Database Design This page intentionally left blank Database Design Know It All Stephen Buxton Thomas P Nadeau Lowell Fryman Bonnie O’Neil Ralf Hartmut Güting Elizabeth O’Neil Terry Halpin Patrick O’Neil Jan L Harrington Markus Schneider William H Inmon Graeme Simsion Sam S Lightstone Toby J Teorey Jim Melton Graham Witt Tony Morgan AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Morgan Kaufmann is an imprint of Elsevier Morgan Kaufmann Publishers is an imprint of Elsevier 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400 Burlington, MA 01803 This book is printed on acid-free paper Copyright © 2009 by Elsevier Inc All rights reserved Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks or registered trademarks In all instances in which Morgan Kaufmann Publishers is aware of a claim, the product names appear in initial capital or all capital letters Readers, however, should contact the appropriate companies for more complete information regarding trademarks and registration No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, scanning, or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (+44) 1865 843830, fax: (+44) 1865 853333, e-mail: permissions@elsevier.com You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier homepage (http://elsevier.com), by selecting “Support & Contact” then “Copyright and Permission” and then “Obtaining Permissions.” Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Teorey, Toby J Database design : know it all / Toby Teorey et al p cm — (Morgan Kaufmann know it all series) Includes index ISBN 978-0-12-374630-6 (alk paper) Database design I Title QA76.9.D26T42 2008 005.74—dc22 2008040366 For information on all Morgan Kaufmann publications, visit our Website at www.mkp.com or www.books.elsevier.com Printed in the United States 08 09 10 11 12 10 Working together to grow libraries in developing countries www.elsevier.com | www.bookaid.org | www.sabre.org Contents About This Book Contributing Authors CHAPTER 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 CHAPTER 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 CHAPTER 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 ix xi Introduction Data and Database Management The Database Life Cycle Conceptual Data Modeling Summary Literature Summary 1 9 Entity–Relationship Concepts Introduction to ER Concepts Further Details of ER Modeling Additional ER Concepts Case Study Normalization: Preliminaries Functional Dependencies Lossless Decompositions Normal Forms Additional Design Considerations Suggestions for Further Reading 11 13 20 29 32 36 41 57 65 80 83 Data Modeling in UML Introduction Object Orientation Attributes Associations Set-Comparison Constraints Subtyping Other Constraints and Derivation Rules Mapping from ORM to UML Summary Literature Summary 85 85 88 91 97 105 113 118 132 136 138 vi Contents CHAPTER 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 CHAPTER 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 CHAPTER 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 CHAPTER 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 Requirements Analysis and Conceptual Data Modeling 141 Introduction Requirements Analysis Conceptual Data Modeling View Integration Entity Clustering for ER Models Summary Literature Summary 141 142 143 152 160 165 167 Logical Database Design Introduction Overview of the Transformations Required Table Specification Basic Column Definition Primary Key Specification Foreign Key Specification Table and Column Names Logical Data Model Notations Summary 169 169 170 172 181 187 189 200 201 203 Normalization 205 Translating an ER Diagram into Relations Normal Forms First Normal Form Second Normal Form Third Normal Form Boyce-Codd Normal Form Fourth Normal Form Normalized Relations and Database Performance Further Reading 205 206 207 212 214 216 217 219 224 Physical Database Design Introduction Inputs to Database Design Options Available to the Database Designer Design Decisions that Do Not Affect Program Logic Crafting Queries to Run Faster Logical Schema Decisions Views Summary 225 225 226 228 229 237 238 247 250 Contents CHAPTER 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 CHAPTER 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 9.10 CHAPTER 10 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 CHAPTER 11 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 Denormalization Basics of Normalization Common Types of Denormalization Table Denormalization Strategy Example of Denormalization Summary Further Reading vii 251 251 255 259 260 267 267 Business Metadata Infrastructure 269 Introduction Types of Business Metadata The Metadata Warehouse Delivery Considerations Integration Administrative Issues Metadata Repository: Buy or Build? The Build Considerations The Third Alternative: Use a Preexisting Repository Summary 269 269 271 273 275 279 280 281 281 282 Storing: XML and Databases Introduction The Need for Persistence SQL/XML’s XML Type Accessing Persistent XML Data XML “On the Fly”: Nonpersistent XML Data Summary 283 283 284 293 294 295 297 Modeling and Querying Current Movement Location Management MOST—A Data Model for Current and Future Movement FTL—A Query Language Based on Future Temporal Logic Location Updates—Balancing Update Cost and Imprecision The Uncertainty of the Trajectory of a Moving Object Practice Literature Notes 299 299 301 306 317 323 333 335 Index 337 This page intentionally left blank About This Book All of the elements about database design are here together in a single resource written by the best and brightest experts in the field! Databases are the main repository of a company’s historical data—its corporate memory—and they contain the raw material for management’s decision support system The increasing volume of data in modern business calls for the continual refinement of database design methodology Database Design: Know It All expertly combines the finest database design material from the Morgan Kaufmann portfolio into a single book, making it a definitive, one-stop-shopping opportunity so that readers can have the information they need available to quickly retrieve, analyze, transform, and load data—the very processes that more and more organizations use to differentiate themselves Each chapter is authored by a leading expert in the field; the book consolidates introductory and advanced topics ranging from ER and UML techniques to storing XML and querying moving objects In this way, what is here is an invaluable resource for anyone working in today’s fast-paced, data-centric environment ... relational databases today This chapter reviews the basic concepts of database management and introduce the role of data modeling and database design in the database life cycle 1.1 DATA AND DATABASE. .. communication tool for database design verification 1.4 SUMMARY Knowledge of data modeling and database design techniques is important for database practitioners and application developers The database life... articles on computational geometry and database systems He is an associate editor of ACM Transactions on Database Systems He is also a coauthor of Moving Objects Database published by Elsevier in