The #1 bestselling Mac Guide for Over 10 years “Pogue, the New York Times computer columnist, is among the world’s best explainers.” —Kevin Kelly, co-founder of Wired OS X Mountain Lion Covers OS X 10.8 and iCloud David Pogue www.it-ebooks.info OS X Mountain Lion THE MISSING MANUAL The book that should have been in the box®ˇ www.it-ebooks.info www.it-ebooks.info “Here’s to the crazy ones The rebels The troublemakers The ones who see things differently While some may see them as the crazy ones, we see genius.” Dedicated to the memory of Steve Jobs www.it-ebooks.info www.it-ebooks.info OS X Mountain Lion David Pogue Beijing • Cambridge • Farnham • Kưln • Sebastopol • Taipei • Tokyo www.it-ebooks.info OS X Mountain Lion: The Missing Manual by David Pogue Copyright © 2012 David Pogue All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472 O’Reilly Media books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use Online editions are also available for most titles: safari@oreilly com For more information, contact our corporate/institutional sales department: 800-998-9938 or corporate@oreilly.com July 2012: First Edition The Missing Manual is a registered trademark of O’Reilly Media, Inc The Missing Manual logo, and “The book that should have been in the box” are trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks Where those designations appear in this book, and O’Reilly Media is aware of a trademark claim, the designations are capitalized While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained in it ISBN: 978-1449-33027-9 www.it-ebooks.info Table of Contents Introduction The Mac Becomes an iPad About This Book The Very Basics Part One: The OS X Desktop Chapter 0: The Mountain Lion Landscape Launchpad Full-Screen Mode, Safari 11 Full-Screen Apps, Mission Control 12 Chapter 1: Folders & Windows 15 Getting into OS X 15 Windows and How to Work Them 19 The Four Window Views 35 Icon View 37 List View 47 Column View 53 Cover Flow View 57 Quick Look 59 Logging Out, Shutting Down 64 Getting Help in OS X 66 Chapter 2: Organizing Your Stuff 71 The OS X Folder Structure 71 Icon Names 76 Selecting Icons 78 Moving and Copying Icons 81 Aliases: Icons in Two Places at Once 87 Color Labels 89 The Trash 92 Get Info 95 Shortcut Menus, Action Menus 98 table of contents www.it-ebooks.info vii Chapter 3: Spotlight 101 The Spotlight Menu 101 The Spotlight Window 112 Customizing Spotlight 125 Smart Folders 128 Chapter 4: Dock, Desktop & Toolbars 131 The Dock 131 Setting Up the Dock 132 Using the Dock 140 The Finder Toolbar 145 Designing Your Desktop 149 Menulets: The Missing Manual 151 Part Two: Programs in OS X Chapter 5: Documents, Programs & Spaces 157 The Mac App Store 157 Other Ways to Get Mac Software 160 Opening OS X Programs 163 Launchpad 164 Windows that Auto-Reopen 168 The “Heads-Up” Program Switcher 172 Mission Control: Death to Window Clutter 173 Dashboard 182 Exposé 197 Hiding Programs the Old-Fashioned Way 203 How Documents Know Their Parents 205 Keyboard Control 210 The Save and Open Dialog Boxes 214 Auto Save and Versions 220 Documents in the Cloud 225 Cocoa and Carbon 227 Chapter 6: Data: Typing, Dictating, Sharing & Backing Up 233 The Macintosh Keyboard 233 Notes on Right-Clicking 237 Power Typing 239 Dictation 245 The Many Languages of OS X Text 251 Data Detectors 256 Moving Data Between Documents 258 Exchanging Data with Other Macs 261 Exchanging Data with Windows PCs 267 The Mountain Lion Share Button 268 Time Machine 271 viii table of contents www.it-ebooks.info Chapter 7: Automator, AppleScript & Services 283 Services 285 Automator 291 Building Your Own Workflow 302 Doing More with Automator 309 AppleScript 312 Chapter 8: Windows on Macintosh 317 Boot Camp 319 Windows in a Window 325 Life with Microsoft Exchange 327 Part Three: The Components of OS X Chapter 9: System Preferences 333 The System Preferences Window 333 Accessibility 336 Bluetooth 341 CDs & DVDs 344 Date & Time 345 Desktop & Screen Saver 347 Dictation & Speech 353 Displays 353 Dock 355 Energy Saver 355 General 360 iCloud 362 Keyboard 362 Language & Text 363 Mail, Contacts & Calendars 364 Mission Control 364 Mouse 364 Network 365 Notifications 365 Parental Controls 366 Print & Scan 366 Security & Privacy 366 Sharing 366 Software Update 367 Sound 367 Spotlight 370 Startup Disk 370 Time Machine 370 Trackpad 370 Users & Groups 373 table of contents www.it-ebooks.info ix Notepad Notepad Chapter 10 documents the new Notes app, which is far more powerful than the Notepad of old Personal Web Server To find out how to turn your Mac into a state-of-the-art Web server, see page 782 Phone and Modem Options control panel To find the modem settings for your Mac, see page 648 Power Options To control when your Mac goes to sleep and (if it’s a laptop) how much power it uses, use the Energy Saver pane of System Preferences (Chapter 9) Printer Sharing To share a USB inkjet printer with other Macs on the network, open the Sharing pane of System Preferences on the Mac with the printer Turn on Printer Sharing To use the shared printer from across the network, open the document you want to print, choose FilPrint, and choose the name of the shared printer from the first pop-up menu Printers and Faxes For a list of your printers, open the Print & Scan pane of System Preferences (Chapter 15) Faxing is no longer built into OS X PrntScrn key You capture pictures of your Mac screen by pressing Shift-c-3 (for a full-screen grab) or Shift-c-4 (to grab a selected portion of the screen) There are many options available; see the end of Chapter 15 Program Files folder The Applications folder (GApplications) is like the Program Files folder in Windows—except that you’re not discouraged from opening it and double-clicking things On the Macintosh, every program bears its true name; Microsoft Word, for example, is called Microsoft Word, not WINWORD.EXE Properties dialog box You can call up something very similar for any icon (file, folder, program, disk, printer) by highlighting its icon and then choosing FilGet Info But objects in Macintosh programs generally don’t contain Properties dialog boxes Recycle Bin OS X has a Trash icon at the end of the Dock In general, it works exactly like the Windows Recycle Bin—and why not, since the Macintosh Trash was Microsoft’s inspiration?—but there are a couple of differences The Macintosh never automatically appendix c: the windows-to-mac dictionary www.it-ebooks.info 821 Recycle Bin empties it, for example That job is up to you: The simplest way is to Control-click it, or right-click it, and then choose Empty Trash from the shortcut menu The Mac never bothers you with an “Are you sure?” message when you throw something into the Trash, either The Mac interrupts you for permission only when you choose FilEmpty Trash And you can even turn that confirmation off, if you like (in FinderỈPreferences) To put icons into the Trash, drag them there, or highlight them and then press c-Delete Regional and Language Options control panel The closest equivalent is the Language & Text panel of System Preferences Registry There is no registry Let the celebration begin! Run command The Mac’s command line is Terminal (page 469) Safe Mode You can press the Shift key during startup to suppress the loading of certain software libraries, but OS X’s “safe mode” isn’t quite as massively stripped down as Windows’ Safe Mode ScanDisk Just like Windows, the Mac automatically scans and, if necessary, repairs its hard drive every time your machine starts up To run such a check on command, open Disk Utility (located in the ApplicationsỈUtilities folder), click the name of your hard drive, and then click the First Aid tab Scheduled Tasks To schedule a task to take place unattended, use the launchd Unix command in Terminal (page 469), or one of the scheduling programs listed at www.versiontracker.com Scrap files On the Mac, they’re called clipping files, and they’re even more widely compatible You create them the same way: Drag some highlighted text, or a graphic, out of a program’s window and onto the desktop There it becomes an independent clipping file that you can drag back in—to the same window or a different one Screen saver The Mac’s screen savers are impressive Open System Preferences and click the Desktop & Screen Saver icon Search In OS X, you have the ultimate file-searching tool: Spotlight (Chapter 3) Get psyched! 822 os x: the missing manual www.it-ebooks.info To find Web sites, use the Google search box at the top of the Safari browser Search Shortcut menus They work exactly the same as they in Windows You produce a shortcut menu by Control-clicking things like icons, list items, and so on (If you have a two-button mouse, feel free to right-click instead of using the Control key.) Shortcuts On the Mac, they’re known as aliases See page 88 Sounds and Audio Devices Open System Preferences; click the Sound icon You may also want to explore the Audio MIDI Setup program in ApplicationsỈUtilities Speech control panel The Mac’s center for speech recognition and text-to-speech is the Dictation & Speech panel of System Preferences As Chapter 16 makes clear, the Mac can read aloud any text in any program, and in Mountain Lion, it lets you speak to type Standby mode On the Mac, it’s called Sleep, but it’s the same idea You make a Mac laptop sleep by closing the lid You make a Mac desktop sleep by choosing Sleep, or just walking away; the Mac goes to sleep on its own, according to the settings in the Energy Saver pane of System Preferences Start menu There’s no Start menu in OS X Instead, you stash the icons of the programs, documents, and folders you use frequently onto the Dock at the edge of the screen, or into the Places section of the Sidebar at the left edge of every Finder window Exactly as with the Start menu, you can rearrange these icons (drag them horizontally) or remove the ones you don’t use often (drag them away from the Dock and then release) To add new icons of your own, just drag them into place (applications go to the left of the Dock’s divider line, documents and folders to the right) StartUp folder To make programs launch automatically at startup, include them in the list of Login Items in the System PreferencesỈAccounts pane System control panel The Mac has no central equivalent of the System window on a Windows PC But its functions have analogs here: •• General tab To find out your OS X version number and the amount of memory on your Mac, choose About This Mac appendix c: the windows-to-mac dictionary www.it-ebooks.info 823 System control panel •• Computer Name tab Open System Preferences, click Sharing, and edit your computer’s network name here •• Hardware tab The closest thing the Mac has to the Device Manager is System Profiler (in your ApplicationsặUtilities folder) Advanced tab In OS X, you cant easily adjust your virtual memory, processor scheduling, or user profile information •• System Restore tab OS X’s Time Machine feature is like System Restore on steroids; see Chapter •• Automatic Updates tab Choose aặSoftware Updates Remote tab OS X offers remote control in the form of Screen Sharing, described in Chapter 14 System Tray The OS X equivalent of the system tray (also called the notification area) is the row of menulets at the upper-right corner of your screen Taskbar OS X doesn’t have a taskbar, but it does have something very close: the Dock (Chapter 4) Open programs are indicated by a small, shiny dot beneath their icons in the Dock If you hold down your cursor on one of these icons (or Control-click it, or right-click it), you get a pop-up list of the open windows in that program, exactly as in Windows XP, Vista, and On the other hand, some conventions never die Much as in Windows, you cycle through the various open Mac programs by holding down the c key and pressing Tab repeatedly Taskbar and Start Menu control panel To configure your Dock (the equivalent of the taskbar and the Start menu), choose DockỈDock Preferences, or click the Dock icon in System Preferences “Three-fingered salute” Instead of pressing Ctrl-Alt-Delete to jettison a stuck program on the Mac, you press Option-c-Esc A Force Quit dialog box appears Click the program you want to toss, click Force Quit, confirm your choice, and then relaunch the program to get on with your day ToolTips Small, yellow identifying balloons pop up on the Mac almost as often as they in Windows Just point to a toolbar icon or truncated file name without clicking (There’s no way to turn these labels off.) 824 os x: the missing manual www.it-ebooks.info Tweak UI Tweak UI The closest equivalent for this free, downloadable, but unsupported Microsoft utility for tweaking the look of your PC is TinkerTool for OS X User Accounts control panel Like Windows 2000, XP, Vista, and 7, OS X was designed from Square One to be a multiuser operating system, keeping each person’s files, mail, and settings separate You set up and manage these accounts in System PreferencesỈ Accounts (Chapter 13) Windows (or WINNT) folder OS X’s operating system resides in a folder simply called System, which sits in your main hard drive window Exactly as in recent Windows versions, you’re forbidden to add, remove, or change anything inside Also as in Windows, most of it is invisible anyway Windows logo key The Mac has no equivalent for the w key on most PC keyboards Windows Media Player The Mac comes with individual programs for playing multimedia files: •• QuickTime Player (Chapter 16) to play back movies and sounds •• iTunes (Chapter 12) to play CDs, Internet radio, MP3 files, and other audio files (As a bonus, unlike Windows XP, iTunes can even create MP3 files.) •• DVD Player (Chapter 12) for playing DVDs This program is in the Applications folder Windows Media Player is, however, available in an aging Macintosh version, paradoxical though that may sound You can download it from www.microsoft.com/mac Windows Messenger OS X’s instant-messaging, audioconferencing and videoconferencing software is called Messages, and it’s described in Chapter 20 WordPad The TextEdit program (in the Applications folder) is a word processor along the lines of WordPad It can even open and save Word files, as WordPad can Zip files Zip files exist on the Mac, too, and you create them almost the same way: Controlclick (or right-click) a file or folder and choose Compress from the shortcut menu appendix c: the windows-to-mac dictionary www.it-ebooks.info 825 826 os x: the missing manual www.it-ebooks.info appendix d The Master OS X Secret Keystroke List H ere it is, by popular, frustrated demand: the master list of every secret (or not-so-secret) keystroke in OS X Mountain Lion, including all the keys you can press during startup Clip and post to your monitor (unless, of course, you got this book from the library) Note: For the most part, the following list doesn’t include the keystrokes already listed in your menus, like c-P for Print, c-S for Save, and so on Startup Keystrokes Keys to Hold Down C N R c-R T Option Shift-Option-c-Delete Option-c-P-R c-V Effect Starts up from a CD or DVD Starts up from a network server Resets the laptop screen Starts Recovery Mode Puts the Mac into FireWire or Thunderbolt Target Disk mode Shows icons of all startup disks and partitions, so you can choose one for starting up Starts up from external drive (or CD) Zaps the parameter RAM (PRAM) (hold down until you hear the second chime) Shows Unix console messages during startup, logout, and shutdown appendix d: the master os x secret keystroke list www.it-ebooks.info 875 Startup Keystrokes Starts up in single-user (Unix command-line) mode Ejects a stuck CD or DVD Starts up in 64-bit mode Just after powering up: Turns off kernel extensions Just after logging in: Prevents Finder windows and startup items from opening (they’ll return the next time you start up) c-S Mouse down and keys Shift Shift In the Finder c-space Option-c-space >, < Option-> Option-< c-, Shift-Option-c-, c- (or c-O) Option-click the flippy triangle Tab Shift-Tab space bar space bar Option-click Zoom button Option-click Close button Option-click Minimize button c-drag an icon Option Rearranges or removes menulets or toolbar icons Opens a pop-up menu showing the folder path c-drag c-click window title 876 Highlights Spotlight box Opens Spotlight window Expands or collapses a selected folder in list view Expands a folder in a list view and all folders inside it Collapses a folder and all folders inside it Opens parent folder Selects the desktop Opens the selected icon Expands or collapses all folders within that window Selects next icon alphabetically Selects previous icon alphabetically Opens Quick Look preview of highlighted icon(s) During a spring-loaded folder drag, opens the disk or folder under the mouse immediately Enlarges the window to full screen Closes all Finder windows Minimizes all windows (works in most apps) Moves it into, or out of, the System folder (administrator password required) Changes Quick Look button to Slideshow button os x: the missing manual www.it-ebooks.info a Menu Option Shift-c-Q Shift-Option-c-Q a Menu Changes “About This Mac” to “System Information” Logs out Logs out without confirmation box Finder Menu Option Shift-c-Delete Shift-c-Delete Shift-Option-c-Delete Option-Empty Trash c-comma c-H Shift-c-H Eliminates the confirmation box from Empty Trash and Secure Empty Trash Empties the Trash Puts back a highlighted icon in the Trash Empties the Trash without confirmation box Empties the Trash without confirmation box Opens Preferences Hide this program Hide other programs File Menu c-N New Finder window Shift-c-N New folder Option-c-N New smart folder c-O or c- Open Control-c-O Open in new window Option-click File menu Changes “Open With” to “Always Open With” c-W Close window Option-c-W Close All c-I Get Info Option-c-I Show Inspector Control-c-I Summary Info (of selected icons) c-D Duplicate c-L Make Alias c-Y Quick Look Option-c-Y Slideshow (of selected icons) c-R Show Original (of alias) c-T Add to Sidebar Shift-c-T Add to Favorites c-Delete Move to Trash c-E Eject appendix d: the master os x secret keystroke list www.it-ebooks.info 877 File Menu c-F Find Shift-c-F Find by Name Edit Menu c-Z Undo c-C, c-X, c-V Copy, Cut, Paste Shift-c-V Move copied icons to this window c-A Select All Option-c-A Deselect All View Menu c-1, -2, -3, -4 Control-c-1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6 Option Option Option-c-T Option-c-S c-J Icon, list, column, Cover Flow views Arrange by Name, Date Modified, Date Created, Size, Kind, Label Changes “Clean Up Selection” to “Clean Up” Changes “Arrange By” to “Sort By” Show/Hide Toolbar Show/Hide Sidebar Show/Hide View Options palette Go Menu Back, Forward Enclosing folder Enclosing folder in new window Show/Hide Toolbar All My Files window Documents window Desktop window Downloads window Home window Makes Library command appear Computer window AirDrop window Network window Applications window Go to Folder Connect to Server c-[, c-] c-, Control-c-, Option-c-T Shift-c-F Shift-c-O Shift-c-D Option-c-L Shift-c-H Option Shift-c-C Shift-c-R Shift-c-K Shift-c-A Shift-c-G c-K 878 os x: the missing manual www.it-ebooks.info Window Menu Window Menu c-M Minimize Option-c-M Minimize All Option Changes “Bring All to Front” to “Arrange in Front” Help Menu Shift-c-? Opens help search box Power Keys Control-´ Brings up dialog box for Shut Down, Sleep, or Restart Option-c-´ Sleep Control-Option-c-´ Shut Down Control-c-´ Restart The Dock Option-click a Dock icon Switches to new program and hides previous one Option-c-D Hides/shows the Dock c-click a Dock or Stacks icon Reveals its actual Finder icon Option-c-click a Dock icon Switches to this program and hides all others Control-click a Dock icon Opens a shortcut menu Hold mouse down on Dock app icon Triggers Exposé (shows all windows of that app in miniature) c-drag an icon onto a Dock icon Prevents Dock icons from moving, so you can drop your icon onto one of them c-drag a Dock icon Drags the actual item Option-c-drag an icon onto the Dock Forces a Dock program to open the icon you’re dropping on it Managing Programs Option-click a Dock icon Option-click in a window c-H Option-c-H Control- Switches to new program and hides the previous one Switches to new program and hides the previous one Hide this program’s windows (works in most apps) Hide all other programs’ windows (most apps) Previous/next Spaces screen appendix d: the master os x secret keystroke list www.it-ebooks.info 879 Managing Programs F9 Exposé: Shrinks and tiles all windows in all programs Exposé: Shrinks and tiles all windows in slow motion Exposé: Shrinks and tiles all windows in frontmost program Exposé: Flings all windows in all programs to edges of screen, revealing desktop Dashboard widgets Press and release: Switches back and forth between current and previous open program Hold down c: Displays floating icons of open programs Press Tab repeatedly to cycle through them (Add Shift to cycle backward through open programs on the Dock.) Switches to next open window in this program (Add Shift to cycle in the opposite direction.) Opens the Force Quit dialog box (to close a stuck program) Captures the screen image as a PDF file on your desktop Produces a crosshairs; drag to capture a selected portion of the screen as a PDF graphics file (Press space to get the “camera” cursor that snips out just a menu, icon, or window.) Shift-F9 F10 F11 F12 c-Tab c-Tab c-~ Option-c-Esc Shift-c-3 Shift-c-4 Switches keyboard layout (if more than one is installed) (If you use Spotlight, you must choose a different keystroke for this function.) c-space Dialog Boxes Opens Preferences dialog box (any Apple program) “Clicks” the Cancel button in a dialog box “Clicks” the OK button (or other blue, highlighted button) in a dialog box c-comma Esc Enter or Return 880 Option-c-F Moves the insertion point to the search box in most Apple programs c-D, c-R “Clicks” the Don’t Save or Replace button os x: the missing manual www.it-ebooks.info Trackpad Gestures Trackpad Gestures You can change many of these gestures, or turn them on and off, in the Trackpad pane of System Preferences But here are the factory settings: Two-finger click Two-finger drag up/down Two-finger swipe left-/right Two-finger swipe from right edge Two-finger pinch or spread Two-finger rotate Two-finger double-tap (not click) Three-finger swipe up Three-finger swipe down Three-finger swipe left/right Three-finger drag Three-finger tap (not click) Four-finger pinch Four-finger spread Right-click Scroll up/down Move among open Web or document pages Open Notification Center Zoom in or out of a picture, PDF, or Web page Rotate photo or PDF “Smart zoom” into Safari or Preview page Mission Control Show all windows in this app (Exposé) Previous/next Spaces screen or full-screen app Move window Look up this word in Dictionary Open Launchpad Reveal desktop (Exposé) Magic Mouse Gestures A few important gestures also work on the top surface of the Magic Mouse: One-finger double-tap (not click) Two-finger double-tap (not click) One-finger swipe left-/right Two-finger swipe left/right “Smart zoom” into Safari or Preview page Mission Control Move between open Web or document Previous/next Spaces screen or full-screen app appendix d: the master os x secret keystroke list www.it-ebooks.info 881 882 os x: the missing manual www.it-ebooks.info Macintosh Answers found here! What you get when you cross a Mac with an iPad? OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion Its 200 new features include iPaddish goodies like dictation, Notification Center, and Reminders—but not a single page of instructions Fortunately, David Pogue is back, with the expertise and humor that have made this the #1 bestselling Mac book for over 10 years straight The important stuff you need to know Why I started the Missing Manual series People learn best when ■ Big-ticket changes Twitter and Facebook integration AirPlay TV mirroring Power Nap Game Center Documents in the cloud iMessages Gatekeeper If Apple wrote it, this book covers it ■ Mountain Lion Watch This book demystifies the hundreds of smaller enhancements, too, in all 50 programs that come with the Mac: Safari, Mail, Messages, Preview… ■ Shortcuts This must be the tippiest, trickiest Mac book ever written Undocumented surprises await on every page ■ Power users Security, accounts, networking, build-yourown Services, file sharing with Windows—this one witty, expert guide makes it all crystal clear information is engaging, clearly written, and funny Unfortunately, most computer books read like dry catalogs That’s why I created the Missing Manuals They’re entertaining, unafraid to state when a feature is useless or doesn’t work right, and—oh, by the way—written by actual writers And on every page, we answer the simple question: “What’s this feature for?” David Pogue is the New York Times tech columnist, an Emmy-winning host for CBS News and NOVA, and creator of the Missing Manual series US $34.99 CAN $36.99 ISBN: 978-1-449-33027-9 missingmanuals.com twitter: @missingmanuals facebook.com/MissingManuals www.it-ebooks.info .. .OS X Mountain Lion THE MISSING MANUAL The book that should have been in the box®ˇ www.it-ebooks.info www.it-ebooks.info “Here’s to the crazy ones The rebels The troublemakers The ones... • Netbooks: The Missing Manual by J.D Biersdorfer • Home Networking: The Missing Manual by Scott Lowe • Your Brain: The Missing Manual by Matthew MacDonald • Your Body: The Missing Manual by Matthew... ’09: The Missing Manual by Josh Clark • AppleScript: The Missing Manual by Adam Goldstein • Office 2011 for Macintosh: The Missing Manual by Chris Grover • FileMaker Pro 10: The Missing Manual