Application Acceleration and WAN Optimization Fundamentals by Ted Grevers Jr.; Joel Christner - CCIE No 15311 Publisher: Cisco Press Pub Date: July 06, 2007 Print ISBN-10: 1-58705-316-0 Print ISBN-13: 978-1-58705-316-0 Pages: 384 Table of Contents | Index Overview IT organizations face pressure to increase productivity, improve application performance, support global collaboration, improve data protection, and minimize costs In today's WAN-centered environments, traditional LAN-oriented infrastructure approaches are insufficient to meet these goals Application Acceleration and WAN Optimization Fundamentals introduces a better solution: integrating today's new generation of accelerator solutions to efficiently and effectively scale networks beyond traditional capabilities while improving performance and minimizing costs through consolidation Ted Grevers and Joel Christner begin by reviewing the challenges network professionals face in delivering applications to globally distributed workforces You learn how accelerators are transforming application business models, enabling IT departments to centralize and consolidate resources while also delivering consistently superior performance Grevers and Christner show how to identify network consumers, prioritize traffic, and guarantee appropriate throughput and response times to business-critical applications You learn how to use quality of service techniques such as packet classification and marking and traffic policing, queuing, scheduling, and shaping Next, you compare options for integrating accelerators and optimization services into your network and for optimizing content delivery The authors show how to address application protocol-related performance problems that cannot be resolved through compression or flow optimization alone In the final chapter, the authors walk you through several real-world scenarios for utilizing accelerator technology Ted Grevers, Jr., is the solution manager for the Cisco® Video IPTV Systems Test and Architecture (C-VISTA) team He has extensive experience in the content delivery network (CDN) market, focusing on enterprise and service provider content delivery and application optimization needs Joel Christner, CCIE® No 15311, is the manager of technical marketing for the Cisco Application Delivery Business Unit (ADBU) He has extensive experience with application protocols, acceleration technologies, LAN/WAN infrastructure, and storage networking Grevers and Christner are key contributors to the design and architecture of Cisco application delivery and application acceleration solutions Provide high-performance access to remote data, content, video, rich media, and applications Understand how accelerators can improve network performance and minimize bandwidth consumption Use NetFlow to baseline application requirements and network utilization Ensure network resources are allocated based on business priorities Identify performance barriers arising from networks, protocols, operating systems, hardware, file systems, and applications Employ application-specific acceleration components to mitigate the negative impact of latency and bandwidth consumption Integrate content delivery networks (CDN) to centrally manage the acquisition, security, and distribution of content to remote locations Leverage WAN optimization technologies to improve application throughput, mitigate the impact of latency and loss, and minimize bandwidth consumption Optimize the performance of WANs and business-critical WAN applications This book is part of the Cisco Press® Fundamentals Series Books in this series introduce networking professionals to new networking technologies, covering network topologies, sample deployment concepts, protocols, and management techniques Category: Cisco Press/Networking Covers: Network Optimization Application Acceleration and WAN Optimization Fundamentals by Ted Grevers Jr.; Joel Christner - CCIE No 15311 Publisher: Cisco Press Pub Date: July 06, 2007 Print ISBN-10: 1-58705-316-0 Print ISBN-13: 978-1-58705-316-0 Pages: 384 Table of Contents | Index Copyright About the Authors About the Technical Reviewers Acknowledgments Icons Used in This Book Foreword Introduction Chapter 1 Strategic Information Technology Initiatives Managing Applications Managing Distributed Servers Facing the Unavoidable WAN Changing the Application Business Model Consolidating and Protecting Servers in the New IT Operational Model Summary Chapter 2 Barriers to Application Performance Networks and Application Performance Application and Protocol Barriers to Application Performance Operating System Barriers to Application Performance Hardware Barriers to Application Performance Summary Chapter 3 Aligning Network Resources with Business Priority Viewing Network Utilization Employing Quality of Service Understanding Accelerator Control Features and Integration Summary Chapter 4 Overcoming Application-Specific Barriers Understanding Application-Specific Acceleration Application-Specific Caching Web-Based Database Applications Read-Ahead Message Prediction Pipelining and Multiplexing Summary Chapter 5 Content Delivery Networks Evolution of Content Delivery Networks Understanding CDN Solutions A Common Content Distribution Scenario Understanding CDN Components Managing a CDN Sharing the WAN Using Desktop Management Suites with Content Delivery Networks Using Centralized Network Settings Understanding Content-Serving Protocols Streaming Media Live or On Demand Authenticating Requests for Prepositioned Content Acquiring Content Understanding CDN Distribution Models Understanding Time-of-Day Distribution Understanding Software-Based Content Delivery Networks Understanding Explicit and Transparent Proxy Modes Using CDN Calculation Tools Summary Chapter 6 Overcoming Transport and Link Capacity Limitations Understanding Transport Protocol Limitations Understanding Transmission Control Protocol Fundamentals Overcoming Transport Protocol Limitations Overcoming Link Capacity Limitations Summary Chapter 7 Examining Accelerator Technology Scenarios Acme Data Corporation: Protecting Data and Promoting Global Collaboration C3 Technology LLC: Saving WAN Bandwidth and Replicating Data Command Grill Corporation: Improving HTTP Application Performance Almost Write Inc.: Implementing Content Delivery Networking Summary Appendix A Common Ports and Assigned Applications Appendix B Ten Places for More Information 1: Cisco IOS Technologies 2: Cisco Product Documentation 3: NetQoS Network Performance Management Tools 4: BIC TCP 5: Low Bandwidth File System 6: Locating a Request for Comment 7: Microsoft TechNet 8: Hewlett-Packard Product Documentation 9: Red Hat Product Documentation 10: Registered TCP and UDP Port Numbers Index Copyright Application Acceleration and WAN Optimization Fundamentals Ted Grevers, Jr., Joel Christner Copyright © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc Published by: Cisco Press 800 East 96th Street Indianapolis, IN 46240 USA All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the publisher, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review Printed in the United States of America First Printing July 2008 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Grevers, Ted Application acceleration and WAN optimization fundamentals / Ted Grever p.cm ISBN 978-1-58705-316-0 (pbk.) Wide area networks (Computer networks) I Christner, Joel II Title TK5105.87.G73 2007 004.67 dc22 2007021688 ISBN-13: 978-1-58705-316-0 Warning and Disclaimer This book provides foundational information about application acceleration and WAN optimization techniques and technologies Every effort has been made to make this book as complete and as accurate as possible, but no warranty or fitness is implied The information is provided on an "as is" basis The authors, Cisco Press, and Cisco Systems, Inc., shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damages arising from the information contained in this book or from the use of the discs or programs that may accompany it The opinions expressed in this book belong to the author and are not necessarily those of Cisco Systems, Inc Trademark Acknowledgments All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized Cisco Press or Cisco Systems, Inc., cannot attest to the accuracy of this information Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark Corporate and Government Sales The publisher offers excellent discounts on this book when ordered in quantity for bulk purchases or special sales, which may include electronic versions and/or custom covers and content particular to your business, training goals, marketing focus, and branding interests For more information, please contact: U.S Corporate and Government Sales 1-800-3823419 corpsales@pearsontechgroup.com For sales outside the United States please contact: International Sales international@pearsoned.com Feedback Information At Cisco Press, our goal is to create in-depth technical books of the highest quality and value Each book is crafted with care and precision, undergoing rigorous development that involves the unique expertise of members from the professional technical community Readers' feedback is a natural continuation of this process If you have any comments regarding how we could improve the quality of this book, or otherwise alter it to better suit your needs, you can contact us through e-mail at feedback@ciscopress.com Please make sure to include the book title and ISBN in your message We greatly appreciate your assistance Publisher: Paul Boger Cisco Representative: Anthony Wolfenden Executive Editor: Karen Gettman Development Editor: Dayna Isley Copy Editor: Bill McManus Editorial Assistant: Vanessa Evans Composition: ICC Macmillan, Inc Proofreader: Karen A Gill Associate Publisher: Dave Dusthimer Cisco Press Program Manager: Jeff Brady Managing Editor: Patrick Kanouse Senior Project Editor: San Dee Phillips Technical Editors: Jim French, Zach Seils, Steve Wasko Book and Cover Designer: Louisa Adair Indexer: Tim Wright Americas Headquarters Cisco Systems, Inc 170 West Tasman Drive San Jose, CA 95134-1706 USA www.cisco.com Tel: 408 526-4000 800 553-NETS (6387) Fax: 408 527-0883 Asia Pacific Headquarters Cisco Systems, Inc 168 Robinson Road #28-01 Capital Tower Singapore 068912 www.cisco.com Tel: +65 6317 7777 Fax: +65 6317 7799 Europe Headquarters Cisco Systems International BV Haarlerbergpark Haarlerbergweg 13-19 1101 CH Amsterdam The Netherlands www-europe.cisco.com Index [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] managing applications in distributed workforce CDNs bandwidth costs usage planning distributed servers MAPI, effect on application performance message prediction 2nd message validity signature messages TCP ACK 2nd TCP SYN mice connections TCP slow start, overcoming performance limitations Microsoft Internet Explorer Microsoft Outlook Microsoft TechNet Microsoft Windows, effect on application performance NetFMA receive-side scaling TCP Chimney Offload monitoring CDNs, centralized control network devices SNMP syslog multicast content distribution 2nd unusable multicast address ranges multiplexing Index [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] NBAR (Network Based Application Recognition), viewing network utilization NetDMA, effect on Microsoft Windows performance NetFlow, viewing network utilization 2nd NetFlow collector 2nd network devices, monitoring with SNMP with syslog network interception Network layer (OSI model) network stability, effect on application performance 2nd network utilization, viewing with NBAR with NetFlow 2nd NFS (Network File System) effect on application performance NICs, effect on application performance nonhierarchical data pattern matching nonstrict content coherency nontransparent accelerators Index [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] object caching one-way latency operating systems, effect on application performance HP-UX IBM Microsoft Windows Red Hat Linux Sun Microsystems opportunistic locks origin server content placement OSI reference model oversubscription Index [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] packet classification packet loss (TCP), overcoming packet marking DiffServ IntServ pass-through authentication PBR (Policy-Based Routing) peer-to-peer sharing performance factors affecting applications in WAN environments 32-/64-bit architecture support application protocols bandwidth cache capacity CPU disk storage dual-core support file systems front side bus speed hyper-threading latency network stability 2nd NICs operating systems RAM throughput 2nd limitations of TCP slow start, overcoming vendor-specific test results, obtaining per-packet compression persistent compression physical inline physical integration of accelerators into network physical layer (OSI model) pipelining 2nd policing port assignments, IANA post-queuing optimization prediction prepositioned content 2nd authenticating requests for pre-queuing operations packet marking traffic policing presentation layer (OSI model) priority queuing proactive acceleration processing delays propagation delay protecting data on distributed servers proxy functionality, accelerator TCP proxy PSH flag (TCP) Index [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] QoS behavioral model packet classification post-queuing optimization pre-queuing operations packet marking traffic policing soft QoS queuing 2nd FIFO post-queuing optimization priority queuing traffic shaping WFQ Index [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] RAID (Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks) RAM, effect on application performance range requests rate limiting rate-based transmission versus large initial windows reactive acceleration read ahead 2nd read-ahead acceleration receive-side scaling, effect on Microsoft Windows performance Red Hat Linux, effect on application performance reducing application latency redundancy planning registered ports Reiser4 file system replication retransmission management (TCP) RFC (Requests for Comments) roundtrip latency RPC (Remote Procedure Call) effect on application performance RSTP (Real-Time Streaming Protocol) Index [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] SACK (selective acknowledgment), overcoming TCP packet loss SANs (storage area networks) SAS (serial attached SCSI), effect on application performance scenarios Acme Data Corporation Almost Write Inc C3 Technology LLC Command Grill Corporation scheduling 2nd SDRAM selecting advanced TCP implementations BIC-TCP High-Speed TCP S-TCP content acquisition method serialization delay server consolidation compliance data protection servers centralized management components infrastructure consolidation managing in distributed environment service architecture of accelerators nontransparent acclerators transparent acclerators 2nd services in distributed environments session layer (OSI model) session-based compression share mode SLB (server load balancers) sliding windows 2nd Large Initial Windows slow start (TCP) slow-start threshold SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) centralized control monitoring network devices sockets soft QoS software-based CDNs streaming media executive demand native protocol playback SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) stabilizing client/server network connections static message prediction S-TCP (Scalable TCP) streaming media centralized control executive demand live streaming native protocol playback VoD content 2nd streaming media storage strict content coherency Sun Microsystems operating systems, effect on application performance SYN/ACK messages synchronous replication syslog, monitoring network devices Index [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] TCP accelerator proxy functionality ACK messages 2nd advanced implementations BIC-TCP High-Speed TCP S-TCP bandwidth, fairness blocking condition checksum verification congestion avoidance 2nd connection establishment cwnd effect on latency effect on throughput flow control functions bandwidth discovery connection-oriented service guaranteed delivery large initial windows LFNs fill-the-pipe optimization link capacity limitations, overcoming compression with data suppression 2nd with traditional data compression mice connections optimizing 2nd packet loss, overcoming PSH flag rate control retransmission management sliding window SYN messages throttling mechanism TCP Chimney Offload, effect on Microsoft Windows performance TCP proxy TCP slow start 2nd performance limitations, overcoming testing applications TFTP throttling mechanism, TCP throughput, effect on application performance 2nd TLS (Transport Layer Security) TOE (TCP/IP Offload Engine) traditional data compression, overcoming TCP link capacity limitations traffic policing traffic shaping transparent accelerators 2nd transport layer (OSI model) 2nd transport protocols 2nd effect on latency effect on throughput optimizing TCP [See also TCP.] advanced implementations bandwidth discovery BIC-TCP blocking condition congestion avoidance connection-oriented service effect on latency fairness guaranteed delivery High-Speed TCP large initial windows LFNs mice connections PSH flag retransmission management sliding window S-TCP throttling mechanism UDP Index [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] UDP (User Datagram Protocol) unicast distribution unidirectional compression library UNIX HP-UX, effect on application performance utopian environments versus real-world enterprise WANs Index [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] viewing network utilization with NBAR with NetFlow 2nd VoD (video on demand) content streaming Index [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] WAFS (Wide Area File Services) WAN optimization 2nd compression data suppression TCP optimization wandering log WCCPv2 (Web Cache Control Protocol v2) web browsers as business-critical applications web-based database applications websites, Hewlett-Packard WFQ (Weighted Fair Queuing) WHQL (Windows Hardware Quality Labs) window scale factor window scaling WRED (Weighted Random Early Detection) write-back optimization write-behind ... capabilities but also make informed decisions Application Acceleration and WAN Optimization Fundamentals outlines the use cases and foundational technologies that are so vital to application acceleration and WAN optimization solutions... deployment concepts, protocols, and management techniques Category: Cisco Press/ Networking Covers: Network Optimization Application Acceleration and WAN Optimization Fundamentals by Ted Grevers Jr.; Joel Christner - CCIE No... 004.67 dc22 20070 21688 ISBN- 13: 978-1-58705-316-0 Warning and Disclaimer This book provides foundational information about application acceleration and WAN optimization techniques and technologies