Modernist informatics literature, information, and the state

Modernist Informatics Modernist Literature & Culture Kevin J H Dettmar & Mark Wollaeger, Series Editors Consuming Traditions Elizabeth Outka Machine Age Comedy Michael North The Art of Scandal Sean Latham The Hypothetical Mandarin Eric Hayot Nations of Nothing But Poetry Matthew Hart Modernism & Copyright Paul K Saint-Amour Accented America Joshua L Miller Criminal Ingenuity Ellen Levy Modernism’s Mythic Pose Carrie J Preston Pragmatic Modernism Lisi Schoenbach Unseasonable Youth Jed Esty World Views Jon Hegglund Americanizing Britain Genevieve Abravanel Modernism and the New Spain Gayle Rogers At the Violet Hour Sarah Cole Fictions of Autonomy Andrew Goldstone The Great American Songbooks T Austin Graham Without Copyrights Robert Spoo The Degenerate Muse Robin Schulze Commonwealth of Letters Peter J Kalliney Modernism and Melancholia Sanja Bahun Digital Modernism Jessica Pressman In a Strange Room David Sherman Epic Negation C D Blanton Modernist Informatics James Purdon Modernist Informatics Literature, Information, and the State James Purdon Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America © Oxford University Press 2016 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Purdon, James, 1983– Modernist informatics : literature, information, and the state / James Purdon p. cm — (Modernist literature & culture ; 25) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978–0–19–049332–5 (ebook) — ISBN 978–0–19–021170–7 (pdf) Modernism (Literature) Government information—Access control Mass media and literature—History—20th century I Title PN56.M54P87 2016 809’.9112—dc23 2015012270 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper for my parents One can conceive of Heaven having a Telephone Directory, but it would have to be gigantic, for it would include the Proper Name and address of every electron in the Universe But Hell could not have one, for in Hell, as in prison and the army, its inhabitants are identified not by name but by number They not have numbers, they are numbers —W H Auden, The Dyer’s Hand Contents Series Editors’ Foreword Acknowledgments Introduction: The Government of Information Secret Agents, Official Secrets Inspector Heat’s Postal Power Korzeniowski’s Dead Letter Box Insecurity Inside Knowledge Dossier Fiction Abwehr’s Looking at You, Kid Ford’s Forms Black Books, Black Markets Papers, Please Thrillers Information Collectives The National Point of View … a Mass of Unrelated Facts This Little Old E of Ours Connectivity and Collectivity … Paper of All Kinds Broadcast Everywhere … Public Information Information Film Utility Aesthetics A Pattern of Thought and Feeling Informatic Voices Information Blacked Out In the Gloaming … Keep It Dark Keep Mum Frankie’s Papers, Bowen’s Notes Between the Lines Coda: Information Machines Notes Selected Bibliography Index Coda Thomas Pynchon, Gravity’s Rainbow (New York: Viking, 1973; repr London: Vintage, 2000), p 307 Claude E Shannon and Warren Weaver, The Mathematical Theory of Communication (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1949; repr 1998) Pynchon, Gravity’s Rainbow, p 307 Selected Bibliography Abraham, Nicolas, and Maria Torok The Wolf Man’s Magic Word: A Cryptonymy, trans by Nicholas Rand (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1986) Agar, John The Government Machine: A Revolutionary History of the Computer (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003) Ambler, Eric The Dark Frontier (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1936; repr London: Fontana Books, 1967) Ambler, Eric Uncommon Danger (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1937; repr London: Fontana, 1977) Ambler, Eric Epitaph for a Spy (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1938; repr London: Penguin, 2009) Ambler, Eric The Mask of Dimitrios (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1939; repr London: Penguin, 2009) Anderson, Robert Sidelights on the Home Rule Movement (London: John Murray, 1906) Andrew, Christopher Secret Service: The Making of the British Intelligence Community (London: Heinemann, 1985) Arac, Jonathan “Romanticism, the Self, and the City: The Secret Agent in Literary History,” boundary 2, (1980), 75–90 Auden, W H Poems (London: Faber, 1930) Auden, W H The Orators: An English Study (London: Faber and Faber, 1932) Auden, W H “Oxford,” The Listener (February 9, 1938) Auden, W H The Dyer’s Hand (London: Faber & Faber, 1962) Auden, W H Collected Shorter Poems 1927–1957 (London: Faber & Faber, 1966; 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The Mask of Dimitrios, 85–88 Anderson, Sir Robert, 41, 43–45, 74 anthropometry, 73–75 anti-Graham wafers, 38–39 Auden, W H., 77, 84, 130–133 “Get there if you can”, 130 “Night Mail”, 143 The Orators, 91 “The Secret Agent”, 130 work for the GPO, 130 Barke, James, 105 Bateson, Gregory, 19 Beniger, James, 9, 10, 17, 28 Benjamin, Walter, 14–16, 81–83, 193n36 Bennett, Andrew, 156, 175, 177, 179 Bennett, Arnold, 20, 86 Elsie and the Child, 69 Riceyman Steps, 68–69 Bernal, J D., 162 Bertillon, Alphonse, 73–75, 82 Billing, Noel Pemberton, 66–67 Billy, Theodore, 51 Biswell, Andrew, 120 blackmail, 7–8, 66–67 black-out, 21, 153–155, 157–164, 184, 205n15 Blackout, 157 Blackwood, Algernon, 158 Blake, Nicholas, see Day Lewis, Cecil Blitz, The, 157, 161 Bogart, Humphrey, 55–56 borders, 25, 76–85 Bourdin, Martial, 48 Bowen, Elizabeth, 155–185 The Death of the Heart, 171 The Heat of the Day, 155–185, 205n13 secret intelligence reports, 165, 174–177 stammering, 155 Brandt, Bill, 157 Carlyle, Thomas, 39 Casablanca, 55–57 Cavalcanti, Alberto, 129 censorship, 25, 45–46, 159–164, 174, 180, 189 Charlesworth, M P., 116 classification, 192n27 Cold War, The, 187 Cole, Simon, 74–75 collective novels, 105, 201n29 Colonial Development Fund, 127 Committee of Imperial Defence, 96 Conrad, Joseph, 8, 11, 12–15, 90, 183, 186 Chance, 11–13 disagreement with publisher, 48–49 “The Informer”, 51–52 “Outside Literature”, 29–30 Pseudonym, 32–35 The Secret Agent, 23–54, 74, 178, 194n2, 196n56 views regarding newsprint, 13–14 Contraband, see Blackout Corcoran, Neil, 175 Council of Civil Liberties, 162–163 counter-surveillance, 33–35 Cruikshank, R G., 94 cryptonymy, 156 Curtiz, Michael, 55 cybernetics, 4, 6, 140, 187 data abject, 76–81, 83 data double, 20, 71–73 Day Lewis, Cecil, 91, 131–132 Deer, Patrick, 175 Defence of the Realm Act, The, 78 Deleuze, Gilles, 72 documentary, 90, 105, 108, 122, 125–126, 128, 133, 135–136, 141, 144, 150 documents, 7, 56, 67, 68, 73, 79 in The Heat of the Day, 173–177 in The Mask of Dimitrios, 85–88 in Parade’s End, 57–65 Dos Passos, John, 105 Douglas, Mary, 76 Duncombe, Thomas, 34, 38, 39 Eliot, T.S., 16–18, 78, 125, 154 Ellmann, Maud, 156, 175, 184 Empire Marketing Board, 124, 127, 135 Empson, William, 97, 122–123, 128, 131 Ericson, Richard, 71 Fact, 89–90, 106, 108 fingerprinting, 35, 72, 74–76 First World War, 57, 68, 73 Fleming, Peter, see Fleming, Robert Peter Fleming, Robert Peter, 80 Flint, F S., 62 Ford, Ford Madox, 8, 11, 16, 57–70, 187 On Heaven, 57 influence on Conrad's The Secret Agent, 47–48 A Man Could Stand Up—, 65 No Enemy, 63–65 No More Parades, 59–62, 65–66, 67–68, 69–70, 197n6 plays bouts-rimés, 57 Some Do Not, 60, 65–66 “That Same Poor Man”, 64–65 Forster, E M., 15–16, 159–164 Foster, Harold, 169 Foucault, Michel, 72, 82 Fougasse (Cyril Kenneth Bird), 120–121 Freud, Sigmund, 70, 72, 156 Fussell, Paul, 77 Galton, Francis, 75 George, Daniel, 183 Gibson, William, 189 Gill, Eric, 126 Glaeser, Andreas, 97 GPO Film Unit, 124, 129–130, 133, 142–143 graffiti, 114–117, 120 Graham, Sir James, 38–39 Green, F L., 158 Greene, Graham, 8, 11, 16, 20, 187–188 The Confidential Agent, 83–85, 91 “The Lieutenant Died Last”, 102 The Man Within, 83 Stamboul Train, 78 Grey, Sir Edward, 158 Grierson, John, 11, 16, 20–21, 122–144, 187 assessment of American and Soviet film, 135 dialectical theory of film, 136 Drifters, 122–123, 127 familiarity with modernist aesthetics, 128 influence of Hegel on, 133, 136–138 influence of Marx on, 133–134 as media theorist, 124–144, 137–140 opinions regarding Picasso, 133–134 “The Voice of the State”, 137–140 Grieveson, Lee, 139 Guardian, The, 186 habits, 171 Haggerty, Kevin, 71 Hanley, James Boy, 161 The Furys, 91, 107 Haraway, Donna, Harrisson, Tom, 20, 91, 92–99, 106, 109, 112–113 Hayles, N Katherine, 3, 6, 140, 192n15 Henry, Sir Edward, 74 Heppenstall, Rayner, 84, 161 Heslop, Harold, 105 Highmore, Ben, 96 Hill, Rowland, 40 Household, Geoffrey, 81–82 Huxley, Julian, 91, 114 Hynes, Samuel, 77, 95–96 identification, 70 as anti-narrative, 84, 85–88 of criminals, 73–75 documents, 68, 70–81, 199n54 as a form of Gothic, 72 photographic, 10, 73, 75, 76, 77–78, 82–88 see also passports indexicality, 74–76, 82–83, 86 informatics, 5–6 information and the archive, 10 as commodity, 2–4 genres, and news, 13–14 Isherwood, Christopher, 78 ISOTYPE, 144–152 James, Henry, 30–31, 183 Jameson, Fredric, 37 Jameson, Storm, 89, 108 Jeffery, Tom, 96 Jennings, Humphrey, 20, 91, 95, 97–98, 104, 106, 120, 141 Joyce, James, 128 Ulysses, 68, 111, 161 Kermode, Frank, 18 Keynes, John Maynard, 113 Kittler, Friedrich, 18 Kristeva, Julia, 76 Labouchère, Henry, 43 Lant, Antonia, 154 Le Caron, Henri (Thomas Beach), 43 League of Nations, 78 Leavis, F R., 36, 180–182 Lee, Hermione, 178 Left Review, 162–163 Legg, Stuart, 141 Lenin, V I., 131 Lethbridge, T C., 92, 116–121 Lindsay, A D., 136 litter, 118–121 Lombroso, Cesare, 35, 37, 73–74 Mackenzie, Compton, 161 Maclaren-Ross, Julian, 183 Madge, Charles, 20, 91, 92–98, 106, 112–113, 120, 131 Malinowski, Bronisław, 114 Mallios, Peter, 31 Manning, Chelsea (formerly Bradley), 186 Marvin, Charles, 41 Marx, Karl, 2, 133–134 Mass-Observation, 90–121, 154, 157, 187 as alternative to realist fiction, 98 Britain, 93, 200n8 First Year's Work, 92, 114 government work conducted by, 113 origins, 92–96 public suspicion of, 112–114 A Thousand Mass-Observers, 99 Mazzini, Giuseppe, 33–36, 38, 40, 44, 53 McLaren, Walter, 43 memoranda, 57–59 Mengham, Rod, 95 Menke, Richard, 107 Meteorological Office, 112 Methuen, Algernon, 46–50 Miller, D A., 28, 50 Mills, John, 147, 151–152 Ministry of Information, 5, 11, 63, 96, 103, 113–114, 141, 154, 157, 160, 172–173 Mitchison, Naomi, 78–79 modernism, 7, 10, 11, 18–22, 68, 71–72, 77, 91, 106, 111, 125, 126, 128, 188 Monkhouse, A N., 47 Moore, Henry, 126 Morley, John, 43 Mount, Reginald, 165–167 Mumford, Lewis, 130 Nabokov, Vladimir, 177 Najder, Zdzisław, 46 Nash, Paul, 126 National Council for Civil Liberties, 100, 163 National Institute of Economic and Social Research, 113 National Registration Act, The, 67 Neurath, Otto, 144–152 New Statesman and Nation, 95, 100, 159 News of the World, The, 186 Newton, Michael, 46 Nicholson, Max, 112 Nicolson, Harold, 155 Night Mail, 142 O’Connor, T P., 44 official secrecy, 26, 38, 54, 156 Official Secrets Act, The, 9, 34, 40–42, 161, 196n37 Orwell, George, 180, 184 Nineteen Eighty-Four, 189–190, 198n35 paranoia, 20, 67, 92, 97–98, 101–102, 108–109, 112–121, 157, 160, 173, 188 Parker, John, 116 Parkes, Adam, 32 passports, 7, 20, 67, 68, 69, 70, 72, 76–81, 83–85, 87, 129, 189, 190 see also identification patterning 133, 140–144 Peirce, Charles Sanders, 75 Penguin New Writing, 101 Perkin, Harold, 49 Phoney War, 97 Pinker, J B., 31 Political and Economic Planning (social research group), 112 Poovey, Mary, 90 Post Office, The, 5, 25–26, 27, 32–35, 40, 53–54, 67, 81 Pound, Ezra, 14, 78 Powell and Pressburger, 157 preprocessing, 28–32 Priestley, J B., 100, 129, 165 Pritt, Denis Nowell, 163 propaganda, 8, 55, 137–138, 181, 206n35 and the female body, 165–170 Punch, 39, 102, 183 Pynchon, Thomas, 189–190 Rau, Petra, 169 re-reading, 177–180 Rice, Tom, 25 Richards, I A., 97, 181 Rotha, Paul, 144–152 Land of Promise, 146–151 World of Plenty, 145–146 Royal Observer Corps, 112 Royle, Nicholas, 156, 175, 177, 179 Rubenstein, Michael, 128 Scotland Yard, 24, 41, 43, 74–75 Scott, James C., 28–29 Second World War, 20, 21, 91, 105, 144, 153, 187–188 Shannon, Claude, 187–189 Sherry, Norman, 51 Siegert, Bernhard, 29 Snow, C P., 162 Snowden, Edward, 186 Snyder, Robert Lance, 52 Sommerfield, John, 92, 104–111 contributions to The Pub and the People, 104, 109–110 May Day, 105–111 Spanish Civil War, 83, 104, 181 Spencer, Herbert, 75 Spender, Humphrey, 104 Spender, Stephen, 89, 131 Spice, Evelyn, 129–130 Spieker, Sven, 10 Stolzman, Charles, 34 Stonier, G W., 92, 98–104, 132, 153–154, 155, 179 The Shadow Across the Page, 99–100 Shaving Through the Blitz, 101–104, 155 surveillance, 10, 21, 22, 27–28, 33–35, 53, 71–73, 91, 96, 100, 112, 156, 186–189 suspicious reading, 172, 177–182 Symons, Julian, 132 Tallents, Sir Stephen, 96 Thomas, Kate, 39–40 Thompson, Denys, 180–182 Time and Tide 161–162 Torok, Maria, 156 Trevelyan, Julian, 104 Tribune, 116, 133–134 Trotter, David, 118, 201n33 Upward, Edward, 91 Us, 97, 112–113 Vismann, Cornelia, 68 Watt, Harry, 142 Watt, Ian, 46 Waugh, Evelyn, 93 Weber, Max, 61 Welsh, Alexander, 7–8, 40 West, Rebecca, 161–163 White, Allon, 172 Wiener, Norbert, 187 WikiLeaks, 186 Wodehouse, P G., 102 Wollaeger, Mark, Woolf, Virginia, 111, 188 Wright, Basil, 141–142 Wyndham, Francis, 182 Zangwill, Israel, 1–4 Zweig, Stefan, 79 ... on the one hand, the kind of “[h]onest and sensitive criticism” that is “directed not upon the poet but upon the poetry,” and, on the other, the improper interest taken by the public and the. .. ministries, and the attention of government shifted from the analysis of populations and quantities to the control of access and channels.17 Modernist Informatics explores the premise that informatics. .. and others, this chapter considers the relationship between paranoia, information, and security, and elaborates the connection between Mass-Observation and the wider documentary movement of the