An introduction to LTE, 2nd edition

www.it-ebooks.info www.it-ebooks.info AN INTRODUCTION TO LTE www.it-ebooks.info www.it-ebooks.info AN INTRODUCTION TO LTE LTE, LTE-ADVANCED, SAE, VoLTE AND 4G MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS Second Edition Christopher Cox Director, Chris Cox Communications Ltd, UK www.it-ebooks.info This edition first published 2014 © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Registered office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services and neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Cox, Christopher (Christopher Ian), 1965An introduction to LTE LTE, LTE-advanced, SAE, VoLTE and 4G mobile communications / Christopher Cox pages cm Includes index ISBN 978-1-118-81803-9 (cloth) Long-Term Evolution (Telecommunications) Mobile communication systems – Standards I Title TK5103.48325.C693 2014 621.3845′ – dc23 2014007432 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN:9781118818039 Set in 10/12 Times by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, India www.it-ebooks.info To my nieces, Louise and Zoe www.it-ebooks.info www.it-ebooks.info Contents Preface xxi Acknowledgements xxiii List of Abbreviations 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 2.1 xxv Introduction Architectural Review of UMTS and GSM 1.1.1 High-Level Architecture 1.1.2 Architecture of the Radio Access Network 1.1.3 Architecture of the Core Network 1.1.4 Communication Protocols History of Mobile Telecommunication Systems 1.2.1 From 1G to 3G 1.2.2 Third Generation Systems The Need for LTE 1.3.1 The Growth of Mobile Data 1.3.2 Capacity of a Mobile Telecommunication System 1.3.3 Increasing the System Capacity 1.3.4 Additional Motivations From UMTS to LTE 1.4.1 High-Level Architecture of LTE 1.4.2 Long-Term Evolution 1.4.3 System Architecture Evolution 1.4.4 LTE Voice Calls 1.4.5 The Growth of LTE From LTE to LTE-Advanced 1.5.1 The ITU Requirements for 4G 1.5.2 Requirements of LTE-Advanced 1.5.3 4G Communication Systems 1.5.4 The Meaning of 4G The 3GPP Specifications for LTE References 1 6 8 10 11 11 11 12 13 14 15 16 16 16 16 17 17 19 System Architecture Evolution High-Level Architecture of LTE 21 21 www.it-ebooks.info Contents viii 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.1 3.2 3.3 User Equipment 2.2.1 Architecture of the UE 2.2.2 UE Capabilities Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network 2.3.1 Architecture of the E-UTRAN 2.3.2 Transport Network 2.3.3 Small Cells and the Home eNB Evolved Packet Core 2.4.1 Architecture of the EPC 2.4.2 Roaming Architecture 2.4.3 Network Areas 2.4.4 Numbering, Addressing and Identification Communication Protocols 2.5.1 Protocol Model 2.5.2 Air Interface Transport Protocols 2.5.3 Fixed Network Transport Protocols 2.5.4 User Plane Protocols 2.5.5 Signalling Protocols Example Signalling Flows 2.6.1 Access Stratum Signalling 2.6.2 Non-Access Stratum Signalling Bearer Management 2.7.1 The EPS Bearer 2.7.2 Default and Dedicated Bearers 2.7.3 Bearer Implementation Using GTP 2.7.4 Bearer Implementation Using GRE and PMIP 2.7.5 Signalling Radio Bearers State Diagrams 2.8.1 EPS Mobility Management 2.8.2 EPS Connection Management 2.8.3 Radio Resource Control Spectrum Allocation References 21 21 22 23 23 24 25 25 25 27 28 28 30 30 31 31 32 33 34 34 35 36 36 37 38 39 39 40 40 40 41 43 45 Digital Wireless Communications Radio Transmission and Reception 3.1.1 Carrier Signal 3.1.2 Modulation Techniques 3.1.3 The Modulation Process 3.1.4 The Demodulation Process 3.1.5 Channel Estimation 3.1.6 Bandwidth of the Modulated Signal Radio Transmission in a Mobile Cellular Network 3.2.1 Multiple Access Techniques 3.2.2 FDD and TDD Modes Impairments to the Received Signal 49 49 49 50 51 53 55 55 56 56 56 58 www.it-ebooks.info ...www.it-ebooks.info AN INTRODUCTION TO LTE www.it-ebooks.info www.it-ebooks.info AN INTRODUCTION TO LTE LTE, LTE-ADVANCED, SAE, VoLTE AND 4G MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS Second Edition Christopher Cox Director, Chris... Identification Communication Protocols 2.5.1 Protocol Model 2.5.2 Air Interface Transport Protocols 2.5.3 Fixed Network Transport Protocols 2.5.4 User Plane Protocols 2.5.5 Signalling Protocols Example Signalling... Interface Protocol Stack Logical, Transport and Physical Channels 6.2.1 Logical Channels 6.2.2 Transport Channels 6.2.3 Physical Data Channels 6.2.4 Control Information 6.2.5 Physical Control Channels