Abnormal psychology (15th ed) butcher, james n SRG

Why Do You Need This New Edition? If you’re wondering why you should buy this new edition of Abnormal Psychology, here are good reasons! The 15th edition includes the most up-to-date information about many of the proposed changes to the DSM that are expected in DSM-5 NEW highlight boxes now describe these changes in a readily accessible format The most up-to-date information about biological, psychological, and sociocultural influences on abnormal behavior are included and thoughtfully integrated into a comprehensive biopsychosocial approach Coverage of multicultural issues has also been expanded NEW Unresolved Issues feature discusses current concerns about the early treatment of people at clinical high risk for schizophrenia, the use of marijuana for medical purposes, and the increasing use of cognitive enhancers to improve functioning in healthy people (e.g., students using Ritalin to better on tests) These are designed to provoke discussion and increase critical thinking Other additions include NEW highlight boxes describing interventions being used by the U.S military to prevent PTSD and new research showing how playing Tetris might prevent flashbacks in people who experience traumatic events Most chapters now begin with a Case Study to engage students’ attention right from the outset Many NEW case studies have also been added Changes made to the organization of chapters now improve the flow of the writing and enhance learning In Review Questions appear at the end of major sections within chapters, providing regular opportunities for self-assessment and reinforcement of learning Hundreds of NEW references have been added to reflect the ever-changing field of abnormal psychology! This page intentionally left blank edition Abnormal Psychology James N Butcher University of Minnesota Susan Mineka Northwestern University Jill M Hooley Harvard University 15 Editorial Director: Craig Campanella Editor in Chief: Jessica Mosher Executive Editor: Jeff Marshall Director of Development: Sharon Geary Development Editors: LeeAnn Doherty/Lisa McLellan Editorial Assistant: Michael Rosen Director of Marketing: Brandy Dawson Senior Marketing Manager: Nicole Kunzmann Marketing Assistant: Jessica Warren Senior Managing Editor: Maureen Richardson Managing Editor: Denise Forlow Project Manager: Sherry Lewis Senior OperationsSpecialist: Diane Peirano Art Director: Leslie Osher Text and Cover Designer: Wanda España/Wee Design Group Cover Art: Getty Images Media Editor: Michael Halas Media Project Manager: Pam Weldin Full-Service Project Management: Douglas Bell, PreMediaGlobal Composition: PreMediaGlobal Printer/Binder: Courier, Kendallville, IN Cover Printer: Courier, Kendallville, IN Text Font: 10/12 MinionPro-Regular Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on appropriate page within text and pages C-1–C-4 Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007, 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Butcher, James Neal, 1933– Abnormal psychology — 15th ed / James N Butcher, Susan Mineka, Jill M Hooley p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN-13: 978-0-205-16726-5 ISBN-10: 0-205-16726-8 Psychology, Pathological—Textbooks Psychiatry—Textbooks I Mineka, Susan II Hooley, Jill M III Title RC454.B87 2012 616.89—dc23 2011052913 Proudly sourced and uploaded by [StormRG] Kickass Torrents | TPB | ET | h33t 10 Student Edition ISBN-10: 0-205-16726-8 ISBN-13: 978-0-205-16726-5 Instructor’s Review Copy ISBN-10: 0-205-16738-1 ISBN-13: 978-0-205-16738-8 Ála Carte ISBN-10: 0-205-17868-5 ISBN-13: 978-0-205-17868-1 Brief Contents Abnormal Psychology: An Overview Historical and Contemporary Views of Abnormal Behavior 29 Causal Factors and Viewpoints 55 Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis 103 Stress and Physical and Mental Health 134 Panic, Anxiety, and Their Disorders 170 Mood Disorders and Suicide 214 Somatoform and Dissociative Disorders 265 Eating Disorders and Obesity 299 10 Personality Disorders 336 11 Substance-Related Disorders 376 12 Sexual Variants, Abuse, and Dysfunctions 414 13 Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders 452 14 Neurocognitive Disorders 494 15 Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence 522 16 Therapy 561 17 Contemporary and Legal Issues in Abnormal Psychology 598 v Contents FEATURES xviii PREFACE xxi Abnormal Psychology: An Overview What Do We Mean by Abnormality? The DSM-5 and the Definition of Mental Disorder THE WORLD AROUND US 1.1 Extreme Generosity or Pathological Behavior? Forming and Testing Hypotheses Why Do We Need to Classify Mental Disorders? What Are the Disadvantages of Classification? How Can We Reduce Prejudicial Attitudes Toward the Mentally Ill? How Does Culture Affect What Is Considered Abnormal? Culture-Specific Disorders 10 Research Designs THE WORLD AROUND US 1.2 Mad, Sick, Head Nuh Good: Mental Health and Stigma in Jamaica 11 Prevalence and Incidence 12 Prevalence Estimates for Mental Disorders Treatment 13 Mental Health Professionals 14 12 THE WORLD AROUND US 1.3 Mental Health Professionals 14 Research Approaches in Abnormal Psychology 15 Sources of Information Case Studies 16 Self-Report Data 16 Observational Approaches vi 16 11 20 Studying the World as It Is: Correlational Research Designs 20 Measuring Correlation 20 Statistical Significance 21 Effect Size 21 Meta-Analysis 21 Correlations and Causality 21 Retrospective Versus Prospective Strategies 22 Manipulating Variables: The Experimental Method in Abnormal Psychology 23 Studying the Efficacy of Therapy 24 DEVELOPMENTS IN RESEARCH 1.4 Do Magnets Help with Repetitive-Stress Injury? 24 Single-Case Experimental Designs Animal Research 26 25 ▶ UNRESOLVED ISSUES Are We All Becoming Mentally Ill? The Expanding Horizons of Mental Disorder 27 SUMMARY KEY TERMS 16 18 Sampling and Generalization 18 Internal and External Validity 19 Criterion and Comparison Groups 19 How Common Are Mental Disorders? 28 28 CONTENTS Historical and Contemporary Views of Abnormal Behavior 29 Historical Views of Abnormal Behavior Demonology, Gods, and Magic 31 Hippocrates’ Early Medical Concepts 31 THE WORLD AROUND US 2.2 Chaining Mental Health Patients 42 The Emergence of Contemporary Views of Abnormal Behavior 44 DEVELOPMENTS IN THINKING 2.1 Melancholia Through the Ages 32 Early Philosophical Conceptions of Consciousness 33 Later Greek and Roman Thought 33 Early Views of Mental Disorders in China 33 Views of Abnormality During the Middle Ages 34 Toward Humanitarian Approaches Biological Discoveries: Establishing the Link Between the Brain and Mental Disorder 44 The Development of a Classification System 45 Development of the Psychological Basis of Mental Disorder 46 DEVELOPMENTS IN RESEARCH 2.3 The Search for Medications to Cure Mental Disorders 36 The Resurgence of Scientific Questioning in Europe 36 The Establishment of Early Asylums 36 Humanitarian Reform 38 Nineteenth-Century Views of the Causes and Treatment of Mental Disorders 41 Changing Attitudes Toward Mental Health in the Early Twentieth Century 41 Mental Hospital Care in the Twenty-First Century 42 30 The Evolution of the Psychological Research Tradition: Experimental Psychology 49 ▶ UNRESOLVED ISSUES Interpreting Historical Events SUMMARY KEY TERMS Causal Factors and Viewpoints Causes and Risk Factors For Abnormal Behavior 56 Necessary, Sufficient, and Contributory Causes 56 Feedback and Bidirectionality in Abnormal Behavior Diathesis-Stress Models 57 57 Viewpoints for Understanding the Causes of Abnormal Behavior 60 The Biological Viewpoint and Biological Causal Factors 61 Imbalances of Neurotransmitters and Hormones DEVELOPMENTS IN RESEARCH 3.1 Neurotransmission and Abnormal Behavior Genetic Vulnerabilities 61 62 64 DEVELOPMENTS IN THINKING 3.2 Nature, Nurture, and Pyschopathology: A New Look at an Old Topic 67 52 53 54 55 Temperament 68 Brain Dysfunction and Neural Plasticity 69 The Impact of the Biological Viewpoint 70 The Psychological Viewpoints 71 The Psychodynamic Perspectives 71 The Behavioral Perspective 76 DEVELOPMENTS IN THINKING 3.3 The Humanistic and Existential Perspectives The Cognitive-Behavioral Perspective 80 What the Adoption of a Perspective Does and Does Not Do 83 Psychological Causal Factors Early Deprivation or Trauma 84 Inadequate Parenting Styles 87 Marital Discord and Divorce 89 Maladaptive Peer Relationships 91 84 78 46 vii viii CONTENTS The Sociocultural Viewpoint 92 Uncovering Sociocultural Factors Through Cross-Cultural Studies 93 THE WORLD AROUND US 3.4 Culture-Bound Syndromes 94 Sociocultural Causal Factors ▶ UNRESOLVED ISSUES Theoretical Viewpoints and the Causes of Abnormal Behavior 99 95 Low Socioeconomic Status and Unemployment 95 SUMMARY THE WORLD AROUND US 3.5 Culture and Attachment Relationships 96 KEY TERMS Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis The Basic Elements in Assessment 104 The Relationship Between Assessment and Diagnosis 104 Taking a Social or Behavioral History 105 Ensuring Culturally Sensitive Assessment Procedures 105 The Influence of Professional Orientation 106 Reliability, Validity, and Standardization 107 Trust and Rapport Between the Clinician and the Client 107 Assessment of the Physical Organism The General Physical Examination 108 The Neurological Examination 108 The Neuropsychological Examination 110 Psychosocial Assessment Assessment Interviews 112 The Clinical Observation of Behavior Psychological Tests 113 111 112 DEVELOPMENTS IN PRACTICE 4.1 The Automated Practice: Use of the Computer in Psychological Testing 114 Prejudice and Discrimination in Race, Gender, and Ethnicity 97 Social Change and Uncertainty 98 Urban Stressors: Violence and Homelessness 98 The Impact of the Sociocultural Viewpoint 98 108 100 101 103 The Case of Andrea C.: Experiencing Violence in the Workplace 120 DEVELOPMENTS IN PRACTICE 4.2 Computer-Based MMPI-2 Report for Andrea C 122 The Integration of Assessment Data Ethical Issues in Assessment 124 Classifying Abnormal Behavior 135 Stress and the DSM 136 Factors Predisposing a Person to Stress 136 125 Differing Models of Classification 125 Formal Diagnostic Classification of Mental Disorders DEVELOPMENTS IN PRACTICE 4.3 Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN) 131 ▶ UNRESOLVED ISSUES The DSM-V: What Comes Next? SUMMARY KEY TERMS 132 133 Stress and Physical and Mental Health What Is Stress? 124 134 Characteristics of Stressors 137 Measuring Life Stress 138 Resilience 138 131 126 CONTENTS Stress and the Stress Response 139 Biological Costs of Stress 140 The Mind–Body Connection 140 Understanding the Immune System 140 THE WORLD AROUND US 5.1 Who Catches a Cold? 141 DEVELOPMENTS IN RESEARCH 5.2 Cross-Talk Between the Brain and the Immune System: The Importance of Cytokines 142 Stress, Depression, and the Immune System 142 DEVELOPMENTS IN RESEARCH 5.3 Is Holding a Grudge Bad for Your Health? 144 Stress and Physical Health Cardiovascular Disease 144 Hypertension 145 Coronary Heart Disease 146 Risk and Causal Factors in Cardiovascular Disease 146 THE WORLD AROUND US 5.4 Racial Discrimination and Cardiovascular Health in African Americans 149 Treatment of Stress-Related Physical Disorders 150 Biological Interventions 150 Psychological Interventions 150 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder THE WORLD AROUND US 5.5 Anticipating DSM-5: A Proposed new diagnostic Category 154 THE WORLD AROUND US 5.6 A Trauma of Incredible Proportions 154 Acute Stress Disorder 155 Clinical Description 155 Prevalence of PTSD in the General Population 156 Rates of PTSD After Traumatic Experiences 156 Causal Factors in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 159 Individual Risk Factors 160 Sociocultural Factors 161 Long-Term Effects of Posttraumatic Stress 162 Prevention and Treatment of Stress Disorders 162 Prevention 162 THE WORLD AROUND US 5.7 Does Playing Tetris After a Traumatic Event Reduce Flashbacks? 163 Treatment for Stress Disorders 163 Psychological Debriefing 164 DEVELOPMENTS IN PRACTICE 5.8 Battlemind Training in the U.S Military 165 Challenges in Studying Disaster Victims 166 THE WORLD AROUND US 5.9 Virtual Reality Exposure Treatment for PTSD in Military Personnel 166 Trauma and Physical Health Psychological Reactions to Stress Adjustment Disorder 152 Adjustment Disorder Caused by Unemployment 152 Adjustment Disorder Caused by Divorce or Separation 152 KEY TERMS Panic, Anxiety, and Their Disorders The Fear and Anxiety Response Patterns 171 Fear 172 Anxiety 172 167 ▶ UNRESOLVED ISSUES Will DSM-5 Remedy Problems with the Diagnostic Criteria for PTSD? 167 SUMMARY 153 168 169 170 Overview of the Anxiety Disorders and Their Commonalities 173 ix SI–4 SUBJECT INDEX Children See also Child abuse; Infants; Parenting (Continued) insurance practices and, 623 with learning disabilities, 546–547 marital discord, divorce, and, 89–91, 152–153 with mental retardation, 548–554, 553 obesity and, 333 object-relations theory and, 74 oppositional defiant disorder, 529–532 over- and under-controlled behaviors, 94–95 parental alienation disorder and, 27 parental depression and, 239–240 parenting styles and, 84–89 peer relationships and, 91–92 phobias and, 178–179 program planning for, 554–558 residential treatment programs for, 606–607 schizophrenia and, 470–471 sense of mastery and, 199 separation anxiety disorder in, 532–534 separation from parents, 86–87 sleepwalking disorder and, 539–540 stages of development in psychoanalytic theory, 73, 75, 85 stress and, 136, 152 suicide in, 256, 524, 537 temperament of, 68–69 testimony of, 432–433 tic disorders in, 540–541 traumatic brain injury and, 519–520 uncontrollable and unpredictable events and, 84 violence and, 555 vulnerabilities of, 524, 555 Wechsler Intelligence Scale, 115 Children’s Defense Fund, 557 Chile, 390 China child sexual abuse in, 432 depression in, 10, 93, 247–248 dissociative identity disorder in, 293 historical views of mental disorders, 31, 33–34 Koro in, 210 obesity in, 325 suicide in, 259, 260 Chlordiazepoxide (Librium), 590t Chlorpromazine (Thorazine), 46–47, 477, 486, 585t Chromosomes, 64, 550–551 Chronic disorders, 15 Chronic major depressive disorder, 221 Chronic stress, 230 Chronic tic disorder, 540 Chung Ching, 34 Church attendance, 143–144 Churchill, Winston, 547 Cialis (tadalafil), 446 Circadian rhythms, 228–229, 246 Cirrhosis of the liver, 383 CISD See Critical Incident Stress Debriefing Citalopram (Celexa), 586, 587t Civil commitment, 610–611 Classical conditioning anxiety disorders and, 173 for enuresis, 539 origins of, 49–50 overview, 76–78 on panic disorder, 191 social phobias and, 182 specific phobias and, 176–178 Classification systems advantages and disadvantages of, 7–8 of childhood and adolescent disorders, 524–525 development of, 45–46 formal diagnostic classifications, 126–130 models of, 125–126 SCAN system, 131 Claustrophobia, 174–175, 176, 179 Client-centered therapy, 576–577 Clinical diagnosis, 104–105, 125–131 Clinical psychologists, 14, 564 Clinical psychology, 49 Clinical social workers, 15 Clomipramine (Anafranil), 207–208, 209, 587t Clonazepam (Klonopin), 194, 201, 540, 590t Clonidine, 540 Clorazepate (Tranxene), 590t Clozapine (Clozaril), 486, 487, 585t, 586 Clozaril (clozapine), 486, 487, 585t, 586 Cocaine, 400–402, 528, 573 Cognex (tacrine), 511 Cognitive-behavioral psychology, 80–83, 191–192 on dissociative disorders, 281–282 on hypochrondriasis, 268 types and evaluation of, 574–576 Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for alcohol abuse, 392 for anorexia nervosa, 322–323 for antisocial personality disorder, 371 for binge-eating disorder, 324 for body dysmorphic disorder, 281 for bulimia nervosa, 323–324 for childhood/adolescent depression, 537–538 for childhood anxiety disorders, 534 coronary heart disease and, 150 for female orgasmic disorder, 449 for generalized anxiety disorder, 201 for hypochrondriasis, 269 for obsessive compulsive disorder, 208 for panic disorder and agoraphobia, 194–195 for pathological gambling, 410 for psychopathology, 371 for PTSD, 165–166 for schizophrenia, 489–490 for social phobia, 184 for somatization disorder, 271–272 for stress-related disorders, 151, 162 for suicide attempts, 261 for unipolar disorder, 252–253 Cognitive bias body dysmorphic disorder and, 280–281 generalized anxiety disorder and, 200 in obsessive-compulsive disorder, 206 panic disorder and, 194 in social phobia, 183 specific phobias and, 178 Cognitive enhancers, 520–521 Cognitive remediation, 489 Cognitive restructuring techniques for anxiety disorders, 173 for panic disorder, 194 for paraphilias, 440 for sexual desire disorders, 445 for social phobia, 184 for specific phobias, 180 Cognitive therapy, 80–82, 85, 232–234, 253, 574–576 See also Cognitive-behavioral therapy Cognitive vulnerability to depression, 231–236 Cohen, Sheldon, 141 Cohesive family model, 531 Cold virus, 141 Collectivist societies, 370 Combat fatigue/exhaustion, 157 Combat-related stress, 155–158, 160–162, 274 Community mental health workers, 15, 488 Comorbidity alcohol abuse/dependence and, 378–380 anorexia nervosa and, 311–312 borderline personality disorder and, 352 bulimia nervosa and, 311–312 defined, 13, 126 of eating disorders, 311–312 in generalized anxiety disorder, 198 obsessive-compulsive disorder and, 204–205 in panic disorder, 189 somatization disorder and, 270 Comparison groups, 19–20 Compendium der Psychiatrie (Kraepelin), 45 Competence to stand trial, 618–619 Competitive eating contests, 307 Compulsions, 202 Compulsive hoarding, 211 Computer-based psychological testing, 114, 120–123 Computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans, 109 Concerta, 527 Concordance rates, 66 Concussions, 517–518 Conditioned avoidance responses, 79 Conditioned response (CR), 77–78, 172–173 Conditioned stimulus (CS), 77–78 Conduct disorder, 256, 368, 529–532 Conscience, 72, 363 Consciousness, 33, 501f Contributory cause, 56 Control groups, 19–20 Controlled drinking, 393 Controlled Substance Act (1970), 402 Control of events See Unpredictable and uncontrollable events Conversion disorder, 273–276, 286 Coping strategies, 135, 136 Coronary heart disease (CHD), 146–150 Corporate mental health resources, 620–621 Correlational coefficient, 20, 21f Correlational research, 20–22, 23f Corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH), 63–64, 139, 225–226 Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), 201 Cortisol, 64, 139–140, 160, 225–226, 271 Costs, 623–624 Cotton, Henry, 45 Counseling psychologists, 14 Countertransference, 580 Country Asylums Act (1845), 38–39 Couple therapy, 581–582 See also Marital therapy The Courage to Heal (Bass and Davis), 433 Covert sensitization, 440 C-reactive protein (CRP), 149 Creativity, 249, 256 CRH See Corticotrophin-releasing hormone Crises, 137–138 See also Natural disasters Crisis intervention, 164, 261–262 Criterion groups, 19–20 Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD), 164 Criticism, 239, 240f Cross-dressing See Transvestic fetishism Cross-gender identification, 427 CRP (C-reactive protein), 149 Cultural competence, 106 Culture See also Societal standards; Sociocultural causal factors abnormality and, 5, 9–11 alcohol abuse and, 390–391 anxiety disorders and, 209–211 assessment procedures and, 105– 106, 124 attachment relationships and, 96 chaining mental health patients and, 42 depression and, 93, 247–249, 535 dissociative disorders and, 293–294 eating disorders and, 312–313, 315–316 gender nonconformance and, 429 individualistic vs collectivist societies, 370 over- and under-controlled behaviors, 94–95 pathological gambling and, 410–411 psychopathy and, 370 psychotherapy and, 584 sexuality and, 416–417 sociocultural theory and, 92–93 suicide and, 260 syndromes of specific cultures, 94 universal vs specific symptoms and, 93–94 Cyberbullying, 91 Cyclothymic disorder, 240–241 Cymbalta (duloxetine), 586, 587t Cytokines, 141–142, 143 Dadd, Richard, 30 Dahmer, Jeffrey, 416, 614, 615 Dangerousness assessment of, 611, 613–614 as element of abnormality, Dapoxetine (Priligy), 448 D.A.R.E (Drug Abuse Resistance Program), 602 Darego, Agbani, 315 Date rape, 437–438 SUBJECT INDEX Davis, Laura, 433 D-cycloserine, 180, 184, 570 DDAVP (desmopressin), 538–539 Death instincts, 72, 236–237 Death of loved ones, 142 Debriefing sessions, 164–165 Deep brain stimulation, 252, 595 Defense mechanisms, 73 Degeneracy theory, 416 Deinstitutionalization, 14, 44, 605, 607–609 Delayed-onset PTSD, 162 Delay, Jean, 47 Delinquent behavior, 529–532, 558–559 Delirium, 500–502 Delirium tremens, 383–384 Delusional disorder, 461 Delusions, 222, 456, 505 Dementia Alzheimer’s Disease, 504–513 amnestic disorder, 514–515 DSM-IV criteria for, 502 from HIV-1 infection, 513 Huntington’s disease, 504 Parkinson’s disease, 503–504 vascular, 513–514 Demonic possession, 30, 36 Deniker, Pierre, 47 Denmark, 259, 390 Dental anxiety, 177 Depakote (divalproex), 592t Dependent life events, 229–230 Dependent personality disorder, 189, 355–356, 360 Dependent variables, 23 Depersonalization, 185 Depersonalization disorder, 282–283, 294 Depression See also Mood disorders accidental injury and, 155 in adolescents, 221, 523, 534–538 aging and, 221–222 alcohol abuse and, 380, 388 Alzheimer’s disease and, 508 anxiety disorders and, 173, 238 attributional style and, 81–82, 231, 235 Beck Depression Inventory, 567 behavioral activation treatment, 573–574 behaviorism on, 232 brain and, 227, 228f in children, 534–538 in Chinese people, 10, 93, 247–248 chronic major depressive disorder, 221 circadian rhythms and, 228–229 cognitive-behavioral therapy for, 537–538 cognitive theory on, 232–234 cognitive therapy for, 574–576 cognitive vulnerability to, 231–236 conversion disorder and, 274 coronary heart disease and, 147–148, 149f, 150 culture and, 93, 247–249, 535 deep brain stimulation for, 595 delays in seeking treatment, 13 dissociative identity disorder and, 287 double depression, 223 ECT treatment, 251–252 electroconvulsive therapy for, 40 gender differences in, 229, 235, 236–237 generalized anxiety disorder and, 198 genotype-environment interactions and, 65–66 Hamilton Rating Scale, 113 in homosexuals, 418 hopelessness theory of, 27 immune system and, 226 in infants, 221 interpersonal effects of, 239–240 interpersonal psychotherapy for, 583 in Japan, 247–248 learned helplessness theory, 27, 234–237 learning theory and, 535–536 major depressive disorder, 219–223, 270, 274 major depressive episodes in, 215–216 marital discord and, 239–240 melancholia in history, 32, 40, 41 memory biases and, 81 monoamine theory of, 225, 245 in mood disorders, 215 in Native Americans, 9–10 neurophysiological and neuroanatomical influences, 226–227, 246 obsessive-compulsive disorder and, 204–205 panic disorder and, 189 parenting and, 87–88, 239–240, 535, 537 peer relationships and, 231, 537 personality and, 231 postpartum, 218 prenatal alcohol exposure and, 535 psychodynamic theory on, 232 psychodynamic therapies for, 581 PTSD and, 161 ruminative response styles theory of, 236–237 seasonal affective disorder and, 229 sexual desire disorders and, 444 sleep disturbances and, 228–229 social phobia and, 181 specifiers for, 222–223 stress and, 143–144 suicide and, 256 TMS treatment, 252 treatment, 250–256 unipolar major depressive disorder (MDD), 216–217 unpredictable and uncontrollable events and, 84 in the U.S., 93–94 Depressogenic schemas, 232–233 Derealization, 185, 282 Desipramine (Norpramin), 587t Desire phase of sexual response, 442, 444–445 Desmopressin (DDAVP), 538–539 Desyrel (trazodone), 587t, 589 Development See also Children antisocial personality disorder and, 368–370 deprivation and trauma effects on, 84–87 Freud’s stages of, 73, 75, 85, 232 marital discord and divorce effects on, 89–91 parenting styles effects on, 84–89 peer relationships effects on, 91–92 schizophrenia and, 470–471, 476–477 Developmental psychopathology, 60, 524 Developmental systems approach, 70 Deviance, as element of abnormality, 3–4 Dexamethasone, 225–226, 245–246 Dexedrine, 401 Diabetes, 508 Diagnosis See Clinical diagnosis Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders on ADHD, 525–526 on agoraphobia, 186–187 on amnesia, 283 on amnestic disorder, 514 on anorexia nervosa, 301 on antisocial personality disorder, 360–361 on anxiety disorders, 171 on autistic disorder, 542 on autogynephilia, 430 on avoidant personality disorder, 354 on binge-eating disorder, 305, 324 on bipolar I and II disorders, 242, 536 on body dysmorphic disorder, 277, 280 on borderline personality disorder, 351 on brief psychotic disorder, 461 on bulimia nervosa, 303–304 on caffeine and nicotine, 408 on children and adolescents, 524–525 on cocaine withdrawal, 400–401 on conduct disorder, 529 on conversion disorder, 273, 286 cultural factors and, 99 on cyclothymic disorder, 240–241 on delirium, 500–501 on delusional disorder, 461 on dementia, 502 on dependent personality disorder, 356 on depersonalization disorder, 282 diagnostic interviews and, 130 diagnostic usefullness of, 130 on dissociative disorders, 267 on dissociative identity disorder, 285–286, 288 on dissociative trance disorder, 293 on drug abuse/dependence, 395 DSM-5 proposed revisions additions, 27 autism spectrum disorder, 541 autogynephilia, 430 controversies, 131–132 eating disorder NOS, 334 gender dysphoria, 427, 429 genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder, 449 hypersexual disorder, 427 major neurocognitive disorders, 503 of mental disorders, neurocognitive disorders, 496 pedohebephilia, 433–434 personality disorders, 373–374 PTSD, 167 schizophrenia subtypes, 460 somatoform disorders, 271 Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders, 154 on dysthymic disorder, 219 on eating disorders, 300, 334 on eating disorders not otherwise specified, 305 on encopresis, 539 evolution of, 126–127 on fetishism, 419 five axes of, 127–129 on gender identity disorder, 427–429 on generalized anxiety disorder, 196 global assessment of functioning, 128 on grief, 217–218 on histrionic personality disorder, 345, 347 on homosexuality, 417–418 on hypersexual disorder, 427 on hypochondriasis, 268 Kraepelin and, 45 labeling and, 129–130 limitations of, 127 on major depressive disorder, 216, 220 on masochism, 425 on mental retardation, 548–549 on mood disorders, 215–216 on narcissistic personality disorder, 347 on obesity, 326 on obsessive-compulsive disorder, 202 on obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, 357 on pain disorder, 272 on panic disorder, 185–187 on paranoid personality disorder, 341 on paraphilias, 419–420 on passive-aggressive personality disorder, 338 on personality disorders, 337–340, 373–374 on phobias, 174 prevalence estimates, 12–13 on sadism, 424 on schizoaffective disorder, 460 on schizoid personality disorder, 342 on schizophrenia, 455 on schizophreniform disorder, 461 on schizotypal personality disorder, 345 on seasonal affective disorder, 223 on separation anxiety disorder, 532 on sexual dysfunctions, 442, 443–444 on shared psychotic disorder, 462 on sleepwalking disorder, 539 on social phobias, 180–181 on somatization disorders, 269–270, 271 on somatoform disorders, 267 on specific phobias, 174–175 on stress disorders in, 136 on substance-abuse/dependence disorders, 378, 379 on transsexualism, 415 on transvestic fetishism, 421 on traumatic brain injury, 516 on vaginismus, 449–450 on voyeurism, 422 Dialectical behavior therapy, 359–360, 573 Diana, Princess, 300 SI–5 SI–6 SUBJECT INDEX Diathesis-stress models of abnormal behavior, 57–60 of borderline personality disorder, 353 of posttraumatic stress disorder, 153, 155 of schizophrenia, 484–485 of unipolar depression, 231–234 Diazepam (Valium), 590t Dichotomous reasoning, 233 Dickinson, Emily, 249 DID See Dissociative identity disorder Diet and nutrition, 469, 508, 550 Dieting, 319, 331–332 Diffuse brain damage, 497–498 Dimensionally based diagnosis, 125–126 Direction of effect problem, 23, 90 Direct observation, 17 Disciplinary styles, 88 Discrimination, in behaviorism, 79 Discrimination, racial and ethnic, 97 Disorganized schizophrenia, 460 Disorganized speech, 458 Disorganized symptoms, 459 Displacement, 73t Displacement activities, 205 Dissociative amnesia and fugue, 283–285 Dissociative disorders See also Dissociative identity disorder conversion disorder and, 274, 286 definition and overview, 281–282 depersonalization disorder, 282–283 dissociative amnesia and fugue, 283–285 dissociative trance disorder, 293 DSM-5 and, 295 recovered memories and, 295–297 sociocultural factors in, 293–294 treatment and outcomes, 294–295 Dissociative identity disorder (DID) causes and controversies, 290–293 conversion disorder as, 286 definitions and overview, 285–288 experimental studies of, 289–290 insanity pleas and, 612 prevalence, 288–289 proposed DSM-5 revisions, 295 recovered memories and, 295–297 schizophrenia and split personality vs., 288 sexual abuse and, 432 sociocultural factors in, 293–294 treatment and outcomes, 294–295 Dissociative trance disorder, 293 Distal causal factors, 57 Distress, 136 Disulfiram (Antabuse), 391 Divalproex (Depakote), 592t Divorce, 90–91, 152–153, 204, 390 See also Couple therapy; Marital discord Dix, Dorothea, 40, 51t Dixon v Weinberger (1975), 610 Dominance hierarchies, 182–183 Donaldson v O’Connor (1975), 610 Donepezil (Aricept), 511 Dopamine, 63, 225, 477–479, 486, 503 Dopamine hypothesis, 47, 477–479 Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, 227 Double-bind hypothesis, 480 Double-blind studies, 24, 569 Double depression, 223 Down, Langdon, 550 Down syndrome, 64, 550–552 Dream analysis, 48, 74, 580 Driving phobia, 176 Drug-abuse counselors, 15 Drug abuse/dependence barbiturates (sedatives), 403–404 caffeine and nicotine, 408–409 cocaine and amphetamines (stimulants), 400–402 ecstasy, 404–405 hallucinogens, 404 juvenile delinquency and, 559 marijuana, 405–408 methadone, 410–412 methamphetamines, 402–403 opium and derivatives (narcotics), 397–400 overview, 395–397 prevention and intervention strategies, 601–604 psychoactive drugs in, 396t Drug Abuse Resistance Program (D.A.R.E.), 602 Drug trials, 596 DSM See Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Duloxetine (Cymbalta), 586, 587t Durham Rule, 617 Durkheim, Emile, 260 Dysfunctional beliefs, 232–234, 268 Dyslexia, 546–547 Dysmorphic disorder, 210 Dyspareunia, 450 Dysrhythmia, 109 Dysthymic disorder, 127, 218–219, 250 Early-onset Alzheimer’s disease, 506 Earthquakes, 147, 156 Eating disorders age of onset and gender differences, 307–308 anorexia nervosa, 300–303 binge-eating disorder, 305–306 biological factors in, 314–315 body dysmorphic disorder and, 280 bulimia nervosa, 303–305 comorbidity of, 311–312 course and outcome, 310 culture and, 312–313 diagnostic crossover, 310–311 DSM-5 and, 334 eating disorders not otherwise specified (EDNOS), 305, 334–335 family influences, 316–317 individual risk factors, 317–320 Internet and, 320 medical complications, 308–310 prevalence of, 307–308 sociocultural factors in, 315–316 treatment of, 320–324 Ebers papyrus, 30–31 ECA (Epidemiologic Catchment Area) study, 12 Echolalia, 543 Ecstasy, 404–405 Edwin Smith papyrus, 30 EEGs See Electroencephalograms Effect size, 21 Effexor (venlafaxine), 250–251, 586, 587t Efficacy of treatment, 569 Ego-defense mechanisms, 73 Ego, in Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, 72 Ego psychology, 74 Egypt, 33 Elavil (amitriptyline), 587t Eldepryl (selegiline), 589 Elderly See Age and aging Elders, Jocelyn, 417 Electic approach to causes of abnormal behavior, 100 Electra complex, 74 Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), 40, 251–252, 371, 592–594 Electroencephalograms (EEGs), 108–109 Electronic hearing, 456 Elementa physiologae corporis humani (Haller), 45 Ellis, Albert, 574 Ellis, Havelock, 417 Emotions disclosure of, 150 expressed (EE), 480–481, 485, 488 positive vs negative, 58–59, 69, 138, 231, 235–236 regulation of, 150 Empathy, 91, 368 Empirically supported treatments, 570 Empirical validation of psychological treatments, 442 Encopresis, 539, 542 Endocrine glands, 63f Endophenotypes, 468 Endorphins, 399 England See Britain Enriched environments, 70 Enuresis, 538–539 Environment See also Genotypeenvironment correlations; Genotype-environment interactions Alzheimer’s disease and, 508 genetics and, 68 postnatal events and neural plasticity, 70 Environmental intervention, 392 Epidemiological studies, 338 Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) study, 12 Epidemiology, defined, 12 Epinephrine, 139 Episodic disorders, 129 Episodic memory, 283–284 Erectile disorder, 445–447 Erikson, Erik, 75, 85 Erlich, Paul, 46 Erotomania, 461 Escitalopram (Lexapro), 586, 587t Eskalith (lithium), 592t Essence, in existential psychology, 78 Essential hypertension, 145 Estrogen, in schizophrenia treatment, 487 Ethical issues, 106, 124–125 Ethiopia, 293 Ethnicity See also African Americans; Latinos eating disorders and, 313 obesity and, 326 PTSD and, 161 Etiology of disorders, 15, 56 Evidence-based treatment, 569–570 Evocative effect, of genotype, 65 Evolutionary factors in obsessive-compulsive disorder, 205 social phobia and, 182–183 specific phobias and, 178 Ewing v Goldstein (2004), 614 Excitement phase sexual response, 442 Executive branch of the personality, 72 Exercise, 331–332, 512 Exhibitionistism, 415, 420, 423, 438 Existential psychology, 78 Exorcism, 31, 35–36 Experimental psychology, 49–50 Experimental research, 23–26 Exposure and response prevention, 208–209, 211 Exposure therapy overview, 571–572 for PTSD, 165 for social phobia, 184 for specific phobias, 179–180 Expressed emotion (EE), 480–481, 485, 488 External validity, 19 Exteroceptive conditioning, 191 Extinction, in behaviorism, 77, 191 Extrapyramidal side effects (EPS), 486 Facial expressions in social phobia, 182–183 Facilitated communication, 568 Factitious disorder by proxy, 267, 276–277 Fairburn, W.R.D., 74 False Memory Syndrome Foundation, 433 Family aggregation, Family history method of studying genetic influences, 66 Family influences alcohol abuse and, 390 in eating disorders, 316–317 on obesity, 329–330 in schizophrenia, 479–481 Family therapy for anorexia nervosa, 321–322 approaches to, 582 for children, 555, 557 for conduct disorder, 531 in mood disorders, 254 for schizophrenia, 488 Fear, 171–172, 177–179, 366–367, 534 Fear networks, 189–190 Feedback, 57 Fellatio, 417 Female orgasmic disorder, 449 Female sexual arousal disorder, 447 Fentress et al v Shea Communications et al (1990), 612 Fetal alcohol syndrome, 382, 535 Fetishism, 415, 419–421 Fight or flight response, 172 Fiji, 315 Finger Oscillation Test, 111 Finland, 259, 260 Finnish Adoptive Study, 480 Fisher, Carrie, 592 Fixations, 73 Flashbacks, 163, 404 Flat affect, 459 Flibanserin, 445 Flooding, 570 SUBJECT INDEX Fluoxetine (Prozac), 208, 209, 537, 586, 587t, 588, 612 Fluphenazine (Prolixin), 585t Fluvoxamine (Luvox), 586, 587t Flying phobia, 179 fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging), 17 Focal brain damage, 498 Foregiveness, 144 Forensic assessment, 118 Forensic psychology/psychiatry, 610 Formal thought disorder, 458 Foster care of children, 23–24, 555 Fox, Michael J., 503 Framingham Heart Study, 147 France, 37, 38, 390–391 Franklin, Benjamin, 40, 47 Franklin, Eileen, 433 Free association, 48, 74, 579–580 Free-floating anxiety See Generalized anxiety disorder Freeman, Walter, 45 Freud, Anna, 74 Freud, Sigmund on conversion hysteria, 273 on generalized anxiety, 198 on homosexuality, 417–418 on parental deprivation, 85 psychoanalytic theory and, 46, 48–49, 51t psychodynamic theory and, 71–76, 232 Friedman, Meyer, 151 Frigidity, 447 Fritzl, Josef, 435 Fromm, Erich, 75 Frotteurism, 423 Functional enuresis, 538–539 Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 17, 109–110, 246, 566 GABA See Gamma aminobutyric acid Gabapentin (neurontin), 592t GAD See Generalized anxiety disorder Gage, Phineas, 519 Galen, 31, 33, 46, 307 Gambing addiction, 410–411 Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) abnormal behavior and, 63 anxiety disorders and, 173 benzodiazepines and, 590 generalized anxiety disorder and, 200–201 panic disorder and, 191 Gastric bypass surgery, 332–333 Gays and lesbians See Homosexuality GBMI See Guilty but mentally ill Genain quadruplets, 464–465 Gender differences in ADHD, 526, 528 agoraphobia and, 188 in alcohol abuse, 380, 388 in Alzheimer’s disease, 506 in body dysmorphic disorder, 280 in body image ideals, 318f in borderline personality disorder, 352 in depression, 229, 235, 236–237 in dissociative identity disorder, 287 in eating disorders, 307–308, 317 in exhibitionism, 423 in generalized anxiety disorder, 198 in histrionic personality disorder, 346 in juvenile delinquency, 558 in learning disorders, 546–547 in narcissistic personality disorder, 348 in obsessive-compulsive disorder, 204 panic disorder and, 188 in paraphilias, 419, 426 in Parkinson’s disease, 503 PTSD and, 156, 160 in schizophrenia, 454–455 in seeking psychotherapy, 563 sex hormones and, 64 in sexual desire disorders, 444–445 in sexual dysfunctions, 442 in social phobia, 181 in specific phobias, 176 in suicides, 256, 259f, 260 in unipolar mood disorders, 217 in vascular dementia, 514 Gender dysphoria, 427, 429 Gender identity disorders, 427–429, 430 Generalizability, 16, 19 Generalization, in behaviorism, 79 Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) accidental injuries and, 155 coronary heart disease and, 148 culture and, 209 DSM-IV and, 173 genetic causal factors in, 189 overview, 196–201 somatization disorder and, 270 Generalized social phobia, 181 General paresis, 44–45 Genetic causal factors in abnormal behaviors, 64–68 in alcohol abuse, 385–386 in Alzheimer’s disease, 506–508 in antisocial personality disorder, 368–369 in anxiety disorders, 173 in autism, 543–544 in avoidant personality disorder, 355 in bipolar disorders, 245 in borderline personality disorder, 352 in conduct disorder, 530 in Down syndrome, 550–551 in eating disorders, 314 in generalized anxiety disorder, 200 in histrionic personality disorder, 346 in Huntington’s disease, 504 in juvenile delinquency, 558 in learning disorders, 547 in mental retardation, 549 in obesity, 326–327 in obsessive-compulsive disorder, 206 in obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, 357 in panic disorder, 189 in Parkinson’s disease, 503 in personality disorders, 340 in phenyketonuria, 553 in psychopathy, 365–366 in PTSD, 160–161 in responses to life stress, 230 in schizophrenia, 462–468, 469–470 in social phobia, 183–184 in somatization disorder, 270–271 in specific phobias and fears, 178–179 in stress reactions, 136 in suicide, 258–259 in unipolar mood disorders, 223– 224, 245 Genital stage of development, 73 Genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder, 449 Genome-wide association methods, 467 Genotype-environment correlations, 65 Genotype-environment interactions, 65–66, 224, 365–366, 466, 469–470 Genotypes, 65 Geodon (ziprasidone), 486, 585t Geoghan, John, 435 Germany, 259 Gestalt therapy, 578 G-forces, 517 Ghana, 312 Giffords, Gabrielle, 618–619 Globus hystericus, 275 Glove anaesthesia, 275 Glucocorticoids, 139–140, 161 Glutamate, 63, 479, 511 Glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia, 479 Graham, Sylvester, 416 Granulocytes, 142 Greece, 31, 33 Grehlin, 328, 332 Grief, 217–218 Griesinger, Wilhelm, 32, 45 Group homes, 555 Group therapy, 392 Grudges, 144 Guilty but mentally ill (GBMI), 618 Gull, William, 301 Guthrie, Woody, 504 Habit reversal treatment (HRT), 541 Hakim, R.A., 46 Haldol (haloperidol), 486, 541, 585t, 586 Haller, Albrecht von, 45 Hall, G Stanley, 49 Hallucinations, 222, 456–458 Hallucinogenic drugs, 404 Haloperidol (Haldol), 486, 541, 585t, 586 Halstead Category Test, 111 Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological test battery, 111 Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD), 113, 567 Hangovers, 380 Hashish, 406 Haslam, John, 453 Hathaway, Starke R., 118 Hawkins, Robert, 613 Headaches, 151 See also Migraine headaches Head injuries See Traumatic brain injury Health anxiety, 268 Health maintenance organizations (HMOs), 623–624 Health psychology, 135 Healy, William, 49, 52t Heart attacks See Coronary heart disease Hebephilia, 433–434 Helms, Jesse, 415 Helplessness, 27, 234–237, 537 Hemingway, Ernest, 258 Hemingway, Margaux, 258 Hepatitis C, 142 Heroin, 397–400 Heterosexual transsexuals, 430 Hikikomori syndrome, 94 Hildegard, 32, 51t Hillside Strangler, 612 Hilton, Paris, 399 Hinckley, John, 614–615, 616 Hippocampus, 140, 161, 189–190, 227 Hippocrates, 31, 51t Hirschfeld, Magnus, 417, 421 Historical perspectives Bedlam, 30 Chinese views of mental disorders, 33–34 consciousness in philosophy, 33 contemporary views, 44–50 context and interpretation of, 52–53 demonology, gods, magic, 31 early twentieth century, 41–42 Greek and Roman thought, 33 Hippocrates and, 31 humanism, 36–41 major figures in, 51–52 on melancholia, 32 mental health care improvements, 619–621 mental hospital care, 42–44 Middle Ages, 32, 34–36, 46, 51t, 53 nineteenth century, 41 on sexuality, 416–418 History of the Insane in the British Isles (Ward), 37 History taking in assessment, 105 Histrionic personality disorder, 345– 347, 360 Hitch, Samuel, 38–39 HIV-associated dementia, 513 Hoarding compulsion, 203, 211 Homelessness, 98, 608 Homocysteine, 506 Homosexuality See also Gender identity disorders eating disorders and, 308 gender identity disorder and, 428 legal and psychiatric views of, 417–418 ritualized, 417 Homosexual pedohebephilia, 434 Homosexual transsexuals, 430 Hong Kong, 535 Hopelessness theory, 236, 238 Hormones in in bipolar disorders, 245–246 imbalances in, 63–64 obesity and, 327–328 in sexual desire disorders, 444–445 unipolar mood disorders and, 225–226 Horney, Karen, 75 Host identity, 286 Hotlines, 164, 262 HPA (hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal) system, 63–64, 139 HRSD (Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression), 113 HRT See Habit reversal treatment Hui-Cho, Seung, 613 Human immunodeficiency virus See HIV-associated dementia Humanism, 36–41 SI–7 SI–8 SUBJECT INDEX Humanistic-experiential therapy, 576–578 Humanistic psychology, 78 Hungary, 259 Huntington’s disease, 504 Hurricanes, 161 Hydrocephaly, 553 Hypersexual disorder, 427 Hypertension, 145–146, 151 Hypnosis conversion disorder and, 276 for depersonalization disorder, 294 for dissociative identity disorder, 294 historical perspectives, 36, 46–48 Hypoactive sexual desire disorder, 444–445 Hypochondriasis, 266–269 Hypomanic episodes, 216, 241–244 Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, 63–64, 140, 225–226 Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, 226 Hypothalamus, 63–64, 139–140, 314–315 Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system, 139 Hypotheses, formation and testing, 18–20 Hypoxia, 550 Hysteria, 47–48, 273 IBCT See Integrative behavioral couple therapy Id, in Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, 72 IDRA See Insanity Defense Reform Act Imaginal exposure, 570–571 Imipramine (Tofranil), 587t, 589 Immigrants, 481–482 Immune system, 139–144, 226 Immunosuppression, 140–141, 142–144 Implicit memory, 81, 281, 285, 289 Implicit perception, 281 Impotence, 445–447 Impulsivity, 258, 270, 349–350, 363 Incest, 435 Incidence, defined, 12 Inclusion programming, 554 Indecent exposure, 423 Independent life events, 229–230 Independent variables, 23 India, 210, 259, 260, 293 Indicated interventions, 599, 604 Individualistic societies, 370 Indulgent behaviors, 395 Infants See also Children autism in, 541 behaviorally inhibited, 183–184 depression in, 221 enriched environments for, 70 Inflation effect in fears and phobias, 177–178 Inpatient treatment, 14, 604–609 Insanity, 37–38 Insanity defense, 614–618 Insanity Defense Reform Act (IDRA), 617 Institute of Juvenile Research, 49 Institutionalization, 23–24, 84–85, 553–554 Instrumental conditioning, 78–79 Integrative behavioral couple therapy (IBCT), 582 Intelligence tests, 115 See also IQ Interactive model of dianthesis-stress interaction, 58 Interferon, 142 Interleukins, 141, 143–144 Intermittent reinforcement, 77 Internal reinforcement, 80 Internal validity, 19 International Classification of Disease (ICD-10), 126 Internet addiction, 27 Internet and eating disorders and, 320 Interoceptive conditioning, 191 Interoceptive fears, 195 Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy, 254 Interpersonal perspective, 75 Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT), 75, 254, 324, 582–583 Intervention programs, 601–604 Interviews, 112, 130–131, 138, 577–578 Intoxication, 381–382 Introjection, 74 In vivo exposure, 570–571 Ionizing radiation, 550 IPT See Interpersonal psychotherapy IQ, 96–97, 434, 548–549 Iraq War, 157–158, 162, 515 Irrationality, as element of abnormality, Irresistible Impulse Rule, 617 Isocarboxazid (Marplan), 587t, 589 Italy, 35 Jails, 609 Jamaica, 11, 39 James, William, 42, 49 Japan alcohol abuse and, 390 attachment relationships, 96 depression in, 247–248 eating disorders in, 312 suicide in, 259 taijin kyofusho syndrome in, 10, 210–211 Johnson, Judy, 432 Jones, Mary Cover, 571 Juvenile delinquency, 529–532, 558–559 Kanka, Megan, 439 Kardiner, Abram, 92 Kellogg, John Harvey, 416 Kennedy, Rosemary, 594 Kernberg, Otto, 349 Kevorkian, Jack, 262–263 Kinsey, Alfred, 415, 418 Klein, Melanie, 74 Klinefelter’s syndrome, 550t Klonopin (Clonazepam), 194, 201, 540, 590t Kohut, Heinz, 349 Korean War, 157, 161 Koro disorder, 35, 210 Koro syndrome, 94 Korsakoff ’s syndrome, 384, 514 Kraepelin, Emil, 32, 41, 45–46, 51t, 241, 453, 524–525 Krafft-Ebbing, Richard von, 44 Kravinsky, Zell, Labeling, 8, 129–130 Labroit, Henri, 46–47 Lamictal (lamotrigine), 592t Lamotrigine (Lamictal), 592t Laos, 294, 410 Lasègue, Charles, 301 Latah syndrome, 94 Latency period, 73 Latent content of dreams, 580 Late-onset Alzheimer’s disease, 507 Latinos ataque de nervois and, 10, 209–210 borderline personality disorder and, 358 drug abuse/dependence and, 406 obesity and, 326 Latuda (lurasidone), 486, 585t Laughter, 142 Lawrence & Garner v Texas, 417 Laxative abuse, 309–310 Learned helplessness theory of depression, 27, 234–237 Learning disabilities, 546–547, 558–559 Learning theory behaviorism and, 76 depression symptoms and, 535–536 on obsessive-compulsive disorder, 205 on panic attacks, 192 panic disorder and, 191 social phobia and, 182 specific phobias and, 176–178 Lebanon, 248 LEDS See Life Event and Difficulty Schedule Legal issues altered personality states, 612 altered states of consciousness, 612 for children and adolescents, 555 civil commitment, 610–611 competence to stand trial, 618–619 dangerousness, assessment of, 611, 613–614 in homosexuality, 417–418 insanity defense, 614–618 in juvenile delinquency, 558–559 patient rights, 610 Leptin, 327–328 Lesbians and gays See Homosexuality Leukocytes, 140–141 Levitra (vardenafil), 446 Lexapro (escitalopram), 586, 587t Libido, in Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, 72 Librium (chlordiazepoxide), 590t Liébeault, Ambrose August, 47 Life Event and Difficulty Schedule (LEDS), 138 Life instincts, 72 Lifelong orgasmic disorder, 449 Lifetime prevalence, 12 Limbic system, 173, 189 Linkage analysis, 68, 467 Lithium, 244, 245, 251, 590–592 Little Albert, 52 Lobotomies, 45 Localized amnesia, 283 Locus coeruleus, 189, 190f Lohan, Lindsay, 399 Longitudinal research designs, 22, 528 Lorazepam (Ativan), 590t Loughner, Jared, 618–619 LSD, 404 Lunacy, 36, 41 Lunacy Inquiry Act (1842), 38–39 Lurasidone (Latuda), 486, 585t Luvox (fluvoxamine), 586, 587t Lycanthropy, 35 Lymphocytes, 140–141 Macrocephaly, 553 Macrophages, 141–142, 143f Magic, 30 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 109 Magnets, for repetitive-stress injury, 24 Mahler, Margaret, 74 Mainstreaming, 554 Major depressive disorder, 219–223, 256, 270, 274 Major depressive episodes, 215–216, 224f Major depressive episodes with melancholic features, 222 Major depressive episode with atypical features, 222–223 Major depressive episode with catatonic features, 223 Major neurocognitive disorders, 503 Maladaptiveness, as element of abnormality, Malaria, 44 Malaysia, 294 Male erectile disorder, 445–447 Male orgasmic disorder, 448 Malingering disorder, 267, 276 Malleus Maleficarum, 36 Malta, 390 Managed health care, 623–624 Mania/manic episodes in bipolar disorders, 240, 242–244, 246 ECT treatment, 252 lithium for, 251, 591–592 in mood disorders, 215–216 Manic-depressive illness, 241 Manifest content of dreams, 580 Manualized therapies, 569 MAOIs See Monoamine oxidase inhibitors Marathons, 142 Marijuana, 405–408, 482–484 Marital discord, 89–90, 152–153, 239–240, 388, 390 Marital rape, 436 Marital therapy, 254 See also Couple therapy Marlatt, Alan, 392–393 Marplan (isocarboxazid), 587t, 589 Masochism, 420, 425–426 Mass hysteria, 210 Mass madness, 34–35 Mastery, sense of, 199 Masturbation, 22, 416–417 Maudsley model, 321–322 McCall, Leonore, 593–594 McDermott, Michael, 616 MCI See Mild cognitive impairment McKinley, J.C., 118 MCLP See Mesocorticolimbic dopamine pathway McMartin Preschool case, 432–433 MDD See Unipolar major depressive disorder MDMA, 404–405 Mead, Margaret, 92 Mediation of psychological events, 71 Medical evaluations, 108–111 Medical Inquiries and Observations upon Diseases of the Mind (Rush), 39 SUBJECT INDEX Medical marijuana, 407 Medications See Pharmacotherapy Meditation, 151 Megan’s Law, 439 Melancholia, 32, 40, 41 Melanesia, 417 Memantine (Namenda), 511 Memmel v Mundy (1976), 610 Memory See also Alzheimer’s disease; Dementia amnesia and, 283–285 implicit, 81, 281, 285, 289 persisting alcohol disorder and, 384 recovered, 292, 294, 295–297 Mental disorders See also Abnormality/ abnormal behaviors abnormality as, 3–6 biological discoveries, 44–45 causes and risk factors, 56–60 Chinese views of, 33–34 classification of, 7–8, 45–46, 125–130 contemporary views and treatments, 44–50 culture and, 5, 9–11 DSM-5 proposals, 5, 27 experimental psychology and, 49–50 medications for, 46–47 nineteenth-century views and treatments, 41 prejudice against, 7–9 prevalence of, 11–13 psychological basis of, 46–49 socioeconomic status and, 95–97 treatment of, 13–14 twentieth-century views and treatments, 41–44 Mental Health Parity Act (2008), 624 Mental health professionals clergy as, 564 physicians as, 564 team approach, 14, 564 types and training, 14 Mental hospitals, 14, 36–38, 42–44, 604–605 Mental hygiene movement, 39, 40 Mental retardation, 548–554 Meridia (sibutramine), 332 Mescaline, 404 Mesmer, Franz Anton, 46–47, 51t Mesmerism, 46–47 Mesocorticolimbic dopamine pathway (MCLP), 385 Meta-analyses, 21, 312 Methadone, 400, 410–412 Methamphetamines, 402–403 Methedrine, 401 Methylphenidate (Ritalin), 520–521, 527–528 Mexico, 37 Meyer, Adolf, 42 Microcephaly, 553 Middle Ages, 32, 34–36, 46, 51t, 53 Migraine headaches, 140 Mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 511–512 Mild disorders, 129 Milieu therapy, 604, 605 Military psychiatry, 40–41 See also Combat-related stress Milligan, Billy, 612 Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI-III), 117–118 Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, 253 A Mind That Found Itself (Beers), 41 Mini-Mental State Examination, 497t Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), 93, 106, 118–120 Mixed episodes, 241–242 MMPI See Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory M’Naghten Rule, 617–618 Moban (molindone), 585t Modafinil (Provigil), 520–521 Modeling, 572 Moderate disorders, 129 Molindone (Moban), 585t Moniz, Antonio, 594 Monoamine oxidase-A gene, 365–366 Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), 184, 250, 587t, 589 Monoamines, 63, 225 Monoamine theory of depression, 225, 245 Mood congruent delusions, 222 Mood disorders anxiety and, 238 bipolar disorders, 240–249 demographic differences in, 248–249 interpersonal effects of, 237, 239–240 obesity and, 330 prevalence of, 216–217 suicide and, 256 treatments and outcomes, 250–256 types of, 215–216 unipolar mood disorders, 217–240 Moral management, 39, 41 Morgan, C.D., 116 Morphine, 397–400 Morton, Richard, 301 Motivational interviewing, 577–578 Mott, Frederick, 156–157 MRI See Magnetic resonance imaging Multicausal developmental models of abnormal behavior, 60 Multimodal therapy, 582 Multiple personality disorder, 286–287 Multiple sclerosis, 140, 142, 446 Mummy powder, 46 Munchausen’s syndrome by proxy, 276–277 Murray, Henry, 116 Muscle dysmorphia, 308 Muslim Americans, 97, 390 Myocardial infarction, 146 Nail salon technicians, 497 Naltrexone, 332, 391 Namenda (memantine), 511 NAMI See National Alliance for the Mentally Ill Nancy School, 47–48 Narcissistic personality disorder, 337, 347–348, 360 Narcotics, 397–400 Nardil (phenelzine), 587t, 589 Nash, John, 489–491 NASW See National Association for Social Work National Alliance for the Mentally Ill (NAMI), 620 National Association for Social Work (NASW), 620 National Comorbidity Survey (NCS), 12–13 National Comorbidity SurveyReplication (NCS-R), 156 National Health and Social Life Survey, 442 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), 620 National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), 619 National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), 619 National Institutes of Mental Health (NIMH), 619 National Mental Health Act, 619 National Mental Health Association (NMHA), 620 National Registry of Effective Prevention Programs (NREPP), 604 Native Americans alcohol abuse and, 380, 386 amok and, 294 childhood psychological problems in, 523 depression in, 9–10 motivational interviewing and, 577 suicide and, 259 Natural disasters, 156, 166–167 Nature vs nurture, 67 Navene (thiothixene), 585t NCS (National Comorbidity Survey), 12–13 NCS-R See National Comorbidity Survey-Replication Necessary cause, 56 Negative affectivity, 231, 258, 319 Negative automatic thoughts, 232–234 Negative cognitive triad, 232–233 Negative correlation, 20, 21f Negative symptoms, 459, 489 Neglectful/uninvolved parenting, 86, 89 NEO-PI (Neuroticism-ExtroversionOpenness Personality Inventory), 117 Netherlands, 262, 429 Neural plasticity, 69–70 Neurasthenia, 41 Neurocognitive disorders, 496 Neurofibrillary tangles, 509 Neuroleptic malignant syndrome, 486 Neuroleptics, 486 Neurological examinations, 108–110 Neurontin (gabapentin), 592t Neurophysiological and neuroanatomical influences, 226–227, 246 Neuropsychological assessment, 110–111 Neurosurgery, 209, 594–595 Neurotic disorders, 171 Neuroticism in anxiety and mood disorders, 238 anxiety disorders and, 173 bipolar disorder and, 247 generalized anxiety disorder and, 200 helplessness and, 235 histrionic personality disorder and, 346 panic disorders and, 191 somatization disorder and, 270 unipolar depression and, 231 Neurotransmitters Alzheimer’s disease and, 509, 511 in anxiety disorders, 173 in in bipolar disorders, 245 in generalized anxiety disorder, 200–201 imbalances of, 61–63 obsessive-compulsive disorder and, 207–208 in panic disorders, 189–191 in unipolar mood disorders, 225 New Zealand, 390 NGRI plea, 614–618 NIAAA See National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Nicotine, 408–409, 520 NIDA See National Institute on Drug Abuse Niemann-Pick’s disease, 550t Nigeria, 35, 293, 315 NIMH See National Institutes of Mental Health 9-11 attacks, 154, 163 Nineteenth-century views of mental disorders, 41 NIOSH See National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health NMHA See National Mental Health Association No 18 trisomy syndrome, 550t Nocturnal panic attacks, 193 Nomenclature, Nonbeing, in existential psychology, 78 Nonconscious mental activity, 81 Noradrenaline See Norepinephrine Norepinephrine, 63, 139, 173, 189–190, 225 Norpramin (desipramine), 587t Nortriptyline (Aventyl), 587t NREPP See National Registry of Effective Prevention Programs Nutritional deficiencies, 469, 550 Obesity, 306, 326–334 Objective personality tests, 117–120 Object relations, 581 Object-relations theory, 74–75 Observational learning, 79, 176–177 Observational research, 16–18 Observation, clinical, 112–113 Obsessions, 202 Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), 173, 202–209, 280, 566–567, 568, 586 Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD), 356–357 Obsessive thoughts, 203 Occupational therapists, 15 OCD See Obsessive-compulsive disorder O’Connor, Sandra Day, 513 OCPD See Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder Oedipus complex, 74 Olanzapine (Zyprexa), 321, 486, 585t Olsen, Mary-Kate, 300 1-year prevalence, 12 On the Deceits of the Demons (Weyer), 36 On the Psychical Mechanisms of Hysterical Phenomena (Freud and Breuer), 48 OOD See Oppositional defiant disorder SI–9 SI–10 SUBJECT INDEX Operant conditioning, 50 Operational fatigue, 157 Opium and derivatives, 397–400 Oppositional defiant disorder, 368 Oppositional defiant disorder (OOD), 529–532 Oral stage of development, 73, 75, 85, 232 Orbital frontal cortex, 207, 227 Oregon Death with Dignity Act (ODDA), 262 Organic retardation syndromes, 550–554 Orgasmic disorders, 443, 447–449 Orgasm phase of sexual response, 442 Orlistat (xenical), 332 Outpatient treatment, 14 Oxazepam (Serax), 590t P50, 472–473 Pain disorder, 272–273, 276 Palestine, mass hysteria in, 35 Panic attacks, 172, 176, 185, 189–194 Panic Control Treatment (PCT), 194–195 Panic disorder agoraphobia and, 186–188 as an anxiety disorder, 173 biological causal factors, 189–191 comorbidity of, 189 cultural differences in, 209 generalized anxiety disorder and, 198 nocturnal panic attacks, 191–193 obsessive-compulsive disorder and, 205 overview, 185 prevalence, age of onset, gender differences, 188 psychological causal factors, 191–194 somatization disorder and, 270 sudden cardiac death and, 148 timing of, 189 treatment of, 194–196 Panic provocation procedures, 190, 193 Papua New Guinea, 260, 294, 417 Paracelsus, 36, 46, 51t Paranoid personality disorder, 341–342, 360 Paranoid schizophrenia, 460 Paraphilias causal factors, 426–427 definition and prevalence, 419 DSM-IV on, 420 exhibitionism, 423, 438 fetishism, 419–421 frotteurism, 423 hypersexual disorder, 427 masochism, 425–426 pedophilia, 420, 433–435 rape and, 438 sadism, 424–425 transvestic fetishism, 421–422, 430 treatment, 427 voyeurism, 420, 422–423, 438 Parenting alcohol abuse and, 84–87, 387, 555 antisocial personality disorder and, 368–370 child development and, 84–89 conduct disorder and, 530–531 depression and, 87–88, 239–240, 535, 537 divorce and, 90 juvenile delinquency and, 559 oppositional defiant disorder and, 530–531 parental alienation disorder and, 27 separation anxiety disorder and, 533–534 social phobia and, 182 training to be change agents, 555 Parkinson, James, 503 Parkinson’s disease, 503–504 Parnate (tranylcypromine), 587t, 589 Paroxetine (Paxil), 448, 586, 587t, 588 Participant modeling, 179 Passive-aggressive personality disorder, 338 Passive effect, of genotype, 65 Pastoral counselors, 15 Pathological gambling, 410–411 Pathological memories, 155 The Pathology and Therapy of Psychic Disorders (Griesinger), 45 Patient rights, 610, 620 Pavlov, Ivan, 49–50, 52t, 77 Paxil (paroxetine), 448, 586, 587t, 588 PCT See Panic Control Treatment Pedigree method of studying genetic influences, 66 Pedohebephilia, 433–435 Pedophilia, 420, 433–435 Peer relationships ADHD and, 525, 528 aggressive behavior and, 92–93, 530–531 antisocial personality disorder and, 369, 372 anxiety disorders and, 534 Asperger’s disorder and, 546 attachment and, 96 autism and, 542, 544 binging and, 331 body image and, 318 conduct disorders and, 530–531 depression and, 231, 537 gender identity disorders and, 427–429 in juvenile delinquency, 558–559 juvenile delinquency and, 559 maladaptive, 91–92 parenting and, 86, 89 social phobia and, 181–182 socioeconomic status and, 97 substance abuse and, 386–389, 398–399, 408 Tourette’s disorder and, 541 Pemoline, 528 Penile implants, 446 Penis envy, 74, 75 Perfectionism, 317–318, 541 Perls, Fritz, 578 Permissive/indulgent parenting, 88–89 Perphenazine, 585t Persisting alcohol disorder, 384 Personality See also Personality disorders depression and, 231 disorders of, 132 in Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, 72–73 novelty seeking, reward dependence and harm avoidance, 357 suicide and, 258 traumatic brain injury and, 519 Type A behavior patterns, 147 Personality disorders addiction and, 399 alcohol abuse and, 380 antisocial personality disorder, 349, 360–372 avoidant personality disorder, 353–355 borderline personality disorder, 349–353 causal factors, 340–341 characteristics of, 344t clinical features, 337–339 dependent personality disorder, 355–356 diagnosis of, 339–340 DSM-5 revisions, 373–374 five-factor model of, 339–340, 350t histrionic personality disorder, 345–347 narcissistic personality disorder, 337, 347–348 obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, 356–357 paranoid personality disorder, 341–342 schizoid personality disorder, 342–343 schizotypal personality disorder, 343–345 sociocultural causal factors, 358 treatments and outcomes, 358–360, 589 Personality tests, 115–120 Personal therapy, 489 Pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs), 541–546, 545 Pessimistic attributional style, 235–236, 247 PET scans See Positron emission tomography (PET) scans Phallic stage of development, 73 Pharmacotherapy See also Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; specific medications, such as Wellbutrin for ADHD, 527–528 for alcohol abuse, 391–392 for anorexia nervosa, 321 antianxiety drugs, 195–196, 200–201, 590 anticonvulsants, 592t antidepressants, 586–589 antipsychotic medications, 47, 251, 359, 486–488, 511, 544, 585–586 for Asperger’s disorder, 546 for autism, 544 bias in drug trials, 596 for bipolar disorder, 244 for borderline personality disorder, 359 for bulimia nervosa, 323 for childhood/adolescent depression, 537 for childhood anxiety disorders, 534 cognitive-behavior therapy vs., 252–253 of enuresis, 538–539 historical perspectives, 46–47 lithium, 244, 245, 251, 590–592 monoamine oxidase inhibitors, 184, 250, 589 for mood disorders, 250–251 for obesity, 332 for obsessive compulsive disorder, 209 for panic disorder, 194 for premature ejaculation, 448 and psychotherapy, 570–571 for PTSD, 165 of schizophrenia, 486–488 serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, 194 for sexual desire disorders, 445 for sexual dysfunction, 446–447 for social phobia, 184 for specific phobias, 180 for tic disorders, 540–541 tricyclic antidepressants, 194, 207–208, 250, 589 Phenelzine (Nardil), 587t, 589 Phenothiazines, 46–47 Phenotypes, 65 Phenyketonuria (PKU), 552–553 Phenylalanine, 65 Phenylketonuria, 552–553 Philanthropy, by Kravinsky, Philippines, 294 Phillips, Katharine, 280 Philosophical perspectives of consciousness, 33 Phobias, 79–80, 174 See also Specific phobias Physical examinations, 108 Pimozide, 541 Pinel, Philippe, 32, 38, 51t Pituitary gland, 63–64, 139–140 PKU See Phenyketonuria PKU-induced mental retardation, 65 Placebo treatment, 24, 569 Plato, 33, 51t Play therapy, 537–538 Pleasure principle, 72 Poddar, Prosenjit, 613–614 Point prevalence, 12 Poland, 260 Political activists, 159 Polygenic factors, 65 Polymorphisms, 65 Popularity, 91–92, 141 Portion size, 328 Positive correlation, 20, 21f Positive psychology, 144 Positive symptoms, 459 Positive vs negative emotions, 58–59, 69, 138, 231, 235–236 Positron emission tomography (PET) scans, 109, 246 Possession disorders, 293 Postnatal environmental events, 70 Postpartum depression, 218 Posttraumatic amnesia, 516 Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) acute stress disorder vs., 155 biological factors, 160–161 causal factors, 159–160 clinical description, 155 dissociative identity disorder and, 287, 291 DSM-IV classification of, 135, 153–154, 167 generalized anxiety disorder and, 198 individual risk factors, 160 long-term effects, 162 military combat and, 156–159 obsessive-compulsive disorder and, 205 SUBJECT INDEX panic disorder and, 189 prevalence of, 156 prevention of, 162 psychodynamic therapies for, 581 rape and, 437 sociocultural factors, 161–162 treatment of, 163–166 World Trade Center attacks and, 154, 163 Posttraumatic theory of dissociative identity disorder, 290–292, 294 Poverty See Socioeconomic status POWs See Prisoners of war Prader-Willi syndrome, 328 Prefrontal lobotomy, 594 Pregnancy and birth complications, 469 Prejudice, 7–9, 11 See also Racial discrimination; Stereotyping; Stigmas Premature ejaculation, 448 Prenatal experiences, 70 Prenatal exposures and schizophrenia, 468–469 Prepared learning, 178, 205 Presenting problems, 104 Prevention of antisocial personality disorder, 372 of children’s psychological problems, 556–557 indicated interventions, 599, 604 of obesity, 333–334 of pschopathy, 372 of psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder, 372 of PTSD, 162 of relapses, 394–395 of schizophrenia, 490–491, 491–492 selective interventions, 599, 601–604 of stress, 162–163 of suicide, 261–262 universal interventions, 599–601 Priapism, 446, 589 Priligy (dapoxetine), 448 Primary gain for conversion symptoms, 273 Primary process thinking, 72 Prisoners of war (POWs), 158 Prisons, 609 Program planning, 554–558, 622 Projection, 73t Projective personality tests, 115–117 Prolixin (fluphenazine), 585t Prolonged exposure therapy See Exposure therapy Prosocial popularity, 91–92 Prospective research, 22 Protective factors to stress, 58–59 Prototypally based diagnosis, 126 Provigil (modafinil), 520–521 Proximal causal factors, 57 Prozac (fluoxetine), 208, 209, 537, 586, 587t, 588, 612 Psilocybin, 404 Psychiatric nurses, 15 Psychiatric social workers, 564 Psychiatrists, 14, 564 Psychoactive substances, 377, 385, 396t Psychoanalysts, 14 Psychoanalytic theory on abnormal behaviors, 71–76 of depression, 232 of generalized anxiety disorder, 198 historical overview, 46, 48–49 psychoanalysis, 579–581 of specific phobias, 176 Psychodynamic theory, 232, 578–581 See also Psychoanalytic theory Psychoeducation, 489 Psychogenic amnesia, 283 Psychological assessment, defined, 104 See also Assessment Psychological causal factors in ADHD, 527 anxiety disorders, 173 behavioral perspective, 76–80 in bipolar disorders, 246–247 in borderline personality disorder, 352–353 child abuse and neglect, 84–87 cognitive-behavioral perspective, 80–83 in conduct disorder, 530–531 of conduct disorder, 530 in generalized anxiety disorder, 198–200 in juvenile delinquency, 559 marital discord and divorce, 89–91 in obsessive-compulsive disorder, 205–206 in panic disorder, 191–194 parental psychopathology, 87–89 peer relationships and, 91–92 in personality disorders, 341 perspective and perception of behaviors, 83 psychodynamic perspectives, 71–76 in social phobia, 182–183 specific phobias, 176–178 in unipolar mood disorders, 229–237, 239–240 Psychological debriefing, 164–165 Psychological tests computers and, 114 intelligence tests, 115 objective personality tests, 117–120 projective personality tests, 115–117 value of, 113–114 Psychologists, 14, 564 Psychoneuroimmunology, 140 Psychopathy See also Antisocial personality disorder case study, 364 causal factors in, 365–368 clinical features of, 363, 365 developmental perspective, 368–370 prevention of, 372 sociocultural causal factors in, 370 treatments and outcomes, 370–371 Psychopharmacology See Pharmacotherapy Psychoses alcohol abuse and, 383–384 proneness to, 468 reserpine for, 46 treatment of, 586 Psychosexual stages of development, 73 Psychosocial assessment clinical observations, 112–113 intelligence tests, 115 interviews, 112 objective personality tests, 117–120 projective personality tests, 115–117 psychological tests, 113–114 Psychosocial perspectives, 71f, 258 Psychotherapy See also Pharmacotherapy; specific types, such as CognitiveBehavioral Therapy aversion therapy, 572 behavior therapy, 571–574 client-centered therapy, 576–577 cognitive and cognitive-behavioral, 574–576 couple therapy, 581–582 cultural diversity and, 584 deep brain stimulation, 595 electroconvulsive therapy, 592–594 evidence-based, 569–570 exposure therapy, 571–572 facilitated communication, 568 family therapy, 582 Freudian psychoanalysis, 579–581 gender differences in acceptance of, 563 gestalt therapy, 578 harmful effects, 568–569 humanistic-experiential, 576–578 interpersonal, 582–583 modeling, 572 motivational interviewing, 577–578 multimodal therapy, 582 neurosurgery, 594–595 pharmacotherapy and, 570–571 providers of, 564 psychoanalysis, 579–581 psychodynamic therapies, 578–581 rational emotive behavior therapy, 574 reasons for seeking, 562–564 rebirthing therapy, 568 sociocultural perspectives, 583 success of, 565–568 systematic use of reinforcement, 573 therapeutic relationship, 564–565 token economies, 573 PTSD See Posttraumatic stress disorder Public speaking phobia, 180–181 Puerto Rico, 209–210, 294 Purge, defined, 302 Quetiapine (Seroquel), 486, 585t Racial discrimination, 97, 149 Rader, Dennis, 424 Rado, Sandor, 418 Ramos, Luisel, 300 Random assignment, 25 Randomized clinical trials (RCTs), 569 Rape, 155, 435–438 Rating scales, 112, 113 Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT), 574, 576 Rationalization, 73t Rauwolfia serpentina, 46 RCTs See Randomized clinical trials Reaction formation, 73t Reality principle, 72 Rebirthing therapy, 568 Reciprocal-influence model, 388 Recovered memories, 292, 294, 295–297, 433 Recurrent disorders, 129, 221 Recurrent major depressive episode with a seasonal pattern, 223 Regression, 73t Regression to the mean, 566 Reinforcement, 77–79, 528, 573 Reinforcing contributory causes, 57 Rejection, 92, 239 See also Peer relationships Relapse behavior, 221, 394–395 Relapse in schizophrenia, 480–481 Relaxation techniques, 151, 165 Reliability in assessment measures, 107 Repetitive-stress injury (RSI), 24 Repression, 73t The Republic (Plato), 33 Rescue workers, 156 Research on animals, 26–27 correlational, 20–22, 23f experimental, 23–26 hypothesis formation and testing, 18–20 need for and settings, 15–16 sources of information, 16–18 Reserpine, 46–47 Residential treatment programs, 606–607 Resilience, 59, 138–139, 218 Resiliency Training, 165 Resistance, 580 Resolution phase of sexual response, 442 Response-outcome expectancy, 79 Response shaping, 573 Reston, Ana Carolina, 300, 308 Retrograde amnesia, 283, 516 Retrospective research, 22 Rhesus incompatibility and schizophrenia, 469 Rheumatoid arthritis, 140, 150 Rhythm Test, 111 Richie, Nicole, 300, 399 Right to die, 262–263 Rimonabant (Acomplia), 332 Risk factors in eating disorders, 317–320 for mental disorders, 56 for PTSD, 160–161 in schizophrenia, 468–469 Risperdal (risperidone), 486, 541, 585t Risperidone (Risperdal), 486, 541, 585t Ritalin (methylphenidate), 520–521, 527–528 Road rage, 27 Rogers, Carl, 78, 576, 577 Roker, Al, 333 Romania, 23–24, 84–85 Rorschach, Hermann, 115–116 Rorschach Inkblot Tests, 115–116 RSI (repetitive-stress injury), 24 Rubella, 550t Ruminative response styles theory of depression, 236–237 Rush, Benjamin, 39, 51t Russia, 37 Sacher-Mosoch, Leopold V., 425 Sadism, 420, 424–425 Sadomasochism See Masochism; Sadism Safety behaviors, in panic attacks, 193–194 Saint Vitus’s dance, 35 Samoa, 429 Sampling, 18–19 SAM (sympathetic-adrenomedullary) system, 139 Scarification, 10 SI–11 SI–12 SUBJECT INDEX Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN), 131 Schemas, 80–81, 232–233, 359 Schizoaffective disorder, 459–460 Schizoid personality disorder, 342–343, 360 Schizophrenia brain abnormalities in, 471–479 brief psychotic disorder, 461–462 clinical outcome, 485–486 Dadd and, 30 definitions and overview, 453–454 delusional disorder, 461 delusions and, 456 diathesis-stress model of, 484–485 disorganized speech and behavior, 458 dissociative identity disorder and, 288 dopamine hypothesis and, 47 epidemiology of, 454–455 family influences, 479–481 fMRI use in, 110 genetic factors in, 462–468, 469–470 hallucinations and, 456–458 marijuana use and, 482–484 minorities and, 11–12 neurodevelopmental perspective, 470–471 pharmacological treatment, 486– 488, 585 prenatal exposures and, 468–469 prevention of, 490–491 psychosocial interventions, 488–490 in recent immigrants, 481–482 schizoaffective disorder, 459–460 schizophreniform disorder, 460–461 schizotypal personality disorder and, 345 shared psychotic disorder, 462 social knowledge and, 20 subtypes, 460 suicide and, 256 symptoms, 459 urban living and, 481 violence and, 611, 613–614 Schizophreniform disorder, 461 Schizotypal personality disorder, 343–345, 360 School psychologists, 14 Schreiber, Flora Rhea, 288 Scottland, 383 Seasonal affective disorder, 223, 229, 243, 252 Secondary gain for conversion symptoms, 273 Secondary process thinking, 72 Sedatives, 403–404 Seizures, 275 Selective abstraction, 233 Selective amnesia, 283 Selective interventions, 599, 601–604 Selective reinforcement, 528 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for body dysmorphic disorder, 281 coronary heart disease and, 150 female orgasmic disorder and, 449 for hypochrondriasis, 269 for mood disorders, 250–251 for obsessive compulsive disorder, 208 overview, 586–588 for panic disorder, 194 panic disorder and, 191 for paraphilias, 440 sexual arousal and, 446, 447 sexual desire and, 444 for social phobia treatment, 184 Selegiline (Eldepryl), 589 Self-actualization, in humanistic psychology, 78 Self-concept, in humanistic psychology, 78 Self-efficacy, 80 Self-monitoring, 113 Self-mutilation, 350–351 Self-psychology, 581 Self-report data, 16 Self-schemas, 80–81 Self-serving biases, 82 Self-stimulation, 543 Seligman, Martin, 234–235 Selye, Hans, 135–136 Semen conservation, 416–417 Sensate focus exercises, 445 Sentence completion tests, 117 Separation anxiety disorder, 532–534 Serax (oxazepam), 590t Serial killers, 424 Seroquel (quetiapine), 486, 585t Serotonin, 63, 173, 200–201, 208, 225, 315 Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), 194, 586, 587t Serotonin-transporter gene, 224 Sertraline (Zoloft), 448, 586, 587t Set point, 315 Severe disorders, 129 Sever major depressive episode with psychotic features, 222 Sex hormones, 64 Sex offenders, 427, 439–441 Sex reassignment surgery, 429–431 Sex taboo, 415 Sexual abuse of children, 319–320, 431–433, 451, 556 incest, 435 pedohebephilia, 433–435 psychological disorders and, 556 rape, 435–438 treatment of offenders, 439–441 Sexual addiction, 427 Sexual arousal disorders, 443, 445–447 Sexual aversion disorder, 444–445 Sexual desire disorders, 443, 444–445 Sexual discrimination, 97–98 Sexual dysfunctions arousal disorders, 443, 445–447 definitons and overview, 441–442 desire disorders, 443, 444–445 DSM-IV categories, 443–444 orgasmic disorders, 443, 447–449 pain disorders, 443, 449–450 Sexual harassment, 98 Sexuality cultural and historical perspectives, 416–418 gender identity disorders, 427–429 paraphilias, 419–427 transsexualism, 429–431 Sexual masochism, 420, 425–426 Sexual pain disorders, 443, 449–450 Sexual sadism, 420, 424–425 Shared psychotic disorder, 462 Shell shock, 156–157 See also Posttraumatic stress disorder Shriner, Earl, 439 Sibutramine (Meridia), 332 Sildenalfil (Viagra), 446 Sinequan (doxepin), 587t Single-case research designs, 25 Skills training procedures, 393 Skinner, B.F., 50, 52t, 83, 85 Sleep deprivation, 142 Sleep disturbances, 228–229, 246, 542 Sleepwalking disorder, 539–540 Smoking, 189 See also Nicotine Snake phobias, 177 SNRIs See Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors SNS (sympathetic nervous system), 139–140 Social anxiety disorder See Social phobias Social change, 98 Social contagion/transmission, 330 Social discomfort, as element of abnormality, Social-learning programs, 605 Social phobias, 173, 180–184, 189, 198, 205, 209, 570 Social Readjustment Rating Scale, 138 Social-skills training, 440, 488–489 Social supports bipolar disorder and, 247 coronary heart disease and, 148 mood disorders and, 237, 239 posttraumatic stress disorder and, 159, 160–161, 164 suicide and, 256 upper respiratory infections and, 141 Societal standards, violation of, 4–5 Sociocognitive theory, 291–292 Sociocultural causal factors in abnormal behaviors, 92–99 in anxiety disorders, 173, 209–211 in bipolar/unipolar mood disorders, 247–249 in dissociative disorders, 293–294 drug abuse/dependence and, 399–400 in eating disorders, 315–316 in obesity, 328–329 in obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, 358 in personality disorders, 358 in psychopathy, 370 in PTSD, 161–162 in suicide, 259–260 Socioeconomic status, 95–97, 270, 530–531, 558 Sociopathy See Antisocial personality disorder Solvents, 497–498 Soma, defined, 266 Somatization disorder, 198, 269–272, 274, 276, 432 Somatoform disorders body dysmorphic disorder, 277–281 comparisons, 276 conversion disorder, 273–276, 286 definition and overview, 266 factitious disorder by proxy, 267, 276–277 hypochondriasis, 266–269 malingering disorder, 267, 276 pain disorder, 272–273, 276 somatization disorder, 269–272, 276 Somnambulism, 539–540 Souder v Brennan (1973), 610 Southeast Asia, 35, 410 Spain, 30, 37 Specific phobias, 173, 174–180, 189, 198, 270 Specifiers, 222–223 Speech in Asperger’s disorder, 546 in autistic children, 543 disorganized, 458 Speech Sounds Perception Test, 111 Spice (synthetic marijuana), 408 Spirit possession, 293 Split personality, 288 Spontaneous recovery, 77 Sports injuries, 517–518 SSRIs See Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors Staff v Miller (1974), 610 Standardization in assessment measures, 107 Standard treatment comparison studies, 25 Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, 115 Statistical significance, 21 Statutory rape, 435 Stelazine (trifluroperazine), 585t Stereotyping, Stern, Howard, 203 Stigmas, 7–9, 11 Stimulants, 400–402, 408–409, 520–521, 544 Stimulus-stimulus expectancy, 77–78 Strattera (atomoxetine), 528 Strauss-Kahn, Dominique, 437 Stress See also Posttraumatic stress disorder adjustment disorder and, 152–153 and alcohol abuse and, 388 bipolar disorder and, 246–247 cardiovascular disease and, 144–150 colds and, 141 conversion disorder and, 274 definitions and overview, 135–136 depression and, 229–231 diathesis and, 57–60 DSM-IV and, 136 major depressive disorder and, 226f maternal, and schizophrenia, 469 measurement of, 138 neurotransmitter imbalances and, 61–63 obesity and, 330 physical responses to, 139–144 predisposing factors, 136–137 prevention of, 162–163 resilience and, 138–139 from social change and violence, 98 stressors, 135, 137–138, 229–231 tolerance, 137 treatment of, 150–152, 163–167 unpredictable and uncontrollable events and, 84, 137 Stress-inoculation training, 162 Strokes, 498f, 499f Structural family therapy, 582 Structured assessment interviews, 112 Students binge drinking and, 389 suicide and, 257 Sublimation, 73t Substance abuse, defined, 378 SUBJECT INDEX Substance dependence, defined, 378 Substance-related disorders See also Alcohol abuse/dependence; Drug abuse/dependence antisocial personality disorder and, 366 definitions and overview, 377–378 dissociative identity disorder and, 287 motivational interviewing and, 577 psychodynamic therapies for, 581 Suffering, as element of abnormality, Sufficient cause, 56 Suicide in adolescents and young adults, 257 ambivalence and, 260–261 anorexia nervosa and, 310 antidepressants and, 588 biological causal factors, 258–259 borderline personality disorder and, 350, 359 in children, 256 by combat veterans, 158 definition and overview, 255–256 overview, 256 panic disorder and, 189 prevention and intervention, 261–262 psychosocial factors in, 258 right to die and, 262–263 sociocultural factors, 259–260 unemployment and, 152 Sullivan, Harry Stack, 582–583 Superego, in Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, 72 Surmontil (trimipramine), 587t Sweden, 259, 421 Switzerland, 259 Sybil (Schreiber), 288 Sympathetic-adrenomedullary (SAM) system, 139 Sympathetic nervous system (SNS), 139–140 Synapses, 61–62 Syphilis, 44–45 Systematic desensitization, 570–571 Tacrine (Cognex), 511 Tactual Performance Test, 111 Tadalafil (Cialis), 446 Taijin kyofusho (TKS) syndrome, 10, 94, 210–211 Taiwan, 248, 370 Tanking, 39 Tarantism, 35 Tarasoff decision, 614 Tarasoff, Tatiana, 613–614 Tarasoff v Regents of the University of California et al (1987), 613–614 Tardive dyskinesia, 486, 586 TAT See Thematic Apperception Test Tau tangles, 509, 510f Tay-Sachs disease, 550t TBCT See Traditional behavioral couple therapy T-cells, 141 Team approach, 14 Teasing, 182 Telephone hotlines, 164, 262 Television and obesity, 327, 328–329 Temperament, 68–69, 183–184 Teresa of Avila, 51t Terrorism, 98, 156 Testosterone, 444–445 Tetris, 163 TFP See Transference-focused psychotherapy Thailand, 95 Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), 116–117 Therapeutic alliance, 564–565 Therapist adherence, 568 Therapist competence, 568 Therapy See Psychotherapy Thin ideal, 315–319 Thiothixene (Navene), 585t Third variable problem, 22 Thorazine (chlorpromazine), 46–47, 477, 486, 585t Thorndike, E.L., 50 Thought-action fusion, 206 Thrill rides, 517 Thyroid hormone, 246 Tiapride, 540 Tic disorders, 540–541 Tic-related obsessive-compulsive disorder, 206 Tissot, Simon, 416 TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation), 17 Tofranil (imipramine), 587t, 589 Token economies, 573, 605 Tolerance, defined, 378 Topamax (topiramate), 592t Topiramate (Topamax), 592t Torture victims, 158–159 Tourette’s syndrome, 206, 540–541 Toxic agents, 497, 549 Traditional behavioral couple therapy (TBCT), 582 Trance states, 293 Tranquilizers, 392 Tranquilizing chairs, 39 Transcendental Meditation, 151 Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), 17, 252 Transference, 580 Transference-focused psychotherapy (TFP), 581 Transference neurosis, 580 Transient tic disorder, 540 Transsexualism, 415, 427, 429–431 Transvestic fetishism, 420, 421–422, 430 Tranxene (clorazepate), 590t Tranylcypromine (Parnate), 587t, 589 Traumatic brain injury (TBI), 508, 515–520 Traumatic conditioning, 176–178 Trazodone (Desyrel), 587t, 589 Treatment See also Psychotherapy of ADHD, 527–528 of alcohol abuse/dependence, 391–395 of Alzheimer’s Disease, 511 of autism, 544–545 of barbiturate abuse/dependence, 403–404 of binge-eating disorder, 324 of body dysmorphic disorder, 281 of childhood depression, 537–538 for cocaine abuse/dependence, 401 of conduct disorder, 531–532 contemporary, 44–50 contracts, 544 of conversion disorder and, 276 delays in seeking, 13 of delirium, 502 discrimination, 97–98 of dissociative disorders, 294–295 of dyspareunia, 450 empirical validation of, 442 of encopresis, 539 of enuresis, 538–539 for erectile disorder, 446 evidence-based, 569–570 female orgasmic disorder, 449 of female sexual arousal disorder, 447 of gender identity disorder, 429, 431 for generalized anxiety disorder, 201 of hypochrondriasis, 268–269 of learning disabilities, 547 for male orgasmic disorder, 448 of marijuana abuse/dependence, 406–408 of mental retardation, 553–554 of methamphetamine abuse/ dependence, 403 of mood disorders, 250–256 of nicotine withdrawal, 409 nineteenth-century, 41 of obesity, 331–334 of obsessive compulsive disorder, 208–209 for opiate addiction, 400 of oppositional defiant disorder, 531–532 outpatient vs inpatient, 14 of panic disorder, 194–196 of paraphilias, 427 of premature ejaculation, 448 of psychopathy, 370–371 of PTSD, 163–166 research studies in, 24–25 of schizophrenia, 485–490 of separation anxiety disorder, 534 for sexual desire disorders, 445 of sexual offenders, 439–441 of sleepwalking, 540 for social phobia, 184 of somatization disorder, 271–272 of specific phobias, 179–180 of stress-related physical disorders, 150–152, 163–167 suicide prevention and, 261 of traumatic brain injury, 519–520 twentieth-century, 41–44 of vaginismus, 450 Trichotillomania, 25–26 Tricyclic antidepressants, 194, 207–208, 250, 587t, 589 Trifluroperazine (Stelazine), 585t Trilafon (perphenazine), 585t Trimipramine (Surmontil), 587t Trisomy of chromosome 21, 550–551 T score distribution, 107 Tuke, William, 38–39, 51t Turkey, 293 Turner’s syndrome, 550t Twentieth-century views of mental disorders, 41–44 Twiggy, 315 Twins, in genetic influences studies, 66–67 Type A behavior patterns, 147 Type D behavior patterns, 147, 148f Unconditioned response (UCR), 76–78 Unconditioned stimulus (UCS), 76–78 Unconscious, 48, 71–73 Uncontrollabililty See Unpredictable and uncontrollable events Unemployment, 97, 142–143, 152, 204, 260 Unipolar major depressive disorder (MDD), 216–217 Unipolar mood disorders anxiety and, 238 biological causal factors in, 223–229 defined, 215 dysthymic disorder, 218–219 loss and grieving, 217–218 major depressive disorder, 219–223 postpartum depression, 218 psychological causal factors in, 229–237, 239–240 sociocultural causal factors in, 247–249 treatment, 252–254 United Kingdom See Britain United States See also Western culture alcohol abuse and, 390 asylums in, 37–38 depression in, 93–94 mental health agencies and organizations, 619–621 obesity in, 325–326 United States v Batista (2007), 617 Universal interventions, 599–601 Unpredictability, as element of abnormality, Unpredictable and uncontrollable events anxiety and, 173 depression and, 84 generalized anxiety disorder and, 198–199 social phobia and, 183 stress and, 137 Unstructured assessment interviews, 112 Upper respiratory infections, 141 Urban living and schizophrenia, 481 U.S v Desmond Rouse (2004), 433 Vaginismus, 449–450 Validity in assessment measures, 107, 124–125 internal vs external, 19 of the MMPI, 118–119 Valium (diazepam), 590t Vardenafil (Levitra), 446 Vascular dementia, 513–514 Velocardiofacial syndrome, 467 Venlafaxine (Effexor), 250–251, 586, 587t Viagra (sildenalfil), 446 Vicarious conditioning, 176–178, 182 Video games, 545 Vietnam War, 157, 160, 161, 162 Vigilance, 197 Viibryd (vilazodone), 587t Vilazodone (Viibryd), 587t Vincent de Paul, St., 36 Violence alcohol abuse and, 380 anxiety disorders and, 534 assessment of, 611, 613–614 children and, 555 psychopathy and, 370 urban, 98 SI–13 SI–14 SUBJECT INDEX Viral infections mental retardation and, 549 and schizophrenia, 468–469 Virtual reality exposure treatment, 166, 180 Virtual reality video games, 545 Vitamin B deficiency, 384 Volunteer organizations, 620 Von Meduna, Ladislas, 592 Voyeurism, 420, 422–423, 438 Vulnerability of children, 524, 555 hopelessness and, 236 to substance-abuse disorders, 387–388 Wagner-Jauregg, Julius von, 44 Wakley, Thomas, 38–39 Ward, Ned, 37 War neurosis, 157 Washington v Harper (1990), 610 Wassermann, August von, 44 Watson, John B., 49–50, 52t, 76 Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, 115 Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, 115 Weight loss, 331–334 Weight Watchers, 332 Wellbutrin (bupropion), 250, 332, 445, 587t, 589 Wesbecker, Joseph, 612 Western Collaborative Group Study, 147 Western culture, 93, 96 Weyer, Johann, 32, 36, 51t WFMH See World Federation for Mental Health White, Betty, 505–506 White blood cells, 140–141 Whites, 259, 312–313 WHO See World Health Organization Will-to-meaning, in existential psychology, 78 Windigo syndrome, 94 Winnicott, D.W., 74 Witchcraft, 35–36 Withdrawal from cocaine, 400–401 defined, 378 medications for, 391–392 from nicotine, 409 from opiates, 398 Witmer, Lightner, 49, 52t Wolpe, Joseph, 571 Women and sexual discrimination, 97–98 See also Gender differences Woolf, Virginia, 244 Workplace mental health resources, 620–621 Work-related stress, 147 World Federation for Mental Health (WFMH), 621 World Health Organization (WHO), 621 The World of the Autistic Child (Siegel), 545 World Trade Center attacks, 154, 163 World War I, 156–157, 274 World War II, 157, 274 Worry, 199–200, 210 Wundt, Wilhelm, 49, 51t Wyatt v Stickney (1972), 610 Xanax (alprazolam), 194, 201, 590t Xenical (Orlistat), 332 York Retreat, 38–39 Yoruba culture, 10, 210 Yupik culture, 10 Zar syndrome, 94 Ziprasidone (Geodon), 486, 585t Zoloft (sertraline), 448, 586, 587t Zyprexa (olanzapine), 321, 486, 585t The moment you know Educators know it Students know it It’s that inspired moment when something that was difficult to understand suddenly makes perfect sense Our MyLab products have been designed and refined with a single purpose in mind–to help educators create that moment of understanding with their students The new MyPsychLab delivers proven results in helping individual students succeed It provides engaging experiences that personalize, stimulate, and measure learning for each student And, it comes from a trusted partner with educational expertise and a deep commitment to helping students, instructors, and departments achieve their goals MyPsychLab can be used by itself or linked to any learning management system To learn more about how the new MyPsychLab combines proven learning applications with powerful assessment, visit http://www.pearsonhighered.com/newmylabs MyPsychLab–the moment you know Pearson’s MyLab b™ Bipolar Disorder interview with: FELICIANO “Depression is the worst part My shoulders feel weighted down, and your blood feels warmer than it is You sink deeper and deeper.” day in the life: FELICIANO “I try not to maintain too rigid a schedule I noted that when I’m very rigid on my scheduling, I become really depressed really quickly.” Available on MyPsychLab: SPEAKING OUT: The DSM in Context Speaking Out: The DSM in Contextt video assignments help students understand how the DSM criteria applies to real people with psychological disorders Interviews with real patients, along with their friends and family, enable students to see symptoms of various conditions as well as understand the impact of these symptoms on the individual’s daily functioning Also on MyPsychLab: Exploring Sadism and Masochism Sleep Disorder— Narcolepsy Generalized Anxiety Disorder with Insomnia interview with interview with interview with JOCELYN MALI CHRISTY Hypochondriasis MDD-Depressed Mood with Suicidal Ideation Social Phobia interview with interview with interview with HENRY MARTHA STEVE PLUS videos covering Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Hyphochondriasis, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Social Phobia, HIV, Bipolar Mood Disorder with Psychotic Features, Borderline Personality Disorder, Alcoholism, Gender Identity Disorder, ADHD, Major Depression, Unipolar Disorder and Stressful Life Events and Mental Health and the Law DSM-IV-TR Classification: Axes I and II Mental Disorder NOS Due to [Indicate the General Medical Condition] AXIS I SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS DISORDERS USUALLY FIRST DIAGNOSED IN INFANCY, CHILDHOOD, OR ADOLESCENCE Alcohol-Related Disorders Amphetamine (or Amphetamine-Like)-Related Disorders Caffeine-Related Disorders Cannabis-Related Disorders Cocaine-Related Disorders Hallucinogen-Related Disorders Inhalant-Related Disorders Nicotine-Related Disorders Opioid-Related Disorders Phencyclidine (or Phencyclidine-Like)-Related Disorders Sedative-, Hypnotic-, or Anxiolytic-Related Disorders Polysubstance-Related Disorder Mental Retardation (See Axis II) Learning Disorders Reading Disorder Mathematics Disorder Disorder of Written Expression Learning Disorder NOS (Not Otherwise Specified) Motor Skills Disorder Developmental Coordination Disorder Communication Disorders Expressive Language Disorder Mixed Receptive-Expressive Language Disorder Phonological Disorder Stuttering Communication Disorder NOS Pervasive Developmental Disorders Autistic Disorder Rett’s Disorder Childhood Disintegrative Disorder Asperger’s Disorder Attention-Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder NOS Conduct Disorder Oppositional Defiant Disorder Disruptive Behavior Disorder NOS Feeding and Eating Disorders of Infancy or Early Childhood Pica Rumination Feeding Disorder of Infancy or Early Childhood Tic Disorders Tourette’s Disorder Chronic Motor or Vocal Tic Disorder Transient Tic Disorder Tic Disorder NOS Elimination Disorders Encopresis Enuresis (Not Due to a General Medical Condition) Other Disorders of Infancy, Childhood, or Adolescence Separation Anxiety Disorder Selective Mutism Reactive Attachment Disorder of Infancy or Early Childhood Stereotypic Movement Disorder Disorder of Infancy, Childhood, or Adolescence NOS DELIRIUM, DEMENTIA, AND AMNESTIC AND OTHER COGNITIVE DISORDERS Delirium Delirium Due to [Indicate the General Medical Condition] Substance Intoxication/Withdrawal Delirium Delirium Due to Multiple Etiologies Delirium NOS Dementia Dementia of The Alzheimer’s Type, with Early Onset Dementia of The Alzheimer’s Type, with Late Onset Vascular Dementia Dementia Due to Other General Medical Conditions [Specify Condition] Amnestic Disorders Amnestic Disorder Due to [Indicate the General Medical Condition] Substance-Induced Persisting Amnestic Disorder Amnestic Disorder NOS Other Cognitive Disorders Cognitive Disorder NOS MENTAL DISORDERS DUE TO A GENERAL MEDICAL CONDITION NOT ELSEWHERE CLASSIFIED Catatonic Disorder Due to [Indicate the General Medical Condition] Personality Change Due to [Indicate the General Medical Condition] SCHIZOPHRENIA AND OTHER PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS Schizophrenia Paranoid Type Disorganized Type Catatonic Type Undifferentiated Type Residual Type Schizophreniform Disorder Schizoaffective Disorder Delusional Disorder Brief Psychotic Disorder Shared Psychotic Disorder Psychotic Disorder Due to [Indicate the General Medical Condition] Substance-Induced Psychotic Disorder Psychotic Disorder NOS MOOD DISORDERS Depressive Disorders Major Depressive Disorder Dysthymic Disorder Depressive Disorder NOS Bipolar Disorders Bipolar I Disorder Bipolar II Disorder Cyclothymic Disorder Bipolar Disorder NOS Mood Disorder Due to [Indicate the General Medical Condition] Substance-Induced Mood Disorder Mood Disorder NOS ANXIETY DISORDERS Panic Disorder Without Agoraphobia With Agoraphobia Agoraphobia Without History of Panic Disorder Specific Phobia Social Phobia (Social Anxiety Disorder) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Acute Stress Disorder Generalized Anxiety Disorder Anxiety Disorder Due to [Indicate the General Medical Condition] Substance-Induced Anxiety Disorder Anxiety Disorder NOS SOMATOFORM DISORDERS Somatization Disorder Undifferentiated Somatoform Disorder Conversion Disorder Pain Disorder Hypochondriasis Body Dysmorphic Disorder Somatoform Disorder NOS FACTITIOUS DISORDERS Factitious Disorder Factitious Disorder NOS DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS Dissociative Amnesia Dissociative Fugue Dissociative Identity Disorder Depersonalization Disorder Dissociative Disorder NOS SEXUAL DYSFUNCTIONS Sexual Desire Disorders Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder Sexual Aversion Disorder Sexual Arousal Disorders Female Sexual Arousal Disorder Male Erectile Disorder Orgasmic Disorders Female Orgasmic Disorder Male Orgasmic Disorder Premature Ejaculation Sexual Pain Disorders Dyspareunia (Not Due to a General Medical Condition) Vaginismus (Not Due to a General Medical Condition) Sexual Dysfunction Due to a General Medical Condition [Specify Further] Substance-Induced Sexual Dysfunction Sexual Dysfunction NOS PARAPHILIAS Exhibitionism Fetishism Frotteurism Pedophilia Sexual Masochism Sexual Sadism Transvestic Fetishism Voyeurism Paraphilia NOS GENDER IDENTITY DISORDERS Gender Identity Disorder Gender Identity Disorder NOS Sexual Disorder NOS EATING DISORDERS Anorexia Nervosa Bulimia Nervosa Eating Disorder NOS SLEEP DISORDERS Primary Sleep Disorders Dyssomnias Primary Insomnia Primary Hypersomnia Narcolepsy Breathing-Related Sleep Disorder Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder Dyssomnia NOS Parasomnias Nightmare Disorder Sleep Terror Disorder Sleepwalking Disorder Parasomnia NOS Sleep Disorders Related to Another Mental Disorder Insomnia Related to [Indicate Axis I or Axis II disorder] Hypersomnia Related to [Indicate Axis I or Axis II disorder] Other Sleep Disorders Sleep Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition Substance-Induced Sleep Disorder IMPULSE-CONTROL DISORDERS NOT ELSEWHERE CLASSIFIED Intermittent Explosive Disorder Kleptomania Pyromania Pathological Gambling Trichotillomania Impulse-Control Disorder NOS ADJUSTMENT DISORDERS Adjustment Disorder with Depressed Mood Adjustment Disorder with Anxiety Adjustment Disorder with Mixed Anxiety and Depressed Mood Adjustment Disorder with Disturbance of Conduct Adjustment Disorder with Mixed Disturbance of Emotions and Conduct OTHER CONDITIONS THAT MAY BE A FOCUS OF CLINICAL ATTENTION PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS AFFECTING MEDICAL CONDITION MEDICALLY INDUCED MOVEMENT DISORDERS OTHER MEDICALLY INDUCED DISORDERS RELATIONAL PROBLEMS Relational Problem Related to a Mental Disorder or General Medical Condition Parent-Child Relational Problem Partner Relational Problem Sibling Relational Problem PROBLEMS RELATED TO ABUSE OR NEGLECT Physical Abuse of Child Sexual Abuse of Child Neglect of Child Physical Abuse of Adult Sexual Abuse of Adult ADDITIONAL CONDITIONS THAT MAY BE A FOCUS OF CLINICAL ATTENTION Noncompliance with Treatment Malingering Adult Antisocial Behavior Child or Adolescent Antisocial Behavior Borderline Intellectual Functioning Age-Related Cognitive Decline Bereavement Academic Problem Occupational Problem Identity Problem Religious or Spiritual Problem Acculturation Problem Phase of Life Problem AXIS II MENTAL RETARDATION Mild Mental Retardation Moderate Mental Retardation Severe Mental Retardation Profound Mental Retardation PERSONALITY DISORDERS Paranoid Personality Disorder Schizoid Personality Disorder Schizotypal Personality Disorder Antisocial Personality Disorder Borderline Personality Disorder Histrionic Personality Disorder Narcissistic Personality Disorder Avoidant Personality Disorder Dependent Personality Disorder Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder Personality Disorder NOS A LWAY S L E A R N I N G ... reinforcement of learning Hundreds of NEW references have been added to reflect the ever-changing field of abnormal psychology! This page intentionally left blank edition Abnormal Psychology James N Butcher... Responsibility for a Criminal Act? 612 Universal Interventions 600 Selective Interventions 601 Indicated Interventions 604 The Insanity Defense 614 Inpatient Mental Health Treatment in Contemporary... Erick Janssen, Indiana University; Sheri Johnson, University of Miami; Ann Kane, Barnstable High; Alan Kazdin, Yale University; Lynne Kemen, Hunter College; Carolin Keutzer, University of Oregon;