tính từ và trạng từ trong tiếng anh và cách phân biệt dùng cho những người mất gốc cơ bản tiếng anh hoặc những người bắt đầu học tiếng anh Đây là những nội dung cơ bản nhất, chưa phải ngữ pháp chi tiết về tín từ và trạng từ trong tiesng anh
SĐsssqsqqsqs CÁC DẠNG SO SÁNH CỦA TÍNH TỪ VÀ TRẠNG TỪ PHẦN I SO SÁNH BẰNG (EQUALITY) 1.1 Cấu trúc “as1… as2…” dùng với adj/ adv S + V + as1 + adj/ adv + as2 + noun/ pronoun + (aux) Trong câu phủ định, as1 thay “so” (informal) Sau as2 phải đại từ nhân xưng chủ ngữ, không đại từ nhân xưng tân ngữ E.g.: She is not as patient as her mother Có thể dùng: She is not so patient as her mother (informal) He runs as quickly as his brother The inflation rate this year is not as high as it was last year/ last year’s (NOT “last year”) 1.2 So sánh danh từ S + V + the same (noun) + as + noun/ pronoun Adjectives Nouns Heavy, light Weight Wide, narrow Width Deep, shallow Depth Long, short Length Big, small Size E.g.: My house is as high as his = My house is the same height as his The iPhone is perfectly the same size as the iPhone 5s = The iPhone is as big/ small as the iPhone 5s II SO SÁNH HƠN KÉM (COMPARITIVE) 2.1 Công thức chung: ADJECTIVES (a) Short adjectives (có âm tiết) S1 + be + adj + ER + than + S2 (aux) E.g.: cold colder, high higher ADVERBS (a) Adv = adj (có âm tiết) S1 + V (chia) + adv + ER + than + S2 + (aux) E.g.: long, fast, late, hard, … (xem lại lesson 1, chapter 6) E.g.: VietJet Air planes often arrive later than Vietnam Airlines * Ngoại lệ: (1) Từ kết thúc nguyên âm phụ âm nhân đôi phụ âm cuối cộng thêm ER: hot hotter (2) Từ kết thúc –y i + ER: early earlier (3) Nhóm từ đặc biệt: có cách chuyển so sánh hơn: Clever cleverer/ more clever Quiet quieter/ more quiet Narrow narrower/ more narrow Friendly friendlier/ more friendly (b) Long adjs (2 âm tiết trở lên) (b) Long adverbs (2 âm tiết trở lên) S1 + be + MORE/ LESS + adj + than + S2 + (aux) S1 + V (chia) + MORE/ LESS + adv + than + S2 + (aux) E.g.: The economy this quarter is more fluctuating than the previous one E.g.: Jacky played more impressively than other contestants 2.2 Khi so sánh người/ vật với tất người/ vật khác thêm ELSE vào sau anything/ anyone/ anybody E.g.: You must love yourself than anyone else 2.3 Khi nhấn mạnh so sánh thêm MUCH/ FAR vào trước so sánh E.g.: Jamie’s new jeans are far more expensive than mine He speaks English much more fluently than he does Spanish 2.4 So sánh hơn/ kém/ với DANH TỪ + countable nouns: dùng sau many/ few + uncountable nouns: dùng sau much/ little S + V + as + many/ much/ few/ little + noun + as + noun/ pronoun + (aux) S + V + more/ less/ fewer + noun + than + noun/ pronoun + (aux) E.g.: Elizabeth works as many hours a day as I Their jobs allow them less freedom than ours does 2.5 Loại bỏ chủ ngữ đằng sau AS THAN trùng với chủ ngữ thứ nhất, đặc biệt động từ sau AS/ THAN thể bị động: Lúc AS THAN có thêm chức năng: biến thành đại từ quan hệ thay E.g.1: The storm was not destructive AS had been forecasted (NOT: … as it had been forecasted) E.g.2: The music show is going to be held AS has been planned since last year (NOT: … as it has been planned…) * TÂN NGỮ bị loại bỏ sau động từ mệnh đề sau AS THAN E.g.: Don’t take this damaged lift as I did this morning (NOT: as I dit it this morning) CÁC DẠNG SO SÁNH CỦA TÍNH TỪ VÀ TRẠNG TỪ BÀI TẬP- PHẦN Choose the best answer among A, B, C or D to complete each sentence Ms Jones isn't as nice Ms Smith A as B for C like D to The rooms in Graduate Towers are Patterson Hall A larger than B larger than that of C larger than those in D larger than in Although she is very popular, she is not her sister A pretty as B as pretty C prettier than D most pretty than Tuition at an American university runs …… six thousand dollars a semester A so high as B as high to C as high as D as high than Everyone looks much today than they did yesterday A happy B more happily C happily D happier Mr Brown receives a salary than anyone else in the company A big B more bigger C bigger D the bigger The Boeing 747 is twice .the Boeing 707 A bigger than B as bigger as C as big as D more bigger than "Do you know that beautiful lady over there?" "Yes, that's Wanida She's in her group A more beautiful than any girl B more beautiful than any other girl C so beautiful as other girl D beautiful more than another girl My young brother grew very quickly and soon he was my mother A more big than B so big than C as big as D too big than 10 The tourist company was down the street than I had thought A farther B far C farer D farest 11 John’s grades are ……………… than his sister’s A higher B more high C high D the highest 12 Deana is the …………………… of the three sisters A most short B shorter C shortest D more short 13 She speaks English as ……………… as her friend does A good B well C better D the best 14 Of the three shirts, this one is the ………………… A prettier B most prettiest C prettiest D most pretty 15 The baby’s illness is ………………… than we thought at first A bad B worst C worse D badly 16 Today is the ………………… day of the month A hot B hotter C hottest D hottest than 17 He works more ………………… than I A slow B slowly C slowest D most slowly 18 My book is as ………………… as yours A good B well C better D the best 19 I love you ………………… than I can say A much B many C more D the most 20 It’s ……………… to go by bus than by car A cheaper B cheapest C more cheap D more cheaper 21 That house is ……………… one on the street A oldest B the oldest C old D older 22 This hotel must be ……………… than the small one next door A expensive B more expensive C the most expensive D the more expensive 23 An orange is ……………… than a plum A more large B more larger C larger D the largest 24 What is the ……………… thing you have ever done? A more difficult B most difficult C difficulty D difficult than 25 This river is than that river A narrow B narrowest C narrower D most narrow 26 The test is not ………….… difficult ……………… it was last month A as / as B so / as C more / as D A and B 27 Peter usually drives ………………… Mary A more fast B more fast than C faster than D B and C 28 My brother sang of all the pupils of the group A more beautifully B the most beautifully C less beautiful D most beautifully 29 At 3,810 meters above sea level in Bolivia stands Lake Titicaca, …… in the world A the highest large lakeB largest high lake C high largest lake D the high largest lake 30 The hotel was any one we had stayed at before A more expensive than B more expensive as C most expensive than D better expensive than 31 A: It's a long way from Britain, isn't it? B: Yes, but it isn't as as Hong Kong A far B farther C farthes D further 32 Gaining the first prize in this competition is the……………….moment in my life A most unforgettable B unforgettabler C more unforgettable D unforgettably 33 Japan is usually Saudi Arabia in summer A hot than B as hot so C cooler than D so hot as 34 apples are grown in Washington State A Best B The better C The best D The most good 35 She is now she used to A more busy than B busier than C more busier than D busier that 36 This play is than the one we saw last week A as good B good C more good D better 37 Of Charles Dickens’ novels, Great Expectations is perhaps to many readers A the most satisfying one B most satisfying one C more than satisfying one D the more satisfying than 38 He says: “These neighbors are the others.” A friendlier than B more friendly than C friendlier as D Both A and B 39 The Mississippi is The Thames A the longer than B longer than C the longest than D more long than 40 tools are screwdrivers, hammers and saws A The usefulness B The most useful C The more useful D The best useful 41 Some computers can work 500,000 times any person can A faster than B fast than C fatter than D more fast than 42 This pen is the other two pens A more expensive as B the most expensive of C more expensive than D as expensive than 43 The exam was quite easy; we expected A more easy that B more easy than C easier than D easier as 44 The story was really boring It was .I’ve ever read A most boring story B the more boring story C the story more boring D the most boring story 45 The picture he gave you is more valuable the one he gave me A over B above C to D than 46 Australia’s one of the places in the world for holiday A good B best C better D better 47 Nam runs than any boy in his class A faster B more faster C the fastest D fastest 48 The Sears Tower is ……………… building in Chicago A taller B the more tall C the tallest D taller and taller 49 Peter is ……………… John A younger and more intelligent than B more young and intelligent than C more intelligent and young than D the more intelligent and younger than 50 The Mekong Delta is ……………… deltas in Vietnam A the largest of the two B the more larger of the two C one of the two largest D one of the two large ĐÁP ÁN I/ Review: Cấu trúc so sánh S1 + V + so/as + Adj/Adv + as + S2 (1) Lưu ý: so dùng thay cho as trường hợp so sánh KHÔNG Cấu trúc so sánh hơn: (2) Với Adj/Adv ngắn: S1 + V + Adj/Adv_er + than + S2 Với Adj/Adv dài: S1 + V + more + Adj/Adv + than + S2 Trong số trường hợp, S2 O mềnh đề Eg: There are more people than I expected. Cấu trúc so sánh nhất: (3) Với Adj/Adv ngắn: S + V + the + Adj/Adv_est + O Với Adj/Adv dài: S + V + the most + Adj/Adv + O II/ Choose the best answer among A, B, C or D to complete each sentence Ms Jones isn't as nice Ms Smith A as B for C like D to Cấu trúc so sánh S1 + be + as + Adj + as + S2 (1) The rooms in Graduate Towers are Patterson Hall A larger than B larger than that of C larger than those in D larger than in Cấu trúc so sánh hơn: (2) Với Adj ngắn: S1 + be + Adj_er + than + S2 Với Adj dài: S1 + be + more + Adj + than + S2 Ở those đóng vai trò S2 tương đương với the rooms Although she is very popular, she is not her sister A pretty as B as pretty C prettier than D most pretty than Theo cấu trúc (2) Tuition at an American university runs …… six thousand dollars a semester A so high as B as high to C as high as D as high than Theo cấu trúc (1) Everyone looks much today than they did yesterday A happy B more happily C happily D happier Cấu trúc (2), lưu ý cấu trúc với look: S + look + Adj Mr Brown receives a salary than anyone else in the company A big B more bigger C bigger D the bigger Theo cấu trúc (2) The Boeing 747 is twice .the Boeing 707 A bigger than B as bigger as C as big as D more bigger than Cấu trúc so sánh gấp (một, hai,…) lần: S1 + V + số lần ( once, twice, three times,…) as + adj + as S2 "Do you know that beautiful lady over there?" "Yes, that's Wanida She's in her group A more beautiful than any girl B more beautiful than any other girl C so beautiful as other girl D beautiful more than another girl Theo cấu trúc (2) My young brother grew very quickly and soon he was my mother A more big than B so big than C as big as D too big than Theo cấu trúc (1) 10 The tourist company was down the street than I had thought A farther B far C farer D farest So sánh dạng đặc biệt số tính từ: little – less, many- more,… 11 John’s grades are ……………… than his sister’s A higher B more high C high D the highest Theo cấu trúc (2) 12 Deana is the …………………… of the three sisters A most short B shorter C shortest D more short Theo cấu trúc (3) 13 She speaks English as ……………… as her friend does A good B well C better D the best Theo cấu trúc (1) 14 Of the three shirts, this one is the ………………… A prettier B most prettiest C prettiest D most pretty Theo cấu trúc (3) 15 The baby’s illness is ………………… than we thought at first A bad B worst C worse D badly So sánh – dạng đặc biệt số tính từ: little – less - least, many – more - most, bad – worse worst,… 16 Today is the ………………… day of the month A hot B hotter C hottest D hottest than Theo cấu trúc (3) 17 He works more ………………… than I A slow B slowly C slowest D most slowly Theo cấu trúc (2) 18 My book is as ………………… as yours A good B well C better D the best Theo cấu trúc (1) 19 I love you ………………… than I can say A much B many C more D the most Theo cấu trúc (2) 20 It’s ……………… to go by bus than by car A cheaper B cheapest C more cheap D more cheaper Theo cấu trúc (2) 21 That house is ……………… one on the street A oldest B the oldest C old D older Theo cấu trúc (3) 22 This hotel must be ……………… than the small one next door A expensive B more expensive C the most expensive D the more expensive Theo cấu trúc (2) 23 An orange is ……………… than a plum A more large B more larger C larger D the largest Theo cấu trúc (2); Plum /pl^m/ (n): mận 24 What is the ……………… thing you have ever done? A more difficult B most difficult C difficulty D difficult than Theo cấu trúc (3) 25 This river is than that river A narrow B narrowest C narrower D most narrow Theo cấu trúc (2) 26 The test is not ………….… difficult ……………… it was last month A as / as B so / as C more / as D A and B Theo cấu trúc (1) 27 Peter usually drives ………………… Mary A more fast B more fast than C faster than D B and C Theo cấu trúc (2), lưu ý: fast (Adj/Adv) 28 My brother sang of all the pupils of the group A more beautifully B the most beautifully C less beautiful D most beautifully Theo cấu trúc (3) 29 At 3,810 meters above sea level in Bolivia stands Lake Titicaca, …… in the world A the highest large lakeB largest high lake C high largest lake D the high largest lake Theo cấu trúc (3), phép so sánh áp dụng với tính từ sau động từ câu 30 The hotel was any one we had stayed at before A more expensive than B more expensive as C most expensive than D better expensive than Theo cấu trúc (2) 31 A: It's a long way from Britain, isn't it? B: Yes, but it isn't as as Hong Kong A far B farther C farthes D further Theo cấu trúc (1) 32 Gaining the first prize in this competition is the……………….moment in my life A most unforgettable B unforgettabler C more unforgettable D unforgettably Theo cấu trúc (3) 33 Japan is usually Saudi Arabia in summer A hot than B as hot so C cooler than D so hot as Theo cấu trúc (2) 34 apples are grown in Washington State A Best B The better C The best D The most good So sánh – dạng đặc biệt số tính từ: little – less - least, many – more - most, bad – worse – worst, good – better – best,… 35 She is now she used to A more busy than B busier than C more busier than D busier that Theo cấu trúc (2) 36 This play is than the one we saw last week A as good B good C more good D better So sánh – dạng đặc biệt số tính từ: little – less - least, many – more - most, bad – worse – worst, good – better – best,… 37 Of Charles Dickens’ novels, Great Expectations is perhaps to many readers A the most satisfying one B most satisfying one C more than satisfying one D the more satisfying than Theo cấu trúc (3); satisfying /’sætisfaiŋ/ (adj): làm vừa ý, làm thỏa mãn 38 He says: “These neighbors are the others.” A friendlier than B more friendly than C friendlier as D Both A and B Đây trường hợp đặc biệt, friendly dung tính từ ngắn tính từ dài 39 The Mississippi is The Thames A the longer than B longer than C the longest than D more long than Theo cấu trúc (2) 40 tools are screwdrivers, hammers and saws A The usefulness B The most useful C The more useful D The best useful Theo cấu trúc (3) 41 Some computers can work 500,000 times any person can A faster than B fast than C fatter than D more fast than Cấu trúc so sánh gấp (một, hai,…) lần: Với Adj/Adv ngắn: S1 + V + số lần ( once, twice, three times,…) + Adj/Adv_er + S2 Với Adj/Adv dài: S1 + V + số lần ( once, twice, three times,… ) + more + Adj/Adv + S2 Lưu ý: S2 mệnh đề 42 This pen is the other two pens A more expensive as B the most expensive of C more expensive than D as expensive than Theo cấu trúc (2) 43 The exam was quite easy; we expected A more easy that B more easy than C easier than D easier as Theo cấu trúc (2) 44 The story was really boring It was .I’ve ever read A most boring story B the more boring story C the story more boring D the most boring story Theo cấu trúc (3) 45 The picture he gave you is more valuable the one he gave me A over B above C to D than Theo cấu trúc (2) 46 Australia’s one of the places in the world for holiday A good B best C better D better So sánh – dạng đặc biệt số tính từ: little – less - least, many – more - most, bad – worse – worst, good – better – best,… 47 Nam runs than any boy in his class A faster B more faster C the fastest D fastest Theo cấu trúc (2), lưu ý: fast (Adj/Adv) 48 The Sears Tower is ……………… building in Chicago A taller B the more tall C the tallest D taller and taller Theo cấu trúc (3) 49 Peter is ……………… John A younger and more intelligent than B more young and intelligent than C more intelligent and young than D the more intelligent and younger than Khi câu có xuất tính từ ngắn tính từ dài, đưa tính từ ngắn lên trước thực phép so sánh 50 The Mekong Delta is ……………… deltas in Vietnam A the largest of the two B the more larger of the two C one of the two largest D one of the two large Dịch: “Đồng sông Cửu Long hai đồng lớn Việt Nam.” Delta /’deltə/ (n): Đồng PHẦN III Superlative (so sánh nhất) So sánh sử dụng so sánh người vật trở lên Short adj(s)/adv(s) (Tính từ/Trạng từ ngắn) The + adj/adv + EST Dùng giới từ “in” với danh từ số E.g: Helen is the the youngest member in the group Dùng giới từ “of ’ với danh từ số nhiều E.g: Lily is the tallest of the sisters Trong cấu trúc “one of the +superlative + noun (plural) + V(singular) E.g: One of the greatest politicians in the world is Ho Chi Minh Long adj(s)/adv(s) (Tính từ/Trạng từ dài) The + MOST/LEAST+ adj/adv E.g: What is the most enịoyabe holiday that you’vc cvcr had? Notes: Quy tắc 1-1-1: hot -> hottest, big -> bigger Kết thúc e thêm st: largest Kết thúc -y thỉ đổi thành i + est: easy easiest Bảng tông hợp adj/adv bất quy tắc: No Adj GoodAvell better best Bad worse worst Litlle (amounl) less least Little (size) smaller smallest Much/Many more most Late (time) later latest (muộn nhất; nhất) Near (place) nearer nearest Far (place) farther/further farthest Far (time, degree) íurther íurthest 10 Old (people, things) older elder oldest eldest So sảnh đa bơí Số lần + as many/ much as E.g: This make-up set costs twice as much as the other one V Superlative IV Comparative So sánh kép/đồng tiến Dịch tiếng Việt: The + comparative + SI + VI, the + comparative + S2 + VI E.g: The colder it gets, the more excited the children are Nếu adj/adv để so sánh, dùng “the more” E.g: The more you study, the better marks you will get Nếu hai vế có “it is” bỏ chúng E.g: The shorter (it is), the better (it is) VI So sánh người hoăc vât: chi dùng so sánh hon The + comparative E.g: Billy is the smarter olthe two boys Of the two options, this one is the niore appropriatc BÀI TẬP SO SÁNH P2 I Choose the best answer amongA, B,CorD to complete each sentencẹ The Silence of the Lambs is the most film I’ve ever seen A excited B terriíied C scared D tcrriíying Is her health getting and ? A bad / bad B good / good C worse / worse D more / more we eat, the fatter we become A The much B The more C Many D A l o t o f The test becomes and A hard/hard B difficult / diffícult c.harder / harder D Difficulty / difficulty His health is getting and D wcll / wcll A good / good B better / better C Bad/ bad The more paper we save, preserved A more is wood pulp B the more wood pulp is c wood pulp is D the much wood pulp is The more polluted air we breathe, we get D weaker more A the more weaker B the morc weak C thc weaker The more we study, the we are D good A more good B better C better than The more I tried mv best to help her, she became A less lazy B the lazier C the more lazy D lazier 10 “What’s your thought of her presence here?” “The longer she stay, dislike her.” A the most B the very more C much more D the more 11 The weathcr bccome A colder with colder B colder and colder C colder and more cold D more and more cold 12 The more he slept, irritable he became A the most B the very more C much more D the more 13 he worked, the more money he earned A The more hard B The hard C The harder D The hardest 14 I get to know Jim, the more I like him A For more B More C The more D The most 15 The competition makes the price of goods A most cheap and cheap B cheaper and cheaper C more cheap and more cheap D cheaper and more cheaper 16 That factory is producing pollution A more and more B better and better C less and least D more and less The I read about history, the .it makes me realize how relevant history is for us today A more / better B better / better C more / more D better / more 18 The less we study, the we are 17 A worse B bad C well D good 19 the match was, the more spectators it attracted A The most interesting B The best interesting C The more interesting D The interesting 20 The more running water you use, A your bill will be higher B will be higher your bill C the higher your bill will be D the highest your bill will be Bài tâp bổ sung Choose the best answer amongA, B, C or D to complete each sentence The shirt cost the other one A so much as C twice as rnuch as B so many as D twice as many as A quick look would reveal thai France has twice computcrs A as many televisions as C as many as televisions B more televisions than D many as televisions as I am as lall as you A exactly B perfectly C correctly Please cut my hair the style in this magazine A the same lengtli as C the same lomg like B the same length like D the same long as Staying in a hotel costs renting a room in a dormitory for a week A Third as much as C three times as much as B three times more than D third more than Tom: “ Which is more important? Luck or effort?” Marry: “ Luck is effort” A on the same importance C the same important as B of the same importance as D as the same important as They are by the best students in the class A no means B all the time C far This exercise is more difficult than that one A a lot of B a bit C a few 9.I am a head than you A tall B higher C height 10 Her house is .more expensive than mine A mostly B Nearly C slightly D precisely D.any ways D lots of D taller D a few ... PHẦN III Superlative (so sánh nhất) So sánh sử dụng so sánh người vật trở lên Short adj(s)/adv(s) (Tính từ/ Trạng từ ngắn) The + adj/adv + EST Dùng giới từ “in” với danh từ số E.g: Helen is the... bị loại bỏ sau động từ mệnh đề sau AS THAN E.g.: Don’t take this damaged lift as I did this morning (NOT: as I dit it this morning) CÁC DẠNG SO SÁNH CỦA TÍNH TỪ VÀ TRẠNG TỪ BÀI TẬP- PHẦN Choose... than D the more intelligent and younger than Khi câu có xuất tính từ ngắn tính từ dài, đưa tính từ ngắn lên trước thực phép so sánh 50 The Mekong Delta is ……………… deltas in Vietnam A the largest