Syngress IP addressing and subnetting including IPv6 dec 1999 ISBN 1928994016

IP Addressing and Subnetting, Including IPv6 Author: J D Wegner, Robert Rockell ISBN: 1928994016 Published: 2000 Publisher: Syngress Media See Table of Contents IP Addressing and Subnetting, Including IPv6 This book covers every aspect of the current version, as well as what will be a widespread migration starting in late 1999 These include: increasing the IP address size from 32 bits to 128 bits; supporting more levels of addressing hierarchy and an increased number of addressable nodes; supporting simpler auto-configuration of addresses; improving the scalability of multicast routing by adding a "scope" field to multicast addresses; and using a new "anycast address" to send a packet to any one of a group of nodes As in other Syngress books, this one makes a complex subject accessible by including appendices, summaries, extensive art, and detailed indexes (Coq) Contents PREFACE CHAPTER 1 Addressing and Subnetting Basics IP Address Basics Classful Addressing-Structure and Size of Each Type What Is a Network? Class A Class B Class C Address Assignments Single Address per Interface Multihomed Devices Multinetting-Multiple Addresses per Interface Examples Purpose of Subnetting The Basic Fixed-Length Mask What the Mask Does Components of a Mask Binary Determination of Mask Values Decimal Equivalent Mask Values Creating Masks for Various Networking Problems Addresses and Mask Interaction Reserved and Restricted Addresses Determining the Range of Addresses within Subnets Determining Subnet Addresses Given a Single Address and Mask Interpreting Masks Reserved Addresses Summary FAQs CHAPTER 2 Creating an Addressing Plan for FixedLength Mask Networks Introduction Determine Addressing Requirements Review Your Internetwork Design How Many Subnets Do You Need? How Many IP Addresses Are Needed in Each Subnet? What about Growth? Choose the Proper Mask Consult the Tables Use Unnumbered Interfaces Ask for a Bigger Block of Addresses Router Tricks Use Subnet Zero Obtain IP Addresses From Your Organization's Network Manager From Your ISP From Your Internet Registry Calculate Ranges of IP Addresses for Each Subnet Doing It the Hard Way Worksheets Subnet Calculators Allocate Addresses to Devices Assigning Subnets Assigning Device Addresses Sequential Allocation Reserved Addresses Grow Towards the Middle Document Your Work Keeping Track of What You've Done Paper Spreadsheets Databases In Any Case Summary FAQs Exercises Subnetting Tables Class A Subnetting Table Class B Subnetting Table Class C Subnetting Table Subnet Assignment Worksheet CHAPTER 3 Private Addressing and Subnetting Large Networks Introduction Strategies to Conserve Addresses CIDR VLSM Private Addresses Addressing Economics An Appeal Public vs Private Address Spaces Can I Pick My Own? RFC 1918-Private Network Addresses The Three-Address Blocks Considerations Which to Use When Strategy for Subnetting a Class A Private Network The Network The Strategy Address Assignment The Headquarters LANs The WAN Links from Headquarters to the Distribution Centers The Distribution Center LANs The WAN Links from the DC to the Stores The Store LANs Results Summary FAQs Exercises CHAPTER 4 Network Address Translation Introduction Hiding Behind the Router/Firewall What Is NAT? How Does NAT Work? Network Address Translation (Static) How Does Static NAT Work? Double NAT Problems with Static NAT Configuration Examples Windows NT 2000 Cisco IOS Linux IP Masquerade Network Address Translation (Dynamic) How Does Dynamic NAT Work? Problems with Dynamic NAT Configuration Examples Cisco IOS Port Address Translation (PAT) How Does PAT Work? Problems with PAT Configuration Examples Windows NT 2000 Linux IP Masquerade Cisco IOS What Are the Advantages? What Are the Performance Issues? Proxies and Firewall Capabilities Packet Filters Proxies Stateful Packet Filters Stateful Packet Filter with Rewrite Why a Proxy Server Is Really Not a NAT Shortcomings of SPF Summary FAQs References & Resources RFCs IP Masquerade/Linux Cisco Windows NAT Whitepapers Firewalls CHAPTER 5 Variable-Length Subnet Masking Introduction Why Are Variable-Length Masks Necessary? Right-sizing Your Subnets More Addresses or More Useful Addresses? The Importance of Proper Planning Creating and Managing Variable-Length Subnets Analyze Subnet Needs Enumerate Each Subnet and Number of Required Nodes Determine Which Mask to Use in Each Subnet Allocate Addresses Based on Need For Each Subnet Routing Protocols and VLSM Class C VLSM Problem Completing the Class C Problem Template-based Address Assignment Summary FAQs CHAPTER 6 Routing Issues Introduction Classless Interdomain Routing From Millions to Thousands of Networks ISP Address Assignment Using CIDR Addresses Inside Your Network Contiguous Subnets IGRP EIGRP EIGRP Concepts RIP-1 Requirements Comparison with IGRP Routing Update Impact RIP-2 Requirements OSPF Configuring OSPF Routing Update Impact OSPF Implementation Recommendations BGP Requirements IBGP and EBGP Requirements Loopback Interfaces Summary FAQs CHAPTER 7 Automatic Assignment of IP Addresses with BOOTP and DHCP Objectives Introduction The Role of Dynamic Address Assignment A Brief History Address Management with These Tools The BOOTP Packet Field Descriptions and Comments OP HTYPE HLEN HOPS XID SECS FLAG CIADDR YIADDR SIADDR GIADDR CHADDR SNAME FILE VEND/OPTION BOOTP Process Details Client BOOTREQUEST Server BOOTREPLY Field Values in the BOOTREPLY packet The BOOTP Server Database How Does DHCP Work? DHCP Process Overview DHCP Process Details DHCP-Specific Options Interoperation between DHCP and BOOTP DHCP Address Scopes Comparing BOOTP and DHCP How BOOTP Works BOOTP Process Overview DHCP / BOOTP Options BOOTP Options from RFC1497 IP Layer Parameters per Host IP Layer Parameters per Interface Link Layer Parameters per Interface TCP Parameters Application and Service Parameters BOOTP, DHCP, and Routed Networks The BOOTP Relay Agent The Role of the GIADDR Other Fields Involved HOPS CHADDR, YIADDR, HTYPE, HLEN, FLAG SECS UDP Port Number IP TTL Field ALL Other Fields BOOTP Implementation Checklist DHCP Implementation Checklist Summary FAQs CHAPTER 8 Multicast Addressing What Is Multicast? Mapping IP Multicast to the Link Layer Joining the Group IGMP Multicast Routing Protocols Mbone Multicast Addresses Transient and Permanent Addresses Generic Assignments IANA Assignments Scope of Multicast Addresses Using TTL Administrative Scopes IP Stacks and Multicast Why Multicast? Efficiency of Bandwidth Usage and Scaling Discovering Efficient Channel Industry Summary FAQ References CHAPTER 9 IPv6 Addressing Introduction IPv6 Addressing Basics IPv6 Addressing Scheme Characteristics Version Traffic Class Flow Label Payload Length Next Header Hop-by-Hop Options Header Destination Options Header I Routing Header Fragment Header Authentication Header Encrypted Security Payload Header Destination Options Header II Hop Limit Source Address Destination Address More Bits! A More Flexible Hierarchical Organization of Addresses FP: Format Prefix TLA ID RES NLA ID SLA ID Interface ID Minimizing the Size of Routing Tables Global Addresses for the Internet and Local Addresses for Intranet IPv6 Benefits Increased IP Address Size Increased Addressing Hierarchy Support Simplified Host Addressing Simpler Autoconfiguration of Addresses Improved Scalability of Multicast Routing The Anycast Address The Need for Further Development The Multihoming Problem The 6Bone Summary ... Administrative Scopes IP Stacks and Multicast Why Multicast? Efficiency of Bandwidth Usage and Scaling Discovering Efficient Channel Industry Summary FAQ References CHAPTER 9 IPv6 Addressing Introduction IPv6 Addressing Basics... CHAPTER 10 The IPv6 Header Introduction Expanded Addressing Simplified Header Improved Support for Extension and Option Flow and Flow Labeling Authentication and Privacy IPv6 Header IPv4 Header... new version of the IP protocol, called IPv6, which brings new schemes of addressing With addressing, IPv6 enables autoconfiguration, renumbering, efficient routing on the backbone, etc Chapters 9 and 10 9 discuss IPv6 and its header and addressing structure in depth