May, rollo (ed ) existence (basic books, 1958)

EXISTENCE A 'New Dimension in Psychiatry and Psychology "Basic Books, Inc., Publishers EXISTENCE A Mew Dimension in Psychiatry and Psychology TLollo 'May Ernest Angel Jienri $ Ellenberger Editors FIRST PRINTING JUNE 1958 SECOND PRINTING AUGUST 1958 NEW YORK COPYRIGHT 1958 BY BASIC BOOKS, INC,, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD No 58-8348 MANUFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 3, N.Y Eugene 'Minkowski Pioneer in Phenomenological Psychiatry Ludwig 13inswanc)er Explorer in Existential Analysis And to all those in the science of man who opened new realms in our understanding it means to be a human being of have what Preface THIS BOOK represents the fruition of four years' labor most of it, fortunately, a labor of love The idea of translating these papers, originating with Ernest Angel, was welcomed by Basic Books because of their enthusiasm for bringing out significant new material in the sciences of man I was glad to accept their invitation to participate as one of the editors since I, too, had long been convinced of the importance of making these works available in English, particularly at this crucial psychiatry moment in the development of modern and psychology We asked Dr Ellenberger to join us as the third editor because of his exknowledge of the literature of phenomenological and existential psychiatry and his clinical experience in using these methods in Switzerland He tensive and Mr Angel are chiefly responsible for the selection of the particular translated In our introductory chapters, Dr Ellenberger and I have papers undertaken the task of making a bridge between these contributions and American psychiatry and psychology, while Mr Angel has borne the major weight of the translations themselves But no sooner had we commenced work than we found ourselves up against grave difficulties How could one render into English the key terms and concepts of this way of understanding man, beginning with even such a basic word as Daseinl We were indeed facing what has often been called the genius and demonic character of the German language I vividly remember a comment made by Dr Paul Tillich, who is himself a representative of one wing movement and who likewise possesses a penetrating underof standing psychoanalysis Driving together to East Hampton one day during the early stages of this work, Tillich and I stopped at a "diner/' Over our of the existential coffee I handed him a list of some of the key terms and their proposed equiva- lents in English Suddenly he exclaimed, "Ach, it is impossiblel" I hoped he meant the and not the definitions! But it soon became clear he meant the latter "It is impossible," he continued "But you must it anyway/' The present volume is proof that we kept to the task, and we trust that by and large we have achieved success in rendering into clear English the pro- coffee vii viii Preface found and oftentimes exceedingly subtle meanings in these papers The most severe obstacles arose in "The Case of Ellen West." This remarkable paper by Binswanger was generally considered to be untranslatable into English, as chiefly because the key terms in the analysis of the patient are built up a of is so often the case in German philosophical and scientific writingout complex interrelation of concepts We had reluctantly decided in our original plans to omit it from this volume Then we heard that Dr Werner Mendel and Dr Joseph Lyons in Topeka had had the courage to undertake a trans- We warmly appreciated their willingness to offer us the results of their labors So great are the difficulties inherent in this paper that their draft was revised by Professor Bayard Morgan and reworked in lation of Ellen West part by Dr Ellenberger and, in connection with special problems, by Dr Mr Angel and I worked through the ultimate version in Straus Finally, detail Despite the travails involved in such combined efforts, we are indeed for reasons the reader of this case will quickly see that the paper is available in English Due to pressures of time, Dr Binswanger was unable happy and hence it is not termed authorized published with the author's permission All of the other translations are authorized versions On completing such a labor, the moods of editors and translators are of to study this translation in detail, although it is may I say that time and again in working on these papers during these years I have had the experience of discovery that course complex But, for myself, Keats so beautifully describes: "Then felt I like some watcher of the skies When a new planet swims into his ken This indeed made it is its own possible for of discovery ." reward But we are also deeply gratified if we have our colleagues and others to have this same experience Contents Preface^, vii PART INTRODUCTION I: I The Origins and Significance of the Existential Movement in Psychology by Rollo May, II III Contributions of Existential Psychotherapy by Rollo May, 37 A Clinical Introduction to Psychiatric Phenomenology and Existential Analysis by Henri PART II: IV V F Ellenberger, 92 PHENOMENOLOGY Findings in a Case of Schizophrenic Depression by Eugene Minkowski, trans, by Barbara Bliss, 127 Aesthesiology and Hallucinations by Erwin W Straus, trans, by Erwin W Straus and Bayard Morgan, 139 VI The World of the Compulsive by V E von Gebsattel, trans, by Sylvia Koppel and Ernest Angel, 170 IX Biographical Notes of Translated Contributors 431 until his appointment as Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Berlin in 1931 These years in the late 'go's and 'go's found Dr Straus also continuing his private practice as a psychiatrist in Berlin, lecturing at several universities in Europe, serving as co-editor of the periodical, Der Nervenarzt, and pro- ducing numerous scientific papers as well as several books In 1938 he became one of the gifts to America which the European upheavals unwittingly contributed, and served from that year until 1944 as Professor of Psychology at Black Mountain College, North Carolina Though he continued to write and publish (chiefly in German and other European presses), the significance of his contribution was not appreciated in this country for a number of years After a fellowship in psychiatry at Henry Phipps Psychiatric Clinic, Johns Hopkins University, he took his psychiatric and neurological boards in AmerThough several attempts have been made to lure him back to Germany (the Chair for Psychotherapy at the University of Berlin was offered him in 1948), he has elected to remain in America as Director of Professional Education and Research at the Veterans Administration Hospital in Lexington, Kentucky and Assistant Professor in Psychiatry at the University of Louis- ica ville Medical School LUDWIG BINSWANGER, M.D., HON PH.D Since the background of Dr Binswanger is better known in this country than our other contributors, particularly after the publication of his personal memoirs of his friendship with Freud (Sigmund Freud: Reminiscences of a Friendship, published by Grune 8c Stratton in 1958), we shall give only a few notes here He was born in Kreuzlingen, Thurgau, Switzerland, in 1881, into a family which had been distinguished for several generations for its famous physicians and psychiatrists His medical studies were in Lausanne, Heidelberg, and Zurich, and he received his medical degree at the University of Zurich in 1907 in connection with studies under C G Jung He served as Psychiatric Interne under in Zurich, then, later, as Resident at the Psychiatric Clinic for Nervous Diseases of Jena University under his uncle, Professor Otto Binswanger At this time his father, Robert Binswanger, was director of Eugen Bleuler Sanatorium Bellevue at Kreuzlingen, and Ludwig Binswanger served as his from 1908-10 In 1911, Dr Ludwig Binswanger succeeded his father his grandfather) as chief Medical Director of this sanatorium, followed (and he and, although relinquished the directorship in 1956, he is still active there sanatorium on the shore of Lake Constance tell of Dr to this Visitors associate Binswanger's never-failing interest in leisurely and penetrating discussions of almost any topic related to his broad intellectual and scientific concerns His humanistic breadth as well is shown in this partial listing of some of his writings: Introduction Into the Problems of General Psychology, 1922; Changes in Understanding and Interpretation of the Dream from the Greeks Biographical Notes of Translated Contributors 432 On the Flight of Ideas, 1933; Basic Forms and Cognition Human Existence, 1943, revised in 1953; Selected Essays, On Phenomeno- to the Presentj 1928; of logical Anthropology, 1947; The Problems of Psychiatric Research, 1955; Henrik Ibsen and the Problem of Self-Realization in Art, 1949; Three Forms of Unsuccessful Dasein Eccentricity (Vertiegenheit), Queerness (Verschroin Psychiatry, 1957; Schibenheif), Affectedness (Manieriertheit), 1956; zophrenia, 1957 (Though these works are not yet translated into English, we Man give them in translated titles to indicate the extent of Binswanger's inquiries.) of our contributors, Roland Kuhn was studied in Biel, Berne, and Paris and in He in Switzerland born Biel, 1912, received his Medical Diploma in the spring of 1937 He took two years of residency at the University Psychiatric Hospital of Waldau, near Berne, and ROLAND KUHN, M.D The youngest since that time has been Associate Director of the Cantonal Mental Hospital of Munsterlingen, Thurgau, Switzerland Kuhn is particularly noted for work on the phenomenological approach to the Rorschach test His other fields of psychiatric interest, in addition to Existential Analysis, are aeronautical psychiatry and the psychiatric applications of electro-encephalography Among his scientific publications are: Maskendeutungen im Rorschach'schen Formdeutversuch, 1943; "Daseinsanalyse eines Falles von Schizophrenic/' Monatsschrift fur Psychiatrie tlber und Neurologic, Vol 112, 1946; "Daseinsanalyse im psycho therapeutischen Gesprach," Schweizer Archiv fur Neurologie und Psychiatrie, Vol 67, 1951; "Zur Daseinsstruktur einer Neurose/' Jahrbuch jur Psychologic und Psychotherapie, Vol i, 1954; "Daseinsanalytische Studie ueber die Bedeutung von Grenzen im Wahn/' Monatsschrift fur Psychiatrie und Neurologie, Vol 124, 1952; "Der Mensch in der Zwiesprache des Kranken mit seinem Artz und das Problem der Uebertragung," Monatsschrift fur Psychiatrie und Neurologie, Vol 129, 1955; "Uber die Ausbildung zum Spezialartz fur Psychiatric/' Schweizer Archiv fur Neurologie und Psychiatrie, Vol 77, 1956 Index Index abnormal behavior, 227-229 Abraham, K., 40511 existence and, 118 gluttony and, 344-345 non-being and, 49-50 and relation to time, 68 abstracting, 73 abstraction, reality and, 13-14, 39-40 adaptation, to Umwelt,fa and self-estrangement, Adler, Alfred, 6, gra., 69, 19 in therapist, 84-85 addiction, 345-347 adjustment, to Umwelt, 62 anxiety attack, and time orientation, 204205 114 applied science, 9-10 aesthesiology, 144-162 and hallucinations, 162-169 Aristotle, 67, 154 modern, 20-21 aggression art, non-being and, 49-50 sexuality and, 414 agoraphobia, 109 existentialism in, 16-17 attuned space, 10-1 1 alcoholic derilium, hallucinations in, 163 alcoholism, 346 alienation, 56-59, 346 Allport, Gordon, ambition, love and, 273-274, 276-277 Ammann, Hermann, Bachelard, 32771 18 Gaston, 322, 299/1., amnesia, 394 319 211-212, 113, 3917*., 219, 41371 Bader, Franz von, 178 Bakan, David, 5771 Bally, G., Barrett, William, i8n analysis (see phenomenology, cate- gorical) existential (see existential analysis) phenomenological (see phenomenology, psychiatric) Baumgarten, A G., 145 Becker, Oskar, 30371 Becoming, blocking of, in compulsive, 176, 178-179, 181, 185-187 (see also future) psycho- (see psychoanalysis) Beers, Clifford, 99 being, 39-47, 86 (see also Dasein; exist* ence; transcendence; world-design) analyst (see therapist) anankastic compulsions of, 347-348 phobias of, 350 anankastic psychopath, 172-187 Anaximander, 55, 108 Angel, Ernest, autism, 358-359 automatism, 394 anal-eroticism, psychoanalytic view of, 317- categorical Augustine, 68 authentic existence, being-in-the-world, 54-61, 191, 193, 200- 213 empathy and, 226-227 (see also 17071., 1917*., 214*1., 365*1 Angst, 51 (see also anxiety) animal world, 328-329 animistic world, 1 6-1 17 Dasein; existence; transcend- ence; world-design) Berdyaev, Nicolas, 16, 118, 30071 bereavement (see mourning) Bergson, Henri, 66, 67, 101, 102, 103 Beringer, K., 31171 Binder, Hans, 122, 172, 346, 348, 35671., Anlage, 354 in case of Ellen West, 355 anonymous existential mode, 122 3597*., 36471 Binswanger, Ludwig, 4-6, anthropology, 191 Freudian, 314 unity in, 233 7, 8, 10, 11, 15, 24, 2971., 34, 38, 41, 51, 56, 597*., 60, 63, 65, 69, 75, 76, 81, 8571., 91, 9271., anti-intellectualism, existentialism and, 14 109, anxiety, 50-55 in case of Ellen West, 344-345 120-122, 124, 14771., 171, l82, 191- commitment and, 89 213, 110, 111, 214-236, 112, 113, 237-364, 40571., 406, 41571., 423, 435 115, 366, 424 lig, 398, Index 436 biological world, 195-200 61, (see also Umwelt) Bleuler, Eugen, 94, 97, 120, 218, 266, 6, 335' 34* 34 354 *, n in therapy, 87-89 Bleuler, Manfred, 124, 335, 360, 361 Bliss, Barbara, and truth, 28 127*1 communication Blondel, C., 95 loss of, 57 touching as, 160 blushing, 337 body, 62 n existence in, 277 ethereal world and, 277-290 compartmentalization, 20-23 completion, lack of, in compulsive, 175, (see also corporeality) body-mind dichotomy, 141-144, 231 also (see 151, subject-object 230di- body-shame, 341 in case of Nadia, 33 1-340 Bollnow, O F., 41 on Medard, 4, 176-177 compulsion in case of Ellen West, 347-349 in case of Nadia, 347-349 in case of Rudolf, 392-393 chotomy) Boss, 1 commitment - > clear space, Cl&rambault, de, 175, 352 color, sound and, 157-159 phenomenological view 53-54, 55, 62, 75, 78-79, 122 of, 100 compulsive, world of, 170-187 conflict, in anxiety, 52 conformity being and, 40 as non-being, 49, 53 Bouman, Leendert, 107 brain, pathology of, 230 confrontation, of patient Brecher, G A., io4n Brentano, Franz, 96^ , 232 Bretall, Robert, 23n v 25*1 Breuer, Joseph, 94 Brock, Werner, i6n v 26n v 49*1., 37-39' 84-85 conscience, transcendence consciousness and as, therapist, 73-74 Cartesian, 141-143 in phenomenology, 97 and sensations, 142-144 7071 Bronner, Augusta, 4671 Buber, Martin, i6n v 62^., 121 bulimia, 344~345 contentment, pain and, 134 Buytendijk, F J., 4, 1972 Bynner, Witter, i8rc continuity, world-design based on, 203- " 206 V corporeality, 320 in case of Ellen West, 280-284, 286 Camus, Albert, 16, forgetting and, 422-423 craving, existential, 346-347 (see also glut- 57 Cargnello, Danilo, 114 Cassirer, Ernst, 22, 35 categorical -analysis (see phenomenology, categorical) causality, in psychiatric phenomenology, ' 114-115 Cezanne, Paul, 11, 16, 21 Chagall, Marc, 112 tony; greed) existentialism and, 17 culture crisis, love and, 312-313 world and, 60 "cure," 86-87 cycloid temperament, 386-388 chance, 114-115 characterology, existential analysis Charcot, Jean-Martin, 94 child mourning by, 408-410, 421-422 sense of being in, 47 Claudel, Paul, 318 claustrophobia, 109 Clay,E G., 10471 of, 210 Darenberg, dark space, Dasein, C., g$n 11 18, 37, 39, 41-46, 85, 87, 88, 118, 121, 186 and historicity, 232 (see also being; being-in-the-world; ex- istence; transcendence; world-design) Index 437 4, 41, 119, 120, 269 (see also existential analysis) Daseinsanalyse, Daseinsanalytik; 269 daydreams, 379-385, 394 (see also phan- dreams analysis of, 322-327 in case of Rudolf, 379-385, 413-416 moods and, 211 (see also tasy) death phantasy) drive, Nietzsche's Du Nouy, 285-286, 291-298 death instinct, 48 decay, gluttony and, 344 (see also tomb- world) commitment as, 87-88 21 in case of Ellen West, 351-352 of love, 214-225 of persecution, 127-138, 207-208 of reference, 207, 214-225 compulsive and, 180-181 schizophrenic, 127-138 (see also despair; manic-depressive psy- death psychology existentialism and, 14 29 59n v phenomenology encounter, 37-39, 121, 171 in existentialist psychotherapy, 119, 123 endocrines, 360-361, 362 Umwelt) 108, 140-143, epilepsy, 394, 395 epistemological loneliness, 57 Esquirol, J E D., 94 essence, 118 *45> 15 (see phenom- enology, descriptive) and Ellenberger, Henri F., 9, 3371 , 84, 92-124 endogenic depression (see depression) environment, world and, 59, (see also chosis) depressive dysphoria, 353-354 despair, (see also self -consciousness; worlds) empathy, 226-227 empirical knowledge, 192 depression endogenic, 395 descriptive time in, 67 world-design and, 212 Einstein, Albert, 108 depersonalization, 395 individual, depersonalized self-consciousness in, Eigenwelt, 45, 54, 60, 61, 63-65, 121 in case of Ellen West, 270-271, 286, 291, 329> 335"336, 352, 353, 354 in case of Nadia, 335 dreams and, 327 of patient, 85 delusions Descartes, Rene", 58, ear, 158 ego, 151 in compulsion, 179 sense of being and, 45-47 mourning) dehumanization, Lecomte, 102 101, 106 Dunne, J W., schizophrenic's attitude toward, 133-134 of, in case of Ellen West, 276-278, decision, (see also love) views (see also view of, 31 dual existential mode, 121-122 being and, 42, 47-49 in case o Ellen West, 313-314 commitment and, 89-90 mourning and, 405, 408 dissociation, 310 (see also de- pression) determinism, 114-115 Beutsch, H., 405?! existence and, 12-13 eternity, existence and, 312 in case of Ellen West, 313-314 ethereal world, 14-3 5, in case of Ellen West, 277-290, 300, 303- 304,316,318 diagnosis, psychiatric, 330 ethics, psychiatry Dilthey,W., 118 discursive form, of existence, 274-275 Euclid, 108 dissociation, of personality, 357 distance, 111, 114 dividual action, in compulsive, 177-178 dramatic life style, 398-401, 424-425 dread, 51-52, 307 (see also anxiety) and, 234 existence, 12, 118 (see also being; beingtranscendin-the-world; Dasein; ence; world-design) existential analysis, 120-124, 191-213 of Ellen West, 267-364 phenomenology and, 95, 120-121, 123 438 Index existential analysis (Cont.) and psychoanalysis, 314-328, 330 and psychology, 350-331 and psychological clinical analysis, 328- 3% of Rudolf, 365-425 techniques of, 76-91 (see also Deseinsanalyse) existential Fromm-Reichmann, Frieda, John F., 149?* function, being and, 40 Fursorge, 75 future in case of Ellen West, 281, 285 in case of Rudolf, 416, 417 compulsive's attitude toward, 176, 178- *79 mode, 121 existential psychotherapy, 119-120 contributions of, 56, 81 Fulton, 37-9 history of, 4-36 existentialism, 10-11, 14-32, 117 16 experience, reconstruction of, concepts of, 106-107 in schizophrenic patient, 132-134 significance of, 66-70 temporality and, 302-304 (see also Becoming) eye, 158 Galen, Claudius, 93, 94, 98 Farber, Marvin, g6n father theme, 214-225 anxiety and, 50-51 (see also anxiety) feelings, existential analysis of, 211 fear, fetishism, 389, 410, Galileo, 108, 142 Gebsattel, V E von, 4, 10, 100, 102, 103, 170-187, 209, 210, 296, 299, 301, 302, 3o6n., 347, 349, 350, 352, 390, 395, 4ion v 417^,424 415 Feuerbach, Ludwig A., 12, Fischer, Franz, 102, 210 Gelb, A., 199 1571 generality, existential analysis and, 90 fixation, temporality and, 357-358 Wilhelm, 24 forgetting, 422-424 form, in world of compulsive, 178, 180, 182-184, 186-187 fragmentation of neurotic personality, 19, 20 phenomenology (see phenomenology, genetic-structural) genetic-structural Fliess, in psychoanalysis, 35 in therapy, 86-87 Gnil-Perrin, G., in case of Ellen West, 292, 312-314, 327, 328, 331, 349-350, 353, 354 in case of Nadia, 334 gluttony endocrines and, 360-361 in schizophrenia, 342-344 Frankl, Viktor, 119 (see also existential craving; greed) freedom Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 294, 303, 39771., 420 Goldstein, Kurt, 50, 51, 52, 6on v 72, 73, anxiety and, 52 in case of Ellen West, 356 psychoanalysis and, 327-328 in transcendence, 76 199-200 Freud, Anna, Freud, Sigmund, Gotthelf, Jeremias, 292, 356-357, 405^ 4, 6, gn., 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 26, 29, 32-36, 41, 46, 47, 51, 56, 64, 69, 78-79, 80, 83, 84, 91, 95, 96, 105, 112, 119, 120, 142, 151, 197, 203, Graumann, Heinz, g%n grave-world (see tomb-world) greed in case of Ellen West, 286-292, 295, 306- 205, 218, 229, 249, 314-3 15, 319, 324, 337n v 340, 347, 350, 326, 327, 328, analysis, 4, and conceptions of world in, 63 (see also psychoanalysis) Frischeisen-Kohler, Ida, 103 Fromrn, Erich, 7, 971., 307, 39 3^,33^34^344 in case of Nadia, 335 (see also existential craving; gluttony) Greef, Etienne de, 107 405 Nietzsche and, 32-35 Freudian 93*1 4on v 57, 82 Groddeck, Georg, 46 Granbaum, A A., 107 guilt neurotic, 55 ontological, 52-55 Index 439 ' incorporation of being, as mourning guilt feelings, 54 in case of Nadia, 335 in compulsive, 178 421-422 individual commitment of, 28 and interpersonal world, 64 in schizophrenic patient, 138 (see also shame) Kierkegaard's view of, 25 Nietzsche's view of, 29-32 Haeberlin, Paul, 236 reality of, 37-39 (see also Eigenwelt) hallucinations, 162-169 hap tic hallucinations, 168 insanity as life-historical Hartmann, Edward von, 33n hashish intoxication, hallucinations in, hearing, vision and, 157-159 Hediger, Heini, 1471 Hegel, Georg W F., n, 157*., 25, 268n., 314 Heidegger, Martin, 4, 15-17, 26, 47, 66n v 68n v 7 Jaspers, Karl, 14, 157*., 16, 80, 82, 92, 97(see also life-history) F., 233, 235, 311-312 77, 8571., 179 99, 118, 233, 235, 342, 354-355, Jung, Carl G., 335> 7, gn., 119, 182, Jungian analysis, Kafka, Franz, 11, 16, 57 humanities, psychiatry and, 233 Humboldt, W von, 232 Kahlbaum, Karl L., Kahn, Eugen, 172 (see addiction; gluttony; greed) Edmund, 15*1., 72, 92, 299, 3227*., 34i- Huber, Guido, 112 humanism, in existential analysis, Husserl, 35^ 40571 Jones, Ernest, 33 homosexuality, 329 Homey, Karen, 7, 972., 48 hostility, non-being and, 49-50 hunger 103, 104 Janet, Pierre, 94, 102, 105, 331-333, 335, 33 339> 342, 361 Heydt, Erich, 53n history, time and, 70 Hoffman, Hans, intellectualism, existentialism and, 14 intentionality, 114-115 95, 102, 109, 118, 120, 191, 193, 195, Hoelderlin, phenomenon, 214-227, 232-236 as mental disease, 227-236 163, 164, 165, 166 5971., affect, 95-97, 102, 109, 14711., 184, 192, 193, 227, 232, kairos, 71, 120 Kanders, O., 40571 Kant, Immanuel, 101, 108, 144, 22971., 33i' 365, 424 94, 363 14571., 193, 357 Katz, David, 97, i6on., 40971 hysteria, 345 Kaufmann, Walter A., 2371., 2471., 3071., 31 Kielholz, Arthur, 120 Id, 46, 47 idealism, existentialism and, 11-12 identification, encounter and, 19 Kierkegaard, Soren, 11-12, 14, 1571., 19, 20, 22-28, 29-30, 33, 34, 35, 51, 52, 56, 61, 62n., 65, 69, 70, 71, 75, 87, 92, Use, case history of, 214-227, 31 in 117, 118, 236, 292, 294, 297-298, 299, imagination, 75 303* 305> 3*6rc., 341, 356 inauthen tic existence, 118 killing, forgetting and, 424 Index 440 Kinsey, Alfred, 62 knowledge, and sensory experience, 145146 Koppel, Silvia, 17071 Mader, A., 291 magic, repetition compulsion and, 181-182 "magic" world, 116-117 MaUai-me", Stephane, 40971 Kraepelin, Emil, 6, 94, 260, 261, 335, 352 TCrehl, L von, 229, 3o6n Kretschmer, Ernst, 335, 38777 man, conceptions of, 4, 22-23, 30 manic-depressive psychosis, 209 in case of Ellen West, 352-354 Kronfeld, Arthur, 98, 342 Kubie, Lawrence, 74-75 Marcel, Gabriel, Kuhn, Hans, 35971 Kuhn, Roland, 4, 41, in case of Rudolf, 395 Marx, Karl, 61, 76, 114, 122, 123, Landauer, H5 K., 40571 Mayer-Gross, W., 99, 16371., 31 in meaning, of language phenomena, 201 mechanism, 86 in phobia, 206-207 medical pathology, 229-230 Laotzu, 18 Lautre'amont, 115 Lazarsfeld-Jahoda, M., io6n Lefebre, Ludwig, 5, 7771 Leibnitz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 58n Rene*, 206, memory, 105 as creative process, 69 Mendel, Werner M., 326 Howard, life-historical 62, Merleau-Ponty, M., 96, 97, 109, 113 mescalin intoxication, hallucinations 66 phenomenon, insanity 163, 164, 165 214-227 metaphysics, existential analysis and, of Ellen West, 237-267 in existential analysis, 214-236 J., 312-314 autism and, 359 dichotomy) Minkowski, Eugene, being-in-the-world and, 195 in case of Ellen West, 273-274, 276-277, 278-279, 290 in case of Rudolf, 421, 423, 424 in delusional case history, 218, 220, 222, 224 Eigenwelt and, 64-65 in existential analysis, 121-122 historical forces and, 70 Ldwenfeld, L., 342 Lowrie, Walter, 2572.,, 51, Luther, Martin, 405n Lyons, Joseph, 23771 29971., 322 mind-body dichotomy, 141-144, 151 in pathology, 230-231 (see also outside world; 56-57 love as authentic existence, Meyer, Adolph, gn Michalson, Carl, 1772 Michelet, Jules, non Locke, John, 140, 143-144 loneliness, in, as, life-history, Lindschoten, 23771 Menninger, Karl, gsn mental disease, insanity as, 227-236 Merkwelt, 196 228n v 327 Levy-Bruhl, 182 Liddell, 1 phenomenology, matter, in case of Rudolf, 413-415 May, Rollo, 3-36, 37-91, 92/2 in existential analysis, 210, 21 structure of existence and, 200-201 libido, materialism, existentialism and, 118, 347, 35*71., 405*1 landscape-world, 328 language, 210 Le Senne, 233 57 materiality, in psychiatric 210, 33Sn., 365-425 Kunz, Hans, 16, 2971., 40, 118, 1572., 21, 6571 4, 66, 68, 92, 102, 105, 106, 113, 114, 116, 301, 302, subject-object 107, 120, 108, 99-100, 109, 111, 127-138, 209, s*sn v 353, 358, 40771 miserliness, 317 existential analysis of, 210 Mitwelt,54, 61-65, 121 in case of Ellen West, 316, 329, 335-336, 352 in case of Nadia, 334-336, 338-340 resistance to, 270-274, 283, 286 shame and, 340-341 time in, 67 transcending in, 73 Index 441 world-design and, 212 (see also practical action, observation world of) involvement and, 27 in phenomenology, 96, modalities (see aesthesiology) money, life style and, 3977* 97, 99 obsession moods, existential analysis of, 211 moralism, sense of being and, 45 morbid geometrism, in schizophrenia, 113, 116 in case of Ellen West, 349 compulsion and, 174 ontology, 12, 18 motion, in sensory experience, 150-152 mourning, 405-407 in case of Rudolf, 407-412, 418-423 mourning work, 406 ^Mowrer, O Hobart, 66 optical hallucinations, 168 in existential psychotherapy, 36, 37 orality, 317 oriental existentialism philosophy, 18-19 oriented space, 109 Miiller, Johannes, 144 Ortega y Gasset, Jose, Murphy, Gardner, Osmond, Humphrey, 113 gsn., 123 and, 16, 17 mystic space, 112 Other, in aesthesiology, 147-169 mysticism, being and, 39-40 Otto, Walter F., 29471 outside world, 141-144, 148-150 (see also environment; Nadia, case history of, 331-342, 347, 352, 356, 360 natural history, and psychoanalysis, 3143i5 nature, alienation from, 56-59 (see also overvalent idea in case of Ellen West, 351-352 in case of Nadia, 352 paranoia sensitiva, 335 Parmenides, 108 necrophobia, 413, 423 Nerval, Gerard de, 99 neurosis Pascal, Blaise, 18, 42, 108 past in case of Ellen West, 302, 303, 305-307 in case of Rudolf, 416 psychosis and, 362 transcendence and, 74-75 Newton, Isaac, 108 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 14, 15^., concepts i6rc., 19-20, 21, 22-24, 27, 28-33, 34, 35-36, 45, 6sn v di- pain, contentment and, 134 Umwelt) necrophilia, 414-415 49, 56, subject-object chotomy; Umwelt) 65, 69, 71, 73, 90, 233, of, 105107 depression and, 357-358 fixation of, in compulsive, 176, 178 significance of, 69-70 perception, sensory, 123 non-being, 47-50 (see death) normality, mental disease and, 227-228 personality development, 354-355 perspective, in visual experience, 153 Nothingness perversion, 390-392 Pfahler, Gerhard, 106 in case of Ellen West, 313-314 death and, 296-298 tomb-world and, 305 phantasy, 379-385, 394, 400, 410, 411, 412- 425 phenomenology (see also death) categorical, 97, 100-117 Nunberg, H., 395^ descriptive, 97-99 existential analysis and, 120-121, object, in sensory experience, 147-149 (see also Other) 191-200, 315 experience and, 8377 objectivity, 25, 27 (see also subject-object genetic-structural, 97, 99-100 history of, 94-95 dichotomy) object-subject dichotomy ject dichotomy) (see subject-ob- psychiatric, 95-117, 209 psychoanalysis and, 327 123, Index 442 phenomenological 170-187 analysis, of compulsive, phenomenology and, 117 science and, 34-36 theory of man in, philosophy, science and, 8-9 phobia, 202-206, 206-207 in case of Ellen West, 349-351 in compulsion syndrome, 174-175, 178 physiognomy in hallucination, 165 in world o 187 Picasso, Pablo, psychoanalyst (see therapist) psychology existential analysis and, 330-331 history of, 93 compulsive, 182-183, 184, 11, Nietzsche's views and, 32-33 16-17 Plato, 101, 118, 235, 327 phenomenology and, 96-97 psychopathic constitution, 354-355 psychopathological clinical analysis, istential analysis and, 328-364 ex- psychopathology pleasure principle, 314 Plessner, Helmuth, 144 (see psychiatry) psychosis, world formations in, also insanity) plural existential mode, 122 Poe, Edgar Allan, 425 polymorphous schizophrenia, 206-207 possession, sense of, in schizophrenic patient, 138 potentia,3i,4.i, 80 194 (see psychotherapist (see therapist) psychotherapy, existentialism and, 17 purification, sacrifice and, 220 Rank, Otto, 7, gn., 52 Ranke, L., 268 potentialities (see being; potentia) practical action, world of in case of Ellen West, 274, 276, 287, 308- rationalism, existentialism and, 11-12, 14 rationality, in nineteenth century, 21-22 310 in case of Rudolf, 397-398, 415-416, 418, reaction-formation, 32 421 (see also Rauch, Hans-Joachim, 413^ reality, 8-9 and abstraction, 39-40 Mitwelt) Cartesian, 142-143 of individual, 37-39 pragmatism existentialism and, 1572 in psychology, 9-10 in Kierkegaard's philosophy, 25-28 in modern art, 16-17 precision, in compulsive, 180-181 predisposition, 203 pregnancy, dread of, 320-321, 323-326 preschizophrenic somatosis, 361 in oriental thought, 18-19 in sensory experience, 155, 162 time and, in therapy, 83-84 presence, in therapy, 80-85 and truth, 13-14 present world of (see practical action, world of) reason, in psychoanalysis, 34-36, 48 104-105 temporality and, 302-303 projection, of sensations, 149-150 "prospective" type, 107 Pruyser, Paul, 92 n concepts of, Reich, Wilhelm, 7, gn relational truth, 25-28 in therapy, 80 relationship adjustment and, 62-63 transcending as, 73 psychiatry existential analysis and, 212-213 history of, 93-95 religion and humanities, 233-234 and natural science, 230 (see also psychopathological breakdown of, 30 existentialism and, 16 clinical analysis) psychoanalysis existential analysis and, 314-328, 330 history of, 94-95 existentialism and, 19-20 Renner, Eduard, 116 repetition, compulsive, 181-182 repression in case of Ellen West, 320 ^ompartmentalization and, 21-*$ freedom and, 79 Index 443 Nietzsche's view of, 32 relation of, to time, 68 resistance objectivity of, 26 and sensory experience, 146 Scott, and conformity, 79 to existential analysis, 7-10 Riesman, David, 4on., 56-57 Rilke, Rainer Maria, 425 of Nietzsche, 29, 31-32 transcendence and, 74 Rogers, Carl, $n., 82, 84 Rorschach, Hermann, 37 in 202, test, 27n., 115, (see also 122, 159, 192, 407 in Freudian analy- (see also suicide) self-world (see Eigenwelt) sensory perception, 123 214-225 sadism, 388-389 salvation, sacrifice and, 218 Sargent, Helen, Sartre, Jean-Paul, 11, 16, 32, 39, 73, 92, 97, 1*8 Schachtel, Ernst, 21, 60 Max, 48 and hallucinations, 162-169 and knowledge, 145-146 saccharomania, 345 sacrifice, existential analysis of, 22, 35, 185, 294, 302, 338> 34*> 359> sis, sensory experience, 139-162 and consciousness, 141-144 Rudolf, case history of, 365-427 Ruyer, Raymond, 102 Scheler, Eigenwelt) self-destructiveness, 206-207, 211, 212, 262, 338, 391*1., 11771 self-consciousness "retrospective" type, 107 Rorschach W Clifford M., segmentation (see fragmentation) self, world and, 63-64, 198 337- 403^405"- Schelling, Friedrich W von, 15, 4971., 235 gluttony and, 343 shame, 337-341 in case of Nadia, 331-341 in case of Rudolf, 383 silence, mourning and, 407 Simmel, G., 397n., 409 singular existential mode, 122, 310 social adjustment, transcendence and, 74 sodomy, 391,417 Schilder, P., 395 Schiller, Friedrich, 304, sexuality in case of Rudolf, 390-392, 414 Solanes, 365 schizoid symptoms, isolation and, 56 schizoid temperament, 387-388 schizophrenia, 94 case history of, 237-364 io6n soul, mental disease and, 231-232 sound, color and, 157-159 diagnosis in, 354-364 in case of Rudolf, 367, 395 existential analysis and, 124 hallucinations in, 166-169 Kierkegaard's description Jose", somatopsychosis, 352, 354, 356 Sonnemann, Ulrich, in of, space (see spatiality) 108-114 in case of Ellen West, 275, 310 in case of Rudolf, 398, 415, 416 spatiality, 24 phenomenology and, 98-100 polymorphous, 363-364 in existential analysis, 194 phenomenological concepts of, 109-11* schizophrenic's concepts of, 136 Spence, Kenneth W., 13-14 Spinoza, Baruch, 108 space perception in, 13 temporality in, 357-358 world-designs in, 209 Staehelin, B., i i4n schizophrenic depression, 127-138 Schneider, Kurt, 172 Stahelin, J E., 342, 343~344> Scholem, Gershon G., 11271 Schopenhauer, Arthur, 1571., 33*1., 4911 Staiger, Emil, 29971., 39971., 40111 Schultz-Henke, 3637* science compartmentalization of, 22 mind-body unity and, 232-233 361, 398n Stekel,W., 103, 11471 Stem, William, 103 stimulus-reaction pattern, 151 Stockert, von, 345-346 Storch, Alfred, 4, 18 Index 444 Straus, Erwin, 4, 5, 10, 55, 58, 67, 68n., 74, 102, 100, 92n v in, 139-169, 109, 185, 209, 210, 27on., 27m., 281, 301, 502, 327, 337, 34 structure of existence, in existential analysis, nomenology, 97-99 231-232 subject-object dichotomy, 11-12, 18, 2^6, 56, 57-59^ i93 *94> 197' *99 mind-body dichotomy; outside world) sublimation, Nietzsche's view of, 32 in case of Ellen West, 252, 261, 263-267, 288, 292-298,309,311 therapy and, 89-90 Stack, 7, in compulsive, 185 in schizophrenic, 132-134 sensory experience and, 151 temporality and, 301 in therapy, 83-84 tomb-world, in case of Ellen West, 275, 291, 300, 305-308, 316, 318, 357, 424-425 gn v 27, 29, 56, 64 Sulzer, miserliness and, 211 orientation of, in phobia, 204, 206 perception of time /space index, 116 suicide Harry touch, sense of, 159-162 transcendence, 71-76, 193-194, (see also being; Hans Jorg, 360 suspense, world of Rudolf, 398-399, in 424-425 suspension, of schizophrenic process, 355 Suzuki, D T., 63 symmetry, in schizophrenia, 13, 16 tactile sense, 157-162 world-design) transcendental phenomenology, 193 transference, 5, 79, 83 encounter and, 119 and sense of being, 44-45 transition periods, existentialism and, i^ 18 truth technique knowledge and, 145 of existential analysis, 76-91 preoccupation with, 9-10 reality and, 13-14 as relationship, 25-28 Tellenbach, Hubert, 113 temporality, 101-108 in case of Ellen West, 295-296, 298-312 schizophrenia and, 357-358 (see also time) von, 59, 6on v 76, 195-199, 202 Ucxkull, J Umweltf 54, 61-62, 63-65, 121, 195-199 in case of Ellen West, 328-329, 352, 353 of compulsive, 182-183, 186 resistance to, 270-271 therapist participation of, 27 relation of, to patient, 80-89 in schizophrenic case history, 127-138 therapy time in, 67, (see also 69 environment; outside world) Unamuno y Jugo, Miguel de, 16 uncanny in case of Ellen West, 362 in case of Rudolf, 385, 386, 423 in case of Ellen West, 280-284 of, in persecution (see also technique) Tillich, Paul, isn., 14, Il8, 120 197-199 Dasein; existence; Triib, Hans, iign Tasso, Torquato, 233, 235 31, 32, 101-102 (see also temporality) substitution mechanism, 350 Sullivan, of, depression and, 100, 104 in existential analysis, 194 experiencing of, 100 in phenomenology, 102-108 ego and, 47 (see also concepts meaning of, 65-71 200-201 subjective experience, in descriptive phe- subjectivity, time, 65-71 in case of Rudolf, 398, 416 4gn v 15*1.,, 16, 17, 30*1., 50, 57, 58n., 66., 71, world-design sions, 208 unconscious in existential analysis, 90-91, 326 theory of, deh> Index 445 un-form, in world of compulsive, 178, 180, 182-184, 186-187 Weizsaecker, V von, Wernicke, Carl, 94, 2o6n._, 2857*., 334, 351, 352, 354 Vale*ry, Paul, 293, sggn., 30871 validity, of knowledge, 145 Vallon, C., 199 150*1., Wells, H G., 107 West, Ellen (case history), 6, 24, 51, 76, 111, 115, 121, 19471., 195, 202, 209, 9377 Van Den Berg, J H., Van Gogh, Vincent, 11, 16, 21, 235 vegetation-world, 328 vertical axis, of oriented space, 113 verticality, of existence, 211-212, 279 in case of Ellen West, 280, 287, 299-300, i8 in case of Rudolf, 400, 415, 416 Victorian period, 20-23 violence, 310-311 vision, hearing and, 157-159 voices, hallucinatory, 166-168 Volkelt, Johannes, 102 Voss, Lola, case history Waals, H G van der, Wahl, Jean, i5n., 233 Weber, A., 395, 408 Weckowicz, T .,113 of, 9271 207-208 212,237-364,424-425 Whitehead, Alfred North, ion v Wiener, Norbert, i8n Wild, John, 13 Wilkins, Ann, 157*., 66n 9271 will to power, of Nietzsche, 30-31 wish-world (see ethereal world) Word Association Test, 201, 202 world of an individual, 55-61 modes of, 61-65 world-of-fate, 271 worlds, in existential analysis, 121-124 (see also Eigenwelt, Mitwelt; Wyrsch, Jakob, Umwelt) 99, 363 Zacchias, Paolo, 93, 94, 98 Zeisl, H., io6n Zen Buddhism, 18-19 Zuend, Juerg, case history of, 206-207, 212 ... and Significance of the Existential Movement in Psychology by Rollo May, II III Contributions of Existential Psychotherapy by Rollo May, 37 A Clinical Introduction to Psychiatric Phenomenology.. .EXISTENCE A 'New Dimension in Psychiatry and Psychology "Basic Books, Inc., Publishers EXISTENCE A Mew Dimension in Psychiatry and Psychology... BASIC BOOKS, INC,, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD No 58-8348 MANUFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 3, N.Y Eugene 'Minkowski Pioneer in Phenomenological Psychiatry Ludwig 13inswanc)er