This document is created with a trial version of CHM2PDF Pilot http://www.colorpilot.com < Day Day Up > • • Table of Contents Index Sams Teach Yourself PHP, MySQL® and Apache All in One By Julie C Meloni Publisher: Sams Publishing Pub Date: December 18, 2003 ISBN: 0-672-32620-5 Pages: 624 In just a short time you can learn how to use PHP, MySQL, and Apache together to create dynamic, interactive Web sites and applications using the three leading open-source Web development technologies Using a straightforward, step-by-step approach, each lesson in this book builds on the previous ones, enabling you to learn the essentials of PHP scripting, MySQL databases, and the Apache Web server from the ground up < Day Day Up > This document is created with a trial version of CHM2PDF Pilot http://www.colorpilot.com < Day Day Up > • • Table of Contents Index Sams Teach Yourself PHP, MySQL® and Apache All in One By Julie C Meloni Publisher: Sams Publishing Pub Date: December 18, 2003 ISBN: 0-672-32620-5 Pages: 624 Copyright About the Authors Lead author Contributing authors Acknowledgments We Want to Hear from You! Reader Services Introduction Who Should Read This Book? How This Book Is Organized Conventions Used in This Book Part I Laying the Groundwork Chapter Installing and Configuring MySQL Current and Future Versions of MySQL How to Get MySQL Installing MySQL on Linux/Unix Installing MySQL on Windows Troubleshooting Your Installation Basic Security Guidelines Introducing the MySQL Privilege System Working with User Privileges Summary Q&A Workshop Chapter Installing and Configuring Apache Current and Future Versions of Apache Choosing an Installation Method Installing Apache on Linux/Unix Installing Apache on Windows Apache Configuration File Structure Apache Log Files Apache-Related Commands This document is created with a trial version of CHM2PDF Pilot http://www.colorpilot.com Apache-Related Commands Starting Apache for the First Time Troubleshooting Summary Q&A Workshop Chapter Installing and Configuring PHP Current and Future Versions of PHP Building PHP on Linux/Unix with Apache Installing PHP Files on Windows php.ini Basics Testing Your Installation Getting Installation Help The Basics of PHP Scripts Summary Q&A Workshop Part II PHP Language Structure Chapter The Building Blocks of PHP Variables Data Types Operators and Expressions Constants Summary Q&A Workshop Chapter Flow Control Functions in PHP Switching Flow Loops Code Blocks and Browser Output Summary Q&A Workshop Chapter Working with Functions What Is a Function? Calling Functions Defining a Function Returning Values from User-Defined Functions Variable Scope Saving State Between Function Calls with the static Statement More About Arguments Testing for the Existence of a Function Summary Q&A Workshop Chapter Working with Arrays and Objects What Is an Array? Creating Arrays Some Array-Related Functions Creating an Object Object Inheritance Summary Q&A This document is created with a trial version of CHM2PDF Pilot http://www.colorpilot.com Workshop Part III Getting Involved with the Code Chapter Working with Strings, Dates, and Times Formatting Strings with PHP Investigating Strings in PHP Manipulating Strings with PHP Using Date and Time Functions in PHP Summary Workshop Chapter Working with Forms Creating a Simple Input Form Accessing Form Input with User-Defined Arrays Combining HTML and PHP Code on a Single Page Using Hidden Fields to Save State Redirecting the User Sending Mail on Form Submission Working with File Uploads Summary Workshop Chapter 10 Working with User Sessions Session Function Overview Starting a Session Working with Session Variables Passing Session IDs in the Query String Destroying Sessions and Unsetting Variables Summary Q&A Workshop Chapter 11 Working with Files and Directories Including Files with include() Testing Files Creating and Deleting Files Opening a File for Writing, Reading, or Appending Reading from Files Writing or Appending to a File Working with Directories Summary Q&A Workshop Chapter 12 Working with the Server Environment Opening Pipes to and from Processes Using popen() Running Commands with exec() Running Commands with system() or passthru() Summary Q&A Workshop Chapter 13 Working with Images Understanding the Image-Creation Process Necessary Modifications to PHP Drawing a New Image Getting Fancy with Pie Charts Modifying Existing Images Summary This document is created with a trial version of CHM2PDF Pilot http://www.colorpilot.com Summary Q&A Workshop Part IV PHP and MySQL Integration Chapter 14 Learning the Database Design Process The Importance of Good Database Design Types of Table Relationships Understanding Normalization Following the Design Process Summary Q&A Workshop Chapter 15 Learning Basic SQL Commands Learning the MySQL Data Types Learning the Table Creation Syntax Using the INSERT Command Using the SELECT Command Using WHERE in Your Queries Selecting from Multiple Tables Using the UPDATE Command to Modify Records Using the REPLACE Command Using the DELETE Command Frequently Used String Functions in MySQL Using Date and Time Functions in MySQL Summary Q&A Workshop Chapter 16 Interacting with MySQL Using PHP Connecting to MySQL with PHP Working with MySQL Data Summary Workshop Part V Basic Projects Chapter 17 Managing a Simple Mailing List Developing the Subscription Mechanism Developing the Mailing Mechanism Summary Q&A Workshop Chapter 18 Creating an Online Address Book Planning and Creating the Database Tables Creating a Menu Creating the Record Addition Mechanism Viewing Records Creating the Record Deletion Mechanism Adding Subentries to a Record Summary Workshop Chapter 19 Creating a Simple Discussion Forum Designing the Database Tables Creating the Input Forms and Scripts Displaying the Topic List Displaying the Posts in a Topic This document is created with a trial version of CHM2PDF Pilot http://www.colorpilot.com Adding Posts to a Topic Summary Chapter 20 Creating an Online Storefront Planning and Creating the Database Tables Displaying Categories of Items Displaying Items Summary Workshop Chapter 21 Creating a Shopping Cart Mechanism Planning and Creating the Database Tables Integrating the Cart with Your Storefront Payment Methods and the Checkout Sequence Summary Workshop Chapter 22 Creating a Simple Calendar Building a Simple Display Calendar Creating a Calendar Library Summary Q&A Workshop Chapter 23 Restricting Access to Your Applications Authentication Overview Apache Authentication Module Functionality Using Apache for Access Control Combining Apache Access Methods Limiting Access Based on HTTP Methods Introducing Cookies Setting a Cookie with PHP Restricting Access Based on Cookie Values Summary Q&A Workshop Chapter 24 Logging and Monitoring Web Server Activity Standard Apache Access Logging Standard Apache Error Logging Managing Apache Logs Logging Custom Information to a Database Summary Q&A Workshop Chapter 25 Application Localization About Internationalization and Localization About Character Sets Environment Modifications Creating a Localized Page Structure Summary Q&A Workshop Part VI Administration and Fine Tuning Chapter 26 Apache Performance Tuning and Virtual Hosting Scalability Issues Load Testing with ApacheBench Proactive Performance Tuning This document is created with a trial version of CHM2PDF Pilot http://www.colorpilot.com Proactive Performance Tuning Preventing Abuse Implementing Virtual Hosting Summary Q&A Chapter 27 Setting Up a Secure Web Server The Need for Security The SSL Protocol Obtaining and Installing SSL Tools Managing Certificates SSL Configuration Summary Q&A Chapter 28 Optimizing and Tuning MySQL Building an Optimized Platform MySQL Startup Options Optimizing Your Table Structure Optimizing Your Queries Using the FLUSH Command Using the SHOW Command Summary Q&A Workshop Chapter 29 Software Upgrades Staying in the Loop Upgrading MySQL Upgrading Apache Upgrading PHP Summary Workshop Part VII Looking Toward the Future Chapter 30 Features and Backward Compatibility of PHP 5.0 What's Wrong With PHP 4? The New Object Model Additional New Features So, When Should I Upgrade to PHP 5? Summary Q&A Chapter 31 Features and Backward Compatibility of MySQL 4.1 Using Subqueries Internationalization Enhancements Additional New Functionality Looking Further Ahead to MySQL 5.0 Summary Q&A Workshop Part VIII Appendix Appendix A Installing MySQL, Apache, and PHP from the CD-ROM Linux/Unix Installation Windows Installation Troubleshooting Index < Day Day Up > This document is created with a trial version of CHM2PDF Pilot http://www.colorpilot.com < Day Day Up > Copyright Copyright © 2004 by Sams Publishing All rights reserved No part of this book shall be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information contained herein Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions Nor is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2003109401 Printed in the United States of America First Printing: December 2003 06 05 04 03 Trademarks All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized Sams Publishing cannot attest to the accuracy of this information Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark Warning and Disclaimer Every effort has been made to make this book as complete and as accurate as possible, but no warranty or fitness is implied The information provided is on an "as is" basis The author and the publisher shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damages arising from the information contained in this book or from the use of the CD or programs accompanying it Bulk Sales Sams Publishing offers excellent discounts on this book when ordered in quantity for bulk purchases or special sales For more information, please contact U.S Corporate and Government Sales 1-800-382-3419 corpsales@pearsontechgroup.com For sales outside of the U.S., please contact International Sales +1-317-428-3341 international@pearsontechgroup.com Credits Acquisitions Editor Shelley Johnston Development Editor Chris Newman Managing Editor Charlotte Clapp Project Editor Dan Knott Copy Editor This document is created with a trial version of CHM2PDF Pilot http://www.colorpilot.com Copy Editor Krista Hansing Indexer Sharon Shock Proofreader Mike Henry Technical Editor Chris Newman Publishing Coordinator Vanessa Evans Multimedia Developer Dan Scherf Designer Gary Adair Page Layout Julie Parks < Day Day Up > This document is created with a trial version of CHM2PDF Pilot http://www.colorpilot.com < Day Day Up > About the Authors Lead author Contributing authors < Day Day Up > This document is created with a trial version of CHM2PDF Pilot http://www.colorpilot.com < Day Day Up > Part V: Basic Projects CHAPTER 17 Managing a Simple Mailing List CHAPTER 18 Creating an Online Address Book CHAPTER 19 Creating a Simple Discussion Forum CHAPTER 20 Creating an Online Storefront CHAPTER 21 Creating a Shopping Cart Mechanism CHAPTER 22 Creating a Simple Calendar CHAPTER 23 Restricting Access to Your Applications CHAPTER 24 Logging and Monitoring Web Server Activity CHAPTER 25 Application Localization < Day Day Up > This document is created with a trial version of CHM2PDF Pilot http://www.colorpilot.com < Day Day Up > Part VI: Administration and Fine Tuning CHAPTER 26 Apache Performance Tuning and Virtual Hosting CHAPTER 27 Setting Up a Secure Web Server CHAPTER 28 Optimizing and Tuning MySQL CHAPTER 29 Software Upgrades < Day Day Up > This document is created with a trial version of CHM2PDF Pilot http://www.colorpilot.com < Day Day Up > Part VII: Looking Toward the Future CHAPTER 30 Features and Backward Compatibility of PHP 5.0 CHAPTER 31 Features and Backward Compatibility of MySQL 4.1 < Day Day Up > This document is created with a trial version of CHM2PDF Pilot http://www.colorpilot.com < Day Day Up > Part VIII: Appendix APPENDIX A Installing MySQL, Apache, and PHP from the CD-ROM < Day Day Up > This document is created with a trial version of CHM2PDF Pilot http://www.colorpilot.com < Day Day Up > About the Authors Lead author Contributing authors < Day Day Up > This document is created with a trial version of CHM2PDF Pilot http://www.colorpilot.com < Day Day Up > Acknowledgments The Apache Foundation, the PHP Group, and MySQL AB deserve much more recognition than they ever get for creating these super products that drive a great portion of the Web Daniel Lòpez (author of Sams Teach Yourself Apache in 24 Hours) and Matt Zandstra (author of Sams Teach Yourself PHP in 24 Hours) wrote super books, which form a portion of this book Obviously, this book would not exist without their work! Great thanks especially to all the editors and layout folks at Sams who were involved with this book, for all their hard work in seeing this through! Thanks as always to everyone at i2i Interactive for their never-ending support and encouragement < Day Day Up > This document is created with a trial version of CHM2PDF Pilot http://www.colorpilot.com < Day Day Up > We Want to Hear from You! As the reader of this book, you are our most important critic and commentator We value your opinion and want to know what we're doing right, what we could better, what areas you'd like to see us publish in, and any other words of wisdom you're willing to pass our way You can email or write me directly to let me know what you did or didn't like about this book—as well as what we can to make our books stronger Please note that I cannot help you with technical problems related to the topic of this book, and that due to the high volume of mail I receive, I might not be able to reply to every message When you write, please be sure to include this book's title and author as well as your name and phone or email address I will carefully review your comments and share them with the author and editors who worked on the book Email: opensource@samspublishing.com Mail: Mark Taber Associate Publisher Sams Publishing 800 East 96th Street Indianapolis, IN 46240 USA < Day Day Up > This document is created with a trial version of CHM2PDF Pilot http://www.colorpilot.com < Day Day Up > Reader Services For more information about this book or others from Sams Publishing, visit our Web site at www.samspublishing.com Type the ISBN (excluding hyphens) or the title of the book in the Search box to find the book you're looking for < Day Day Up > This document is created with a trial version of CHM2PDF Pilot http://www.colorpilot.com < Day Day Up > Introduction Welcome to Sams Teach Yourself PHP, MySQL, and Apache All in One! This book combines the lessons found in Sams Teach Yourself Apache in 24 Hours, Sams Teach Yourself PHP in 24 Hours, and Sams Teach Yourself MySQL in 24 Hours, along with several additional chapters, to provide you with a solid and painless introduction to the world of developing Web-based applications using these three technologies Over the course of this book, you'll learn the concepts necessary for configuring and managing Apache, the basics of programming in PHP, and the methods for using and administering the MySQL relational database system The overall goal of the book is to provide you with the foundation you need to understand how seamlessly these technologies integrate with one another, and to give you practical knowledge of how to integrate them < Day Day Up > This document is created with a trial version of CHM2PDF Pilot http://www.colorpilot.com < Day Day Up > • • Table of Contents Index Sams Teach Yourself PHP, MySQL® and Apache All in One By Julie C Meloni Publisher: Sams Publishing Pub Date: December 18, 2003 ISBN: 0-672-32620-5 Pages: 624 Copyright About the Authors Lead author Contributing authors Acknowledgments We Want to Hear from You! Reader Services Introduction Who Should Read This Book? How This Book Is Organized Conventions Used in This Book Part I Laying the Groundwork Chapter Installing and Configuring MySQL Current and Future Versions of MySQL How to Get MySQL Installing MySQL on Linux/Unix Installing MySQL on Windows Troubleshooting Your Installation Basic Security Guidelines Introducing the MySQL Privilege System Working with User Privileges Summary Q&A Workshop Chapter Installing and Configuring Apache Current and Future Versions of Apache Choosing an Installation Method Installing Apache on Linux/Unix Installing Apache on Windows Apache Configuration File Structure Apache Log Files Apache-Related Commands This document is created with a trial version of CHM2PDF Pilot http://www.colorpilot.com Apache-Related Commands Starting Apache for the First Time Troubleshooting Summary Q&A Workshop Chapter Installing and Configuring PHP Current and Future Versions of PHP Building PHP on Linux/Unix with Apache Installing PHP Files on Windows php.ini Basics Testing Your Installation Getting Installation Help The Basics of PHP Scripts Summary Q&A Workshop Part II PHP Language Structure Chapter The Building Blocks of PHP Variables Data Types Operators and Expressions Constants Summary Q&A Workshop Chapter Flow Control Functions in PHP Switching Flow Loops Code Blocks and Browser Output Summary Q&A Workshop Chapter Working with Functions What Is a Function? Calling Functions Defining a Function Returning Values from User-Defined Functions Variable Scope Saving State Between Function Calls with the static Statement More About Arguments Testing for the Existence of a Function Summary Q&A Workshop Chapter Working with Arrays and Objects What Is an Array? Creating Arrays Some Array-Related Functions Creating an Object Object Inheritance Summary Q&A This document is created with a trial version of CHM2PDF Pilot http://www.colorpilot.com Workshop Part III Getting Involved with the Code Chapter Working with Strings, Dates, and Times Formatting Strings with PHP Investigating Strings in PHP Manipulating Strings with PHP Using Date and Time Functions in PHP Summary Workshop Chapter Working with Forms Creating a Simple Input Form Accessing Form Input with User-Defined Arrays Combining HTML and PHP Code on a Single Page Using Hidden Fields to Save State Redirecting the User Sending Mail on Form Submission Working with File Uploads Summary Workshop Chapter 10 Working with User Sessions Session Function Overview Starting a Session Working with Session Variables Passing Session IDs in the Query String Destroying Sessions and Unsetting Variables Summary Q&A Workshop Chapter 11 Working with Files and Directories Including Files with include() Testing Files Creating and Deleting Files Opening a File for Writing, Reading, or Appending Reading from Files Writing or Appending to a File Working with Directories Summary Q&A Workshop Chapter 12 Working with the Server Environment Opening Pipes to and from Processes Using popen() Running Commands with exec() Running Commands with system() or passthru() Summary Q&A Workshop Chapter 13 Working with Images Understanding the Image-Creation Process Necessary Modifications to PHP Drawing a New Image Getting Fancy with Pie Charts Modifying Existing Images Summary This document is created with a trial version of CHM2PDF Pilot http://www.colorpilot.com Summary Q&A Workshop Part IV PHP and MySQL Integration Chapter 14 Learning the Database Design Process The Importance of Good Database Design Types of Table Relationships Understanding Normalization Following the Design Process Summary Q&A Workshop Chapter 15 Learning Basic SQL Commands Learning the MySQL Data Types Learning the Table Creation Syntax Using the INSERT Command Using the SELECT Command Using WHERE in Your Queries Selecting from Multiple Tables Using the UPDATE Command to Modify Records Using the REPLACE Command Using the DELETE Command Frequently Used String Functions in MySQL Using Date and Time Functions in MySQL Summary Q&A Workshop Chapter 16 Interacting with MySQL Using PHP Connecting to MySQL with PHP Working with MySQL Data Summary Workshop Part V Basic Projects Chapter 17 Managing a Simple Mailing List Developing the Subscription Mechanism Developing the Mailing Mechanism Summary Q&A Workshop Chapter 18 Creating an Online Address Book Planning and Creating the Database Tables Creating a Menu Creating the Record Addition Mechanism Viewing Records Creating the Record Deletion Mechanism Adding Subentries to a Record Summary Workshop Chapter 19 Creating a Simple Discussion Forum Designing the Database Tables Creating the Input Forms and Scripts Displaying the Topic List Displaying the Posts in a Topic This document is created with a trial version of CHM2PDF Pilot http://www.colorpilot.com Adding Posts to a Topic Summary Chapter 20 Creating an Online Storefront Planning and Creating the Database Tables Displaying Categories of Items Displaying Items Summary Workshop Chapter 21 Creating a Shopping Cart Mechanism Planning and Creating the Database Tables Integrating the Cart with Your Storefront Payment Methods and the Checkout Sequence Summary Workshop Chapter 22 Creating a Simple Calendar Building a Simple Display Calendar Creating a Calendar Library Summary Q&A Workshop Chapter 23 Restricting Access to Your Applications Authentication Overview Apache Authentication Module Functionality Using Apache for Access Control Combining Apache Access Methods Limiting Access Based on HTTP Methods Introducing Cookies Setting a Cookie with PHP Restricting Access Based on Cookie Values Summary Q&A Workshop Chapter 24 Logging and Monitoring Web Server Activity Standard Apache Access Logging Standard Apache Error Logging Managing Apache Logs Logging Custom Information to a Database Summary Q&A Workshop Chapter 25 Application Localization About Internationalization and Localization About Character Sets Environment Modifications Creating a Localized Page Structure Summary Q&A Workshop Part VI Administration and Fine Tuning Chapter 26 Apache Performance Tuning and Virtual Hosting Scalability Issues Load Testing with ApacheBench Proactive Performance Tuning This document is created with a trial version of CHM2PDF Pilot http://www.colorpilot.com Proactive Performance Tuning Preventing Abuse Implementing Virtual Hosting Summary Q&A Chapter 27 Setting Up a Secure Web Server The Need for Security The SSL Protocol Obtaining and Installing SSL Tools Managing Certificates SSL Configuration Summary Q&A Chapter 28 Optimizing and Tuning MySQL Building an Optimized Platform MySQL Startup Options Optimizing Your Table Structure Optimizing Your Queries Using the FLUSH Command Using the SHOW Command Summary Q&A Workshop Chapter 29 Software Upgrades Staying in the Loop Upgrading MySQL Upgrading Apache Upgrading PHP Summary Workshop Part VII Looking Toward the Future Chapter 30 Features and Backward Compatibility of PHP 5.0 What's Wrong With PHP 4? The New Object Model Additional New Features So, When Should I Upgrade to PHP 5? Summary Q&A Chapter 31 Features and Backward Compatibility of MySQL 4.1 Using Subqueries Internationalization Enhancements Additional New Functionality Looking Further Ahead to MySQL 5.0 Summary Q&A Workshop Part VIII Appendix Appendix A Installing MySQL, Apache, and PHP from the CD-ROM Linux/Unix Installation Windows Installation Troubleshooting Index < Day Day Up > ... Sams Teach Yourself PHP, MySQL, and Apache All in One! This book combines the lessons found in Sams Teach Yourself Apache in 24 Hours, Sams Teach Yourself PHP in 24 Hours, and Sams Teach Yourself. .. Workshop Chapter Installing and Configuring PHP Current and Future Versions of PHP Building PHP on Linux/Unix with Apache Installing PHP Files on Windows php. ini Basics Testing Your Installation... Strings, Dates, and Times Formatting Strings with PHP Investigating Strings in PHP Manipulating Strings with PHP Using Date and Time Functions in PHP Summary Workshop Chapter Working with Forms