shepherd, G M., 61 Shiffrin, R., 193, 194, 203 Shiffrin, R M., 170, 248 Shin, N., 447, 455 Shinoura, N., 166 Shipley, M T., 50 Shoben, E J., 209, 334 Shohamy, D., 224 Shulman, H G., 231 Sicoly, F., 495 Sidner, C L., 393 Silver, E A., 471 Silverman, I., 387 Simion, F., 103 Simon, H A., 16, 177, 263, 341, 354, 443, 449, 450T, 452, 468, 469, 470F, 484, 491 Simons, D J., 2, 4, 97, 131 Simonton, D K., 481, 482 Simpson, B D., 149 Singer, J., 241 Sio, U N., 465 Sita (legendary woman), 42 Skagerberg, E M., 259 Skinner, B F., 11–12, 14, 38 Skotko, B G., 218 Skurnik, I., 446, 518 Slee, J., 190 Sloboda, J A., 474 Sloman, S A., 512, 523, 524 Slovic, P., 489, 498 Smith, A D., 312 Smith, C., 237, 255 Smith, E E., 53, 325, 325T, 326, 327, 334, 459 Smith, F., 386 Smith, J., 474 Smith, J D., 327 Smith, J K., 483 Smith, L B., 501 Smith, L F., 483 Smith, M., 361 Smolensky, P., 351 Snow, D., 290 Snow, J C., 108 Snyder, C R R., 170 Soechting, J F., 370 Sohn, M H., 483 Solomon, H., 323 Solso, R., 305, 315 Solstad, T., 224 Sommer, I E., 435 Sommer, R., 422 Sommers, S R., 504 Sook Lee, J., 412 Sotak, C., 74 Spalding, T L., 327, 376 Sparr, S A., 130 Spear, N E., 218 Spear-Swerling, L., 386 Spelke, E., 153, 154, 160 Spellman, B A., 521 Spencer, C., 260 Sperling, G., 194–97 Sperry, R., 53 Sperry, R W., 304 Squire, L R., 46, 205, 210, 218, 221, 223, 224, 234, 342 Srinivasan, N., 138 Stacy, E W., 109 Staller, A., 512 Standing, L., 189 Stankiewicz, B J., 101 Stankov, L., 161 Stanovich, K E., 444, 449, 476, 501 Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it Name Index Stanovich, R F., 444 Stapel, D A., 403 Stark, H A., 219 Starr, C., 93 Starr, L., 93 Steedman, M., 362, 515, 516 Steffanaci, L., 46 Steif, P S., 471 Stein, B S., 444 Stein, M., 73 Steinmetz, J E., 224 Stelmack, R M., 79 Steriade, M., 48, 143 Stern, C E., 524 Sternberg, R J., 4, 18, 20, 21, 22, 44, 45, 57, 60, 91, 105, 170, 193, 263, 333, 386, 395, 420, 443, 444, 446, 447, 448F, 449, 451F, 452F, 454, 456F, 462, 464, 464F, 466, 467, 473, 474, 476, 479, 481, 482, 494, 507, 514F, 521, 522 Sternberg, S., 242, 243, 244, 252 Stevens, A., 312 Stevens, C., 153 Stevens, K A., 85 Stevens, K N., 370 Sticht, T., 369 Stickgold, R., 237, 459 Stiles, J., 433 Stine, M., 453 Storms, G., 327 Strayer, D L., 157, 158, 159 Strogatz, S H., 365 Stroop, J R., 174 Strough, J., 500 Struckman, A., 14 Sturt, P., 378 Stuss, D T., 56 Stylianou, D A., 471 Sugrue, K., 262 Suh, S., 397 Sullivan, A., 360 Sullivan, E V., 248 Sun, R., 212 Sun, Y., 491 Sundgren, P C., 74 Surian, L., 426 Sussman, A L., 293 Sutton, J., 253 Swanson, J M., 163 Syssau, A., 264 Szechtman, H., 120 Taatgen, N A., 348 Taheri, S., 48 Takano, Y., 289 Takeda, K., 290 Talasli, U., 282 Tamsay, J R., 164 Tan (patient), 66 Tan, M., 483 Tanaka, J W., 117, 259, 323 Tanaka, K., 105 Tannen, D., 427, 428 Tardif, T., 410 Tarr, M J., 92, 112, 117, 289 Tartaglia, E M., 277 Taylor, H., 314 Taylor, J., 138 Taylor, J R., 31 Taylor, M., 323 Taylor, M J., 68, 387 Temple, C M., 210 Terrace, H., 431 Terras, M M., 386 Tesch-Römer, C., 472 Teuber, H L., 218, 221 Thagard, P., 323, 443 Thomas, J C., Jr., 449 Thomas, M S C., 352 Thomas, N J T., 276 Thomas, S J., 174 Thompson, P M., 80 Thompson, R B., 427 Thompson, R F., 223, 224 Thompson, W L., 276 Thomsen, T., 294 Thomson, D M., 265 Thomspon, W L., 288 Thorndike, E., 10–11, 38 Thorndyke, P W., 310, 311, 336 Thorpe, S J., 323 Thurstone, L L., 19, 165, 292 Thurstone, T G., 292 Tian, B., 453 Timothy (acquitted man), 257 Tinazzi, M., 290 Titchener, E., Titchener, E B., 108 Todd, P M., 501 Toichi, M., 232 Tolman, E., 12–13, 38 Tolman, E C., 308, 309 Tomlinson, T D., 178 Tooby, J., 512 Torabi, M R., 159 Torff, B., 22 Toro, R., 51 Torrance, E P., 479, 480 Torrance, P., 484 Torregrossa, M M., 31 Toth, J P., 137 Tottenham, N., 46 Tourangeau, R., 420 Towle, B., 476 Townsend, J T., 244 Trabasso, T., 397 Tranel, D., 121 Treadway, M., 259, 352 Treisman, A., 151, 153 Treisman, A M., 144, 145 Treit, D., 46 Treue, S., 111 Triandis, H C., 18 Trick, L M., 499 Troche, S J., 67 Tronsky, L N., 473 Troth, A C., 446 Tsujii, T., 523 Tsukiura, R., 210 Tugade, M M., 523 Tulving, E., 46, 187, 191, 200, 201, 209, 210, 219, 235, 238, 244, 265 Turing, A., 14, 476 Turkington, T G., 148 Turner, T J., 338 Turtle, J., 216 Turvey, M T., 99, 372, 373 Tversky, A., 225, 488, 489, 491, 493, 494, 496, 497, 498, 499, 500 Tversky, B., 300, 301, 311, 312, 314 Twain, M., 368 Umiltà, C., 103 Underhill, W A., 264 Underwood, B J., 247, 248 Ungerleider, L G., 95 Unsworth, N., 203 Unterrainer, J M., 466 Uy, D., 495 Vakil, S., 340 Valentin, D., 468 Valian, V., 378 Vallone, R., 499 Van Daalen-Kapteijns, M., 395 Vandenbulcke, M., 433 Van der Leij, A., 174 Van de Vijver, F J R., 331 Van Dijk, T A., 393, 395, 396 Van Elslande, P., 131 Van Essen, D C., 95 Van Gogh, V., 479 VanLehn, K., 342, 473 Van Marle, H J F., 142 Vanpaemel, W., 327 Van Patten, C., 433 VanRullen, R., 323 Van Selst, M., 289 Van Voorhis, S., 153 Van Zoest, W., 111 Vargha-Khadem, F., 210 Vecchi, T., 294 Venselaar, K., 480 Verdolini-Marston, K., 191 Verfaellie, M., 262 Vernon, P A., 78, 79 Vikan, A., 180 Vinson, D P., 419 Vinter, K., 438 601 Vogel, D S., 54 Vogel, E K., 198 Vogel, J J., 54 Vogels, R., 106 Vogels, T P., 61 Vollmeyer, R., 474 Voltaire, 374 Von Bohlen und Halbach, O., 62, 64 Von Eckardt, B., 33 Von Frisch, K., 310 Von Helmholtz, H., 465 Von Helmholtz, H L F., 107 Voon, V., 64 Voss, J L., 219 Wackermann, J., 90 Wagenaar, W, 253 Wagner, A., 430 Wagner, A D., 181 Wagner, A R., 11, 429 Wagner, D A., 192 Wagner, M., 300, 308, 311, 312 Wagner, R K., 22, 476 Wagner, U., 459 Walker, M., 459 Walker, M P., 238 Walker, P M., 259 Wall, D P., 438 Walpurger, V., 169 Walsh, V., 74 Walter, A., 52 Walter, A A., 285, 285F Wang, C., 416 Wang, L., 453 Ward, L M., 129, 310 Ward, T B., 480 Warner, J., 159 Warren, R M., 369, 371 Warren, R P., 371 Warren, T., 388 Warrington, E., 219, 221, 376, 438 Warrington, E K., 129, 376 Wason, P C., 507, 509, 510 Wasow, T., 381, 383 Wasserman, D., 498 Waterman, A H., 260 Waters, D., 437 Waters, H S., 234 Watkins, K E., 373 Watkins, M J., 265 Watson, D G., 145 Watson, J., 11, 15, 38 Watson, J M., 263 Watson, O M., 422 Waugh, N C., 193, 248 Weaver, C A., 255 Weaver, G., 200 Weaver, R., 345 Weaver, W., 15 Weber, M., 499 Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it 602 Name Index Webster, M A., 118 Wedderburn, A A I., 151 Wegner, D M., 177, 178 Weidner, R., 122, 144 Weinberger, D R., 74 Weingartner, H., 225 Weinshall, D., 92 Weisberg, R W., 480 Weiskrantz, L., 127, 181, 205, 219 Weisstein, N., 110 Welbourne, S R., 351 Wells, G L., 257, 258, 259, 261 Welsh, M C., 453 Wenke, D., 449, 467 Werner, H., 395 Wernicke, C., 52, 53, 432 Wertheimer, M., 13, 113, 456 Westwood, D A., 95 Wheeldon, L R., 361 Wheeler, D D., 390 Whishaw, B., 80 Whishaw, I Q., 51, 129, 432 Whitaker, H A., 414 Whitten, S., 443, 468 Whorf, B L., 404, 410 Wickens, D D., 231 Wickett, J C., 78, 79 Widner, S C., 460 Wiebe, D., 456, 458F Wiedenbauer, G., 290 Wiener, S I., 66 Wiesel, T., 66, 105, 145 Wiesel, T N., 105 Wilcox, L M., 423 Williams, A M., 472 Williams, J E., 460 Williams, M., 129 Williams, R N., 507 Williams, S E., 162 Williams, W M., 443 Willis, F N., 422 Wilson, B A., 65 Wilson, C., 162 Wilson, M A., 199, 237 Wilson, T D., 177 Wilt, J K., 126 Winawer, J., 408 Windham, G C., 438 Windschitl, P D., 258 Winocur, G., 128 Wisco, B E., 254, 264 Wise, R A., 259 Wisniewski, E J., 327 Witelson, S F., 52, 78 Wittgenstein, L., 99, 324 Wittlinger, R P., 199 Woldorff, M G., 153 Wolf, O T., 73 Wolfe, J M., 111, 146, 157 Wolford, G., 54 Wood, J V., 254 Wood, N., 151 Woodman, G F., 198 Woodward, A L., 367 Woodworth, R S., 514 Wright, D B., 259 Wu, L., 465 Wundt, W., 8, 24, 38 Xu, F., 404 Xu, Y., 120 Yamauchi, T., 331 Yang, D., 472 Yang, R., 370, 474 Yang, Y., 526 Yantis, S., 142, 144, 156 Yendrikhovskij, S N., 408 Yeo, R A., 78 Yi, D.-J., 119 Yokoyama, S., 417 Yoshikawa, S., 277 Young, A W., 129 Young, R., 19, 20 Yovel, G., 354 Yuille, J., 216 Yuille, J C., 261 Zacks, J M., 289, 293, 294, 300 Zapparoli, P., 298 Zaragoza, M S., 256, 259 Zaromb, F., 24 Zhang, L F., 481 Zhang, M., 303 Zhao, L., 118 Zinchenko, P I., 200 Zola, S M., 223 Zola-Morgan, S M., 223 Zoltan, B., 129 Zuidema, L A., 417 Zumbach, J., 336 Zurif, E B., 433 Zurowski, B., 483 Zwaan, R A., 300, 312, 364 Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it Subject Index Page numbers followed by F indicate figures; T, tables A ACT-R (adaptive control of thought-rational) model, 344–48, 346F Adaptation to environment See also ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder); Cognitive errors; Flexibility; Habituation; Nervous system; Sensory adaptation by animals, 112 and brainstem, 50 and change blindness, 165 as evolutionary advantage, 512 in expertise, 472, 475T intelligence as, 17, 18, 80, 292, 314 knowledge organization as, 340 by limbic systems, 46 via conscious attention, 138, 142 ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder), 163–65, 169, 182 Agnosia See Visual agnosia Alzheimer’s disease acetylcholine deficit in, 64, 82 applied vs basic research in, 225 cognitive dysfunction in, 62, 161, 335 diagnosis of, 221–23 and hippocampus, 66, 82, 221 PET scans for, 72–73 Amnesia, 171, 217–21, 226, 343 Amygdala and anger and aggression, 45, 46, 49 and emotion, 26, 224, 225 and fear, 118 vigilance regulation by, 142 Analogical codes, 281, 310 Angiograms, 68, 69–70 Animal research, 11, 66, 429–32 Aphasia, 52, 379, 436–38, 437F Apraxia, 54 Arousal response, 64, 160, 161, 169 Artificial intelligence (AI), 14, 33, 337, 476–78 Associationism, 9–10, 38, 97 See also Functionalism; Structuralism Attention See also Attentionalresources theory; Schizophrenia; Selective attention theories; Task-specific attention theories automatic vs controlled processes in, 169–70, 172–75, 172T and brain areas, 57, 160–61 consciousness compared to, 138, 160, 177–81, 182–83 deficits in, 163–66 defined, 137, 137F functions of, 138, 139T influences on, 159–60 and intelligence, 161–62 and learning, 119 Attentional blink phenomena, 119, 155 Attentional-resources theory, 155–57, 156F, 183 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder See ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) Attentive processes See Controlled processes Attenuation model See Treisman’s model Autism emotional impairment in, 46, 120 language impairment in, 232, 426 orienting dysfunction in, 161 savant ability in, 320 theories of, 438–39 Automatic processes See also ACT-R (adaptive control of thought-rational) model; Habituation; Preconscious processing; Unconscious processing and attention, 172–75 vs controlled processes, 169–70, 172T defined, 183 by experts, 473, 475T, 485 mental rotation as, 291 as preattentive, 152, 169–70 and slips, 175, 176T and task types, 173 Automatization See Automatic processes Axons, 61–62 B Base-rate information, 494, 527 Behaviorism, 11–13, 15, 38 Beowulf (epic poem), 364 Biases, 497–99, 514–15, 518, 523, 527 See also Expectations, influence of; Heuristics Bilingualism advantages vs disadvantages, 412, 415 and age factors, 413, 417 and brain studies, 436 single- vs dual-system hypotheses, 414–15, 415F Binocular depth cues See Depth cues Blindsight phenomenon, 181, 182 Boredom See Habituation Bottom-up perception theories, 96–97, 110, 133 See also Direct perception theory; Feature-matching theories; Recognition-by-components (RBC) theory; Template theories Brain See also Brain lesions; Brain research; Cerebral cortex; Cerebral hemispheres; Localization of brain functions; Neurons; Prefrontal cortex (PFC); Primary motor cortex; Primary visual cortex; Visual pathways in brain as cognition metaphor, 351 death determination of, 50 development of, 44F, 51 disorders of, 46, 64, 75–78 energy used by, 42 and intelligence, 16, 78–80 nurturance effect on, 47 views of, 43F Brain lesions See also Lesioning techniques and attentional dysfunction, 165–66 and behavioral dysfunction, 65, 66 in blindsight phenomenon, 181 and cognitive deficits, 30, 46, 304 and color perception deficits, 130 and inconclusiveness of study findings, 435 and memory, 209, 256 MRI detection of, 71 and object recognition, 376 and speech dysfunction, 52, 53F, 432 Brain mapping See Localization of brain functions Brain research, 66, 70T, 75, 81–82, 161, 179 See also Brain; Brain lesions; Research methods; Splitbrain patients; Treatment methods; individual techniques Brainstem, 50 Brain tumors, 76–77 Broadbent’s model, 150–51, 150F Broca’s area and aphasia, 436–38, 437F and autism, 232 defined, 52 and language, 73, 431 and speech, 53F, 66 Brodmann’s areas, 483 C Canterbury Tales (Chaucer), 364 Capacity models of attention See Attentional-resources theory Car accidents and attention deficits, 136, 157 cell phone use in, 159, 160F change blindness in, 131 cognitive research on, 34 head injuries from, 77 perceptual distortion in, 603 Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it 604 Subject Index Categorical inferences, 521 Categorical perception See Speech perception Categorization of knowledge exemplar-based, 327 feature-based (defining), 324–25 as organization of concepts, 322–24 prototype-based, 325–26 synthetic theory of, 327–28 as theory-based view of meaning, 328–31 Causal inferences vs correlational evidence, 30, 74, 75, 78, 521 vs ecological validity, 25, 37–38, 182, 266 via experimental method, 26, 39 Central executive, 204, 205, 208 See also Executive functions Central nervous system (CNS) See Nervous system Cerebral cortex See also Cerebral hemispheres as cognitive basis, 45, 51, 82 functional areas of, 53F and language, 414–15 and memory, 223, 226 and neural pathways, 95 and working memory, 206F Cerebral hemispheres See also Brain; Cerebral cortex; Localization of brain functions; specific lobes differences between, 51–56, 82, 304–5, 317, 441 lobe anatomy in, 57F and mapping disparities, 433 Change blindness, 131, 165 Children See also ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder); Autism; Reading and categorical learning, 325, 327–28, 330–31, 355, 372 as eyewitnesses, 259–61 and language, 14, 408–9, 410, 412, 413, 452 memory errors in, 211 mental rotation automatization in, 291 poverty effects on, 47, 153 stereotype awareness in, 460 Classical decision theory, 489–90, 527 See also Decision making Closed-head injuries, 339–40 Closure principle, 113–15 Coarticulation, 369–70 Cocktail party effect, 2–3, 148, 183 Cognition-driven theories of perception See Top-down perception theories Cognitive disorders See individual disorders Cognitive errors, 34–35, 175–76, 176T, 211, 263, 303 See also Brain lesions; Deductive reasoning; Fallacies; Heuristics; Language; Problem solving; Slips of the tongue Cognitive maps, 308–15 Cognitive neuroscience See Neuroscience Cognitive processes See also Attention; Brain; Cognitive errors; Cognitive structures; Context, effect of; Functionalism; Gestalt psychology; Information processing; Localization of brain functions; Memory, models of; Nervous system; Perception age-related effects on, 147–48, 161 altering via study of, 8, 32 computer models of, 33, 213, 337, 348 vs consciousness, 177–81, 182–83 cultural influences on, 5, 18, 34, 192–93, 331–32, 402 and emotion, 99, 118, 120, 224, 255, 446 interactivity of, 35 subjects of study, 3, 9, 12, 17, 19, 39 Cognitive psychology See also Causal inferences; Cognitive processes; Cognitive structures; Dialectical thinking; Intelligence; Modularity of Mind; Nature vs nurture; Neuroscience; Rationalism vs empiricism applications of, 14–15, 33–34, 81, 132, 356, 503 behaviorism compared to, 12, 13, 14, 15, 38 defined, 3–4, 16, 38 philosophical antecedents of, 6–7 psychoanalysis compared to, 418 related fields of, 33–34, 39, 42, 276–77, 479–480, 502 schema for, 336, 337 Cognitive science, 33 Cognitive structures, 35, 37 See also Brain; Cognitive processes; Declarative knowledge; Gestalt psychology; Language; Memory, models of; Nature vs nurture; Neural-network models; Procedural knowledge; Schemas; Semantic-network models; Structuralism Cognitivism, 13 See also Cognitive psychology Color perception, 89, 95, 108, 129, 130–31, 407–8 See also Stroop effect Communication, 361 Computed tomography scans See CT (computed tomography) scans Concepts, 322, 323–24, 326–27, 331, 332, 336 See also Categorization of knowledge; Declarative knowledge; Language; Propositions; Rationalism vs empiricism; Reasoning; Schemas Conditioning, 11, 12, 14, 264, 429–30 Configural-superiority effect, 109, 109F Configurational system, 116–17, 118, 121 Conjunction search processes, 144–45 Connectionist model, 349–53, 353F, 357, 524 Consciousness See also Attention; Automatic processes; Brain; Controlled processes; Introspection; Preconscious processing; Unconscious processing of cognitive processes, 177–78 defined, 138, 182 in hypnosis, 171 and memory retrieval, 220, 237, 263–64, 267 Constructive memory, 252–53, 267 See also Eyewitness testimony, validity of; Memory Constructive perception theories, 107–10, 133 Context, effect of See also Creativity; Dyslexia; Encoding; Heuristics; Pragmatics; Retrieval on comprehension, 371, 373, 393, 440 on intelligence, 192, 332 on learning, 344, 386, 390–91, 394, 395 on meaning, 323, 336, 377, 396, 397, 399 on memory, 202, 209, 263–65, 267 on perception, 97–99, 109–10, 126–27, 133 on reasoning, 511, 512, 527 on Westerners vs Asians, Continuity principle, 113–14 Contralateralism, 52, 54–56, 60, 71, 82 Controlled processes vs automatic processes, 153, 172–75, 172T as conscious, 169–70 defined, 183 and mistakes, 175 and object recognition, 152 and task types, 173 Corpus callosum, 52, 53–54 See also Split-brain patients Correlational studies, 28–30 Creativity, 364, 479–83, 479F, 485 Cross-disciplinary studies, 33–34, 38–39 CT (computed tomography) scans, 68–69, 68F, 71, 77 Cultural intelligence (CQ), 18 D Data-driven theories of perception See Bottom-up perception theories Decay theory, 233–34, 246, 267 See also Interference theory; Memory Decision making See also Classical decision theory; Deductive reasoning; Heuristics; Localization of brain functions; Unconscious processing biases in, 497–99 costs of, 502, 525 fallacies in, 499–501 in groups, 502, 504–5 in natural environments (naturalistic), 502 and risk communication, 503 Declarative knowledge ACT-R (adaptive control of thought-rational) model, 344–48, 346F basic level, 323–24 defined, 219, 271, 320 exemplar-based categorization, 327 feature-based (defining) categorization, 324–25 Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it Subject Index prototype-based categorization, 325–26 schematic representations, 336–40 semantic-network models, 332–36 as theory-based view of meaning, 328–31 Deductive reasoning and adaptive schemas, 511–12 in conditional reasoning, 507–9, 508T connectionist model of, 524 defined, 507, 527 error avoidance in, 518–19 in syllogistic reasoning, 513–17, 514F, 515T, 516F and Wason “selection task,” 509–11, 510T Dendrites, 61, 62, 221, 224 Depression, 63T, 64, 81, 264, 501 Depth cues, 124–26, 125F, 126T, 127, 128F, 132–33 Depth perception, 124–30 Dialectical thinking See also Nature vs nurture; Rationalism vs empiricism in linguistic relativity, 410 in selective attention theories, 150 in structuralism vs functionalism, as synthesis of thesis and antithesis, 4–5, 13, 36–38 as theory vs data, 34 Dichotic presentation, 149, 149F Direct perception theory, 97–99, 133 Discourse, comprehension of, 392–98, 399 Dishabituation See Habituation Display-size effect, 143–44, 143F Distal objects, 88, 88T, 122 Distracter (nontarget) stimuli, 143–44 Divided attention theories, 138, 153–59, 155–57, 158F, 183 Domain specificity See Modularity of mind Dopamine (DA), 63, 64, 161, 163, 164 Dual-code theory, 277–81, 308, 316 Dual-process theory, 523–24, 528 Dyslexia, 174, 351, 372, 386–87 See also Reading E Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve, 10F Ecological model See Direct perception theory Ecological validity, 32–33, 39, 316, 356, 439, 484 See also Causal inferences Economic model, 489–90 Electroencephalograms (EEGs), 67–68 Electromagnetic spectrum, 92F, 93 Emotional intelligence, 20, 99, 446 See also Autism Empiricism vs rationalism See Rationalism vs empiricism Encoding See also Encoding specificity acoustic vs semantic, 202, 230, 231, 266 in analogy solving, 467, 467F, 522 context effect on, 235, 263 defined, 187, 230 elaboration of, 200, 202, 226, 255 forms of, 230–33 and hippocampus, 223 semantic, 393–94 stimuli binding during, 211 Encoding specificity, 241, 265, 267 See also Memory; Retrieval of memory Environmental cues, 86, 98, 98F, 121–24, 165 See also Context, effect of; Depth cues Epilepsy, 67, 74 Episodic buffer, 204, 205 Episodic memory, 171, 209–10, 223, 226 Essentialism, 330–31 Event-related potential (ERP) techniques, 67–68, 153, 307 Executive functions, 47, 161, 412, 439 See also Central executive Exemplars, 327 Expectations, influence of, 97, 108, 142, 299–301, 412, 521 See also Biases; Stereotypes Experimental method, 22–23, 24–25, 28–30, 520 Experimenter bias See Biases; Expectations, influence of Expert-individuation hypothesis, 120 Expertise See also Artificial intelligence (AI); Biases characteristics of, 475T defined, 468 knowledge organization in, 468–71, 473, 485 and practice activity, 472, 477 and talent, 474, 476 Explicit memory, 190, 192, 209 See also Amnesia; Implicit memory External objects See Distal objects Extinction phenomenon, 166 Eye, composition of, 93–95, 93F Eyewitness testimony, validity of, 257–61, 405–6 F Face recognition, 117–21, 117F, 354 Fallacies, 489, 499–501 See also Biases; Deductive reasoning; Heuristics False memories See Constructive memory; Decay theory; Interference theory; Memory Feature analysis system, 116–17, 121 Feature-integration theory, 145, 153 Feature-matching theories, 101–5 Feature search processes, 144–45, 144F See also Speech perception Figure-ground perception, 113–15, 114F Filter and bottleneck theories See Selective attention theories Flashbulb memory, 255 Flexibility See also Adaptation to environment; Autism; Functional fixedness vs automatic expertise, 473–74 in creative people, 480 and intelligence, 20, 79 in learning, 331, 351 in problem solving, 445, 471 Forcing functions, 175–76, 241 Forebrain, 43, 44, 45–46, 48, 82 Forgetting See Amnesia; Decay theory; Interference theory; Memory Form and pattern perception See Bottom-up perception theories; Gestalt psychology; Top-down perception theories Frontal lobe and attention deficits, 163, 165 executive functions in, 205, 439 high-level cognitive and motor processes in, 56, 57–58, 82, 459, 466, 525 and intelligence, 80 and lobotomy, 12 and script generation and use, 339 605 Functional-equivalence hypothesis, 287, 288–89, 288T, 293, 317 Functional fixedness, 460, 484 See also Flexibility Functionalism, 8–9, 38 See also Associationism; Structuralism Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans, 73– 74, 119, 211 Fusiform gyrus, 117, 119–21, 129 G Ganglion cells, 93, 94, 95 Ganzfeld effect, 89–90 Gender differences, 78, 79, 164, 293–94, 409, 434–36 Geons, 106–7, 107F Gestalt psychology See also Speech perception defined, 13 figure-ground effect, 114F form perception principles in, 113–16, 113F, 115T, 133 and insightful problem solving, 455–57, 457F and mental image manipulation, 286 Global precedence effect, 103, 103F Glucose metabolism, 79–80 Gray matter, 51, 78, 417 Groupthink, 504–5 Guided search theory, 146–47, 147F H Habituation, 167–69, 168T, 177, 183 Head injuries, 77 Hemispheres See Cerebral hemispheres Heuristics See also Biases; Fallacies anchoring, 495 availability, 4, 494–95 in cognitive map manipulation, 310–14, 313F, 317 defined, 490 elimination by aspects, 491–93 fast-and-frugal class of, 501, 503 framing, 496–97 overextension errors, 518 in problem solving, 449, 450T, 451F, 469, 484, 488 representativeness, 493–94, 523, 527 satisficing, 491 Hierarchical models See Semantic-network models Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it 606 Subject Index Hindbrain, 43, 44, 50–51, 82 Hippocampus See also Korsakoff’s syndrome and Alzheimer’s disease, 66, 82, 221 and cognitive maps, 310 and insightful problem solving, 459 and learning, 81, 237, 336 and memory, 46, 66, 223–24, 226 and stress regulation, 47–48 Hypermnesia, 216–17 Hypotheses See also specific hypotheses in constructive perception, 108 defined, 23 vs direct perception, 99 formulation of, 36 in inductive reasoning, 520 pattern recognition in, 54 testing of, 28, 31, 127 I Identity See Object recognition Ill-structured problems See Problems Implicit memory, 171, 190–92 See also Explicit memory Inattentional blindness, 119, 165 See also Preconscious processing; Unconscious processing Indirect speech theory, 425–26 Inductive reasoning, 519–23, 524, 527–28 Information processing See also Connectionist model; Intelligence; Knowledge representation; Memory; “Turing test” components of, 21 serial vs parallel, 152, 170, 172T, 213, 341, 356–57 and systematic errors, 35 Information theory, 15, 348 Innate ideas, 7, 36 Insight, 454–59, 457F, 458F, 484 Intelligence See also Adaptation to environment; Artificial intelligence (AI); Multiple intelligences theory; Three-stratum model of intelligence; Triarchic intelligence theory assessment of, 18, 21–22, 80 and brain size, 78 as culturally relative, 18, 192–93, 331–32 defined, 17–18 and divided attention, 155 and information processing, 162 and mental rotation, 292 and neural efficiency, 79–80 and perceptual processes, 107–10 and problem solving, 466–68 and working memory, 208–9 Intelligence theory, 161 Intelligent perception theories See Constructive perception theories Interference theory, 233–34, 246, 247–51, 267 See also Memory Introspection, 6, 8, 108, 271 Ipsilateralism, 52, 60, 166 K Knowledge representation, 271, 321–22, 342, 351 See also ACT-R (adaptive control of thought-rational) model; Conditioning; Connectionist model; Declarative knowledge; Habituation; Priming effect; Procedural knowledge Korsakoff’s syndrome, 46, 48, 225 Kpelle tribe, 331 L Language See also Aphasia; Autism; Bilingualism; Color perception; Reading; Sapir-Whorf hypothesis; Semantics; Speech perception; Syntax in animals, 429–32 cognitive influence by, 403 components of, 365–68 defined, 360 dialectical differences in, 416–17 and gender differences, 426–29, 434–36 impaired acquisition of, 47 and memory impacts of, 405–6 metaphorical, 419–21 properties of, 361–65, 398–99 psychobiological basis of, 14 psychology of, 380 relativity vs universality of, 407–10 slips of the tongue, 418–19 social use of (pragmatics), 421, 440 and speech acts, 422–26, 424T, 425T, 427T syntactical-lexical relationships, 383–85 Late filter model, 152, 152F Law of Prägnanz, 113 Learning See also Biases and attention, 119 from context, 98, 344, 386, 390–91, 394, 395 and distractions, 157 distributed vs massed practice, 235–36, 237, 238, 240, 267 effects of on brain, 35, 71–72 flexibility in, 331 as new neuronal connections, 14, 61, 62 practice effect on, 173F and REM sleep, 237 and repetition, 10 by social observations, 13 speed of information processing compared with, 246 Lesioning techniques, 66, 81, 310 See also Brain lesions Lexical access See Word recognition Lexicon, 367, 376, 383–84, 399, 403 Limbic system, 46, 49 Linguistic-relativity hypothesis See Sapir-Whorf hypothesis Lobes of cerebral hemispheres See specific lobes Localization of brain functions See also Attention; Dyslexia; Working memory and awake surgical tests, 77 and causal inferences, 75 in cerebral cortex, 48, 51–56 and creativity, 483 in decision making, 505–6 defined, 43 and emotion, 119–20, 142 and gender differences, 434–36 and general applicability, 435 in insight processes, 459 in language differences, 360 and memory, 223–25, 232 in neurons, 61, 62, 63, 63T in problem solving, 466 in reasoning, 524–26 and semantic processing, 433 in speech, 373, 374 by structure, 45F, 49T–50T, 53F, 57F, 58F–59F, 60F summary of, 82 in tic disorders, 375 Local precedence effect, 103–4, 104F M Macbeth (Shakespeare), 525 Magnetic resonance imaging scans See MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scans Magnetoencephalography (MEG), 74–75 Medulla oblongata, 50–51 Memory See also Alzheimer’s disease; Amnesia; Encoding; Memory, models of; Retrieval of memory; Storage of memory; Working memory consolidation of, 234, 235, 236–38, 267 as context dependent, 263–65 defined, 187 dysfunctions of, 48, 210, 211, 220–21, 256–61 outstanding cases of, 214–17, 253–56, 472 processing of, 243, 243–44, 243F, 246, 267 repression of, 261–63 retrospective vs prospective, 241–42 tasks for measuring, 187, 188T, 189–92, 226 and temporal lobe, 186 Memory, models of See also Memory connectionist model, 212–14, 213F, 349–52 levels-of-processing (LOP) model, 200, 201–2, 201T multiple memory systems, 209–12, 212F process-dissociation model, 190, 192 “three-store model,” 193–200, 194F, 203T working memory model, 203–5, 206F, 207–9, 207F Mental images applications of, 276–77 defined, 276 rotations of, 289–94, 290F, 291F scaling of, 294–96 scanning of, 296–98, 297F Mental models, 301–4, 515–17, 516F Mental processes See Cognitive processes Mental representations See also Categorization of knowledge; Dual-code theory; Encoding; Heuristics; Language; Mental images; Mental models; Recognition-by-components (RBC) theory ambiguity of, 283–84, 284F as images vs words vs propositions, 273–75, 281–82, 314–15, 317 as organized percepts, 90, 92 as vantage-centric, 111–13 Mental rotations, 289–94, 290F Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it Subject Index Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (2003), 14 Merriam-Webster’s Online Dictionary (2010), 274 Metabolic imaging techniques, 72–75 Metacognition, 18, 21, 234 Metamemory, 234, 241 Metaphorical language, 419–21 Methodologies See Research methods Midbrain, 43, 48, 82 Mind See also Localization of brain functions; Modularity of mind nature of, 36–38 as nonobservable black box, 12 philosophical vs physiological understanding of, as scientific object of study, 24 structures vs processes (functions) of, 7–9, 37, 225 Mnemonic devices, 238, 239T, 240T Modularity of mind defined, 19 vs domain generality, 16, 37, 39, 132, 354, 357 in hemispheric differences, 51–56 and specialization of tasks, 130 Modularity of Mind, The (Fodor), 354 Monocular depth cues See Depth cues Morphemes, 365–67, 399 Motor theory of speech perception, 372–73, 374 MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scans, 68, 70–71, 71F, 77 Multiple intelligences theory, 19–20, 20T, 165 Myelin sheath, 61–62 N Naloxone (drug), 64–65 Nature vs nurture, 4–5, 36, 81, 473–74, 476, 526 Neoplasms See Brain tumors Nervous system central (CNS), 81 chemical activity of, 63 and cognitive correlations, 42, 43, 61 in embryo, 44 peripheral (PNS), 57, 81 Network models See Neuralnetwork models; Semanticnetwork models Neural-network models, 355 Neurons action potential of, 350 binocular, 127 as feature detectors, 145 and information processing, 95 of primary visual cortex, 104–5 in retina, 93–94 stimuli effects on, 66 structure of, 61–62, 62F viewpoint sensitivity of, 106–7 Neuroscience See also Brain; Brain lesions; Cerebral cortex; Feature-matching theories; Localization of brain functions; Recognition-by-components (RBC) theory; Template theories; specific brain structures and functions of aging, 147–48 of attention, 153, 160–61 of childhood poverty, 47 defined, 42 of depth perception, 99, 127 of face recognition, 119–21 of intelligence, 78–80 and neural mapping limits, 351 of vigilance, 142–43 and working memory, 205 Neurotransmitters, 62–64, 63T, 224–25, 226, 350 O Object recognition See also Gestalt psychology; Visual agnosia context effect on, 5, 97–99, 109–10 as continuous identity, 89, 95, 138, 408–9 by humans vs computers, 87 as knowledge-driven, 96 perceptual constancies in, 121–24, 132 perceptual processing in, 88, 88T via controlled processes, 152 as viewpoint-invariant, 106–7 Object-superiority effect, 110 Occipital lobe, 57, 80, 82, 129, 307, 459 See also Primary visual cortex Optical illusions, 90, 91F, 92, 116F, 122, 122F See also Perception Optic pathways See Visual pathways in brain P Pandemonium model, 101–3, 102F, 104 Parallel distributed processing (PDP) See Connectionist model Parietal-frontal integration theory (P-FIT), 80 Parietal lobe, 56–57, 58, 80, 82, 161, 221 See also Autism; Gender differences; Scripts PASS (Planning, Attention, and Simultaneous-Successive) Process Model of Human Cognition, 161 Pattern recognition See Feature analysis system; Gestalt psychology Perception See also Bottom-up perception theories; Color perception; Constructive perception theories; Direct perception theory; Object recognition; Optical illusions; Speech perception; Top-down perception theories cognitive role in, 86, 92 deficits of, 127–31, 133 defined, 85 and intelligence, 107–10 as vantage-centric, 111–13 Percepts, 90, 108, 110, 284–85, 287 Peripheral nervous system (PNS) See Nervous system PET (positron emission tomography) scans, 68, 72–73 Phonemes, 365, 366T, 399 Phonemic-restoration effect, 371 Phonological loop, 204, 205 Photoreceptors, 94–95 Phrase-structure grammar, 379–81 Positron emission tomography (PET) scans See PET (Positron emission tomography) scans Postmortem studies, 26, 30, 65–66 Practice effects, 173F, 234 Pragmatics, 421 Pragmatism, Preattentive processes See Automatic processes Preconscious processing, 178–81, 182–83, 391, 466 See also Automatic processes; Inattentional blindness; Unconscious processing Prefrontal cortex (PFC), 56, 211 607 Premises in categorical syllogisms, 513–15, 515T conclusive errors from, 508, 518, 527 defined, 507 mental models for, 517, 519 Primacy effect, 250, 251F Primary motor cortex, 57–59, 58F–59F See also Brain Primary somatosensory cortex, 58–59 Primary visual cortex, 60, 95, 100, 104–5, 105F, 127 See also Blindsight; Brain; Visual pathways in brain Priming effect and connectionist model, 212–13, 226 defined, 182–83 and implicit memory, 190–91, 219 in post-hypnotic subjects, 171 and preconscious processing, 178–79 semantic and repetition types, 343–44 Principles of Psychology (James), 9, 137 Proactive interference (inhibition), 248 Probability, 490, 492–93, 492T, 501, 527 See also Fallacies; Heuristics Problems See also Problem solving algorithms, 449 insight, 454–56, 454F, 456F isomorphic, 450, 451Fb move, 447, 448F, 450T Tower of Hanoi, 452–54, 452F Problem solving See also Creativity; Localization of brain functions; Problems analogy (structural) recognition in, 462–65, 467F analysis in, 443–44 by experts vs novices, 468–71, 470F, 473–74, 475T incubation in, 465–66, 485 insight role in, 454–59, 457F, 458F, 484 intelligence-glucose ratio during, 79 mental sets (entrenchment) in, 460–61 planning in, 466–68 problem representation in, 450, 452–54, 455 problem space model, 449, 451Fa Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it 608 Subject Index Problem solving (continued) steps in cycle of, 444–46, 445F, 484 verbal protocol use in, 32 Proceduralization processes See Automatic processes Procedural knowledge See also Amnesia and ACT-R model, 347 and brain, 224, 225 and connectionist models, 213 vs declarative knowledge, 321 defined, 219, 271, 320 and memory tasks for measuring, 188T, 191 production of, 340–42 tasks for measuring, 191–92 three stages in, 348T Process-dissociation model, 190, 192 Productive thinking, 456 Propositional codes, 283, 285, 286, 310 Propositional theory, 281–82, 282T, 286 Propositions, 345, 395–96, 507 Prosopagnosia, 121, 129, 133 Prototypes, 325–26, 327 Proxemics, 422–23 Proximity principle, 113–14, 116 PRP (psychological refractory period) effect See Attentional blink phenomena Psycholinguistics, 361, 374 R Random sample, 25, 28 RAS See Reticular activating system Rationalism vs empiricism cognitive psychology as synthesis of, 6–7, 6F, 36–37, 39 in court cases, 266 in deductive vs inductive reasoning, 526 in feature-based vs prototype theories, 355–56 in functional-equivalence vs propositional hypothesis, 301 in perception theories, 132 in philosophical tradition, 6–7, 38 Reaction time, 25, 159, 162, 391, 478, 522 See also ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder); Mental rotations; Subtraction methods Reading, 386–91, 394, 396–98, 399 Reasoning, 507, 523–24 See also Deductive reasoning; Inductive reasoning; Localization of brain functions Recall tasks, 187, 189 Recency effect, 250, 251F Recognition-by-components (RBC) theory, 106–7, 133 Recognition tasks, 187, 189 Rehearsal, 234–35, 241, 247, 251 REM sleep, 236–37, 236F Representational neglect, 298–99 Research methods See also Alzheimer’s disease; Brain lesions; Brain research; Cross-disciplinary studies; Postmortem studies; Treatment methods basic vs applied, 35, 38, 39, 81, 132, 484 biological vs behavioral, 38, 81, 182, 225, 439 comparison of, 26T–27T computer simulations and artificial intelligence, 33 experimental, 24–25, 28 goals of, 22–23, 36 psychobiological techniques, 30 self-reports, case studies, and naturalistic observation, 30–33 in vivo techniques, 65, 66 Resource theories See Attentional-resources theory Reticular activating system (RAS), 48, 50 Retina, 93–95, 94F Retrieval of memory See also Encoding specificity; Hypermnesia; Memory, models of; Mnemonic devices; Priming effect as constructive, 252–53 context effect on, 202, 263–65 defined, 187, 230 emotionality effect on, 224 from long-term memory, 244–46 from short-term memory, 242–44, 243F, 267 Rods and cones See Photoreceptors S Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, 404–7 Schemas, 248–49, 263, 323, 336–37, 473 See also Scripts Schizophrenia brain activity studies of, 73–74 and dopamine, 63T, 64 as executive attention dysfunction, 48, 161 memory impairments in, 200 perception vs imagery in, 288–89 Scripts, 337–40 Search processes (active looking), 138, 143–48, 183 Selective attention, 138, 148–50, 153, 174, 183 Selective attention theories, 150–53, 150F, 152F Semantic memory, 209–10 Semantic-network models, 332–36, 353, 353F Semantics, 368, 374–77 See also Encoding; Syntax Sensory adaptation, 89, 90, 132, 168, 168T Septum, 46, 49T Sequence recall, 229, 241 Serial-position curve, 250, 251F, 254 Serotonin, 63, 63T, 64, 81, 224, 225, 226 Signal (stimulus) detection, 138, 139–40 Signal-detection theory (SDT), 140–42, 141T, 153, 183 Signs and symptoms (2009), 77 Similarity principle, 113–14 Similarity theory, 145–46, 146F Simultagnosia, 129, 129F, 133 Single- vs dual-system hypotheses, 414–15, 415F Sleep, 48, 67, 142–43, 192, 236– 37, 236F See also Insight; Neurotransmitters; Reticular activating system (RAS) Slips, 175–76, 176T Slips of the tongue, 418–19 Soma cells, 61 Spacing effect, 235–36 Spatial cognition, 20, 46, 54, 56, 308, 309 See also what/how/ where hypotheses Spatial neglect (hemi-neglect), 165–66, 166F, 298 Speech perception, 369–74, 399 Split-brain patients, 54–56, 55F, 82, 304 See also Corpus callosum Spreading-activation theories, 344, 345, 347, 357 Static imaging techniques, 68–71, 68F–69F Statistical significance, 23, 28 Stereotypes, 460–61, 497–98 Storage of memory, 187, 223–25 See also Encoding; Memory; Memory, models of Stress, 47, 234, 259 Strokes, 75–76 Stroop effect, 174, 183 Structuralism, 7–8, 38, 108 See also Associationism; Functionalism Subjective expected utility theory, 490 Subliminal perception See Inattentional blindness Subsidiary “slave systems,” 205 Subtraction methods, 28, 72, 391 Symbolic codes, 278, 281, 296, 308 Symmetry principle, 113–15 Synapses, 62, 224, 350, 355, 357 Syntax See also Semantics defined, 367, 399 as descriptive grammar, 377 and lexical structures, 383–85 phrase-structure grammar, 379–81, 382F and syntactical priming, 378–79 transformational grammar, 381–83 T Task-specific attention theories, 145–47, 146F, 183 Template theories, 99–100, 101F See also Speech perception Temporal lobe auditory and language processing in, 57, 59, 82, 376, 433, 434 and color perception deficits, 130 face recognition in, 117, 121 and memory, 99, 186, 256 Texture gradients, 98, 124, 125F, 133 Thalamus, 48, 50, 95 Theories, 23, 34, 331 See also Rationalism vs empiricism; specific theories and models Theory of multiple intelligences See Multiple intelligences theory Three-stratum model of intelligence, 19 Tip-of-the-tongue phenomena, 179–81, 183, 256 Top-down perception theories, 96–97, 110, 133 See also Constructive perception theories Tower of Hanoi problem, 452–54, 452F Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), 69F, 74 Transfer, negative and positive, 462–65, 467F, 485 Transformational grammar, 381–83 Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it Subject Index Treatment methods See also Brain research; Research methods for ADHD, 165, 182 for brain tumors, 77 dopamine, 64 gender differences in, 164 repeated magnetic impulses (rTMS), 74 for substance abuse, 11, 65 Treisman’s model, 145, 150F, 151–52, 153 Triarchic intelligence theory, 20–22, 21F, 170 “Turing test,” 14, 476–77 Two-step model, 152–53 “Two-string” problem, 444F, 453F, 454 U Unconscious processing See also Automatic processes; Inattentional blindness; Preconscious processing and advertising, 177 in attention, 137 in blindsight phenomenon, 181, 182 in decision making, 136 in implicit memory, 190 as incubation, 465–66 in inferences and judgments, 108 of repressed memories, 261–63 Visual pathways in brain, 60F, 93, 95–96, 99, 127–28 See also Primary visual cortex Visual perception theories See Bottom-up perception theories; Top-down perception theories Visuospatial sketchpad, 204, 205 V W Variables, 24–25, 28 Vascular disorders See Strokes Vigilance, 138, 139, 142–43, 183 Visual agnosia, 46, 128–30, 133 Visual cortex See Primary visual cortex Visual disabilities: Color-blindness (2004), 131 Visual imagery vs perceptions, 280 principles of, 287, 288T, 300T vs spatial imagery, 305, 306F, 307, 316 Well-structured problems See Problems Wernicke’s area, 52, 431, 436–38, 437F What/how/where hypotheses, 95–96, 128 What is traumatic brain injury (2009), 77 What you need to know about brain tumors (2009), 76 White matter, 51, 76 Word recognition, 388–91, 389F, 393 Word-superiority effect, 110 609 Working memory See also Memory and acoustical encoding, 231 and ACT-R model, 346F and attentive, controlled processes, 152 and brain, 73, 206F and connectionist model, 212–13, 226 and deductive reasoning errors, 517 and executive function, 225 and forgetfulness, 246 integrative model of, 203–9 and intelligence, 208–9 as limited and temporary, 182, 194F and macropropositions, 395–96 and reasoning, 453, 524 and script generation, 339 tasks to assess, 207F X X-ray techniques, 68–69 Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it ... and Drugs 64 61 Viewing the Structures and Functions of the Brain Postmortem Studies 65 Studying Live Nonhuman Animals 66 Studying Live Humans 66 65 Brain Disorders 75 Stroke 75 Brain Tumors 76. .. Procedural Knowledge The “Production” of Procedural Knowledge 340 Nondeclarative Knowledge 342 n Investigating Cognitive Psychology: Procedural Knowledge n Investigating Cognitive Psychology: Priming... Knowledge and Problem Solving Organization of Knowledge 468 n In the Lab of K Anders Ericsson 462 466 468 472 Innate Talent and Acquired Skill 474 Artificial Intelligence and Expertise 4 76 Creativity