Artech house 802 dot 11 WLANs and IP networking security qos and mobility mar 2005 ISBN 1580537898 pdf

802.11 WLANs and IP Networking Security, QoS, and Mobility For a listing of recent titles in the Artech House Universal Personal Communications Series, turn to the back of this book 802.11 WLANs and IP Networking Security, QoS, and Mobility Anand R Prasad Neeli R Prasad artechhouse.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Prasad, Anand R., Neeli R Prasad A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Prasad, Anand 802.11 WLANs and IP networking: security, QoS, and mobility.—(Artech House mobile communications library) Wireless LANs Local area networks (Computer networks) I Title II Prasad, Neeli 621.3'821 ISBN 1-58053-789-8 Cover design by Yekaterina Ratner © 2005 Anand R Prasad and Neeli R Prasad All rights reserved Printed and bound in the United States of America No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized Artech House cannot attest to the accuracy of this information Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark International Standard Book Number: 1-58053-789-8 10 To our parents Jyoti and Ramjee Prasad, our brother Rajeev, and our families Akash, Ruchika and Sneha and Jami Contents Preface xix Acknowledgments xxi Chapter Introduction 1.1 Basic Concept of WLANs 1.2 Benefits of WLANs 1.2.1 Mobility 1.2.2 Short-Term Usage 1.2.3 Speed of Deployment 1.2.4 Difficult Wiring Environment 1.2.5 Scalability 1.3 Basic Concept of Wireless IP 1.4 Market Trend 1.5 Requirements of WLANs 1.6 Issues 10 1.6.1 General Issues 11 1.6.2 Attenuation 12 1.6.3 Multipath 13 1.6.4 UHF Narrowband 15 vii viii 802.11 WLANs and IP Networking: Security, QoS, and Mobility 1.6.5 Infrared 15 1.6.6 Health Consideration 15 1.7 Future Directions 17 1.7.1 WLANs 17 1.7.2 WWANs 18 1.7.3 WPANs 19 1.8 The Next Generation 21 1.9 Overview of the book 23 References 24 Appendix 1A: Comparison of WLAN and WPAN Technologies 31 Chapter Market and Business Cases 33 2.1 Introduction 33 2.2 Market Development 34 2.2.1 WLAN Target Market 36 2.2.2 WLAN Providers 37 2.2.3 Billing 39 2.3 Forces in Motion 42 2.4 Business Case 44 2.4.1 Business Assessment of Various Hotspot Scenarios 45 2.5 Future Growth Areas and Factors 46 References 47 Chapter IEEE 802.11 49 3.1 IEEE 802 Standardization Process 49 3.2 Overview of IEEE 802 Activities 50 Contents 3.3 IEEE 802 Current Activities ix 51 3.3.1 802.15 51 3.3.2 802.16 53 3.3.3 802.18 53 3.3.4 802.19 54 3.3.5 802.20 54 3.3.6 802.21 54 3.4 Basic IEEE 802.11 54 3.4.1 IEEE 802.11 Features 55 3.4.2 IEEE 802.11 Topology 56 3.4.3 IEEE 802.11 Logical Architecture 59 3.5 Medium Access Control Layer 60 3.5.1 Inter Frame Spacing 61 3.5.2 Distributed Coordination Function 62 3.5.3 RTS/CTS 65 3.5.4 Fragmentation 66 3.5.5 Point Coordination Function 67 3.5.6 Scanning 69 3.5.7 Association 70 3.5.8 Authentication 70 3.5.9 Encryption 71 3.5.10 Roaming 72 3.5.11 Synchronization 72 3.5.12 Power Management 73 3.6 IEEE 802.11 Physical Layers 74 3.6.1 DSSS 74 3.6.2 802.11 DSSS at and Mbps 74 3.7 IEEE 802.11b 76 304 802.11 WLANs and IP Networking: Security, QoS, and Mobility DQPSK DRARP DS DS DS DSAP DSCP DSCP DSL DSM DSP DSRC DSSS DT DTBS DTIM DVD Differential quadrature phase shift keying Dynamic reverse address resolution protocol Distribution system Differentiated service (802.11) Distribution system Destination service access point Differentiated services code point Diffserv code point Digital subscriber line Distribution service medium Digital signal processor Dedicated short range communication Direct sequence spread spectrum Defer threshold Distributed time-bounded services Delivery TIM Digital video disc E EAP EAPoL EAR ECB EDCA EDCF EDGE EF EHF EIR ERP ESP ESS ESSID ETSI Extensible authentication protocol EAP over LAN Edge access router Electronic code book Enhanced distributed channel access Enhanced DCF Enhanced data rates for global evolution Expedited forwarding Extremely high frequency Equipment identity register Extended rate PHY Encapsulating security payload Extended service set Extended service set ID European Telecommunications Standards Institute F FA FAST FCC FDDI FEC FF FFT FHSS FIFO FR FSM FTP FW Foreign agent Flexible authentication secure tunneling Federal Communications Commission Fiber distributed data interface Forward error control Fixed-filter Fast Fourier transform Frequency hopping spread spectrum First in first out France Finite state machine File transfer protocol Firmware List of Abbreviations FWA Fixed Wireless Access G GGSN GHz GMK GPRS GRX GS GSM GTK GTKSA GTP GW Gateway GPRS support node Gigahertz Group master key General packet radio service GPRS roaming exchange Guaranteed service Global system for mobile communication Group transient key GTK security association GPRS tunneling protocol Gateway H HA HAP HC HCCA HCF HSCSD HDR HIPERLAN HiSWAN HLR HMIP HO HR HSS HTTP Home agent High altitude platform Hybrid coordinator HCF controlled channel access Hybrid coordination function High speed circuit switched data High data rate High performance radio local area network High speed wireless access network Home location register Hierarchical mobile IP Handover High rate Home subscriber server Hypertext transport protocol I IANA IAPP IARP IBSS IC ICV ID IDEA IDS IE IEEE IETF IFFT IFS IKE IMSI Internet assigned numbers authority Inter-access point protocol Intrazone routing protocol Independent basic service set Integrated circuit Integrity check value Identity International data encryption algorithm Intrusion detection system Information element Institute of electrical and electronic engineers Internet engineering task force Inverse fast Fourier transform Inter-frame spacing Internet key exchange International mobile subscriber identity 305 306 802.11 WLANs and IP Networking: Security, QoS, and Mobility IntServ IP IPSec IR ISAKMP ISM ISP ITS ITU IV Integrated service Internet protocol IP security Infrared Internet security association and key management protocol Industry scientific and medical Internet service provider Intelligent transportation system International telecommunications union Initialization vector J JGN JP Japan gigabit network Japan K Kc Kbps KCK KEA KEK Ki Ciphering key Kilobits per second Key confirmation key Key exchange algorithm Key encryption key Individual subscriber authentication key L LAI LAN LDAP LFSR LLC LMDS LMSC LRU Location area identity Local area network Lightweight directory access protocol Linear feedback shift register Logical link control Local multipoint distribution system LAN MAN Standardization Committee Least recently used M MAC MAC MAHO MAN MANET max Mbps MBS MBWA Mchips MCHO MCU MD5 MDR MF Medium access control Message authentication code Mobile assisted HO Metroplitan area network Mobile ad hoc networking maximum Megabits per second Mobile broadband system Mobile broadband wireless access Mega chips Mobile controlled HO Multipoint control unit Message digest Medium data rate Multifield List of Abbreviations MGCP MHz MIC MIMO MIP mITF MitM MK MKK MLME MMAC MMDS MMS MMUSIC MN MNO mobike MOS MoU MPDU MS MSC MSDU MSISDN MTBF MTTR mW Media Gateway Control Protocol Megahertz Message integrity check Multiple input multiple output Mobile IP Mobile IT forum Man in the middle Master key Japanese frequency assignment authority MAC sub layer management entity Multimedia mobile access communication system Multichannel multipoint distribution service Mobile multimedia service Multiparty multimedia session control Mobile node Mobile network operator Mobile IKE Mean opinion score Memorandum of understanding MAC protocol data unit Mobile station Message sequence chart MAC service data unit Mobile station integrated services digital network number Mean time between failure Mean time to repair milliwatt N NA NAI NAPT NAS NAT NAV NCHO NesCom NGMC NIC NIST NMS NNTP ns North America Network address identifier Network address port translation Network address server Network address translator Network allocation vector Network controlled HO New standards committee Next generation mobile communications Network interface card National Institute of Standards and Technology Network management system Network news transport protocol nanosecond O OFDM OMS OSA Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing Operation and maintenance subsystem Open systems authentication 307 308 802.11 WLANs and IP Networking: Security, QoS, and Mobility OSI OSP OSPF OSS OTP Open system integration Open settlement protocol Open shortest path first Operation support system One time password P PAC PAC PAE PAP PAR PC PCF PDC PDG PDP PDU PEAP PEP PHB PHOP PHS PHY PIFS PIN PKI PLCP PMK PN POE POP POP3 PPDU PPP PPPoE PRF PRN PRNG PS PS PSB PSK PSTN PTK PTKSA PWLAN Protected access credential Public access controller Port access entity Peak-to-average power Project authorization request Point coordinator Point coordination function Personal digital cellular Packet data gateway Policy decision point Protocol data unit Protected EAP Policy end-point Per hop behavior Previous hop Personal handyphone system Physical layer Point coordination function IFS Personal identification number Public key infrastructure Physical layer control protocol Pairwise master key Personal network Power over Ethernet Point of presence Post office protocol PHY packed data unit Point to point protocol Point to point protocol over Ethernet Pseudorandom function Pseudorandom number PRN generator Power save Packet switched PATH state block Pre-shared key Packet switched telephone network Pairwise transient key PTK security association Public WLAN List of Abbreviations Q QAM QAP QBSS QoS QPSK QSTA Quadrature amplitude modulation QoS enhanced AP QoS supporting BSS Quality of service Quadrature phase shift keying QoS enabled STA R RADIUS RAND RAS RESV RevCom RFC RIP RNC RR RR RREP RRM RSA RSB RSN RSNA RSpec RSS RSSI RSVP RTCP RTP RTS RTSP RX Remote authentication dial-in user service Random number Registration admission status Reserve Review committee Request for comment Routing information protocol Radio network controller Radio regulatory Receiver report Route Reply message Radio resource management Rivest, Shamir, Adleman RESV state block Robust security network RSN association Reservation specification Received signal strength RSS indicator Resource reservation protocol Real-time control protocol Real-time protocol Request-to-send Real-time signaling protocol Receive S SA SA SAD SAID SAP SAP SAR SBM SCTP SDB SDP SDR SE Security association Source address Security association database Security association identities Service access point Session announcement protocol Specific absorption ratio Subnet bandwidth manager Stream control transmission layer protocol Services database Session description protocol Software defined radio Shared-explicit 309 310 802.11 WLANs and IP Networking: Security, QoS, and Mobility Seamoby SEC SFD SG SGSN SHA SIFS SIM SIP SKEME SLA SLS SMS SMTP SNEP SNMP SOI SoS SP SP SPD SPI SQL SR SRES SRP SS SSID SSL SSRC STA STS SYNC Seamless mobility Sponsor executive committee Sunc field delimiter Study group Serving GPRS support node Secure hash algorithm Short IFS Subscriber identity module Session initiation protocol Secure key exchange mechanism Service level agreement Service level specification Short message service Send mail transport protocol Security network encryption protocol Simple network management protocol Son of IKE Security of service Service policy Service period Security policy database Security policy identifier Structured query language Sender report Signed response Secure remote password Subscriber station Service set ID Security socket layer Synchronization source Station Station-to-station Synchronization T TA TACS TAG TAP TC TCP TCS TDMA TEK TGS TID TIM TK TKIP Transmitter address Total access communications system Technical advisory group Transferred account procedure Traffic category Transmission control protocol Traffic conditioning agreement Time division multiple access Traffic encryption key Ticket granting service Traffic ID Traffic indication map Temporal key Temporal key integrity protocol List of Abbreviations TLS Transport layer security TMSI Temporary mobile subscriber identity TPC Transmit power control TSC TKIP sequence counter TSF Timing synchronization function TSID Traffic stream ID TSN Transitional security network TSPEC (TSpec) Traffic specification TTLS Tunneled TLS TX Transmit TXOP Transmission opportunity U UAM ubicom ubicomp UDP UE UHF UMTS UNII UP URL US USIM USIM USM USM UWB Universal access method Ubiquitous communication Ubiquitous computing Universal datagram protocol User equipment ultra high frequency Universal mobile telecommunications system Unlicensed national information infrastructure User priority Uniform resource locator United States UMTS SIM UMTS subscriber identity module User-based subscriber module User-based security model Ultra-wideband V VCR VLR VoIP VoWLAN VPLM VPN VPNC Video cassette recorder Visitor location register Voice over IP Voice over WLAN Visited public land mobile network Virtual private network VPN consortium W WAG WAP WAPI WAS WAVE WCDMA WECA WEP WG WLAN access gateway Wireless access protocol WLAN authentication and privacy infrastructure Wireless access server Wireless access for the vehicular environment Wideband code division multiple access Wireless Ethernet compatibility alliance Wired equivalent privacy Work group 311 312 802.11 WLANs and IP Networking: Security, QoS, and Mobility WIBS WIEN Wi-Fi WINS WISP WISPr WLAN WMAN WMM WNM WNG WPA WPAN WTLS WTP WWAN Wireless integrated billing and security Wireless internetwok and external network Wireless-fidelity Wireless integrated network sensor Wireless Internet service provider Wireless Internet service provider roaming Wireless local area networks Wireless metropolitan area network Wi-Fi multimedia Wireless network management Wireless next generation Wi-Fi protected area Wireless personal area networks Wireless TLS Wireless termination point Wireless wide area network About the Authors Á (The Netherlands), senior researcher, DoCoMo EuroLabs, Munich, Germany was born in Ranchi, India He received his Ph.D degree on “WLANs: Protocols, Security, and Deployment,” and MSc (Ir.) degree in the field of “Self Similarity in ATM Network Traffic” from Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands in 2003 and 1996, respectively From 1996 to November 1998 he worked as a research engineer and later project leader in the Uniden Corporation, Tokyo, Japan From 1998 to 2000, he worked as a systems architect for IEEE 802.11-based WLANs in Lucent Technologies in The Netherlands Subsequently, he was technical director at Genista Corporation, Tokyo, Japan He is an active participant of the IEEE 802.11 standardization committee In addition to his publications in journals, international conferences, and chapters in books, he has several patent applications in the field of wireless communications and has coedited a book titled published by Artech House He has been a member of organizing committee of various International Conferences including VTC and WPMC He was a guest editor of a special issue on Security for Next Generation Communication of the Kluwer International Journal on Personal Wireless Communications His research interests include software radio, next generation wireless systems, networks and access, security, mobility, and QoS for wireless systems and IP networking He is a senior member of IEEE.Á 313 4yfyiÁ QfrsfˆfÁ Iƒf„fiÁ Gp‰…Á @pypƒf…t€yÁ 6€xx†ythf…t€y VE4GÁR„…px„ÁfyiÁVtƒpwp„„ÁBIÁq€ƒÁ 314 802.11 WLANs and IP Networking: Security, QoS, and Mobility Neeli Rashmi Prasad was born on September 14, 1970, in Ranchi, Bihar, India She received her Ph.D from the University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” Rome, Italy, in the field of “Adaptive Security for Wireless Heterogeneous Networks” in 2004 and M.Sc (Ir.) degree in electrical and electronics engineering from Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands, on “Indoor Wireless Communications using Slotted ISMA Protocols” in 1997 She joined Vodafone, Maastricht, The Netherlands as a radio engineer in 1997 From November 1998 until May 2001, she worked as systems architect for wireless LANs in the Wireless Communications and Networking Division of Lucent Technologies, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands From June 2001 to July 2003, she was with T-Mobile Netherlands, The Hague, The Netherlands as senior architect for core network Subsequently, from July 2003 to April 2004, she was senior research manager at PCOM:I3, Aalborg, Denmark Since April 2004, she has been associate professor at the Center for TeleInfrastruktur (CTIF), Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark In addition to her publications in journals, international conferences and chapters in books, she has coedited a book titled WLAN Systems and Wireless IP for Next Generation Communications published by Artech House In December 1997 she won best paper award for her work on Inhibit Sense Multiple Access (ISMA) protocol Her current research interest lies in wireless security, mobility, mesh networks, low data rate networks, and heterogeneous networks Index Cell Overlap, 244 Channels, 246 Clearinghouse, 179 Common Open Policy Service (COPS), 178 Connection Admission Control (CAC), 288 Coverage, 241 CSMA/CA, 85, 87, 89–90 3G, 17 (also see UMTS) AAA, 114–129, 163, 177, 260 ACK, 60 Ad-hoc Network, 52, 275, 283 AES, 87, 127, 140 AIFS, 153 Antenna, 242, 291 AP Density, 248 API, 180 ARP, 122, 211, 215 Association, 70 Authentication, 70, 103, 205 Automatic Data Rate Control Algorithm, 237 Automatic Rate Fallback (ARF), 237 Data Authentication, 120 Distributed Coordination Function (DCF), 62–65, 150–151 Defer Threshold, 239 Denial of service (DoS), 96 Deployment, 4, 231 Utilization, 231 Mobility, 232 Security,232 Scalability, 232 Bandwidth, 232 Quality of service (QoS), 232 Availability, 232 Reliability, 232 Modularity, 232 Network management and configuration, 232 Performance, 232 DHCP, 252, 296 B3G, 280 Bandwidth Brokers, 179 Bandwidth, 55, 162 Baseband, 82 Basic Service Set (BSS), 56, 152, 192 Battery Life, 234 Billing, 177 Biometrics, 124 Carrier Detect Threshold, 239 CCK, 74 CCMP, 87, 137 315 316 802.11 WLANs and IP Networking: Security, QoS, and Mobility DIAMETER, 109–110, 115, 260 DiffServ, 140 DIFS, 87 Distribution System (DS), 56 DSSS, 74 EAP, 87, 111, 248, 249 EAP-AKA, 116 Protected EAP (PEAP), 113 EAP-FAST, 115 EAP-SIM, 116 EAP-TLS, 112, 205 EAP-TTLS, 114 EAPOL, 87, 111 EDGE, 25, 56 Enhanced DCF, 113 Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA), 153 Enhanced Security Network, 116 Encryption, 71, 96–98 ETSI BRAN, 26,28 Extended Service Set (ESS), 81, 83 Fading, 241 FFT, 105 FHSS, 4, 50, 111–112, 260 Forwarding, 172 Assured, 172 Expedited, 172 Fragmentation, 66 Frequency Planning, 246 FWA, 17 GPRS, 17, 225 GSM, 17, 116, 225, 256 H.323, 163 Handover, 54, 189 HCF-Controlled Channel Access (HCCA), 155 Health Considerations, 17 Hierarchical Mobile IP (HMIP), 219 High altitude platforms (HAPs), 283 HIPERLAN/2, 26, 30–40 HomeRF, 42–47 Hybrid Coordination Function (HCF), 115 IAPP, 120–121, 206–211 ICMP, 133, 134 ICV, 97 IEEE 802, 28 IEEE 802.11, 1, 54 5GSG, 89 802.11a, 3, 29, 80–85 802.11b, 3, 29, 76–80, Features, 80 MAC, 85, 112 PHY, 99 IEEE 802.11e, 3, 87, 152 IEEE 802.11 f, IEEE 802.11g, 3, 85 IEEE 802.11h, IEEE 802.11i, 3, 87, 128 IEEE 802.11j, IEEE 802.11k, IEEE 802.11m, IEEE 802.11n, Topology, 80, 161–170 IEEE 802.1D, 143, 158 IEEE 802.1p, 143 IEEE 802.1Q, 143 IEEE 802.1X, 110–112 IEEE 802.16, 51, 53 IEEE 802.18, 51, 53 IEEE 802.19, 54 IEEE 802.20, 51, 54 IEEE 802.21, 51, 54 IEEE 802.3, 55, 158, 159, 226, 246 IEEE 802.4, 55 IEEE 802.5, 55, 159 IETF, IFFT, 80 Inter Frame Spacing (IFS), 61, 153 IMT-2000, 66 (also see UMTS) Independent BSS (IBSS), 56–57, 139 Infrastructure Density, 186 Integrated Services (IntServ), 167 Index Interference, 243, 200, 252, 256–261 Adjacent Channel, 243 Bluetooth, 244 Co Channel, 243 FHSS, 243 Limitation, 252 Microwave, 243 Inter frame spacing (IFS), 61 Intrusion detection system (IDS), 127 IP, 286 IPSec, 99–104, 216, 248–250 AH and ESP, 100 Key Management, 103 ISM, 11, 74 Kerberos, 107 Load Balancing, 246 Logical Link Control (LLC), 49 Market and Business Cases, 33 Business case, 44 Market Development, 34 Hotspots, 37 Industrial Innovation, 34 MAC, 60, 285 Media Gateway Control Protocol (MGCP), 166 MMAC, 25, 41–42 5GHz Band Mobile Access, 41 ATM Working Group, 41 Ethernet Working Group, 41 High Speed Wireless Access, 41 System Outline, 41 Ultra High Speed Wireless LAN, 41 Mobility, 5, 187, 296 Mobility Management, 187 Mobile IP, 207–212 Mobile IPv6, 212 MPDU, 61, 155 Multicast, 87 317 Multimedia, 19, 284 Multipath, 13, 170 Delay Spread, 15, 172, 228 Doppler Shift, 16 Frequency Selective Fading, 15 Rayleigh, 15 UHF Narrowband NAT, 104, 219 OFDM, 14, 74, 80, 291 Channelization, 82 Parameters, 81 Signal Processing, 82 Training, 83 Open Settlement Protocol (OSP), 178 Open System Authentication, 95 Path Loss, 243 PBCC, 123–124 Point Coordination Function (PCF), 67–69, 151–152 PIFS, 87 Policy Management, 177 Power Control, 18, 89 Power Management, 12, 73 Privacy, 119 PRNG, 71 Public Key Infrastructure (PKI), 126 QoS, 147, 291 RADIUS, 88, 109–110, 199–202 RC4, 106, 120, 253 Real-Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP), 165 Real-Time Control Protocol (RTCP), 166 Real-Time Protocol (RTP), 166 Resource Management (RRM), 288 Resource Reservation Protocol Signaling, (RSVP), 170 Roaming, 72, 187, 241, 252, 260 318 802.11 WLANs and IP Networking: Security, QoS, and Mobility Roaming Thresholds, 241 Routing, 132 RTS/CTS, 65–66 Subnet Bandwidth Manager (SBM), 181 Scalable System, 238 Scanning, 69 Seamless Mobility (Seamoby), 222 Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), 106, 255 Security, 95, 117, 294 Security Issues, 117 Access Control, 120–121 Authentication, 118 Confidentiality, 119 Integrity, 120 Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), 164, 225 Shadowing, 12 Shared Key Authentication, 95 SIFS, 87 SSID, 57 Synchronization, 72 TCP, 6, 163, 165, 288 Throughput, 217–227, 265, 266 Transport Layer Security (TLS), 225 Ubiquitous computing (ubicomp), 280 UDP, 140 UHF, 16 UMTS, 25, 256 UNII, 107 Virtual Private Networks (VPN), 124, 255 VoWLAN, 148 WECA, WiFi, 2, 18 Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP), 118, 225, 248, 251 Wireless Distribution System (WDS), 157 Wireless LAN (WLAN), Application, Benefits, Frequency Bands, 11, 160 Market trends, Standardization, Wireless Propagation, 13 Attenuation, 13 Multipath, 14, 170 Wireless Technologies, 17, 21 WISPr, 3, 227 WISPs, 9, 226 WLAN Benefits, Deployment, Environment, Mobility, Scalability, Short-Term Usage, WLAN Issues, 11 Health Consideration, 16 WLAN Target Market, 36 Applications, 37 Billing, 39 WLAN Providers, 37 WPAN, 19–20 Bluetooth, 17, 19, 32 IEEE 802.15, 51–53 HIPERPAN, 19 WWANs, 17–19 ... IEEE 802. 11a 802. 11 WLANs and IP Networking: Security, QoS, and Mobility • • • • • • • • • • IEEE 802. 11g: Works at same data rates as IEEE 802. 11a and other optional modes; meant for 2.4 GHz band... PHY: IEEE 802. 11g 85 3.10 Security: IEEE 802. 11i 87 3 .11 QoS: IEEE 802. 11e 87 3.12 IAPP: IEEE 802. 11f 88 3.13 Other IEEE 802. 11 Activities 88 3.13.1 IEEE 802. 11h 89 3.13.2 IEEE 802. 11j ... Business market 802. 11 WLANs and IP Networking: Security, QoS, and Mobility Performance WLANs Today WLANs Tomorrow Connectivity Av la bi lit y Mobility Figure 1.5 WLANs market definition: Today and