IGI global online science learning best practices and technologies may 2008 ISBN 1599049864 pdf

 Online Science Learning: Best Practices and Technologies Kevn F Downng DePaul Unversty, USA Jennfer K Holtz DePaul Unversty, USA Information Science Publishing Hershey • New York  Acquisition Editor: Senior Managing Editor: Managing Editor: Assistant Managing Editor: Managing Development Editor: Assistant Managing Development Editor: Assistant Development Editor: Editorial Assistant: Copy Editor: Typesetter: Cover Design: Printed at: Kristin Klinger Jennifer Neidig Jamie Snavely Carole Coulson Kristin M Roth Jessica Thompson Deborah Yahnke Rebecca Beistline Amanda Appicello Amanda Appicello Lisa Tosheff Yurchak Printing Inc Published in the United States of America by Information Science Publishing (an imprint of IGI Global) 701 E Chocolate Avenue Hershey PA 17033 Tel: 717-533-8845 Fax: 717-533-8661 E-mail: cust@igi-global.com Web site: http://www.igi-global.com and in the United Kingdom by Information Science Publishing (an imprint of IGI Global) Henrietta Street Covent Garden London WC2E 8LU Tel: 44 20 7240 0856 Fax: 44 20 7379 3313 Web site: http://www.eurospanbookstore.com Copyright © 2008 by IGI Global All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without written permission from the publisher Product or company names used in this book are for identification purposes only Inclusion of the names of the products or companies does not indicate a claim of ownership by IGI Global of the trademark or registered trademark Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Online science learning : best practices and technologies / Kevin F Downing and Jennifer K Holtz, authors p cm Summary: “This book reviews trends and efforts in web-based science instruction and evaluates contemporary philosophies and pedagogies of online science instruction This title on an emergent and vital area of education clearly demonstrates how to enrich the academic character and quality of web-based science instruction” Provided by publisher ISBN 978-1-59904-986-1 (hardcover) ISBN 978-1-59904-987-8 (e-book) Science Study and teaching (Higher) Web-based instruction Education Computer network resources Education, Higher Computer-assisted instruction Education, Higher Effect of technological innovations on I Downing, Kevin F II Holtz, Jennifer K Q179.97.O55 2008 507.8’5 dc22 2007049561 British Cataloguing in Publication Data A Cataloguing in Publication record for this book is available from the British Library All work contributed to this book is original material The views expressed in this book are those of the authors, but not necessarily of the publisher  Dedication To my wonderful wife Lisa whose passion and dedication to enriching her students’ knowledge is a constant inspiration To my beloved sons, Alexander and Sean, with whom every second shared is the greatest joy, may your lives always be bountiful in the quest for knowledge To Mom, Dad, Ray, and Bri, bonis avibus always –KFD In memory of my father, Arthur F Peters, Jr., who dreamed of this first for himself, then for me I miss you, Dad –JKH v Online Science Learning: Best Practices and Technologies Table of Contents Foreword ix Preface xi Section.I: Science.Education.and.Online.Science.Learning Chapter.I Online Science: Its Role in Fostering Global Scientific Capital Building Global Science and Technology Capital Valuing Science Education Globally Global Implications for Online Science Education 10 Conclusion 10 References 11 Chapter.II Controversies.and.Concurrence.in.Science.Education 14 The U.S Failure in Science 16 Additional Factors Influencing Science Education 19 Other Considerations that Influence Online Learning Pedagogy 21 Issues in Learning Science 22 Learning Theories and Concepts 22 Conclusion 27 References 27 Chapter.III Virtual.School.Science 30 U.S Virtual Schools 31 Obstacles to Seamless K-16 Science Instruction in the U.S 34 v Enrichment at the Interface: Coordinated K-16 Online Science Learning 36 Online Professional Development for Science Teachers 37 Selecting, Employing, and Designing Online Science Learning Objects for Schools 38 Contemporary Approaches to Online Science Learning at Schools 40 Conclusion 43 References 44 Chapter.IV Taking.University.Science.Education.Online 49 Survey of Undergraduate Distance Science Education (SUDSE©) 50 Revisiting Current Practice 54 Conclusion 55 References 56 Appendix: SUDSE Online Survey 58 Chapter.V The.Role.of.Practical.Work.in.Online.Science 73 What is Practical Work? 74 Where Does Practical Work Take Place? 76 A Brief History of Practical Work in the UK and U.S 76 Purpose and Value of Practical Work 79 Value of Practical Field Work 80 Additional Purposes for Practical Work 80 Practical Work Controversies 82 Designing Practical Work Tasks 85 Epistemological and Procedural Introduction to Practical Work 86 Example: Employing Situated Cognition and Scaffolding in Practical Work 87 Conclusion 88 References 89 Appendix: Compilation of Learning Outcomes for Practical Work 93 Chapter.VI Knowledge.Transfer.and.Collaboration.Structures.for.Online.Science 98 Collaborative vs Cooperative Online Learning 99 Online Collaboration 100 Collaborative Learning and Online Science 101 Stages and Models of Online Collaboration 101 Effective Approaches to Collaboration and Group Structures 104 Social Software for Online Science 106 Role of the Instructor in Online Collaboration 107 The Sage on the Stage Lives? 107 E-Moderating 108 Gesture and Silence in the Online Science Classroom 108 Using Collaboratories to Enrich and Sustain Science Knowledge 109 Collaboration in Virtual Worlds to Support Science Learning 110 Live Online Classrooms 111 Laboratory E-Notebooks 112 v Science Collaboration Miscellany 113 Evaluating Online Science Collaboration 113 Conclusion 114 References 115 Section.II: Online.Science.Instructional.Strategies.and.Technologies Chapter.VII Online.Science:.Contemporary.Approaches.to.Practical.Work 121 Learning Objects 122 Learning Objects Classification 123 Learning Object Repositories 124 Multimedia 124 Streaming Digital Video in Online Science 125 Typologies for Web-Enabled Science Laboratories 126 Benefits of Simulations in Online Science Learning 129 3-D Learning Objects as Simulated Specimens 129 Additional 3-D Learning Objects for Online Science Learning 132 3-D Virtual Worlds 133 Caveats of Using Virtual Worlds 135 Affordances of Virtual Science Environments 135 Examples of Online Virtual Science Learning Environments 136 Educational Science Games 137 Models for Online Learning Game Development 137 Remote Experimentation 139 Remote Experimentation: Design Approaches and Considerations 139 Examples of Remote Experiments 141 Remote Experiment Affordances 142 Hands-on Laboratory Approaches for Online Students 143 Virtual Field Trips 145 Actual Field Study to Support Distance Education 147 Virtual Puzzles for Learning Science 149 Hybrid or Blended Science Courses 150 Digital Libraries and Repositories for Science Education 151 Conclusion 152 References 153 Chapter.VIII The.Cutting.Edge:.Promising.Technologies.and.Strategies.for.Online Science.Education 159 Emerging Learning Systems for Online Science Education 161 Remote and Virtual Experimentation to Support Student Research 163 Mobile Technologies for Online Science Education 164 Using PDAs and iPods® in Online Science 166 Mobile Learning Objects 167 Advances in Visualization 168 vii Emerging 3-D Learning Environments 171 Haptic Design 178 Virtual Instructors, Classmates, and Tutors 180 Virtual Science Museums and Science Centers 184 Trends 186 Impact of Online Technological Innovation to the Science Professoriate 186 Conclusions 187 References 187 Section III: Assessing Online Science Learning Chapter IX Assessing Science Competence Achieved at a Distance 196 Assessment Standards and Science Assessment 197 Novice-to-Expert Knowledge 198 Aligning Content, Instruction, and Assessment 199 Interpretive Assessment Online 201 Online Science Assessment Cases 204 Conclusions 211 References 212 Section IV: Disciplinary Examples in Online Science Courses Chapter X Online Mathematics and Physical Science (Mathematics, Astronomy, Chemistry, and Physics) 216 Designing Online Math Learning Activities 217 On the Design of Physical Science Learning Activities 218 Courses 219 Simulations and Virtual Labs 224 Collaborations, Virtual Science Museums, and Digital Libraries 234 Trends and Conclusion 238 References 239 Chapter XI Online Geoscience 242 Courses 243 Virtual Field Trips 246 Virtual Laboratories 250 Collaboration, Virtual Science Museums, and the Cyberinfrastructure 256 Collaboration 257 Virtual Science Museums 258 Cyberinfrastructure 260 Trends and Conclusion 260 References 262 v Chapter.XII Online.Life.Sciences 265 Courses 266 Virtual Field Work and Laboratories 273 Online Resources 285 Trends and Conclusion 287 References 287 Section.V: Best.Practice.Model.for.Online.Science.Learning Chapter.XIII A.Didactic.Model.for.the.Development.of.Effective.Online.Science.Courses 291 Considerations 293 Phase 1: Course Planning 293 Phase 2: Design 298 Phase 3: Implementation 304 Phase 4: Course Assessment and Redesign 309 Conclusion 310 Epilogue 312 References 312 Appendix: Model Planning Documents 317 About.the.Authors 338 Index 340 x Foreword In November 2007, the Inaugural Conference of the International Mind, Brain and Education Society (IMBES) was held in Fort Worth, Texas Its purpose was to foster collaboration between practitioners and researchers in the neurosciences, cognitive sciences, and similar fields Interestingly, and unlike past practice, educators were also included in this group Each of us knows “default educators,” members of any given profession who believe, because they completed their own professional program, that they can teach in their field There is no doubt that some are able to so—a few are remarkably talented—yet many are not In Online Science Learning: Best Practices and Technologies, we hear from two scientists who made the deliberate decision, years ago, to embrace professional education praxis The praxis of Downing and Holtz is matter-of-fact, yet thorough, much like the authors themselves These are researchers and educators who read widely, think globally, and act locally They use the tenets presented here in each of their courses, whether online or onsite in format, and whether learners are adult or traditional-aged In fact, Kevin Downing’s emphasis on experiential learning in science made him instrumental in establishing their current online program, and Jennifer Holtz’s previous work with resident physicians informed her current practice philosophy Their lack of credence with more ephemeral aspects of education and learning theory is palpable, yet they clearly identify valuable features from behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism, typically those based on reproducible research These they merge with neurological advances in learning to posit neuro-cognitive instrumentalism, a learning theory that emphasizes hypothetico-predictive behaviors that current evidence supports as naturally occurring Their work is well grounded in both contemporary and classic education and learning literature, yet it requires us to think differently, more inventively, about ideas that we believe we understand Although the titular focus is online science learning, the model presented is also applicable to on-site courses that incorporate—or could incorporate—computer-based learning activities Furthermore, as Downing and Holtz address in Chapter III, the tenets developed here likely 0 Index Index Symbols 3-D anaglyphs 131 3-D animation software 176 3-D audio 173 3-D color scanners 176 3-D graphics 167 3-D haptic device 180 3-D haptic environment 182 3-D images 176 3-D learning environments 171 3-D learning immersion 171 3-D learning objects 129, 168 3-D model 122, 133, 147 3-D photorealism 176 3-D rendering 163 3-D virtual learning environments 171 3-D virtual presenters 183 3-D virtual reality, portable 175 3-D virtual worlds 133 3-D visualization environments 168 3G 160 4G 160 5th generation 180 A AAAS benchmarks 37 abstract graphical representation 252 abstraction 248, 253, 254 accountability 197, 203 achievement 33 active simulation 126, 127 actual classroom practice 35 adaptive radiation 245 advanced educational games 160, 177 advanced learning systems 160 advanced placement 32, 36, 37 AEHS 106 affective skills 80, 83 Africa 4, 7, 8, 9, 12, 270 capacity AIML 182 al-Haitham, Ibn 76 ALICE 182 alignment with standards 39 American Phytopathological Society 276 AMSER 151 anaglyphs 131, 132, 135 3-D 131 analysis 200, 206, 210, 303, 308, 309, 314 anchored instruction 24 anchoring assignment 209 animations 50, 127, 131, 147, 204, 218, 225, 233, 236, 274, 278, 281, 285 2-D 152 3-D 132, 135, 151 annotation 113, 115, 270 system 270 Applescab 275 application 198, 200, 201, 210, 303, 313 applied computing technology (ACT) 163 Applied Math and Science Education Repository (AMSER) 151 APSnet Education Center 276 Aristotelian philosophy of logic and reason 76 artificial intelligence markup language (AIML) 182 artificial linguistic Internet computer entity (ALICE) 182 ASD 173 Copyright © 2008, IGI Global Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited Index  Asia 270, 279 Ask a Scientist 281, 282, 288 assessment 49, 51, 52, 54, 55, 108, 113, 114, 118, 160, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 224, 236, 238, 292, 293, 304, 309, 310, 311 center 203 of online learning 309 standards 197 strategies 39 assignment posting 207, 208, 209 astronomy 216, 218, 228, 229, 232, 237 visualization using virtual reality 228 asynchronous 52 communication 217, 234, 236 discussion forums 221 interaction 35 lecture 223 atmosphere 244 atmospheric-oceanic circulation 244 attitude 295, 298, 311 audience response technology 210, 211 augmented reality (AR) 149, 157, 283 in structural molecular biology 283 Australia 7, 11, 12 authentic assessment 49, 197, 309 authentic practical work 75, 82 authentic representation 35 authentic role-play 36 automated feedback 52 autonomous activities 249 autonomous field work 249 autonomy 54 autosteroscopic displays (ASD) 173 B backward design process 200, 201, 210 Bacon, Roger 76 baseline 55 basic education 6, behaviorism 22, 23, 24, 29 behaviorist 23, 25 Bell, Alexander Graham 98 benchmark 50, 244 bench science 74, 296 Bequest conservation value bequest value 295 best practices 50, 55, 104, 111, 217, 219, 224, 229, 238, 291, 293, 299, 303, 310, 312 biodiversity 244, 245 blended/hybrid format 51, 52 blended chemistry courses 222 blended course models 224 blended courses 31, 150, 216, 237 blended schools 37 blended science courses 150 blogs 106, 107 Bloom’s Taxonomy 79, 199, 201, 298 Boston’s Museum of Science 184 Brazil Bruner, Jerome 23 Burkina Faso C Calculus WIZ® 220 Canada 55 capacity 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 Carleton College 258 case-based learning 270 case management 268 case simulations 268 case studies 244, 245, 260 CAVE system 170 Ceara Basic Education Quality Improvement Project Center for Human Simulation, University of Colorado 273, 288 Center for Science Education 39 Central America capacity Centre for Biological Information Technology, University of Queensland 279 CGH 175 chemistry 216, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 227, 229, 233, 234 chemistry courses, design and implementation 222 Chile China Cicero 242 circuitry 230, 231 in physics 230 Cisco® Virtual Classroom 161 CIT 159 CiteSeerX 109 citizen science 18, 19, 20, 21, 50, 54, 296, 297 citizen scientist 35 Claris Home Page 286 ClarisWorks 286 Click and Learn 281, 282 clinical applications 273 clinical simulators 284 cognitive fluency 199 cognitive load 23, 25, 29, 199 Copyright © 2008, IGI Global Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited  Index cognitivism 22, 23, 24, 25 COI 103 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory 54, 209, 277, 287 collaboration 2, 3, 6, 10, 36, 37, 39, 52, 54, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 216, 217, 218, 219, 221, 234, 235, 236, 238, 242, 243, 244, 248, 249, 250, 256, 257, 260, 261, 265, 267, 270, 287, 292, 293, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312 approaches to group structures 104 in virtual worlds 110 structures for online science 98 collaborative learning 26 and online science 101 online learning 99 remote visualization 168 collaboratories 164 College Blue Book 51 Committee of Ten Report 78 commodity management 279 communication 50, 51, 52, 204, 298, 306, 313 and information technologies (CIT) 159 Communities for Physics and Astronomy Digital Resources in Education Pathway (ComPADRE) 151 community of inquiry (COI) 103, 105 community of practice (CoP) 34, 102, 103, 110, 245 ComPADRE 151 competence-based program 209 competition 268 comprehension 200, 201, 303 CompuCell3D 279 computer-assisted practical work 74 computer-generated holography (CGH) 175 computer information technology 168 computerized feedback 210 computerized overlay 283 computer supported/mediated collaborative learning (CSCL) 100 concept mapping 197 conceptual 52 analysis 210 understanding 268, 276, 278, 281, 283 conceptualization 303 Confucius 73 conservation value 3, 4, 293, 295, 310 constructivism 15, 19, 22, 23, 24, 27, 78, 83, 84, 196, 197, 199, 201 and practical work 83 constructivist 15, 19, 24, 25, 26, 27, 54, 196, 201, 209, 211 learning 107 paradigm 84, 101 consumers of science 35 contemporary physics online 220 content analysis 51, 54 content knowledge 19, 35, 39 content object model 123 context learning 165 contingent valuation 79 continual improvement 36 continuing medical education (CME), smallgroup 269 conversational posting 207 cooperative learning 26, 99 cooperative online learning 99 coordinated learning 99 CoP 102 correctness 198, 210, 212 course 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 228, 230, 232, 237, 238, 242, 243, 244, 260, 261, 265, 266, 267, 268, 270, 271, 273, 275, 276, 277, 281, 285, 287 activities 51, 52 assessment and redesign 309 casting technology 52 in biological and medical sciences 266 course design 291, 298, 309, 312 content 299 learning objectives 298 pedagogical considerations 301 course implementation 304 assessment of online learning 309 collaboration 308 knowledge transfer 306 knowledge transfer attributes and hybrids 307 online course typologies 304 technology and practical work 308 course materials 50, 51 course model 292, 304, 308, 309, 311 course planning 293 learner profile 297 purpose 295 values 293 course typologies 304, 311 CREativity in Science and Technology (CREST) 82 CREST 82 CSCL 100 Copyright © 2008, IGI Global Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited Index  Culture Demanded by Modern Life, The 78 cumulative assessment 309 curriculum reform efforts 35 Cyberglove™ 179 cyberinfrastructure 242, 256, 260 cyberschools 31 CyberTech 37 D Datastreme Atmosphere 244 Datastreme Ocean 244, 262 Datastreme WES 244 DCOM 299, 304, 311 debates about science 15 deep-knowledge approach 36 default educators 197 Delphi study 21, 27 DePaul University 51, 54, 209, 212 DESCANT 38 design approaches 51 Designing E-learning Systems to Celebrate and Nurture Teaching in Science and Technology 38 Design of the Fittest 209, 212 developmental software 286 Development Learning Center Project 8, 11 DiagnosisTM 275 DIC 5, 13 didactic model 50 digital chemistry for large lecture 223 digital divide 31 digital libraries 99, 109, 122, 151, 152, 155, 216, 219, 234, 235, 237, 238 Digital Library for Earth System Education (DLESE) 260 digital library resources 39, 40 digital literacy 1, 121, 159, 216, 265, 291 digital repositories 238 digital subscriber lines (DSL) 160 Digital Video Applications Project (DiVA) 125 direct field collection 248 direct use value direct value 295 disciplinary content object model (DCOM) 299, 311 discovery 201, 213 discrete knowledge 198, 204, 209, 210 assessing 204 discussion 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211 assessing 205 board 52 disease maps 276 distance education 28, 49, 51, 54 distance learning 21, 28 distance science education 7, 10 distributed computing 260 DiVA 125 DLESE 260 Dolan DNA Learning Center 277, 278 Downing-Holtz model 292, 294, 298, 300, 306, 308 Dubai Internet City (DIC) E e-designers 38 e-learning environments 38 e-learning objects 181 E-Learning Support Project 6, 7, 12 e-logbooks 141 e-mail 51, 52 e-moderating 108, 118 e-moderator 108, 115 e-schools 31 ecology 245, 252 educational games 33, 41, 122, 137 educational research 34, 50 educational researchers 34 educational science games 137 Education Quality Improvement Program (EQIP) Education Reform for Knowledge Economy (ERfKE) Education Reform Project 6, 11 education theory 14 EDUCOSM system 113 efficacy 114 Egypt Einstein, Albert electronic laboratory notebook (ELN) 112, 113, 118 electron micrograph images 285 eMinerals project 110 empirical-analytic assessment 197 enabling contexts 54, 303 engineering 17, 20, 21, 28 environmental descriptors 276, 279 Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) 255 Environmental Virtual Field Laboratory 253 epistemology 14, 15, 35, 36, 291 EQIP ERfKE 5, ESRI 255, 262 Copyright © 2008, IGI Global Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited  Index EuroTev Collaboratory, The 235 evaluation 196, 197, 200, 205, 212, 303, 309, 310 EVDO 160 evolution 245, 258, 259, 260 evolution data only/evolution data optimized (EVDO) 160 existence conservation value existence value 295 experiential activities 49 experiential learning 25 experimentation 55 experiment kits 220, 221 exploration 254 Exploratorium of San Francisco 184 extinction 245 F face-to-face 39 classrooms 34 courses 34 K-16 science teachers 36 learning 33 factual knowledge 199, 204 failure in science 84 Faulkes Telescopes Project feasibility 39 Feynman, Richard 121 field trip reports 246 field trips 54, 74, 88 field work 52, 54 film footage 248 filtered content 200, 201, 210 Flash learning games 267 interactive 267 Fle3 107, 118 flexibility 18, 21, 22, 26, 32, 33 floor control 161 formative assessment 197, 210, 309 fossilization 251 fossil preservation 245 fragmentation 34 FRAME 165 framework for the rational analysis of mobile education (FRAME) 165 France 249 full service 171 functional morphology 245 Future Learning Environment (Fle3) 107 G Galileo 76 game-like laboratories 126, 127 general cognitive skills 298 GEODE 171 Geographic Data in Education Project (GEODE) 171 geographic information systems (GIS) 250, 255 geography of mountain ranges 249 geological visualization 252 geology 243, 244, 245, 250, 252, 258 introduction to 245 geoscience virtual laboratories 251 GeoWall 170 Germany, former East gesture 108, 109 in online science classroom 108 Gilbert, William 76 Girls Re-designing and Excelling in Advanced Technology [GREAT!] 19 GIS 255 global economy 3, Global Environmental Projects Global Learning Center global processing 199 global science global scientific capital goal-oriented learner 20, 21 government guidelines 19 graduate course 38 Grain Storage Tutor 279, 281 graphical interface 217 graphics presentation 168 GREAT! 19 grid computing 236 group structures 104 H hands-on laboratory 128, 143 approaches for online students 143 Hands-On Universe, Russia HAPTEX 179 haptic-enabled systems 133 haptic design 160, 178 haptic interface 149 Haptic Sensing of Virtual Textiles (HAPTEX) 179 head mounted display (HMD) 173 Hegarty-Hazel model 86 Copyright © 2008, IGI Global Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited Index  HHMI 281 high-stakes assessment 203, 211 higher education 50 Higher Education Enhancement Project HMD 173 Home Experiment Kit (HEK) 143 home laboratories 122 Hooper Virtual Natural History Museum 258 hotactions interface 163 Houle, Cyril 80, 90 Howard Hughes Medical Institutes (HHMI) 281 hybrid distance continuing nurse education 270 hybrid science courses 150 hydrologic patterns 253 HyperStudio 286 hypertextbooks 176 hypothetico-predictive 22, 25, 34, 84, 88, 97 model 25, 199, 209 theory 22 I ICT 122 IEEE LOM 124 IEEE standard 122 Illinois 51 virtual campus database 51 illustrative practical work 74, 85 IMM 124, 125 immunology education 270 Immunology Online 270 implementation 291, 292, 299, 304, 308, 310, 311 in-service teacher 33 incorrectness 198, 212 India indirect use value indirect value 295 individual-specific purpose 291, 295 individualized learning 37 induction-deduction feedback cycle 303 inductive discovery 201 inductive learning activities 201 information and communication technologies (ICT) 122 information visualization 168 infrared camera-based optical tracking system 175 infrastructure 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10 initiative 33 innovations 295 Innovative Technologies for Collaborative Learning and Knowledge Building (ITCOLE) project 106 inquiry-based 268 course 204 learning 19, 28 inquiry empowering technologies 88 institutional constraints 293 instructional architect 39, 40 instructional design 21, 22, 28 instructor preparation 293 instrumentation 273 integrated assessment 293, 309 integrated laboratory 204 interaction learning 165 Interactive Body Works 286, 288 interactive Flash learning games 267 interactive modules 278 interactive multimedia (IMM) 124, 125, 154 interdisciplinary 298, 311 Internet for Technology, Science, and Mathematics (ITSAM) 34 interpretive assessment 197, 199, 201 online 201 intrinsic conservation value intrinsic value 295 introduction to geology 245 introductory biology 268 introductory modules 33 introductory physics for non-science majors 221 inventive model 22, 29 inverse distance learning 250, 262 investigative phase 77, 94 investigative practical work 74 investigative skills 78 iPods® 164, 166 Israeli 38 Italy 55 ITCOLE project 106 iterative assessment 37, 198, 201, 292, 312 iterative evaluation 292, 312 ITSAM 34, 37 J Japan Jordan 5, just-in-time 246 learning 245 Copyright © 2008, IGI Global Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited  Index K K-12 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 43 K-16 31, 34, 35, 36, 43, 122, 151 online science learning 36 science instruction, obstacles to 34 Kennesaw State University 37 KIE 36 kindergarten to university 36 kit-based laboratory 268 kitchen chemistry 143, 221, 222 knowledge 197, 198, 199, 200, 204, 209, 210, 293, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 301, 303, 304, 306, 307, 309, 311, 312 acquisition 301, 303 integration environment programs (KIE) 36 organization 198, 199 transfer 98, 99, 103, 111, 299, 304, 306, 307, 309, 311 transfer attributes 307 transfer hybrids 307 L lab kits 143 LABNET project 164 laboratory 74, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 85, 86, 88 e-notebooks 112 kits 204 Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench (LabVIEW) 139 LabVIEW (Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench) 139, 142, 154 land resource management 253 landscape 253, 254 language of science 81, 82, 95 large-group science classes, assessing 210 LateBlight 275, 276, 279 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 279 LCMS 124 learner modeling 160 learner profiles 291 learning activities 51, 54, 198, 201, 204, 209, 210, 268, 277 learning and content management system (LCMS) 124 learning concepts 22 learning environments 26, 30, 33, 36, 37, 38, 39 learning games 160 learning management software 204 learning management systems (LMS) 39, 99, 106, 114, 115, 122 learning objectives 204, 291, 293, 298, 299, 308, 310, 311 learning object metadata (LOM) 112 standard 124 learning object repositories 33, 124 learning objects 98, 99, 122, 123, 124, 125, 135, 152 3-D 129, 131, 132 classification 123 learning science, issues in 22 learning systems 161 teacherless 181 learning theories 14, 15, 22, 24, 25, 27, 51 learning theory 19, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27 Lebanon 5, 6, 12 Life-long Learning and Training Project 9, 12 lifelong learners 55, 256 lifelong learning 2, 3, 12, 31, 34, 104, 106 life sciences, online 265 listserv 113, 117 lithosphere 244, 253 live online classrooms 111 LMS 99, 122 Local processing 199 LOM 112 long-term memory 25 Louis Stokes Louisiana Alliance for Minority Participation [LS-LAMP] 19 LS-LAMP 19 M m-learning 99, 164 Malaysia management decisions 276, 279 management tasks 277 manipulation skills 271 massive multi-player online gaming environments (MMOG) 111 Mathematica® 220 mathematics 216, 217, 218, 219, 224, 238 math phobia 17 Mauritania McClintock, Barbara 277 MDGs meaningful questions 37 Med-Sim-Eagle 270 mediated reality experimentation 139 medical sciences 265, 266 medical simulations 268 Copyright © 2008, IGI Global Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited Index  MEPI MERLOT 124 Mesa Community College 204 metacognition 273, 277, 281 metacognitive skills 198, 209 assessing 209 metacognitive tasks 24 metavisual capacity 168 Michigan 31, 45 microscopic images 268 microscopic slides 276 Middle East 2, 4, 6, 7, 12 scientific capital Middle East Partnership Initiative (MEPI) Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) Millennium Science Initiative 8, 12 MILOs 167 Minority K-12 Initiatives for Teachers and Students [MKITS] 19 mission 293 MIT Haystack Observatory 163 mixed reality experiential learning landscape model (MR ELL) 138 MKITS 19 MLE 167 MMOG 111, 139 mobile interactive learning objects (MILOs) 167 mobile learning 99, 164 engine (MLE) 167 objects 167 mobile science learning 160 mobile technologies 164 for online science education 164 modding 111, 116 model practical work 75 Mohr’s circle 252 molecular visualization 229 Montana State University 273 morphogenesis 279, 288 three-dimensional simulation of 279 Morrill Act 78 MR ELL 138 MUD 139 multi-user-virtual environment (MUVE) 177 multi-user dungeon (MUD) 139 multi-user virtual environments 168 multicasting 110 multimedia 30, 33, 35, 40, 121, 122, 124, 125, 129, 136, 142, 145, 152, 224 hypertextbooks 176 lessons 218 Multimedia Educational Resource for Learning and Online Teaching (MERLOT) 124 multiplayer online gaming environments (MMOG) 139 Museum of Paleontology 259 MUVE (multi-user-virtual environment) 177 myDNAi 278 N naïve inductionism 77 nano-visualization 232 National Defense Education Act (NDEA) of 1958 78 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 244 National Park Geography, United States 250 National Research Council 54, 303, 314 National Science Digital Library (NSDL) 39, 82, 151 National Science Education Standards (NSES) 78 National Science Foundation 109, 119, 161 national science standards 31, 34 national standards 19, 26 nature of science (NOS) 18, 35, 79, 83, 89, 126 NCLB 18 NDEA 78 NetMath courses 219 Network EducationWare (NEW) 161 neuro-cognitive instrumentalism 301, 303, 311 neurological basis of learning 19, 23, 25, 28, 84, 91 neurological learning 209 theories 24 New Zealand 35 NGOs Niger Basin Water Resources Development and Sustainable Ecosystems Management Project 8, 12 No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) 18 non-government organizations (NGOs) North Africa North Carolina 270, 288 NOS 35 notebook computers 164 novice-to-expert 198, 212 knowledge 198 NSDL 39, 151 NSES 78 Nuffield Science Teaching Project 77 Copyright © 2008, IGI Global Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited  Index O oceanography 244 OCoP 102 online-facilitated courses 31 online assessment 224 online collaboration 99, 100, 101, 103, 104 role of instructor 107 stages and models 101 online community of practice (OCoP) 102, 103 online geoscience 242 case 244 case 244 case 245 case 245 case 245 case 247 case 248 case 248 case 249 case 10 250 case 11 251 case 12 252 case 13 252 case 14 253 case 15 255 case 16 257 case 17 258 case 18 260 collaboration 256 courses 243 cyberinfrastructure 256, 260 environmental issues 247 trends 260 virtual field trips 246 virtual laboratories 250 virtual science museums 256 online learning 21, 31, 160 assessment of 309 game development, models for 137 pedagogy, considerations influencing 21 online life sciences 265 case 267 case 268 case 268 case 269 case 270 case 270 case 270 case 271 case 273 case 10 273 case 11 275 case 12 275 case 13 277 case 14 279 case 15 279 case 16 281 case 17 283 case 18 284 case 19 284 case 20 285 case 21 285 trends 287 online mathematics 216 online mathematics and physical science case 219 case 220 case 221 case 221 case 222 case 223 case 224 case 224 case 227 case 10 228 case 11 229 case 12 230 case 13 231 case 14 232 case 15 232 case 16 233 case 17 234 case 18 235 case 19 236 case 20 237 case 21 237 collaborations 234 courses 219 digital libraries 234 simulations 224 trends 238 virtual labs 224 virtual science museums 234 online math learning activities 217 online physical science 216 online practical work, critiques of 84 online professional development for science teachers 37 online quizzes 266 online resources 245, 246, 259, 260, 285 online science 1, 4, 15, 16, 19, 20, 22 approaches to practical work 121 Copyright © 2008, IGI Global Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited Index  collaboration structures for 98 knowledge transfer for 98 role of practical work 73 social software for 106 online science assessment case 204 case 205 case 209 case 210 online science classroom, gesture and silence 108 online science collaboration, evaluation 113 online science courses, didactic model for development 291 online science education 2, 10 emerging learning systems 161 global implications for 10 mobile technologies 164 strategies for 159 technologies for 159 online science environment 51 online science learning 30, 31, 33, 36, 37, 38, 40, 43, 44, 51, 52 3-D learning objects for 132 benefits of simulations 129 contemporary approaches to 40 objects 38 online science resources 31 online technological innovation, impact of 186 online videoconferencing 37 online virtual science learning environments, examples of 136 On the Fly 279, 281 option use value option value 18, 295 oral surgery 271, 288 organizational skills 33 origin of life 245 P paleontology 248, 258 Paleontology Portal 259 passive demonstration 126, 127 Pavlov, Ivan 22 Pavlova, Anna 196 PCK 35, 39 PDA-based physics laboratory (PDL) 167 PDAs 166 PDL 167 PEARL 55, 141, 142 pedagogical bridge 43 pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) 35, 39 pedagogy 33, 36, 39, 298, 303, 308, 311, 313 of inquiry 39 performance-based learning 198 personal digital assistants (PDAs) 164 personalized support 33 personal knowledge 81, 95 personal responsibility 33 Peru Philippines physical science 216, 217, 218, 219, 233, 235, 237, 238 learning activities 218 physics 216, 220, 221, 224, 229, 230, 231, 233, 235, 236, 237 introductory and survey 231 remote laboratory 233 Piaget, Jean 23, 199, 201, 209 planning and teaching strategies 39 planning phase 291, 295, 297, 311 plant pathology 275 Plants, Pathogens and People 275 podcasting 160 Poincaré, Jules Henri 14 policy 3, 5, 8, 9, 12 making reform portable 3-D virtual reality 175 portable audiometer 284 postmodernism 15 postmodernist 15 Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) power science 18, 19, 20, 21, 27, 54 Practical Experimentation by Access to Remote Learning (PEARL) 55, 141 practical field work, value of 80 practical work 19, 25, 26, 37, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 122, 129, 139, 143, 145, 147, 150, 152, 217, 219, 221, 238, 266, 270, 273, 276, 278, 281, 287, 292, 293, 301, 303, 304, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312 additional purposes for 80 controversies 82 epistemological and procedural introduction 86 history in U.S and UK 76 in online science 73 in science education, types of 75 learning outcomes 93 purpose and value 79 tasks, designing 85 United Kingdom 76 Copyright © 2008, IGI Global Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited 0 Index United States 78 pre-course counseling 33 pre-service teacher 33 preconceptions 268, 273, 276, 278, 281 Presentation Replay and Interaction with Streaming Media (PRISM) 223 PRISM 220, 223 probeware 39 problem-based learning 198 process science 77 professional development 33, 36, 37, 38, 39, 43 progressive era 78 project-based learning format 244 PRSP psychomotor skill 298 push-pull technologies 121 puzzles 122 2-D and 3-D 149 virtual 149 Q QuarkNet 236, 239 QuarkNet/Grid 236 QuickTime 131 QuikData2 51 quizzes 244, 246, 266, 268 R radical constructivism 19, 24, 27, 50, 84, 201 Reachin Display 179 real-time 278, 284, 289 intestinal surgery simulation 284 mentor 38 real-world data 36 real data 218 real remote experiment 128 real world data 260 redesign 292, 309, 310 remote data 260 remote experiment 33, 38, 127, 128, 139, 140, 141, 142, 152, 168 affordances 142 examples of 141 remote experimentation 127, 128, 139, 140, 142, 163, 231, 232, 233 design approaches 139 remote laboratories 121, 122, 126, 128, 140, 141, 160, 233, 234 remote manipulation 126, 127 remote sensing 250, 252, 260 research-practice gap 34 Resistan 275 resources 250, 256, 259, 260, 261, 303, 306, 310, 311 reusability 37, 38 Rogers, Will 30 Romania 249 rubric 197, 204, 206, 209, 309 Rural Education Project 9, 12 Russian Federation scientific capital S Scaffolded Knowledge Integration Framework for Instruction (SKI) 81 scaffolding 23, 24, 25, 29, 81, 87, 122, 135, 217, 297, 303, 310 in practical work 87 school-to-college interface 31 school science 74, 75, 90 science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) 151, 160 Science, Technology and Higher Education Reform Program science, technology and innovation (STI) science, U.S failure in 16 science abilities and skills 298 science assessment 197 science capacity 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11 science centers 184 science collaboration miscellany 113 science competence 196 science content 291, 298, 299, 310, 311 knowledge 298 science education 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 24, 26, 27, 30, 31, 32, 35, 36, 37, 39, 43, 50, 51, 54, 291, 293, 295, 310, 311, 312 additional factors influencing 19 concurrence in 14 controversies in 14 digital libraries and repositories 151 online 10 valuation Science for All Americans 295, 312 science knowledge, collaboratories 109 science learning 12, 15, 19, 20, 22, 25, 26, 28, 29, 110 science literacy 15, 18, 19 Science of Collaboratories Organization 110 science phobia 17 science potential 36 science valuation 293, 295 Copyright © 2008, IGI Global Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited Index  Science Wars 14 scientific capital 30, 43 scientific community 36 scientific inquiry 36, 38 scientific knowledge 34 scientific method 76, 77, 90 scientific reasoning 14 scientific visualization 168 SciVee 160 SCO 139 SCORM 124, 139, 152 Scrooge, Ebenezer 159 secondary education security 203, 211 sedimentation 245 seismology 257 self-assessment 33, 37, 56 self-directed field experiences 273 self-directed field trips 273 self-directed learners 218 self-directed learning 238, 285 self-directed research 249 self-esteem 33 sequenced modules 37 sequencing activities 37 sharable content object reference model (SCORM) 124 shareable courseware objects (SCO) 139 shared resources 55 Sharing Learning Objects in an Open Perspective (SLOOP) 124 Shockwave 131 short-term memory 25 silence 109 in online science classroom 108 simulated distance learning 271 simulated laboratory 268 reports 268 simulated pathology 268 reports 268 simulated radiographics 268 reports 268 simulated remote experiment 128 simulations 30, 33, 39, 40, 50, 54, 74, 85, 88, 122, 127, 128, 129, 132, 136, 137, 151, 152, 160, 216, 219, 221, 224, 266, 268, 271, 273, 274, 275, 279, 287 in online science learning, benefits of 129 simulteaching 161 Singapore situated cognition 37, 87 situated learning 24 six facets of understanding 200, 201 SKI 81 Skinner, B F 22 Sloan Consortium 51 SLOOP 124 Snowdonia 249, 250 social computing 165 social learner 20 social software 106, 107, 115 for online science 106 software delivery 171 soil 245, 247, 248, 253 soil science 243, 245 blended and just-in-time 245 South America 9, 270 capacity Southeast Asia 2, capacity South Korea space-time visualizations 253 spectrophotometry 225, 234 SPSS® Exact Module® 52 Sputnik era 78 SRS 151 SSciVEE 171 Stanford University 270 stature of science 15 STEM 151, 160 stereograms 275 stereoscopic imaging 275 in anatomy and physiology 275 STI stream erosion 252 streaming digital video 125 in online science 125 streaming video 35, 99, 122, 125, 145, 151, 152, 278 structural molecular biology 283 structure-function approach 270 student attributes 33 student preconceptions 211 student research 163 student response system (SRS) 151 SUDSE© 50 background 50 methods 51 online survey 58 purpose 51 summative assessment 197, 211, 309 Supportive Scientific Visualization Environment for Education (SSciVEE) 171 Copyright © 2008, IGI Global Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited  Index surgery simulation for pharmacy education 270 survey of geology for teachers 244 Survey of Undergraduate Distance Science Education (SUDSE©) 51 sustainability 3, Swiss 270 symbol representation 217 synchronous chat online discussion 221 synchronous communication 52, 217, 234, 236 synchronous interaction by chat 233 synchronous lecture 223 synchronous online discussion 220 synchronous streaming media 125 synthesis 200, 201, 303, 309 T tablet PCs 164 tangible models 283 Tanzania teacherless learning systems 181 teamwork orientation 104, 119 techniques 197, 201, 202, 204, 213 technological innovations 51 technology 292, 293, 304, 308, 309, 310, 312 capital skills 33 Technology Enhanced Elementary Math and Science Project (TEEMSS2) 39 TEEMSS2 39 telescope 225, 232 tertiary education 2, 3, 8, Thailand third generation digital technology (3G) 160 Thomas, Lewis 265 Thorndike, Edward 22 Todar’s Online Textbook of Bacteriology 285 tools 303, 309, 315 topography 250, 252 tracking 21, 27 system 21 transition to teaching 36 Tunisia TurfBlight 275 Turkle, Sherry 49 Twain, Mark 216 typologies for Web-enabled science laboratories 126 U U.S failure in science 16, 18 U.S virtual schools 31 UbiComp 166 ubiquitous computing (UbiComp) 166 ucmp 259 Uganda UK 249 UK National Curriculum 77 uncoverage 200, 201, 210 understanding, six facets of 200 unidata 260 United Kingdom 55, 76 United States 78 United States Agency for International Development (USAID) University of California 259 Museum of Paleontology 184, 259 University of Colorado 273 University of Queensland 279 University of Wisconsin-Madison 285 university science education online 49 USAID 4, use value 3, 4, 293, 295 V validity of science 15 values 291, 293, 295, 310 Vanderbilt University 37 van Gogh, Vincent 291 video clips 279, 281 videoconferencing 183, 269 videotaped expert lectures 281 Vietnam Vietnamese peninsula virtual chemistry for colleges 227 virtual chemistry for schools 224 virtual classmates 180 virtual classrooms 160, 161 virtual experimentation 163 virtual field trips 30, 33, 40, 54, 121, 122, 145, 146, 152, 242, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 259, 260, 261, 265, 287 virtual field work 273 Virtual Frog Builder Game 279 Virtual Frog Dissection Kit 279 virtual instructors 160, 180 virtual instrument 136, 139, 142, 153 virtual instrumentation 50 virtual laboratories 30, 33, 216, 219, 239, 242, 250, 251, 260, 261, 273 virtual learning environments 160 Virtual Montana 249, 250 virtual museums 160, 258, 261, 281 virtual objects 74 Copyright © 2008, IGI Global Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited Index  virtual paleontology 245 virtual planetarium interface 184 virtual practical work 74 virtual puzzles 149 for learning science 149 virtual reality (VR) 106, 160, 274, 275, 285 virtual schools 31, 33, 37 virtual school science 30 virtual science centers 185 virtual science environments, affordances of 135 virtual science museums 216, 219, 234, 235, 237, 242, 256, 258, 260, 266 science centers 184 Virtual Scientist Program 37 virtual studio system 163 virtual telescope 232 virtual tour 145, 152 virtual tutors 180 virtual worlds, 3-D 133 virtual worlds, caveats of using 135 Visible Human Project, The 121 visualization 160, 217, 220, 222, 228, 229, 232, 235, 236, 238, 246, 251, 252, 253, 261 advances in 168 vocational education vocational pathway vocational training 82 VOIP telephony 183 volcanoes 248 VR 106 VS assistant 33 VS counselor 33 VS Designer and Teacher 33 VS Teacher 33 Vygotsky, Lev 23, 24, 199, 201 Web-based audiometric simulation 284 Web-based courses 159 Web-based distributed visualization, types of 171 Web-based inquiry science environment (WISE) 36, 81, 92 Web-based learning objects 30 Web-based oral surgery for distance undergraduates 271 Web-based science activities 30, 43 Web-based science instruction 30, 31, 168 Web-based training 37 Web-broadcasting studios 160 Web-enabled or online laboratory 126 Web-enabled science laboratories, typologies for 126 Web-facilitated format 52 Web 3-D 171 Webcasting Studios 162 Web conferencing 106 Whole Frog 279 Wikis 106, 107 wireless navigation 175 WISE 36, 81 WNET New York 285 Women on the Prairie: Bringing Girls into Science through Environmental Stewardship 19 working memory 25 workplace science 74, 75, 89, 295, 296, 313 worksheets 292, 299, 308, 309, 311 World Bank, The 2, 3, 4, 8, 11 World Health Organization 270 WorldWatcher 171 W XaviXTechnology™ 183 X Watson, John B 22 Web-based audiometer simulation 284 Copyright © 2008, IGI Global Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited ® Formerly Idea Group Inc Stay on the Cutting Edge of Research with Quality, Peer-Reviewed Journals from Information Science Publishing Institutional Print Subscription Includes FREE Online Access! International Journal of Distance Education Technologies Shi-Kuo Chang, University of Pittsburgh, USA Timothy K Shih, Tamkang University, Taiwan ISSN: 1539-3100 EISSN: 1539-3119 Institution: US $395.00 Online Only (Institution): US $345.00 Individual: US $120.00 Vol 1, No January - March 2005 An official publication of the Information Resources Management Association INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF International Journal of Information and Communication Technology Education Information and Communication Technology Education Lawrence A Tomei, Robert Morris University, USA ISSN: 1550-1876 EISSN: 1550-1337 Institution: US $395.00 Online Only (Institution): US $345.00 Individual: US $115.00 Vol 1, No January - March 2005 An official publication of the Information Resources Management Association International Journal of Technology and Human Interaction Bernd Carsten Stahl, De Montfort University, UK IDEA GROUP PUBLISHING Publisher of IT books, journals and cases since 1988 www.idea-group.com INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF Technology and Human Interaction Vol 1, No January - March 2005 ISSN: 1548-3908 EISSN: 1548-3916 Institution: US $395.00 Online Only (Institution): US $345.00 Individual: US $115.00 An official publication of the Information Resources Management Association INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF Web - Based Learning and Teaching Technologies International Journal of Web-Based Learning and Teaching Technologies Liliane Esnault, E.M.LYON, France ISSN: 1548-1093 EISSN: 1548-1107 Institution: US $395.00 Online Only (Institution): US $345.00 Individual: US $110.00 IDEA GROUP PUBLISHING Publisher of IT books, journals and cases since 1988 www.idea-group.com IDEA GROUP PUBLISHING Publisher of IT books, journals and cases since 1988 www.idea-group.com Download Sample Issues at www.igi-global.com/journals View more titles from IGI Global at www.igi-global.com/journals IGI Global • 701 E Chocolate Ave., Suite 200, Hershey PA 17033, USA • 1-866-342-6657 (toll free) or 717-533-8845 ext 10 • cust@igi-global.com ... or redesign phases of an online science course or learning activity Figure Organization of Online Science Learning: Best Practices and Technologies xv Online science learning can be a remarkably... Online Science Learning: Best Practices and Technologies is organized into five sections (Figure 2) spanning: (1) fundamental issues and concepts in online science learning, (2) emerging online science. .. –JKH v Online Science Learning: Best Practices and Technologies Table of Contents Foreword ix Preface xi Section.I: Science. Education .and .Online. Science. Learning