OReilly PC hardware in a nutshell 3rd edition jul 2003 ISBN 059600513x

[ Team LiB ] [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [Y] [Z] D3D (Direct3D) DAE (digital audio extraction) daily copy backup daily full backup DAO (Disc-at-Once) DAO recording DAT (Digital Audio Tape) Data Communications Equipment (DCE) Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) data transfer modes, USB data transfer rate [See DTR] DCE (Data Communications Equipment) DD (Double-Density) DDR-II SDRAM DDR-SDRAM (Double Data Rate SDRAM) 2nd 3rd DDS (Digital Data Storage) definition of PCs PC 2001 System Design Guide PC 99 System Design Guide deflection yoke design of processors device drivers organizing diagnostic utilities chipsets, identifying differential backup differential SCSI digital audio extraction (DAE) Digital Audio Tape (DAT) Digital Data Storage (DDS) Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) DIMMs (Dual Inline Memory Modules) installing removing DIP (Dual Inline Pin Package) DIP chip inserter/puller, avoiding DIP switches/jumpers, setting Direct Memory Access [See DMA] direct over-write (DOW) direct resellers, versus retail computer stores Direct3D (D3D) DirectInput drivers Disc-at-Once (DAO) disk mirroring disk striping with parity display settings, video adapters DisplayMate utility displays configuring installing troubleshooting problems Distribution Media Format (DMF) DLS (downloadable sounds) DMA (Direct Memory Access) 2nd conflicts DMA channel assignments, table of DMA controller, chipset support for DMA modes CD-ROM drive support for chipset support for IDE and transfers determining whether a drive supports enabling when installing PATA hard drives DMCA (Digital Millennium Copyright Act) DMF (Distribution Media Format) DOS boot diskette DOS diagnostics antivirus utility backup utility CMOS save/restore utility emergency boot/repair diskette operating system distribution discs SiSoft Sandra SmithMicro Software CheckIt Symantec Norton Utilities dot pitch CRT monitors Double Data Rate SDRAM [See DDR-SDRAM] Double Data Rate SDRAM (DDR-SDRAM) Double-Density (DD) Double-Sided, Double-Density (DSDD) DOW (direct over-write) downloadable sounds (DLS) DPMA (Dynamic Power Management Architecture) DRAM (Dynamic RAM) asynchronous packaging DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) drive bays drive letters, assigning DriveCopy utility DriveImage utility drivers USB, "educating" video installing selecting drives ADR, key selection criteria cartridge-based removable hard disk 2nd CD-MRW media technical details CD-ROM 2nd as backup for upgrades cleaning configuring drive letter assignments, changing fundamentals installing performance selecting upgrading CD-RW media technical details DVD configuring installing troubleshooting DVD-ROM CD-R discs and selecting upgrading external hard disk floppy disk 2nd cabling Change Line Support cleaning diskette types/formats drive types installing interface/cabling obsolete, working with recommended selections hard disk 2nd backing up before removing case copying partitions formatting how they work partitioning preparing for use selecting upgrading high-capacity FDDs drive letter assignment problems recommendations selecting types uses for installing when building a PC optical [See CD-ROM drives DVD drives] preparing when building a PC removable hard disk frame/carrier-based recommendations uses for tape as backup for upgrades care of compatibility issues installing/configuring interfaces read/write errors recommendations selecting technologies Travan, key selection criteria troubleshooting problems with upgrading DSDD (Double-Sided, Double-Density) DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) DTR (data transfer rate) CD writers CD-ROM drives hard drives Dual Inline Memory Modules (DIMMs) Dual Inline Pin Package (DIP) duplex mode DVD drives configuring DVD-ROM drives selecting installing selecting, recommendations troubleshooting DVD writable/rewritable formats writable DVD drive, selecting DVD+R discs DVD+RW discs DVD-R (Recordable) discs DVD-R Authoring (DVD-RA) drives DVD-RA (DVD-R Authoring) drives DVD-RAM discs DVD-Recordable (DVD-R) discs DVD-Rewritable (DVD-RW) discs DVD-ROM discs capacities speeds types DVD-ROM drives/DVD writers CD-R discs and upgrading DVD-RW (Rewritable) discs Dynamic Power Management Architecture [See DPMA] Dynamic RAM [See DRAM] Dynamic Random Access Memory [See DRAM] [ Team LiB ] Brought to You by Like the book? Buy it! [ Team LiB ] [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [Y] [Z] 16-bit ISA/PCI standard IRQ assignments 168-pin Rambus RIMMs, memory slots 168-pin SDRAM DIMMs, memory slots 184-pin DDR-SDRAM DIMMs, memory slots 184-pin Rambus RIMMs, memory slots 3.5-inch 1.44 MB diskette drive 2.88 MB diskette drive 720 KB diskette drive hard drive form factor 30-pin SIMMs 32-bit ISA/PCI standard IRQ assignments 5.25-inch 1.2 MB diskette drive 160/180 KB diskette drive 320/360 KB diskette drive hard drive form factor 72-pin SIMMs [ Team LiB ] [ Team LiB ] [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [Y] [Z] absolute time in pregroove (ATIP) Accelerated Graphics Port [See AGP] accessing memory ACPI (Advanced Configuration and Power Interface) ACR (Advanced Communication Riser) ACR slot active-matrix panels ADR (Advanced Digital Recording) ADR drives, key selection criteria Advanced Communication Riser (ACR) Advanced Configuration and Power Interface [See ACPI] Advanced Digital Recording (ADR) Advanced Intelligent Tape (AIT) Advanced Power Management [See APM] Advanced System Buffering (ASB) Advanced Transfer Cache (ATC) AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) 2nd 3rd bus support for chipset support for video adapters 2nd AGP Pro AGP cards, sharing IRQs AIT (Advanced Intelligent Tape) ALi chipsets, USB HCI issues AMD -750 "Irongate" chipset, USB HCI issues Athlon motherboards Athlon MP processors Athlon processors chipset characteristics chipsets for CPU slots double-pumped FSB numbering system for Athlon systems, memory upgrades Duron processors chipsets for CPU slots Hammer-series processors, chipsets processors amperes amplifier power AMR (Audio Modem Riser) AMR slot antistatic wrist strap antivirus utility APM (Advanced Power Management) application programs bundled software CD writer software problems, troubleshooting before removing PC case architecture, extensibility of archive bit, in backup strategy ASB (Advanced System Buffering) asynchronous frame types serial communications serial framing asynchronous DRAM asynchronous motherboards AT Attachment (ATAsee IDE) 2nd AT form factor cases systems that use, turning off power AT Main Power Connector AT power supply, motherboard connector pinouts ATA (AT Attachmentsee IDE) ATA interface chipset support for ATAPI CD-ROM drives installing/configuring bus mastering support, enabling master/slave problems ATAPI parallel drives, preparing when building a PC ATAPI tape drives installing/configuring ATAPI Zip, as boot device ATC (Advanced Transfer Cache) ATIP (absolute time in pregroove) ATX form factor cases systems that use, turning off power systems that use, turning off power switch ATX Main Power Connector ATX Optional Power Supply Connector ATX power supplies, recommended power distribution ATX/ATX12V Auxiliary Power Connector ATX/ATX12V power supply specifications ATX12V power supplies, recommended power distribution ATX12V Power Supply Connector Audio Modem Riser (AMR) Aureal A3D automatic shutdown of BPS average access time CD writers CD-ROM drives [ Team LiB ] [ Team LiB ] [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [Y] [Z] Baby AT form factor form factor)) [See BAT (Baby AT] Back Side Bus (BSB) backup power supply [See BPS] backups backup utility daily copy daily full developing a strategy backup types file attributes/archive bit tape rotation methods, choosing differential full full copy incremental redundancy when upgrading balanced transmission bandwidth needs of peripherals, changes in sharing/allocation, USB devices base addresses Basic 4-bit cable Basic Input/Output System [See BIOS] BAT (Baby AT) form factor cases batteries, replacing BEDO (Burst Extended Data Out) BEDO DRAM bidirectional 8-bit parallel port Big Drive Interface Initiative BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) 2nd updating upgrading blackouts, protection against Blue Book CD standard boot devices, considering when selecting motherboards BPS (backup power supply) characteristics offer protection from selecting recommendations types branch predictor brownouts, protection against BSB (Back Side Bus) Buffer UnderRuN-Proof (BURN-Proof) buffers, size of considering when selecting CD writers considering when selecting CD-ROM drives building a PC "smoke test," performing case, preparing ensuring airflow components, buying connecting cables to motherboard pinouts not matching drives floppy drives, installing installing preparing expansion cards, installing finishing touches memory, installing motherboard configuring installing processors, installing reasons for software, installing bulk data transfers BURN-Proof (Buffer UnderRuN-Proof) BurnInTest program Burst Extended Data Out (BEDO) bus interfaces Bus Mastering DMA bus mice buses motherboard support for speed/width buying a PC old PCs, things to do with donate it give it away home automation system resource server reasons for smart practices accept no substitutes avoid restocking fees consider price factors insist on guarantees know market prices MAP pay by credit card problem-solving research products/vendors retail-boxed versus OEM components retailers vs direct resellers verify delivery terms/warranty Byte Mode, parallel transmission mode [ Team LiB ] digital signal directly to the sound card, obviating the need for a separate CD-Audio cable Only one channel is audible If you have another set of speakers or headphones, connect them directly to the sound card Line-out port to isolate the problem to either the sound card or the speakers Roughly in order of decreasing probability, the most likely causes and solutions are: The Windows audio balance control is set fully in one direction Double-click the speaker icon in the System Tray and verify balance settings in the Volume Control dialog (or the replacement applet installed with your sound card drivers) The balance control on your speakers, if present, may be set fully in one direction This happens commonly when someone blindly attempts to change volume or tone and turns the wrong knob Center the speaker balance control The audio cable is defective Many audio cables, particularly those supplied with inexpensive speakers, are constructed poorly Replace it with a high-quality, shielded audio cable, available for a few dollars from computer stores, audio specialty stores, and mass marketers such as Circuit City The audio cable is not fully seated in either the sound card jack or the speaker jack Verify that the cable is fully seated at both ends You are using a mono rather than stereo audio cable to connect Line-out on the sound card to the speakers Replace the cable The sound card driver is not installed, is installed improperly, or is the wrong driver Some sound cards may function partially under these conditions, and the most common symptom is single-channel audio Uninstall any driver currently installed, and then reinstall the proper driver Although it is rare, we once encountered a set of amplified speakers with one channel dead and the other working Replace the speakers After installing a sound card, your PC speaker no longer works This is by design in some sound cards Installing the card and driver intentionally disables the PC speaker and routes sounds that would ordinarily go to the PC speaker to the sound card instead Windows suddenly loses sound On Windows systems with properly configured and functioning sound cards, sound may disappear entirely for no apparent reason This has happened to us on many different systems, using different motherboards and sound cards The sound card still shows as installed, and everything appears perfectly normal, but the system simply stops sending audio to the speakers This problem may or may not be accompanied by the speaker icon disappearing from the system tray We have no idea what causes this, and we've never been able to get a satisfactory explanation from Microsoft Restarting the system normally solves the problem, until next time On systems in which "next time" is all too frequent, we have occasionally had some success by removing and then reinstalling the sound drivers The system locks up when you boot or bluescreens immediately after booting This problem normally results from a severe resource conflict or an improperly installed card Verify first that the card is seated fully If it is, boot the system in Safe Mode (Windows 9X: press F8 during boot) or using the Last Known Good Configuration (Windows NT: press the spacebar when prompted) With the system booted, determine which devices and resources are conflicting, resolve the conflicts, and restart the system 5.8 Troubleshooting Memory Installation and Operation Once installed and configured, memory seldom causes problems When problems do occur, they may be as obvious as a failed RAM check at boot or as subtle as a few corrupted bits in a datafile The usual symptom of memory problems is a kernel panic under Linux or a blue-screen crash under Windows Unfortunately, that occurs so often with Windows that it's of little use as a diagnostic aid When troubleshooting memory problems, always do the following: Use standard antistatic precautions Ground yourself before you touch a memory module Remove and reinstall all memory modules to ensure they are seated properly While you're doing that, it's a good idea to clean the contacts on the memory module Some people gently rub the contacts with a pencil eraser We've done that ourselves, but memory manufacturers recommend against it because of possible damage to the contacts Also, there is always the risk of a fragment from the eraser finding its way into the memory slot, where it can block one or more contacts Better practice is to use a fresh dollar bill, which has just the right amount of abrasiveness to clean the contacts without damaging them Although we have never used it, many people whom we respect recommend using Stabilant-22, a liquid contact enhancer You'll probably keel over from sticker shock when you see the price of this stuff, but a drop or two is all that's needed, and a tiny tube lasts most people for years (http://www.stabilant.com/) Before assuming memory is the problem, check all internal cables to ensure none is faulty or has come loose The next steps you should take depend on whether you have made any changes to memory recently 5.8.1 When You Have Not Added Memory If you suspect memory problems but have not added or reconfigured memory (or been inside the case), it's unlikely that the memory itself is causing the problem Memory does simply die sometimes, and may be killed by electrical surges, but this is uncommon because the PC power supply itself does a good job of isolating memory and other system components from electrical damage The most likely problem is a failing power supply Try one or both of the following: If you have another system, install the suspect memory in it If it runs there, the problem is almost certainly not the memory, but the power supply If you have other memory, install it in the problem system If it works, you can safely assume that the original memory is defective More likely is that it will also fail, which strongly indicates power supply problems If you have neither another system nor additional memory, and if your system has more than one bank of memory installed, use binary elimination to determine which modules are bad For example, if you have two modules installed (one per bank), simply remove one module to see if that cures the problem If you have four identical modules installed (one per bank), designate them A, B, C, and D Install only A and B and restart the system If no problems occur, A and B are known good and the problem must lie with C and/or D Remove B and substitute C If no problems occur, you know that D is bad If the system fails with A and C, you know that C is bad, but you don't know whether D is bad Substitute D for C and restart the system to determine if D is good If you haven't enough banks to allow binary elimination, the best solution is to remove the modules, wrap them if possible in a static-safe bag (the pink plastic that most components arrive in), and take them to a local computer store that has a memory tester MS-DOS, Windows 3.X, and Windows 9X do not stress memory If you install Windows NT/2000/XP or Linux, memory errors may appear on a PC that seemed stable People often therefore assume that they did something while installing the new OS to cause the errors, but that is almost never the case Such errors almost always indicate a real problem with physical memory The memory was defective all along, but the more forgiving OS simply ignored the problem 5.8.2 When You Are Adding Memory If you experience problems when adding memory, note the following: If a DIMM appears not to fit, there's good reason SDRSDRAM DIMMs have two notches whose placement specifies 3.3V versus 5V and buffered versus unbuffered DDRSDRAM DIMMs have a keying notch in a different location If the DIMM notches don't match the socket protrusions, the DIMM is of the wrong type If the system displays a memory mismatch error the first time you restart, that usually indicates no real problem Follow the prompts to enter Setup, select Save and Exit, and restart the system The system should then recognize the new memory Some systems require these extra steps to update CMOS Verify the modules are installed in the proper order Unless the motherboard documentation says otherwise, fill banks sequentially from lowest number to highest Generally, install the largest module in Bank 0, the next largest in Bank 1, and so on A few systems require the smallest module be in Bank 0 and larger modules sequentially in higher banks If the system recognizes a newly installed module as half actual size and that module has chips on both sides, the system may recognize only single-banked or single-sided modules Some systems limit the total number of "sides" that are recognized, so if you have some existing smaller modules installed, try removing them The system may then recognize the double-side modules If it doesn't, return those modules and replace them with single-sided modules A memory module may not be defective, but still be incompatible with your system For example, many 486s treat three-chip and nine-chip SIMMs differently, although they should theoretically be interchangeable Some 486s use only three-chip SIMMs or only nine-chip SIMMs Others use either, but generate memory errors if you have both types installed A memory module may not be defective, but still be incompatible with your current configuration For example, if you install a CAS3 PC133 DIMM in a 133 MHz FSB Pentium III motherboard that is configured to use CAS2 timing, the system will almost certainly generate memory errors 15.6 Troubleshooting Video Adapter Problems If you experience video problems, first check the obvious thingsthat the monitor has power and is connected properly to the adapter, that no one has changed settings on the monitor, and so on If you have another monitor handy, try connecting it to the problem system to eliminate the monitor as a possible cause Once you eliminate those possible causes, the next consideration is whether you've made any recent changes to your video hardware, software, or configuration If so, that is a likely cause Sometimes, problems caused by such a change don't manifest immediately We have, for example, seen an updated driver function perfectly until one particular program was loaded or another piece of hardware was installed, which caused the system to crash and burn horribly That means the next step is to change video drivers If a later driver is available, download and install it If no later driver is available, try reinstalling the current driver If problems manifest soon after installing an updated driver, try re-installing the older driver Once they are installed and running properly, video adapters seldom fail, short of something like a lightning strike or abusing the adapter by overclocking it In our more than 20 years of experience with hundreds of systems, we remember only a few instances when a functioning video adapter just died Hardware failures are more likely today, not because newer video adapters are inferior to their parents, but because they're now pushed harder High-end video adapters nowadays come with at least a heatsink for the graphics processor, and it's not unusual to see a video adapter on a gamer's system with a fan or even a Peltier cooler installed If you install a high-performance adapter, make absolutely certain that the fan, if any, has power, and that there is free airflow to the heatsink Many video problems on systems so equipped are due to simple overheating Here are some specific problems you may encounter, and how to remedy them: Windows 9X displays only 640x480 with 16 colors, with no higher options available Windows is using the standard VGA driver If Windows 9X cannot detect the display adapter type when it is installed, it installs the vanilla VGA driver Windows may have been installed or reinstalled improperly, or the display adapter may have been deleted in the Device Manager, and Windows did not successfully detect the video adapter the last time it was restarted If the Color palette has options higher than 16, but the desktop area is fixed at 640x480, the monitor type may be incorrect or missing To solve this problem, install the correct drivers for the video adapter and/or monitor The Windows 9X startup splash screen displays properly, but the desktop does not This problem is also caused by incorrect video drivers or configuration errors The startup screen is a low-resolution image that is displayed at standard VGA settings To solve the problem, restart the system in Safe Mode, and reinstall or reconfigure the drivers for the video adapter and/or monitor Icons display incorrectly or as black squares One likely cause is a corrupted ShellIconCache file, a problem that occurs frequently on systems running IE4 and TweakUI, but is by no means limited to those environments To solve this problem under Windows 9X or NT, uninstall TweakUI (if it is installed), then delete or rename ShellIconCache (in the Windows directory) and restart the system, which automatically rebuilds the ShellIconCache file Alternatively, view Display Properties Appearance In the Item drop-down list, select Icon Use the Size spinner to change the icon size one step up or down and click Apply to save the change Change the icon size back to its original value and click OK to save the change and exit the dialog This process forces Windows to rebuild ShellIconCache Icon display problems also occur sometimes on Windows NT 4 systems running early builds, a situation that is easily solved by installing the latest service pack Finally, we have seen this behavior caused on one system by overheating In that case, the icons displayed normally for some time after the system was started, but turned into black boxes after the system had been running for some time Cleaning the dust out of the system and installing a supplemental cooling fan made the problem go away, and it has never returned The monitor displays random black or parti-colored blocks These screen artifacts may appear only when using certain combinations of resolution and color depth, and are not affected by mouse movement or by running a different application They may be persistent or may appear and disappear seemingly at random This problem is a result of malfunctioning video memory Possible causes include: upgrading an adapter with slow or mismatched memory; overclocking an adapter, improperly seated memory modules or corroded connectors; and the video adapter not being fully seated If you are overclocking the adapter, stop doing so and see if the problem goes away If the adapter is out of warranty and at least a year or two old, consider replacing it Even inexpensive current adapters greatly outperform anything of that vintage If you decide to troubleshoot the problem, observe antistatic precautions Remove and reseat the adapter in its original slot If it is a PCI adapter, try moving it to another slot Use your thumb to press gently on each chip or memory module to ensure it is fully seated If the adapter uses memory modules, remove and reseat each of them, although this may be impractical if the modules require special tools Use rubbing alcohol or a commercial contact cleaning product to clean accessible connectors and slots, both for memory and for the adapter itself If you have recently installed a memory upgrade on the adapter, remove it temporarily to see if the problem disappears Text is scrambled, incomplete, or appears in an odd font If this occurs when you build or upgrade a system, the most likely cause is incorrect video drivers Download and install the most recent stable video drivers for your adapter If it occurs on a system that had been working correctly, there are several possible causes If text entered in an application appears in a strange font, but menus and other system fonts are correct, use preferences or options within the application to choose another font If menus are scrambled only within one application, uninstall and then reinstall that application If the problem occurs in multiple applications and system applets, system font files may have been corrupted or replaced with older, incompatible versions The easiest cure is to reinstall the operating system, using its repair option If you run Windows 9X, the hardware acceleration setting may be too high Decrease it, as described in the preceding section on Windows 98/Me Although this problem usually is obvious when the system is first brought up, we have seen it occur on a system that had been running perfectly at the highest setting In that case, installing a DVD drive broke the system As it turned out, reducing hardware acceleration by one level allowed the video card and DVD drive to coexist, but we ultimately replaced the video card with a later model that would run with full hardware acceleration Under Windows NT 4, you replace a PCI video card with an AGP card, and another card stops working Windows NT does not support AGP, but treats an AGP card as a PCI card If the motherboard maps the IRQ assigned to the AGP slot to the same IRQ used by the first PCI slot, installing the AGP card creates an IRQ conflict Move the affected PCI card to a different slot, or use BIOS Setup to remap IRQ assignments Video is usually fine, but becomes jerky during DVD playback This is often caused by insufficient system resources (such as a slow processor, aging video adapter, or inadequate memory), by having too many other programs running, or by attempting to display DVD video at too high a resolution and/or color depth If you use software MPEG decoding, instead of replacing the processor, consider upgrading to a video card that has DVD hardware support If the DVD drive is ATAPI, configure it for DMA mode rather than PIO mode (see Chapter 12) Finally, Windows 9X IRQ Steering may configure the video card to share an IRQ with another card, such as a network card Use the Device Manager to check IRQ assignments and verify that the video card is not sharing its IRQ If it is, relocate the PCI card to a different slot When using an overlay DVD MPEG decoder card, one particular color (often magenta) doesn't display properly This is an artifact of how some DVD MPEG decoder cards function, mapping the DVD video to one particular overlay color As a temporary fix, connect the monitor directly to the video card except when you are displaying DVD video The only real fix is to remove the DVD decoder and the current video card, and install a newer video card that provides hardware DVD acceleration Chapter 3 Motherboards The motherboard is the heart of a PC Some manufacturers use the terms system board, planar board, baseboard, or main board, and Intel calls its motherboards desktop boards No matter what you call it, the motherboard defines the PC It provides the common link to all other components inside the PC, including the CPU, memory, disk drives, video and sound adapters, keyboard, mouse, and other peripheral components If you are building a PC, choosing the motherboard is the most important decision you make and can be one of the most difficult If you are upgrading a PC, replacing the motherboard is often the best and most cost-efficient means of doing so If you are buying a PC, the motherboard it uses determines its functionality and future upgradability This chapter describes the characteristics of motherboards, provides purchasing guidelines, and explains how to install and configure a motherboard Chapter 18 Speakers and Headphones No matter how good your sound card is, it's useless unless you have speakers or headphones to listen to the audio it produces Extreme high fidelity is usually unnecessary in PC speakers, both because system fans and other ambient noise tend to overwhelm minor differences in sound quality, and because most PC sound applications do not use or require high fidelity That said, inexpensive PC speakers, with their 3-inch drivers and low-power amplifiers, often provide surprisingly satisfactory sound, and inexpensive headphones can produce sound rivaling the best consumer-grade audio equipment Chapter 20 Mice and Trackballs Mice and trackballs are members of a class generically described as pointing devices All pointing devices have the same purposeallowing you to move the cursor (or pointer) around the screen and to click to select items or perform other functions A great variety of fiendishly clever pointing devices are built into notebook computers, but nearly all desktop systems use mice Those few that don't, use a trackball, which are essentially belly-up mice with their balls showing ... IA (Information Area), CD-R disc IAPC (Instantly Available PC) IBM PC standard IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) 2nd ATA cables ATA devices, configuring ATA interface ATA multichannel support ATA RAID... chipset support for ATAPI CD-ROM drives installing/configuring bus mastering support, enabling master/slave problems ATAPI parallel drives, preparing when building a PC ATAPI tape drives installing/configuring... ADR drives, key selection criteria Advanced Communication Riser (ACR) Advanced Configuration and Power Interface [See ACPI] Advanced Digital Recording (ADR) Advanced Intelligent Tape (AIT) Advanced Power Management [See APM]