Software-Defined Data Infrastructure Essentials Cloud, Converged, and Virtual Fundamental Server Storage I/O Tradecraft Software-Defined Data Infrastructure Essentials Cloud, Converged, and Virtual Fundamental Server Storage I/O Tradecraft Greg Schulz Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business AN AUERBACH BOOK CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2017 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S Government works Printed on acid-free paper Version Date: 20170512 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4987-3815-6 (Hardback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint Except as permitted under U.S Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http:// www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400 CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Contents Preface Who Should Read This Book How This Book Is Organized xv xviii xix Acknowledgments xxiii About the Author xxv Part One Server Storage I/O, Software-Defined and Data Infrastructures Chapter 1: Server Storage I/O and Data Infrastructure Fundamentals What You Will Learn in This Chapter 1.1 Getting Started 1.2 What’s the Buzz in and around Servers, Storage, and I/O? 1.2.1 Data Infrastructures—How Server Storage I/O Resources Are Used 1.2.2 Why Servers Storage and I/O Are Important (Demand Drivers) 1.2.3 Data Value 1.3 Server Storage I/O Past, Present, and Future 1.3.1 Where Are We Today? (Balancing Legacy with Emerging) 1.3.2 Where Are We Going? (Future Planning, Leveraging Lessons Learned) 1.4 Server and Storage I/O Tradecraft 1.5 Fundamental Server and Storage I/O Terminology (Context Matters) 1.6 What’s in Your Fundamental Toolbox? 1.7 Common Questions and Tips 1.8 Learning Experience 1.9 Chapter Summary 13 14 15 15 17 18 20 21 22 23 24 v vi Software-Defined Data Infrastructure Essentials Chapter 2: Application and IT Environments What You Will Learn in This Chapter 2.1 Getting Started 2.1.1 Tradecraft and Context for the Chapter 2.2 Everything Is Not the Same with Servers Storage and I/O 2.2.1 Various Types of Environments (Big and Small) 2.2.2 Gaining Data and Application Insight 2.2.3 Various Types of Applications 2.2.4 Various Types of Data 2.3 Common Applications Characteristics 2.3.1 Performance and Activity (How Resources Get Used) 2.3.2 Availability (Accessibility, Durability, Consistency) 2.3.3 Capacity and Space (What Gets Consumed and Occupied) 2.3.4 Economics (People, Budgets, Energy and other Constraints) 2.4 Where Applications and Data Get Processed and Reside 2.4.1 The Past, Today, and Tomorrow 2.5 What’s in Your Application Toolbox? 2.6 Common Questions and Tips 2.7 Learning Experience 2.8 Chapter Summary 25 25 25 26 26 27 28 29 32 41 42 44 45 46 46 47 48 48 49 49 Part Two Server I/O and Networking Deep Dive 51 Chapter 3: Bits, Bytes, Blobs, and Software-Defined Building Blocks 53 What You Will Learn in This Chapter 3.1 Getting Started 3.1.1 Tradecraft and Context for the Chapter 3.1.2 Removing Object Obstacles: Context Matters 3.2 Server and Storage I/O Basics 3.2.1 From Bits to Bytes, Blocks to Blobs (Server Storage I/O Counting) 3.2.2 Where Are My Missing Bytes? 3.2.3 Server Memory and Storage Hierarchy 3.3 How Servers Organize, Access, and Use Storage 3.3.1 Resource Tenancy (Sharing vs Dedicated) 3.3.2 Basic Storage Organization (Partitions, LUNs, and Volumes) 3.3.3 How Data Gets Written to and Read from a Storage Device 3.4 Volumes and Volume Managers 3.5 Files and File Systems 53 53 55 57 57 58 61 62 64 67 69 74 77 78 Contents vii 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.5.1 Metadata Matters and Management 3.5.2 File System and Storage Allocation Cloud, Object, and API-Accessible Storage Cloud Services (Public, Private, Hybrid) 3.7.1 Cloud and Object Access What’s in Your Server Storage I/O Toolbox? Common Questions and Tips Learning Experience Chapter Summary Chapter 4: Servers: Physical, Virtual, Cloud, and Containers What You Will Learn in This Chapter 4.1 Getting Started 4.1.1 Tradecraft and Context for the Chapter 4.2 Server Fundamentals 4.2.1 Server and I/O Architectures 4.2.2 Applications PACE and Defining Your Server 4.3 Bare-Metal, Physical Machines, and Hosts 4.3.1 Fundamental Server Components 4.3.2 Server Reliability, Availability, and Serviceability 4.3.3 Processors: Sockets, Cores, and Threads 4.3.4 Memory Matters 4.3.5 I/O and Expansion (Internal and External) 4.3.6 PCIe, Including Mini-PCIe, U.2, M.2, and GPU 4.3.7 LAN and Storage Ports and Internal Storage 4.4 Server Packaging and Enclosures 4.4.1 Appliances: Converged, Hyper-Converged, and CiB 4.5 Scaling Servers (Up, Down, and Out) 4.6 Management Tools and Security 4.7 Operating Systems 4.8 Hypervisors and Virtual Server Infrastructures (VSI) 4.8.1 Virtual Desktop Infrastructure 4.9 Containers and Microservices 4.10 Cloud Machines and Instances 4.11 Putting the Server Together 4.12 What’s in Your Server Toolbox? 4.13 Common Questions and Tips 4.14 Learning Experience 4.15 Chapter Summary 81 82 83 87 87 88 89 90 90 93 93 93 95 96 97 99 100 100 102 102 104 107 107 113 114 115 117 118 119 121 124 125 128 129 130 131 133 133 viii Software-Defined Data Infrastructure Essentials Chapter 5: Server I/O and Networking What You Will Learn in This Chapter 5.1 Getting Started 5.1.1 Tradecraft and Context for the Chapter 5.1.2 Server I/O PACE and Performance Fundamentals 5.1.3 Server I/O and Networking Fundamentals 5.1.4 Inter- vs Intra-Server I/O Activity 5.2 Server I/O Basic Building Blocks 5.2.1 Cache and Locality of Reference 5.3 Access Methods and Personalities 5.3.1 Logical Server and Storage I/O 5.3.2 Namespace and Endpoints 5.3.3 Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Transport Modes 5.3.4 RDMA (Remote Direct Memory Access) 5.3.5 RoCE (RDMA over Converged Ethernet) 5.3.6 SATA, SCSI, and NVMe Protocols 5.3.7 TCP/IP and TCP/UDP 5.3.8 Protocol Droop and Deterministic Behavior 5.4 Physical Server and Storage I/O 5.5 Server I/O Topologies 5.6 Server I/O Management Topics 5.7 What’s in Your Server Storage I/O Toolbox? 5.8 Common Questions and Tips 5.9 Learning Experience 5.10 Chapter Summary Chapter 6: Servers and Storage-Defined Networking What You Will Learn in This Chapter 6.1 Getting Started 6.1.1 Tradecraft and Context for the Chapter 6.2 Server and Storage I/O Networking Devices 6.2.1 Cabling and Connectors 6.2.2 Host Bus Adapters and Network Interface Cards 6.2.3 Switches and Directors 6.2.4 Bridges and Gateways 6.3 Local Server I/O and Storage Access 6.3.1 PCIe, M.2, and U.2 (SFF-8639) Drive Connectors 6.3.2 Serial ATA (SATA) 6.3.3 Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) 6.3.4 NVM Express (NVMe) 135 135 135 137 139 143 144 145 148 150 150 152 155 155 156 156 156 158 159 159 162 163 164 165 165 167 167 167 168 170 171 172 176 178 178 181 182 182 184 Contents ix 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 6.3.5 Ethernet (IEEE 802) 6.3.6 Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE) 6.3.7 iSCSI (SCSI on TCP/IP) 6.3.8 Fibre Channel (FC) 6.3.9 InfiniBand (IBA) Metropolitan and Wide-Area Networking 6.4.1 Enabling Server I/O and Storage over Distance Software-Defined Networks (SDN) and Network Function Virtualization (NFV) Accessing Cloud Storage and Services What’s in Your Server Storage I/O Networking Toolbox? Common Questions and Tips Learning Experience Chapter Summary 186 187 187 188 189 191 192 194 197 201 202 204 204 Part Three Storage Deep Dive and Data Services 207 Chapter 7: Storage Mediums and Component Devices 209 What You Will Learn in This Chapter 7.1 Getting Started 7.1.1 Tradecraft and Context for the Chapter 7.2 Common Storage Device and Media Matters 7.2.1 Storage Device Media PACE and Metrics that Matter 7.2.2 Packaging, Form Factors, and Interfaces 7.2.3 Enclosures 7.3 Aligning Technology to Application Needs 7.4 Volatile Memory (DRAM) and Non-Persistent Storage 7.5 Non-Volatile Memory (NVM) and SSD 7.5.1 NVM, Flash, and SSD Fundamentals 7.5.2 Flash SSD TRIM and UNMAP Garbage Collection 7.5.3 Different Types and Classes of SSD 7.5.4 NVM and SSD Considerations 7.6 Magnetic Hard Disk Drives 7.6.1 Types and Classes of HDD 7.6.2 HDD Solid-State Hybrid Disk Considerations and Trends 7.7 Magnetic Tape, Optical, and Removable Media 7.8 What’s in Your Storage Device Toolbox? 7.9 Common Questions and Tips 7.10 Learning Experience 7.11 Chapter Summary 209 210 212 213 215 217 218 221 223 223 225 226 227 227 228 230 232 233 236 236 238 240 632 Software-Defined Data Infrastructure Essentials MD5, 348, 350, 380, 383 mdadm, 319 mean time between failures (MTBF), 216, 301, 412 mean time to repair (MTTR), 301, 412 media access control (MAC), 146, 173, 311 memory management unit (MMU), 105 mesh, 162, 191 metadata, 13, 14, 18, 35, 36, 38, 41, 45, 57, 58, 70, 74, 79, 81, 82, 84, 86, 91, 149, 212, 213, 222, 234, 244–246, 250, 252, 254, 274, 276, 291, 294, 306, 312, 318, 329, 330, 332–335, 337, 338, 340, 344, 345, 347, 351, 353, 358, 376, 378, 386, 390, 394, 403, 404, 411–414, 419–423, 453, 466, 473, 474, 489, 491, 499, 508, 509, 525–527, 533–538, 541, 543, 557 Metal as a Service (MaaS), 113, 119, 463, 500, 509, 555 metrics, 43, 44, 60, 98, 139–141, 164, 170, 176, 195, 204, 209, 213, 215–217, 229, 232, 238, 243, 245, 252, 264, 271, 272, 284, 288, 295, 301, 372–374, 411, 412, 415, 430, 451, 453, 454, 456–458, 463, 465, 474, 476–482, 488, 490, 495, 496, 516, 523, 548 metropolitan area networks (MAN), 7, 51, 68, 107, 143, 144, 159, 167, 178, 191–193, 288, 356, 370, 388 mezzanine, 101, 107, 108, 174, 190 MHz, 60, 104 MIB See management information blocks micro services, 8, 68, 96, 505, 520 Microsoft, 7, 9, 21, 30, 40, 48, 65, 74, 77, 83, 87–89, 96, 98, 105, 113, 116, 118–124, 128, 131, 133, 155, 177, 179, 184, 190, 194, 195, 197, 201, 204, 214, 222, 223, 231, 236, 239, 246, 249, 255, 256, 258–260, 265, 276, 282, 283, 300, 301, 311, 320, 322, 330, 333, 338–340, 348, 350–352, 354, 367, 371, 377, 392, 404, 408, 420, 429, 432, 434–436, 440, 444, 454, 455, 463, 468, 477, 480, 481, 489, 492, 495, 500–503, 505–507, 509, 515, 517–521, 527, 528, 533, 538, 541, 548, 554, 555, 559 micro-tiering, 149, 243, 257, 266–270, 412, 422, 425–427, 480 migration, 37, 77, 122, 124, 139, 163, 211, 236, 248, 255–257, 268, 270, 272, 283, 322, 326, 336, 354, 364, 404, 445, 459, 484, 488, 495, 500, 501, 523, 524, 528, 541 mirror, 78, 81, 258, 299, 302, 303, 306–310, 312–316, 318–320, 324, 331, 333, 341, 357, 358, 367, 368, 371, 372, 412, 414, 526, 530 mirroring, 62, 77, 78, 191, 193, 248, 258, 288, 290, 294, 295, 297, 303, 306–311, 313–315, 319, 323, 324, 326, 341, 343, 357–359, 368, 374, 393, 413, 415, 422, 446, 499, 522, 528, 529 mkfs, 238, 319 MLC See multi-level cell MMU See memory management unit motherboards, 16, 89, 100, 101, 103, 105, 108, 109, 111, 133, 137, 143, 169, 173–175, 178, 182, 218, 221, 262, 314, 420, 428, 433, 555 mount, 40, 75, 79–81, 114, 154, 200, 212, 213, 226, 257, 260, 283, 312, 319, 337, 467 MPIO See multi-path I/O MPLS, 186, 193 MRU, 251 MSP See managed service provider MTBF See mean time between failures MTTR See mean time to repair MTU See maximum transmission units multi-level cell (MLC), 106, 225 multipath, 145, 494 multi-path I/O (MPIO), 146, 158, 188 multiprotocol label switching, 193 multi-tenancy, 68, 121, 124, 129, 207, 261, 262, 352, 500, 538, 540 MySQL, 9, 40, 48, 245, 334, 368, 471, 498, 508, 511, 513, 526, 527, 531–534, 537 N namespace, 53, 79, 81, 84–86, 152, 153, 200, 213, 243, 246, 250, 252, 254, 257, Index 260, 269, 283, 311, 312, 343, 365, 376, 379, 438 NAND, 4, 7, 9, 12, 21, 22, 63, 79, 105, 106, 132, 149, 180–182, 209, 210, 216, 221, 223–225, 227, 228, 233, 236, 237, 240, 536, 554 NAS See network attached storage NAT See network address translation NBD, 150, 154, 156, 158, 249, 250, 421, 429, 430, 444, 448 NDCA See nondisruptive code activation NDMP See network data management protocol near-line, 33, 38, 70, 223, 234, 333, 337, 368, 372, 373, 376, 408, 409, 505 nesting, 56, 104, 105, 123, 124, 130 NetApp, 87, 301, 318, 319, 403, 420, 425, 433, 435, 438, 472, 480, 515, 538 network address translation (NAT), 153, 157 network attached storage (NAS), 16, 17, 40, 51, 53, 69, 72, 75–77, 79–83, 88, 113–115, 117, 119, 150, 153, 158, 167, 183, 185, 198, 200, 219, 230, 233, 234, 252, 260, 283, 312, 333, 400, 403, 404, 406, 408, 409, 422, 423, 425, 429, 431, 444, 472, 512, 521, 530, 538, 540 network data management protocol (NDMP), 335, 337 network function virtualization (NFV), 32, 51, 87, 167, 194–196, 508, 537, 551, 555 network interface card (NIC), 107, 122, 174, 188, 195, 245, 250, 265, 465 networks, 3–5, 7–13, 16, 17, 19, 21, 23, 30–32, 34, 40, 42, 44, 45, 48, 54–56, 60, 62, 64, 68, 69, 75, 77, 79, 87, 94, 95, 97–100, 102, 105, 107, 108, 110, 113, 118–122, 124, 125, 129, 131, 133–140, 143–153, 155–165, 167–173, 175–178, 186–189, 191–199, 201–204, 209, 210, 212, 215, 218, 234, 242, 243, 245, 248–250, 256, 257, 261–263, 265, 266, 270–272, 274, 276, 277, 281, 289, 290, 293, 295–297, 299, 301, 303, 305–308, 311, 316, 318, 330, 333, 337, 345–348, 350–353, 356, 357, 362–364, 366, 370, 372–374, 379, 381, 382, 386, 633 388, 389, 392, 395, 396, 402, 404, 412, 414, 416, 418, 422, 424, 425, 430, 432, 433, 437, 442, 445, 446, 448, 449, 453–455, 458, 463, 465–467, 469, 471, 472, 474, 477–482, 484–489, 492– 494, 497, 499, 502, 504–506, 508, 509, 511, 512, 515, 522, 523, 525, 526, 528, 529, 532, 536–538, 540, 544, 550–552, 555–558 next-generation form factor (NGFF), 181, 218 next unit computing (NUC), 100, 433 NFV See network function virtualization NGFF See next-generation form factor NIC See network interface card NIST, 59, 349 NLM, 137 nodes, 76, 94, 100, 101, 107, 114, 116, 117, 139, 145, 175, 188–190, 262, 263, 266, 305, 306, 350, 357, 388–390, 403, 404, 412, 414, 418–420, 422, 425, 426, 435–437, 439, 442–444, 469, 472, 480, 508, 509, 522, 528, 534, 537, 540 nondisruptive code activation (NDCA), 305 nontransparent bridging (NTB), 111, 112 nonuniform memory access (NUMA), 105 non-volatile memory (NVM), 4, 5, 7, 9, 12, 13, 17, 47, 62, 63, 99, 105–107, 111, 120, 136, 139, 142, 144, 149, 173, 179–182, 184, 185, 199, 207, 209, 210, 215, 217, 218, 221–229, 233, 236–238, 240, 249, 258, 263, 266, 267, 270, 288, 290, 319, 321, 354, 362, 374, 375, 392, 410, 412–414, 426, 432, 436, 437, 439, 447, 486, 487, 526, 527, 533, 548, 554, 557, 558 non-volatile RAM (NVRAM), 17, 63, 106, 113, 223 north–south, 160, 190, 195, 246, 277, 279, 305, 414, 421, 424, 428, 429, 509 NoSQL, 9, 32, 40, 48, 104, 245, 283, 423, 442, 492, 505, 520, 525, 533, 534, 537, 538, 543 NPIV See n_port id virtualization n_port id virtualization (NPIV), 189 NSX, 195, 521, 522, 524, 555 634 Software-Defined Data Infrastructure Essentials NTB See nontransparent bridging NUC See next unit computing NUMA See nonuniform memory access NVDIMM See NVM DIMM NVM See non-volatile memory NVM DIMM (NVDIMM), 99, 105, 106, 113, 207, 217, 223, 227, 236 NVMe See NVM Express NVM Express (NVMe), 7, 9, 17, 51, 70, 76, 77, 100, 107, 108, 111, 113, 114, 131, 135, 142, 143, 149–152, 154–156, 160, 165, 167, 170, 172, 178–182, 184–187, 189, 190, 217–220, 225, 238, 239, 248–250, 264, 268, 269, 407, 410, 412, 419–421, 423, 424, 428, 433, 448, 472, 475, 516, 517, 530 NVMf, 249 NVRAM See non-volatile RAM NX, 104, 105 O OAuth, 350 object, 7, 9, 13, 16, 17, 20, 21, 33, 35, 36, 40, 51, 53, 54, 56–58, 65, 68, 69, 71–81, 83–91, 114, 117, 121, 126, 132, 136, 137, 139, 140, 149, 150, 152–154, 157, 158, 164, 165, 170, 178, 185, 198, 199, 202, 209, 212, 215, 219, 233, 237, 238, 241, 243–250, 252–255, 258–260, 262–265, 267–270, 274, 276, 279, 282, 283, 285, 287, 290, 291, 294–296, 301, 306, 308, 309, 311, 312, 314, 317, 318, 324–326, 328, 330, 332, 334–338, 341, 347–349, 351–353, 356–358, 361, 363, 375–377, 382, 386, 388, 400, 403– 409, 413, 414, 417–430, 436–438, 442, 444, 451, 455, 462, 473, 478, 481, 482, 486, 503, 505, 508, 509, 513, 520, 521, 527, 535–540, 543, 548, 555, 557 object access, 83, 86, 87, 150, 153, 154, 158, 202, 246, 249, 254, 255, 283, 388, 405, 409, 419 object storage device (OSD), 69, 403, 468 OC3, 193 OCP See open compute platform ODBC, 88, 150, 154, 158, 198, 255, 279 ODX, 88, 249, 265, 276 OEM See original equipment manufacturer off-line, 33, 38, 45, 70, 233, 234, 251, 257, 294, 328, 332, 333, 335, 337, 344, 368, 371–373, 376, 380, 397, 408, 409, 505 offload, 175, 187, 188, 249, 265, 410, 502, 555 OLTP See on-line transaction processing one to one, 309 on-line, 33, 37–39, 45, 63, 70, 141, 234, 251, 257, 260, 300, 307, 315, 328, 332, 333, 335, 337, 344, 367, 371–373, 376, 377, 379–381, 384, 397, 408, 409, 463, 494, 529 on-line transaction processing (OLTP), 141, 230, 318, 380, 489 OPAL, 216, 350 open compute platform (OCP), 518 OpenFlow, 163, 279 OpenStack, 11, 32, 48, 77, 79, 83, 87–89, 95, 120, 128, 130, 177, 194, 195, 201, 249, 250, 255, 259, 276, 279–281, 283, 330, 331, 348, 350–352, 408, 420, 440, 444, 454, 463, 471, 477, 480, 500–503, 507–509, 515, 520, 521, 524, 533, 537, 538, 541, 548, 554 open system interconnection (OSI), 150, 151 Open Virtualization Alliance (OVA), 74, 121, 353, 463, 508, 524 operating expenditure (OpEx), 46, 99, 243, 271, 412, 415, 483, 485 operating system (OS), 7, 11, 12, 15, 21, 22, 24, 30, 32, 43, 46–48, 54–58, 60, 61, 64–69, 71, 72, 77, 79, 82, 87–91, 94–96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 105, 111– 115, 118–124, 126–133, 140, 144–147, 149, 154–156, 163, 164, 174, 176, 179, 185, 187–190, 194, 203, 212–214, 217, 220, 223, 226–229, 233, 236, 238, 239, 243, 244, 250–252, 255–260, 264, 266–268, 270, 274, 276, 277, 279, 281, 293, 294, 299, 301, 304, 308, 309, 314, 316, 318, 319, 327, 328, 330, 331, Index 334, 338, 341, 345, 348, 353, 364, 365, 368, 370, 379, 380, 386, 389, 391, 392, 401, 402, 404, 415, 417, 425, 426, 427, 429–434, 439, 440, 442, 447, 463, 465–467, 477, 479, 481, 486, 488, 495, 503, 511, 515–517, 520, 528, 537, 540, 544, 550 OpEx See operating expenditure optical, 12, 58, 114, 170, 171, 176, 186, 191, 193, 210, 211, 217, 218, 222, 233, 234, 236, 245, 288, 336, 337, 346, 362, 364, 377, 409, 466, 543 optimization, 46, 64, 78, 87, 171, 178, 198, 207, 222, 229, 230, 233, 249, 263–268, 311, 314, 318, 319, 331, 336, 339, 361–364, 369, 372, 374, 375, 380, 381, 396, 401, 412, 415, 422, 451, 455, 474, 489, 493, 496, 516, 522, 523, 528, 529, 533, 541 Oracle, 9, 31, 32, 40, 77, 83, 87, 88, 95, 103, 104, 120, 122, 131, 190, 235, 239, 245, 265, 279, 301, 331, 338, 342, 367–369, 420, 425, 455, 472, 477, 480–482, 505, 526–528, 530, 533, 534, 537 orchestration, 8, 126, 128, 195, 276, 280, 282, 456, 459, 461, 462, 494, 501, 509, 513, 535, 541, 544, 557 organizational units (OU), 200, 330, 346, 351, 483 original equipment manufacturer (OEM), 217, 555–557 OS See operating system OSD See object storage device OSI See open system interconnection OU See organizational units out of band, 138 OVA See Open Virtualization Alliance OVF, 74, 122, 353, 463, 524 P P2V See physical-to-virtual PACE, 1, 11, 23–26, 39, 41, 42, 49, 57, 63, 64, 78, 89, 96, 99, 118, 121, 130–134, 137, 139, 143, 144, 149, 150, 157, 163, 635 165, 192, 194, 202, 204, 209, 210, 213, 215–217, 221–223, 229, 236, 237, 240, 243, 247, 273, 274, 284, 288, 289, 291, 292, 297, 299, 301, 303, 304, 312, 313, 317, 323, 324, 326, 329, 337, 340, 342, 357, 358, 362, 363, 370, 373, 375, 396, 397, 400–402, 404, 405, 407–412, 415, 416, 418–421, 423–425, 427, 430, 432, 433, 437–440, 443, 445, 448, 449, 453, 474, 475, 478, 486, 487, 493–495, 498, 499, 513, 527, 530, 533, 535, 537, 539, 540, 542, 545, 550, 555 packaging, 5, 13, 61, 96, 97, 101, 105, 106, 114, 116, 125, 126, 130, 132, 159, 173, 174, 181, 210, 211, 213, 217, 219, 221, 223–227, 229, 234, 236, 314, 318, 399–403, 405, 406, 408–410, 417, 418, 420, 428, 431, 432, 438, 448, 449, 522, 524, 550, 554, 555 packets, 107, 110, 139, 140, 142, 151, 155, 162, 170, 176, 178, 187, 189, 190, 195, 263, 264, 477 PAE, 104 pages, 42, 61, 69, 70, 73, 82, 104, 105, 226, 250, 264, 267, 284, 364, 365, 368, 393, 412, 486, 525 para-virtual (PV), 124 parity, 62, 73, 77, 78, 114, 139, 211, 258, 265, 295, 303, 312–319, 321, 323, 324, 326, 333, 348, 357, 358, 367–369, 371, 372, 374, 393, 413, 415, 446, 487, 522, 530 partition, 21, 36, 56, 58, 62, 65, 67–70, 72, 73, 80, 81, 89–91, 97, 122, 124, 127, 154, 185, 212–214, 234, 250, 256, 258, 260–262, 270, 306, 326, 437, 519 PBBA, 95, 337, 403 PCIe, 7, 9, 12, 21, 51, 93, 97, 100–102, 105– 114, 132–134, 136, 137, 142, 150–152, 156, 159, 160, 165, 168, 170, 172–175, 177–182, 184, 185, 190, 191, 217–220, 223, 225, 228, 232, 236, 237, 245, 248, 250, 262, 265, 268, 269, 362, 407, 410, 412, 414, 419–421, 424, 427, 428, 430, 432, 433, 437, 480, 516, 530, 548 636 Software-Defined Data Infrastructure Essentials PCM See phase change memory performance, 1, 5, 9, 11, 12, 19, 23, 25–28, 32, 34, 37, 39, 41–45, 54, 56, 57, 63–65, 67, 68, 70, 71, 73, 78, 82, 90, 96, 98, 99, 103, 107–110, 113, 117, 118, 120, 124, 125, 127, 128, 131, 132, 135–137, 139–144, 146–150, 155, 158, 160–163, 165, 167, 170, 171, 174–176, 178–182, 184, 187, 188, 190–193, 202, 204, 205, 207, 210, 211, 213–217, 219, 221, 222, 224–235, 237–243, 245, 249, 250, 253, 254, 256, 262–270, 272, 273, 275, 277, 282–285, 287, 288, 294, 301, 303–307, 309, 310, 312, 315–319, 321, 323–325, 337, 340–343, 355, 361, 364, 367, 371–376, 378–381, 383, 384, 387–397, 399, 402, 403, 407–420, 422, 425–427, 436, 439, 440, 444, 445, 447, 451, 453–456, 459, 462, 467, 469, 472, 474–477, 479–483, 485–489, 492– 495, 498, 499, 505, 507, 509, 516, 517, 523–526, 528–530, 533, 535, 536, 539, 541, 542, 548, 550, 551, 555, 558 performance management database (PMDB), 32, 456, 475, 477 personalities, 41, 150, 211, 215, 247–249, 254, 255, 333, 401, 403, 407, 408, 410, 413, 422–424, 429, 431, 432, 439, 442, 443, 449, 504, 537, 539 phase change memory (PCM), 9, 106, 210, 223, 227, 233, 236 physical facilities, 9, 10, 38, 40, 297 physical machine (PM), 12, 65, 67, 69, 93, 96, 98, 100, 107, 116, 122–124, 126–128, 130, 133, 134, 174, 183, 256, 329, 330, 511, 513, 515, 518, 521, 523, 525, 526, 534, 540, 548, 555, 557, 558 physical-to-virtual (P2V), 122, 124, 236, 255, 256, 300, 523 ping, 119, 144, 158, 164, 165, 202–204, 322, 354, 447, 466, 467, 469, 471, 480 PIT See point in time pivotal, 9, 32, 40, 128, 498, 507, 533, 537 PKZIP, 379 plug-ins, 29–31, 48, 58, 79, 124, 129, 177, 243, 250, 252, 254, 255, 262, 270, 275, 276, 283, 284, 288, 298, 301, 321, 331, 334, 340, 343, 353, 362, 378, 390, 410, 427, 429, 430, 438, 439, 445, 448, 463, 508, 509, 511–513, 523–525, 532 PM See physical machine PMDB See performance management database pNFS, 83, 150, 158, 249, 252, 538 point in time (PIT), 34, 54, 288, 289, 290, 295, 299, 307, 323, 326–329, 332, 333, 335–337, 340–344, 356–359, 362, 368, 369, 376, 389, 447, 465, 472, 499, 536, 540, 541 point to point, 159, 189, 191, 309 policies, 4, 5, 8, 12, 19, 26, 38, 42, 46, 81, 84–86, 148, 168, 194, 251, 257, 263, 267–271, 275, 276, 281, 282, 290, 291, 302, 304, 329, 330, 332, 335, 338–340, 344, 346, 351, 353, 358, 363, 366, 377, 378, 388, 394, 404, 426, 430, 431, 445, 454, 455, 457, 459, 493–495, 500, 501, 503, 509, 522, 524, 525, 530, 541, 542, 544, 548, 552, 557, 558 pools, 8, 14, 40, 58, 67, 68, 70, 71, 74, 77, 78, 132, 258–260, 269, 299, 318, 323, 365, 384, 386, 391–393, 440, 534, 538, 542, 543 POSIX, 79, 252 POST See power-on self-tests power-on self-tests (POST), 86, 228, 295, 305, 312, 414 PowerShell, 119, 120, 131, 154, 257, 260, 275, 279, 322, 336, 339, 354, 366, 445, 458, 462, 463, 465, 519 processor, 5, 8, 12, 16, 26, 42, 45, 57, 59, 60, 63, 64, 68, 89, 90, 93, 95, 97–105, 107, 109–112, 114, 117, 122, 123, 127, 131–133, 136, 140, 143, 160, 173, 184, 194, 195, 202, 210, 223, 229, 233, 262, 263, 265, 314, 315, 403, 410, 412–414, 425, 428, 433, 449, 481, 506, 526, 534, 536, 555–557 productivity, 28, 30, 38, 63, 139, 140, 142, 241, 243, 262–264, 272, 273, 277, 285, Index 352, 355, 363, 364, 372–375, 379, 393, 396, 397, 411, 412, 415, 455, 456, 458, 475–477, 486, 487, 490, 496, 521, 540, 545, 552 programs, 5, 7, 25, 26, 32–35, 49, 53, 54, 57, 60, 64, 67, 88, 93, 104, 128, 137, 194, 212, 223, 225, 237, 238, 241, 244, 271, 287, 311, 325, 354, 414, 463, 510, 511, 523, 536, 537, 548, 551, 553, 555, 558 PSP, 251 Puppet, 32, 119, 463 put, 5, 14, 20, 22, 47, 56, 74, 86, 90, 122, 128, 143, 144, 149, 151, 169, 173, 174, 190, 214, 233, 235, 236, 245, 248, 264, 272, 284, 312, 364, 399, 449, 483, 491, 527, 553, 557 PV See para-virtual PXE, 100, 113 Q qcow, 21, 73, 260 QEMU, 73, 120, 508 QoS See quality-of-service QPI, 105, 109 QSFP, 113, 171, 172, 175 quality-of-service (QoS), 41, 42, 46, 68, 148, 160, 168, 169, 195, 196, 203, 245, 250, 263, 266–268, 270, 282, 294, 297, 340, 374, 401, 426, 445, 476, 522, 524, 530 Quest, 301, 394, 480, 482, 489, 491, 495, 528, 533, 541 queue depth, 43, 48, 164, 215 R rack scale, 117, 522 radio frequency (RF), 13, 146 RADIUS, 348 RAID, 21, 46, 61, 62, 65, 69, 71, 73, 74, 77, 78, 107, 108, 110, 111, 114, 139, 141, 174–176, 178, 181, 183, 207, 211, 217, 221, 229, 231, 232, 241, 250, 257–259, 263–265, 268, 287, 295–297, 299, 302, 637 303, 306, 308, 312–326, 333, 348, 357, 366–368, 371, 372, 374, 375, 393, 403, 412, 413, 415, 422, 429, 432, 440, 444, 446, 458, 480, 487, 522, 526, 529, 532, 548 RAID (R1), 141 RAID 10 (R10), 141 RAIN See redundant array inexpensive nodes RAM See random access memory random, 12, 37–39, 42, 44, 49, 102, 105, 137, 139, 142, 150, 169, 179, 210, 215, 222, 223, 229, 234, 235, 238, 239, 248, 249, 254, 268, 379, 408, 411, 413, 422, 423, 463, 485, 488, 490, 491, 516, 535, 537 random access memory (RAM), RAM, 12, 23, 99, 102, 105, 106, 123, 124, 129, 149, 210, 223, 228, 233, 237, 263, 266, 269, 270, 394, 412, 439, 517, 523 RAS, 44, 99, 102, 216, 241, 287, 291, 295, 297, 303–306, 316, 325, 359, 412, 414, 419, 494, 499, 536, 539 raw, 34, 72–74, 78, 90, 109, 110, 154, 216, 228, 230, 247, 248, 251, 272, 301, 318, 364, 412, 414, 429, 535, 542–544 RBER See recoverable bit error rates RDMA See remote direct memory access RDMA over Converged Ethernet (RoCE), 9, 76, 113, 151, 152, 156, 187, 190, 424, 558 RDP, 87, 119, 130, 131, 158, 279, 322, 354, 447, 506 read-ahead, 149, 165, 170, 216, 229, 230, 237, 264, 266–269, 314, 317, 426, 516 recoverable bit error rates (RBER), 216, 296 recovery point objective (RPO), 149, 192, 207, 289, 294–297, 301–303, 308, 310, 311, 324–329, 332, 336, 341, 342, 357–359, 412, 473, 474, 478, 509, 528, 536 reduced instruction set computing (RISC), 99, 102, 103, 555 redundancy, 102, 145, 147, 165, 175–177, 187, 297, 304, 356, 390, 505 638 Software-Defined Data Infrastructure Essentials redundant array inexpensive nodes (RAIN), 94, 118, 420, 424, 425, 437, 458, 534, 537 reference architecture, 448, 449 ReFS, 83, 245, 252, 437, 519 region, 85, 86, 105, 145, 162, 192, 293, 297, 299, 306, 346, 356, 429, 444, 447, 461, 501, 506, 520 remediation, 19, 168, 282, 331, 346, 451, 459, 462–465, 485, 541, 548, 557 remote direct memory access (RDMA), 9, 60, 105, 113, 151, 152, 155, 156, 167, 175, 185, 187, 190, 249, 436 remote office/branch office (ROBO), 7, 27, 115, 117, 210, 243, 382, 386, 407, 440, 441, 493, 500, 515, 521, 530, 540 replication, 44, 62, 75, 77, 84, 86, 87, 116, 123, 136, 138, 139, 158, 163, 191, 195, 207, 248, 255, 257, 258, 262, 283, 284, 287, 288, 290, 293–297, 301, 303–314, 319, 323–326, 341, 343, 344, 356–359, 367, 368, 370, 380, 390, 404, 409, 412, 413, 415, 421–424, 427, 430, 437, 443, 446, 499, 509, 521, 522, 528, 530 repositories, 7, 9, 12, 13, 30, 32, 35, 36, 40, 46, 48, 54, 56–58, 65, 68, 74, 81, 84, 87, 90, 91, 130, 132, 149, 153, 212, 223, 234, 244–247, 252, 265, 266, 288, 290, 293, 299, 318, 327, 328, 332, 333, 335, 337, 339–341, 345, 362, 377, 383, 400, 404, 408, 454, 455, 465, 467, 508, 513, 525, 527, 528, 533–538, 542, 543, 557 response time, 42–44, 48, 58, 136, 139–143, 164, 165, 179, 215, 224, 231, 235, 264, 373, 389, 407, 411, 412, 472, 478, 479, 488, 493 rest, 5, 83, 87, 88, 150, 154, 158, 163, 198, 250, 252, 254, 255, 275, 279, 283, 348, 350, 413, 416, 430, 463, 474, 501, 522, 538 revolutions per minute (RPM), 60, 228–232, 237, 240, 516 RexRay, 77, 128, 258, 512, 513, 515, 532, 537 RF See radio frequency RFP, 483, 553 ring, 103, 118, 162, 191, 350, 437 RISC See reduced instruction set computing risks, 192, 288, 292, 293, 295, 297, 328, 358, 458, 473, 542 RJ45, 171, 172 RMAN, 322, 338, 354 ROBO See remote office/branch office RoCE See RDMA over Converged Ethernet rollback, 128, 303, 328 roll-forward, 118, 303, 458 root complex, 108, 111, 112 router, 19, 30, 83, 89, 94, 95, 100, 119–121, 153, 157, 170, 171, 178, 186, 194, 196, 198, 199, 201, 202, 243, 272, 351, 364, 373, 379, 380, 444, 448, 465, 477, 540, 550 RPM See revolutions per minute RPO See recovery point objective RR, 251, 505 RS, 77, 313, 316, 318, 446 RSA, 348 RTO, 192, 207, 289, 294–297, 301–303, 324, 329, 332, 357–359, 412, 473, 474, 478 S S3, 77, 80, 81, 85–90, 132, 150, 154, 158, 198–201, 248, 249, 254, 255, 283, 312, 322, 333, 334, 337, 354, 420, 421, 423, 429, 442–444, 447, 461, 482, 505, 509, 527 s3fs, 48, 80, 81, 83, 89, 199, 200, 283, 312, 322, 354, 482, 509 SaaS See Software as a Service SAMBA, 69, 88, 158, 249, 252, 521 SAN See storage area networks SAP HANA, 9, 40, 104, 498, 537 Sarbox, 377 SAS, 9, 20, 32, 70, 76, 77, 100, 101, 107, 111, 113, 114, 120, 146, 147, 150–154, 156, 158–160, 165, 167, 170, 172–174, 176–185, 190, 217–220, 222, 225, 226, 229–231, 233, 237, 238, 248–250, 265, Index 269, 274, 279, 333, 374, 393, 407, 410, 419–421, 423, 424, 428, 433, 448, 455, 472, 477, 481, 498, 524, 533, 537 SATA See Serial ATA SCADA See supervisory control and data acquisition scale-out, 7, 76, 94, 115–118, 138, 162, 183, 184, 190, 261, 315, 405, 406, 409, 418–420, 432, 436, 437, 497, 515, 518, 530, 534, 537, 540, 542, 543, 550 scale-out file server (SOFS), 83, 116, 117, 179, 184, 190, 420, 436 scale-up, 7, 118, 183, 419, 420, 493, 515, 550 schedules, 38, 298, 310, 311, 331, 332, 335, 339, 341, 344, 465, 483, 490 SCM See storage class memories SCOM, 322, 354 SCSI, 20, 135, 143, 146, 150–152, 156, 158, 159, 182, 184, 185, 187, 189, 190, 219, 226, 248–251, 260, 264, 421, 428, 523, 524 SCSI_FCP (FCP), 151, 152, 154, 156, 187, 189, 219, 248, 249, 421 scsi rdma protocol (SRP), 77, 151, 152, 154, 156, 159, 190, 248, 249 SD, 31, 113, 217, 218, 225, 228, 240, 353 SD card, 113 SDDC See software-defined data centers SDDI See software-defined data infrastructures SDM See software-defined marketing SDN See software-defined networking SDS See software-defined storage secure socket layer (SSL), 348 secure hash algorithms (SHA), 348, 349, 353 security, 5, 8, 9, 11, 12, 15, 19, 23, 27, 31, 32, 42, 44, 54, 67, 68, 86, 95, 99, 103, 105, 118, 126, 127, 129, 145, 158, 161, 163, 177, 178, 186–189, 192, 193, 195, 196, 198, 201, 203, 204, 207, 214, 216, 222, 241, 243, 250–253, 255, 262, 271, 272, 274, 282–284, 287, 291, 292, 295, 297, 324, 325, 332, 336, 343–354, 356–359, 370, 377, 378, 381, 386, 389, 393, 395, 412, 413, 416, 423, 430, 444, 454, 456, 639 458, 463, 464, 466, 467, 473, 474, 477, 493–495, 499–502, 504, 506–508, 515, 520, 527, 529, 533, 536–542, 557 SED See self-encrypting device self-encrypting device (SED), 350 self-monitoring analysis reporting technology (SMART), 100, 214, 216, 238, 274, 312, 337, 338, 475, 485, 505, 528 sequential, 37–39, 42, 44, 48, 49, 56, 70, 86, 90, 137, 139, 150, 179, 215, 222, 229, 247–249, 254, 379, 408, 411, 413, 424, 427, 490, 493, 516, 535, 537 Serial ATA (SATA), 9, 70, 100, 101, 107, 108, 111, 113, 142, 146, 150, 151, 153, 154, 156, 158, 160, 165, 172–174, 176, 178–185, 217–220, 222, 225, 226, 229, 233, 234, 237, 238, 248–250, 264, 374, 393, 410, 419, 420, 424, 428, 448 serial interface, 107 server I/O, 7, 43, 51, 95, 107, 135–149, 151, 153–168, 170, 178, 179, 182, 188, 190, 192, 194, 197, 201–205, 223, 246, 247, 264, 363, 424, 478, 494, 548, 558 server message block, 21, 69 service catalog, 461, 542, 544 service-level agreement (SLA), 19, 282, 289, 374, 483, 502, 504 service-level objective (SLO), 19, 129, 207, 271, 282, 288, 289, 292, 294, 297, 299, 300, 304, 317, 323, 324, 337, 357, 358, 370, 374, 396, 412, 474, 478, 479, 493–495, 498, 499, 502, 504, 505, 527, 530, 536, 539, 542, 544, 545 SFF See small form factor SFP, 113, 171 SHA See secure hash algorithms SHA-1, 349, 383 SHA-2, 349, 383 SHA-3, 349, 383 shard, 314, 317, 337, 386 SharePoint, 32, 71, 291, 331, 367, 368, 371, 377, 482, 491, 492, 498, 517, 518, 520 SHEC See shingled erasure codes shingled erasure codes (SHEC), 78, 313, 316, 323, 413, 446 640 Software-Defined Data Infrastructure Essentials shiny new thing (SNT), 15, 16 show-back, 19, 393, 542 shredding, 346, 352, 378 shrink-wrapped, 31, 132, 431 simulation, 104, 204, 245, 377, 381, 451, 480–482, 488–492, 519, 536, 539, 541 single-layer cell (SLC), 106, 225 single points of failure (SPOF), 118, 132, 159, 165, 175, 203, 204, 298, 305, 318, 357, 447, 484, 494, 540 single sign on (SSO), 346, 348, 523 SIOC See storage I/O control SLA See service-level agreement SLAT, 104, 105 SLC See single-layer cell SLO See service-level objective small form factor (SFF), 108, 113, 156, 181, 218, 219, 229 small/medium business (SMB), 6, 7, 21, 27, 69, 75, 87, 88, 94, 115, 117, 150, 154, 155, 158, 190, 198, 200, 210, 235, 243, 248, 249, 252, 253, 283, 333, 407, 420–424, 430, 436, 440–442, 444, 463, 493, 505, 519, 521, 530, 540 small/medium enterprise (SME), 7, 21, 27, 94, 115, 117, 210, 243, 407, 440, 441, 463, 540 small office/home office (SOHO), 7, 27, 87, 94, 210, 243, 407, 420, 521, 540 SMART See self-monitoring analysis reporting technology SMB See small/medium business SME See small/medium enterprise SMIS, 276, 279, 322, 354, 463 SMP See symmetrical multiprocessors snapshots, 44, 55, 62, 68, 77, 79, 81, 86, 149, 207, 222, 243, 244, 257, 258, 270, 283, 284, 287, 295–297, 304, 307, 308, 311, 313, 326–328, 335, 339–344, 356–359, 367–369, 371, 372, 374, 383, 389, 390, 394, 404, 409, 412, 413, 415, 421–423, 427, 430, 442, 446, 465, 472, 484, 499, 503, 508, 509, 523, 528, 548 SNIA, 21, 88, 279, 480, 482 SNMP, 276, 279, 463 SNT See shiny new thing SOFS See scale-out file server Software as a Service (SaaS), 30, 31, 87, 128, 148, 442, 544 software-defined data centers (SDDC), 1, 7, 23, 32, 55, 137, 241, 242, 244, 259, 279, 281, 304, 454, 457, 497, 500, 503, 507, 508, 515, 517, 520, 521, 522, 524, 540, 551, 558, 559 software-defined data infrastructures (SDDI), 1, 53, 55, 73, 168, 241, 242, 244, 363, 429, 430, 451, 454, 457, 461, 477, 492, 495, 497, 500, 501, 503, 507, 508, 515, 517, 520, 521, 524, 539, 540, 547, 548, 551, 553, 558, 559 software-defined marketing (SDM), 56, 64 software-defined networking, 7, 32, 51, 55, 87, 167, 194–196, 508, 521, 522, 551, 555, 558, 559 software-defined storage (SDS), 7, 12, 16, 21, 23, 32, 55, 56, 68, 72, 77, 137, 154, 176, 190, 226, 242, 243, 251, 257–260, 283, 293, 296, 299, 308, 309, 314, 323, 327, 350, 386, 391, 400, 403, 405, 406, 428, 430–438, 440, 449, 463, 466, 468, 508, 513, 518, 519, 521, 530, 537, 551, 558, 559 SOHO See small office/home office solid-state devices (SSD), 4, 5, 7, 11, 12, 19–22, 44, 51, 55, 60–62, 66, 69–71, 73, 74, 82, 90, 99, 104, 107, 108, 111, 114, 120, 136, 139, 140, 142, 149, 160, 173, 177, 179–185, 199, 207, 209, 211, 213–229, 232–238, 240, 245, 247, 249, 258, 264, 265, 267–270, 288, 290, 296, 305, 313, 314, 317–319, 321, 323, 326, 332, 336, 337, 350, 352, 354, 362, 364, 369, 374, 375, 377, 391, 392, 399, 401, 403, 404, 406, 407, 409, 410, 412, 414, 419, 420, 422, 423, 425–428, 430, 432, 433, 437–440, 442, 443, 447– 449, 455, 475, 485–487, 493, 503, 505, 516, 525–530, 533, 535, 536, 538, 543, 548, 554, 557, 558 SONET, 159, 186, 193 SP, 458, 471 spanning tree protocol (STP), 187 Index SPC, 482 speed of light, 147, 169, 170, 202 split-brain, 305, 306 Splunk, 31, 36, 274, 279, 377, 456, 463, 465, 481, 498, 533, 537 SPOF See single points of failure SQL, 9, 32, 40, 48, 74, 88, 98, 104, 105, 201, 245, 279, 283, 301, 322, 331, 339, 340, 342, 351, 354, 367–369, 423, 442, 455, 467, 481, 489, 492, 505, 517–520, 525–527, 533, 534, 537, 538, 543 SQL Server, 9, 40, 48, 98, 105, 201, 245, 279, 301, 322, 331, 339, 340, 342, 351, 354, 368, 369, 455, 489, 517, 518, 520, 526, 527, 533, 534, 537 SRM, 246 SRP See scsi rdma protocol SSD See solid-state devices SSE, 200, 350 ssh, 87, 89, 119, 130, 131, 158, 279, 322, 348, 354, 416, 447, 458, 462, 466, 509 SSL See secure socket layer SSO See single sign on stacks, 53, 56, 65, 91, 123, 128, 144, 150, 155, 177, 194, 218, 226, 242, 244, 259, 260, 281, 283, 402, 434, 500, 503, 504, 521 standalone, 40, 76, 94, 101, 103, 114, 121, 126, 130, 161, 162, 177, 178, 210, 211, 214, 234, 271, 283, 400, 402, 432, 475, 478, 480, 519, 522, 529, 530, 540 standards, 59, 74, 114, 170, 189, 194, 283, 349, 350, 355, 395, 415, 428, 524, 538 stateful, 51, 53, 54, 120, 126, 245, 270, 295, 511, 512, 515, 532 stateless, 51, 53, 54, 120, 126, 245, 270, 511, 512 steady state, 214, 245 STI See system test initiator storage area networks (SAN), 7, 16, 17, 51, 53, 68, 76, 77, 107, 111, 113–115, 117, 137, 143, 160, 167, 177–179, 184, 188, 191, 203, 250, 370, 400, 403, 404, 406, 408, 409, 422, 423, 425, 431, 530, 540 storage class memories (SCM), 9, 63, 99, 105, 120, 132, 207, 209, 210, 222, 223, 641 227, 228, 233, 237, 240, 258, 266, 267, 270, 288, 362, 375, 410, 412–414, 436, 439, 440, 447, 485, 486, 526, 527, 530, 533, 548, 554, 555, 557, 558 storage I/O, 1, 3–7, 9–11, 14–26, 28, 31, 43, 47, 49, 53–60, 64, 68, 69, 75, 76, 88, 90, 91, 93, 98, 102, 107, 110, 120, 125, 127–129, 134, 135, 137, 145, 150, 155, 158–160, 163–165, 167, 168, 170–172, 178, 184, 195, 201, 203, 204, 239, 240, 242, 263, 266, 275, 303, 345, 348, 352, 356, 363, 393, 406, 411, 412, 424, 440, 451, 453, 456, 474, 477, 479–481, 486, 487, 489, 490, 497, 500, 515, 517, 523, 524, 536, 544, 549, 551, 552, 557, 559 storage I/O control (SIOC), 523–525 storage system, 5, 13, 16, 17, 20, 26, 29, 30, 35, 46, 48, 57, 63–65, 67–77, 79, 83, 84, 86, 88, 90, 93–95, 100, 120, 130, 134, 138–140, 145, 147, 149, 153, 156, 159–161, 172–174, 176, 178–180, 182, 183, 185, 189, 190, 199, 210–212, 214–219, 221, 223–226, 228, 229, 242–245, 247, 248, 251–254, 257–259, 262, 264–266, 268, 269, 274, 276, 277, 283, 288, 293, 295–297, 299, 301, 304, 307–309, 312–315, 318, 323, 327, 328, 332, 337, 341, 348, 350, 356, 364, 367, 370, 374, 380, 381, 386–388, 391, 392, 399–440, 442–449, 462, 465, 466, 472, 473, 486, 523, 543 STP See spanning tree protocol stripe, 77, 78, 213, 244, 258, 313–319 stripe size, 244, 314, 315 strong consistency, 40, 149, 309, 534 structure, 1, 5, 6, 8, 13, 20, 21, 25, 26, 32, 33, 35, 36, 40, 41, 49, 54–57, 60, 62, 64, 66, 67, 70, 79, 84, 85, 97, 102, 104, 121, 125, 137, 194, 212, 213, 222, 223, 244, 246, 254, 366, 371, 372, 377, 400, 408, 429–431, 523, 525, 527, 534–536, 538, 542, 543, 548, 551, 558 sudo, 154, 200, 226, 238, 319, 347, 467 supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA), 275, 535, 538 SUT, 488–492 642 Software-Defined Data Infrastructure Essentials Swift, 77, 79, 86–88, 150, 154, 158, 198, 245, 248, 249, 254, 255, 259, 283, 334, 337, 420, 421, 423, 429, 440, 442, 444, 482, 508, 527, 538 switches, 19, 30, 69, 76, 95, 107, 108, 111, 112, 118–122, 130, 146, 157, 159–162, 168–171, 175–178, 183, 184, 188–191, 194–197, 199, 202, 219, 220, 243, 295, 327, 342, 346, 357, 364, 392, 413, 416, 429, 444, 448, 465, 477, 484, 487, 550 symmetrical multiprocessors (SMP), 103 synchronous, 37, 39, 40, 78, 149, 169, 193, 246, 270, 293, 309–312, 319, 323, 415, 430, 437, 528 synthetic, 239, 330, 336 system test initiator (STI), 488–492 T tape, 5, 12, 13, 58, 63, 73, 97, 114, 139, 210, 211, 214, 216, 222, 232–237, 240, 245, 247, 249, 259, 261, 288, 321, 326, 332, 333, 336, 337, 346, 354, 362, 364, 371, 373, 377, 379, 380, 383, 388, 390, 394, 403, 409, 423, 466, 529, 535, 538, 543, 554 tar, 337 target, 21, 71, 74, 75, 79, 91, 96, 107, 111, 149, 154, 156, 158, 161, 173, 174, 176, 178, 189, 277, 283, 307, 314, 332, 333, 335, 337, 368, 371, 373, 376, 378, 386–390, 395, 414, 421, 444, 466, 504 target de-dupe, 388, 389 TBW See terabytes written TCP See transmission control protocol TCP/IP, 75, 110, 137, 143, 150–152, 155– 157, 159, 165, 167, 174, 187, 188, 190, 201, 248 TDM See time division multiplex telemetry, 14, 36, 90, 245, 246, 271, 274, 301, 377, 381, 421–423, 445, 456, 459, 465, 467, 471, 474, 479, 480, 490, 492, 503, 535, 536, 538, 543 template, 8, 19, 121, 263, 275, 276, 281, 282, 311, 339, 363, 370, 459, 501, 503, 504, 509, 512, 541, 542, 544, 552, 557 tenancy, 21, 67, 68, 91, 126, 127, 130, 157, 160, 198, 243, 261, 262, 352, 364, 386, 493, 502, 510 terabytes written (TBW), 216, 225, 228, 237, 238, 319 terminology, 3, 20, 90, 203 thick provisioning, 372, 391, 392 thin provisioning, 207, 251, 258, 263, 361, 367, 371, 374–376, 391, 392, 394, 412, 414, 422, 522, 548, 557 threads, 68, 87, 93, 96, 98, 99, 102–104, 125, 141, 142, 239, 262, 263, 428, 449, 490, 511, 516, 517, 520, 527–529, 536, 537 threshold, 42, 46, 274, 276, 390, 479, 501 throughput, 42, 60, 107, 137, 139, 179, 215, 222, 234, 235, 264, 411, 412, 478 Thunderbolt, 100, 107, 113, 169, 178, 217, 219, 225, 234, 237, 248, 250, 407, 410, 419–421, 424, 448 tiering, 37, 38, 46, 77, 84, 90, 221, 232, 243, 248, 255, 257, 265, 267–269, 364, 372, 375, 404, 412, 425–427, 539, 548 tiers, 12, 38, 57, 63, 149, 166, 184, 213, 221, 240, 265, 267–269, 296, 371, 374, 376, 378, 394, 396, 404, 407, 421, 426, 437, 504, 554 time-delayed, 37, 39, 78, 169, 246, 309, 379, 380, 390 time-gap, 307 tin wrapped, 13 TLC See triple-level cell TokuDB, 9, 40, 368, 455, 533 toolbox, 13, 21–23, 29, 48, 88, 98, 119, 130, 163, 164, 172, 201, 202, 236, 242, 260, 284, 321, 354, 394, 397, 447, 454, 455, 463, 498, 547, 549 tools, 3–5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 16, 18–22, 24–32, 34, 35, 38, 40–42, 46–49, 53–58, 63, 64, 67, 69, 70, 72, 73, 77, 80, 84, 85, 87–90, 96, 101, 108, 113, 114, 117–120, 122–124, 126, 128–131, 133, 134, 145, 157, 159, 163–165, 167–169, 171, 172, 179, 184, 185, 188, 190, 194, 198–205, 210, 214, 236, 238, 239, 241–245, 250, 252, 254–256, 258, 260, 262–265, 268, Index 270–272, 274–279, 282–284, 288–293, 296, 297, 299–301, 311, 312, 314, 318, 321–327, 329–332, 334, 336, 338, 340, 343, 344, 346, 348, 353, 354, 358, 361–364, 366, 369, 373–378, 380, 381, 386, 390, 392, 394, 396, 397, 400– 402, 408, 410, 411, 413, 415, 427, 429, 430, 432, 435, 439, 440, 445, 447, 448, 451, 453–456, 458, 460–469, 471–474, 476, 477, 479–482, 484, 485, 487–498, 500–503, 505, 508, 509, 511, 512, 515, 517–525, 528, 533, 537–542, 544, 545, 547–554, 556, 557 top-of-row (TOR), 160, 161, 178 TOR See top-of-row TPC, 141, 489, 533 TPM, 104, 348 TPS See transactions per second tradecraft, 3–5, 10, 18–20, 22–26, 28, 35, 47–49, 53, 55, 56, 89, 95, 104, 110, 118, 120, 130, 137, 164, 168, 169, 181, 195, 198, 212, 244, 288, 289, 291, 297, 317, 326, 355, 358, 362, 396, 397, 403, 451, 453–455, 461, 473, 489, 490, 495–498, 503, 504, 538, 539, 541, 544, 547, 549, 551–553, 557, 559 transaction consistency, 302, 304 transactions per second (TPS), 140, 142, 164, 230, 231, 263, 264, 289, 412, 415, 427, 478, 486 transmission control protocol (TCP), 75, 110, 135, 137, 143, 150–152, 155–159, 165, 167, 174, 187, 188, 190, 198, 201, 204, 247–249, 379, 465, 538 trends, 1, 3, 4, 8, 15, 16, 18–20, 24, 25, 46, 47, 49, 51, 53, 93, 118, 119, 125, 135, 159, 167, 183, 207, 209, 232, 240, 241, 244, 287, 314, 325, 352, 361, 394, 399, 405, 406, 409, 433, 451, 453, 458, 465, 497, 498, 536, 547–549, 553–558 trim, 226, 227, 264, 314 triple-level cell (TLC), 106, 225 tunnel, 146, 189 turnkey, 16, 29, 96, 133, 284, 404, 405, 431–433, 438, 440, 441, 445, 499, 503, 510, 524, 537, 539, 542 643 U U.2, 107, 108, 111, 113, 142, 156, 159, 178, 181, 182, 185, 219, 220, 225 UBER See unrecoverable BER Ubuntu, 80, 81, 95, 120, 128, 130, 154, 226, 239, 480, 503, 508, 509, 531 UDP See user datagram protocol UEFI See unified extensible firmware interface UI See user interface ULP See upper-level protocols UNC See universal name convention unified extensible firmware interface (UEFI), 89, 100, 104, 112–114, 118, 130, 256, 330, 334, 464, 466, 467, 550 uniform resource identifier (URI), 85, 454 uniform resource locator (URL), 85, 154, 249, 454 universal name convention (UNC), 154 universal serial bus (USB), 70, 71, 74, 100, 101, 107, 113, 119, 120, 154, 159, 160, 169, 172, 173, 178, 180, 217–219, 225, 228, 234, 237, 248, 330, 353, 420, 447 unmap, 226, 227, 264, 314 unstructured, 1, 6, 8, 13, 25, 33, 35, 36, 40, 41, 78, 84, 90, 183, 222, 366, 372, 373, 377, 380, 381, 408, 535–538, 540, 542, 543 upper-level protocols (ULP), 135, 143, 151, 152, 156, 167, 189, 219, 249, 420 URI See uniform resource identifier URL See uniform resource locator USB See universal serial bus user datagram protocol (UDP), 150, 151, 155–158, 187, 201, 248, 249, 465, 538 user interface (UI), 130, 517, 518, 520 V V2P See virtual-to-physical V2V See virtual-to-virtual VAAI, 249, 265, 276, 322, 354, 392, 523 valueware, 10, 29 VASA, 249, 251, 276, 322, 354, 523 vaults, 234, 246, 332, 333, 337, 339, 358, 404 644 Software-Defined Data Infrastructure Essentials VBA, 71, 214 vCenter, 276, 279, 330, 352, 469, 521, 522, 524 vdbench, 48, 131, 164, 179, 202, 236, 239, 322, 354, 447, 480–482, 491, 516, 517, 524, 539 VDI See virtual desktop infrastructures versioning, 79, 81, 86, 128, 290, 295, 310, 327, 328, 340, 341, 413, 465, 512 VGA, 100, 113, 119 VHDX See Virtual Hard Disk VIC See vmware integrated containers video, 13, 15, 17, 21, 31, 36, 42, 54–56, 60, 72, 73, 86, 87, 90, 95, 102, 104, 105, 107, 113, 118–120, 122, 124, 125, 136, 169, 170, 222, 230, 244, 248, 254, 264, 311, 371, 377, 379–381, 400, 404, 407, 409, 419, 423, 441, 484, 486, 492, 517, 522, 523, 525, 535, 537, 538, 541, 543, 549, 553 VIOA See vmware integrated openstack appliance virtual desktop infrastructures (VDI), 5, 8, 30, 32, 58, 93, 95, 117, 124, 125, 371, 383, 423, 441, 481, 492, 495, 500, 515–517, 520, 521, 523, 524, 540, 541 virtual disk, 15, 21, 56, 65, 67, 68, 72, 77, 121, 154, 195, 246, 250, 251, 256–260, 414, 518, 522 virtual extensible LAN (VXLAN), 153, 158 Virtual Hard Disk (VHDX), 21, 65, 67, 74, 121, 122, 246, 249, 251, 255, 256, 258–260, 353, 428, 463, 518, 519 virtual LAN (VLAN), 68, 122, 137, 157, 160, 163, 186, 196, 262, 466, 537 virtual machine (VM), 12, 21, 47, 51, 56, 58, 62, 65–68, 73, 87, 93, 96–98, 105, 107, 117, 119, 121–124, 126–131, 133, 134, 145, 163, 176, 187, 189, 195, 201, 236, 246, 255–257, 260, 261, 265, 271, 274, 283, 284, 294, 311, 322, 330, 337, 339, 340, 342, 343, 351, 352, 353, 354, 358, 365, 370, 371, 375, 383, 415, 417, 422, 431, 434, 435, 437, 439, 462, 466, 474, 500, 502, 505, 506, 510–513, 515, 518, 519, 520, 521, 523–526, 530, 534, 540, 548, 554, 557, 558 virtual memory, 21, 104–106, 288, 362, 392, 394 virtual private cloud (VPC), 161, 196, 262, 348, 353, 444, 466, 500, 505, 537 virtual private network (VPN), 68, 87, 161, 194, 196, 262, 348, 353, 466, 505, 537 virtual private server (VPS), 68, 100, 128, 133, 256, 461, 502, 505, 506 virtual server infrastructure (VSI), 8, 58, 93, 95, 104, 117, 121, 124, 125, 128, 423, 441, 521, 540 virtual storage, 13, 23, 62, 68, 77, 90, 130, 137, 160, 176, 207, 229, 243, 251, 258–260, 262, 301, 312, 314, 401, 406, 428, 431, 434, 435, 438, 439, 443, 462, 521, 522 virtual storage appliance (VSA), 13, 68, 77, 130, 137, 243, 258, 262, 284, 401, 406, 431, 433–435, 439, 462 virtual-to-physical (V2P), 122, 124, 256, 300 virtual-to-virtual (V2V), 122, 124, 255, 256, 300 virtual volume (VVOL), 67, 88, 150, 154, 247, 249, 251, 254, 255, 258–260, 265, 276, 421, 428, 522, 523 VLAN See virtual LAN VM See virtual machine VMDK See VMware virtual disk VMFS See VMware file system vMotion, 523, 524 VMware, 7, 21, 48, 56, 65–67, 69, 73, 77, 79, 83, 87–89, 96, 98, 105, 106, 112, 117, 119–125, 127, 128, 130, 137, 154, 155, 164, 177, 182, 188, 194, 195, 197, 201, 214, 244, 246, 249–251, 254–256, 259, 260, 265, 276, 279, 281, 301, 311, 322, 330, 331, 338, 342, 348, 351, 352, 354, 392, 408, 420, 429, 433–435, 440, 444, 454, 462, 467, 469, 477, 480–482, 491, 495, 501–503, 505, 507–509, 515, 517, 519, 521–525, 537, 538, 541, 548, 555, 559 Index VMware file system (VMFS), 67, 69, 79, 83, 260, 522 VMware integrated containers (VIC), 123, 125, 515, 524 VMware integrated openstack appliance (VIOA), 348, 503, 508, 521, 524 VMware software-defined data center, 521, 522 VMware virtual disk (VMDK), 21, 65, 67, 73, 121, 122, 246, 256, 258–260, 353, 428, 522 VNC, 48, 100, 119, 130, 279, 416 volume, 4, 11, 32–36, 42, 49, 53, 62, 65, 67–73, 77, 78, 81, 89, 90, 149, 154, 164, 176, 185, 189, 213, 231, 239, 242–244, 246, 247, 249–251, 257–260, 265–267, 269, 288, 290, 294, 299, 301, 306–309, 314–316, 319, 326–330, 332, 337, 341, 343, 345, 348, 362, 368, 369, 378, 386, 388, 390–392, 403, 413, 421, 426, 427, 438, 455, 462, 463, 466, 467, 503, 512, 513, 532, 548, 557 VPC See virtual private cloud VPN See virtual private network VPS See virtual private server vRealize, 463, 521, 522 VSA See virtual storage appliance vsan, 77, 117, 137, 279, 420, 429, 434, 435, 440, 469, 480, 481, 491, 521–524, 559 VSI See virtual server infrastructure vSphere, 7, 96, 98, 120, 123, 130, 155, 177, 182, 188, 195, 197, 214, 256, 259, 276, 279, 281, 322, 331, 338, 342, 354, 408, 433, 435, 462, 467, 491, 508, 509, 521–524 VT, 104, 123, 124, 523 VTL, 247, 259, 333, 373, 386, 388 VVOL See virtual volume VXLAN See virtual extensible LAN W WAN See wide area networks warm data, 33, 38 wave division multiplex (WDM), 68, 186, 193 645 WDM See wave division multiplex WebDAV, 158, 279 wide area networks (WAN), 7, 51, 68, 107, 143, 144, 159, 167, 168, 178, 187, 191–193, 370, 388 WiFi, 146, 193, 538 WiMax, 146, 193 Windows, 7, 20, 21, 28, 47, 48, 56, 66, 69, 70, 73, 77, 80, 81, 89, 96, 98, 113, 116, 118– 120, 122, 124–128, 131, 133, 154, 164, 165, 179, 184, 185, 200, 225, 226, 231, 238, 239, 246, 249, 250, 258–261, 264, 268, 269, 274, 276, 279, 281–283, 311, 320, 322, 331, 348, 354, 366, 392, 433, 436, 437, 440, 462, 467, 468, 470, 471, 480, 481, 489, 492, 500, 503, 505–507, 511, 515, 517–523, 533, 537, 554 Wirth, Niklaus, 25, 26, 49 wmic, 73, 81, 89, 131, 133, 154, 236, 238, 322, 354, 519 workflow, 19, 31, 281, 282, 363, 459, 501, 557 workload, 8, 16, 27, 86, 95, 98, 115, 118, 126, 130, 131, 133, 136, 140–142, 149, 158, 163, 164, 179, 202, 204, 215, 222, 223, 228–230, 239, 245, 248, 252, 254, 264–268, 304, 313, 317, 325, 368, 372, 405, 407–409, 411, 412, 419, 423, 427, 433, 440, 441, 449, 453–455, 457, 459, 472, 473, 475, 478–482, 484, 486–493, 496, 498, 499, 502, 509, 513, 515–517, 520, 523, 524, 526–528, 530, 533–537, 539, 540, 542, 545, 554 workstation, 5, 13, 30, 32, 71, 76, 79, 94, 105, 122, 133, 198, 210, 211, 217, 218, 220, 223, 259, 314, 323, 477, 515–517, 519, 520, 523, 540, 549 WORM See write once read many write-back, 149, 165, 216, 269, 270, 317, 426, 516 write once read many (WORM), 37, 38, 69, 79, 81, 150, 210, 213, 222, 227, 234, 235, 332, 343, 375, 376, 378, 538 write-through, 149, 269, 270, 317, 426, 516 WWN, 146, 173 646 Software-Defined Data Infrastructure Essentials WWNN, 189 WWPN, 189 xfs, 83, 252 XML, 88, 158, 198, 248, 278, 366, 378, 501, 543 X Y x16, 108–110, 218 x32, 108–110 x4, 108–110, 142, 172, 179, 181, 182, 218–220 x8, 108–110, 175, 218 Xen, 7, 96, 120, 128, 133, 244, 250, 256, 281, 331, 408, 440, 508 XenApp, 517 XenDesktop, 517 YCSB, 482, 491, 533, 539 Z zfs, 83, 252 zone, 85, 86, 145, 229, 306, 346, 354, 429, 444, 447, 506 zoning, 188, 189, 413 ... techniques, and tradecraft skills Software- defined data centers (SDDC), software data infrastructures (SDI), software- defined data infrastructures (SDDI, and traditional data infrastructures support business... infrastructures Software- defined data centers (SDDC), software data infrastructures (SDI), software- defined data infrastructure (SDDI) and traditional data infrastructures are made up of software, hardware,... into Software- Defined Data Infrastructure Essentials: Cloud Converged Virtual Fundamental for Server Storage I/O Networking Who Should Read This Book Software- Defined Data Infrastructure Essentials: