Databases for Small Business Essentials of Database Management, Data Analysis, and Staff Training for Entrepreneurs and Professionals — Anna Manning www.it-ebooks.info Databases for Small Business Essentials of Database Management, Data Analysis, and Staff Training for Entrepreneurs and Professionals Anna Manning www.it-ebooks.info Databases for Small Business: Essentials of Database Management, Data Analysis, and Staf f Training for Entrepreneurs and Professionals Copyright © 2015 by Anna Manning This work is subject to copyright All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law ISBN-13 (pbk): 978-1-4842-0278-4 ISBN-13 (electronic): 978-1-4842-0277-7 Trademarked names, logos, and images may appear in this book Rather than use a trademark symbol with every occurrence of a trademarked name, logo, or image we use the names, logos, and images only in an editorial fashion and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark The use in 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Fernando Copy Editor: Kezia Endsley Compositor: SPi Global Indexer: SPi Global Distributed to the book trade worldwide by Springer Science+Business Media New York, 233 Spring Street, 6th Floor, New York, NY 10013 Phone 1-800-SPRINGER, fax (201) 348-4505, e-mail orders-ny@springer-sbm.com, or visit www.springer.com Apress Media, LLC is a California LLC and the sole member (owner) is Springer Science + Business Media Finance Inc (SSBM Finance Inc) SSBM Finance Inc is a Delaware corporation For information on translations, please e-mail rights@apress.com, or visit www.apress.com Apress and friends of ED books may be purchased in bulk for academic, corporate, or promotional use eBook versions and licenses are also available for most titles For more information, reference our Special Bulk Sales–eBook Licensing web page at www.apress.com/bulk-sales Any source code or other supplementary materials referenced by the author in this text is available to readers at www.apress.com For detailed 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Author������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ix About the Technical Reviewer ����������������������������������������������������������������������xi Acknowledgments���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� xiii Introduction���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������xv Chapter 1: How Data Can Benefit Your Small Business�������������������������� Chapter 2: A Small Engineering Company: Case Study������������������������17 Chapter 3: A Small Law Firm: Case Study ���������������������������������������������27 Chapter 4: A Small Nonprofit: Case Study���������������������������������������������39 Chapter 5: Aligning Your Database With the Goals of Your Small Business�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������51 Chapter 6: Choosing Between Spreadsheets and Databases ���������������67 Chapter 7: Designing Your Small Business Database… �������������������������79 Chapter 8: Data Protection, Security, and Privacy Policy �������������������123 Chapter 9: Collecting Your Data�������������������������������������������������������������131 Chapter 10: Cleansing Your Data�������������������������������������������������������������145 Chapter 11: Maintaining Your Database���������������������������������������������������167 Chapter 12: Searching Your Database�����������������������������������������������������173 Chapter 13: Analyzing Your Data�������������������������������������������������������������197 Chapter 14: Reporting Your Small Business Data Analysis �������������������217 Chapter 15: Acting on Reports�����������������������������������������������������������������229 Chapter 16: Acting on Outside Requests �����������������������������������������������241 Chapter 17: Archiving Your Database �����������������������������������������������������253 Chapter 18: Storing Your Database in the Cloud�����������������������������������265 Chapter 19: Searching Online Databases �����������������������������������������������271 Chapter 20: Training Your Staff�����������������������������������������������������������������281 Appendix: ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������291 Index�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������313 www.it-ebooks.info About the Author Anna Manning is a founding director of an engineering startup company, having worked for eight years as a data scientist at Manchester University A specialist in data mining and data protection, she was one of the original designers of data mining based software for protecting confidential data now used by national statistics agencies worldwide She has also served as a data analyst for a nonprofit organization for a number of years Dr Manning’s papers in the field of data mining have been published in various research journals She has a PhD in data mining and a master’s degree in informatics from the University of Manchester, an honors degree in law from the University of Law, and a BA hons in mathematics from Trinity College, Dublin Anna enjoys cycling, debating, and going to the theater She is a parish councilor in the village where she lives, near Chester in northwest England www.it-ebooks.info About the Technical Reviewer Richard Roiger is a professor emeritus at Minnesota State University, Mankato, where he taught and performed research in the Computer & Information Science department for 27 years Dr Roiger holds a PhD in computer & information sciences from the University of Minnesota After retirement, he continues to serve as an adjunct faculty member, teaching courses in data mining, artificial intelligence, and research methods Richard is a textbook writer and has published several journal articles Dr Roiger is a board member of the Retired Education Association of Minnesota, where he serves as their financial advisor Richard enjoys interacting with his grandchildren, traveling with his wife, writing, and pursuing his musical talents www.it-ebooks.info Acknowledgments A huge thank you to my husband, Howard, for helping me with the content of the book and providing me with endless encouragement (and cups of tea) The wheelbarrow design in the Smart Wheelbarrows Inc case study came from Howard He produced the drawings at the beginning of the chapter and explained which components would be necessary to build the wheelbarrow He proofread most of the chapters before they were submitted, providing me with invaluable feedback I am extremely grateful to my technical reviewer, Richard Roiger, for agreeing to be part of this project, particularly as it was with short notice We met through a mutual colleague at a data mining conference in Houston, Texas, in 2005 and later when I was visiting Minnesota State University in 2006 His contribution has helped enormously with the quality of the work Thank you to Joe Monaghan for agreeing to let me base the Connecting South Side case study on his ideas Joe does a fantastic amount of work in Liverpool in the UK to help people who are struggling Many thanks to my good friend Lisa Marie Allen from California who was able to help me with the American English that was used in this book Being British, American terminology didn’t always come easily to me She also advised me on the location of the legal case study that’s set in California Thank you to the team at Apress for everything that they have done Thank you to Robert Hutchinson for his initial enthusiasm when I approached Apress about this book and for helping me develop the ideas into something marketable I faced a rather tough time while writing the book—my father died in June 2015 after several months of illness—and I appreciated the support from Rita Fernando who was very patient during this time www.it-ebooks.info Introduction Most people who run a small business are familiar with word processing and spreadsheets However, relatively few are familiar with databases, even though the software is easily available and often free I have written this book with the aim of addressing this knowledge gap This book is written with complete database beginners in mind, with an assumption that you have experience of spreadsheets The book shows you how to create a database from scratch, all the way through to analyzing the data and presenting it in reports The aim is that you can build the databases presented in the book and use them as a test suite to experiment on Four case studies are considered throughout the book The aim of these case studies is to provide a good variety of small businesses The examples are: • A small online business selling greetings cards • A small engineering business • A small legal f irm • A small nonprof it Even if your business is, for example, a legal firm, it is still worth reading the other examples as well The important point to remember is that databases are not difficult to learn If you are familiar with spreadsheets, it is only a small step to using databases Relational databases (the databases addressed in this book) have been with us for over 40 years The fundamental criteria for their design and use have not changed enormously, despite the massive changes in technology that have occurred during this time At present, databases are following a number of new trends—for example, moving away from the desktop and into the cloud However, wherever your database is stored and however the instructions are given, you will need to understand the fundamentals of database design in order to be effective Database design is part of a process of data handling and processing Before you can enter data into the database, the data needs to be collected and cleansed Once it is stored, you will need to know how to take advantage of it by analyzing it and assessing whether your business is meeting its goals You will need to be able to write clear and meaningful reports based on your analysis www.it-ebooks.info 304 Appendix The output gives four groups of categories but does not tell you how many cards are contained in each To establish how many cards are in each group, you need to issue a second command, as follows: • Move back to the Design View by choosing HOME ➤ Design View • Add a second command on the Categories column by double-clicking on the Categories column shown in the Products table on the Queries area You will see a second Category appear in the grid at the bottom of the screen, as shown in Figure A-15 • You need to change the Group By that appears in the Totals row to Count To this, click in the Totals cell and select Count from the drop-down menu, as shown in Figure A-15 Figure A-15. Step of the Design for the Query in Figure A-12 Using MS Access 2013 • Run the query as before You should get the output shown in Figure A-12 www.it-ebooks.info Databases for Small Business Designing and Running a Query in LibreOffice Base To open Design View for queries, follow these steps: • From the main window, click on the Queries icon from the list on the left • Select Create Query in Design View (You can also use the Query Wizard; it’s self-explanatory SQL View is beyond the scope of the book as the book doesn’t cover the SQL language.) • Choose Products from the Show Table box by doubleclicking on it and closing the box • Select Category from the Products table by double-clicking on it You will see Category appear in the grid at the bottom of the screen Each of the labels on the far left applies to the cell in the grid of the adjacent row, as shown in Figure A-16 Figure A-16. The first step of query design in LibreOffice Base for the query in Figure A-12 www.it-ebooks.info 305 306 Appendix To instruct the query to group the categories, follow these steps: • Click on the Function cell of the query grid • Select Group from the drop-down menu To run the query, click the icon shown in Figure A-16 You should get the output shown in Figure A-17 Figure A-17. Output from step of the query in Figure A-12 using LibreOffice Base In order to count the number of cards in each group, add a second command on the Categories column by following these steps: • Double-click on the Categories column shown in the Products table on the Queries area You will see a second Category appear in the grid at the bottom of the screen • Apply Count to the Function Row by clicking in the cell under the second occurrence of Category and selecting Count from the drop-down menu Your Design View should look like the one shown in Figure A-18 www.it-ebooks.info Databases for Small Business Figure A-18. Step of the design for the query in Figure A-12 using LibreOffice Base When you run the Design View, you will get the output shown in Figure A-19, which corresponds to the output (from MS Access 2013) shown in Figure A-12 Figure A-19. Output in LibreOffice Base from running the query in Figure A-18 www.it-ebooks.info 307 308 Appendix Forms and Reports Forms and reports were not used in detail in this book However, it is very easy to get started in using them, as MS Access 2013 and LibreOffice Base both provide helpful wizards You can use the data from tables and queries to create forms and reports In MS Access 2013, follow these steps: Click the Create tab From the Forms area, choose Form Wizard or from the Reports area, choose Report Wizard In LibreOffice Base, follow these steps: Select Forms or Reports Select the respective Wizard from the list of options that appears You can produce forms based on more than one table which can be useful both for inputting data into several tables and for searching data across the database Reports enable a document to be designed from database tables or queries that can be shared easily in electronic form or viewed away from a computer on a printout External Data Using external data is important as it enables data to be read in to a database (imported) without the need to type it in by hand It also means that data can be read out of a database (exported) without the need to retype it This is critical if you want to perform operations that are not available in your database package, such as operations available in a spreadsheet External Data Operations in MS Access 2013 The steps necessary for importing and exporting data using MS Access 2013 are discussed in the following sections www.it-ebooks.info Databases for Small Business Importing Data To move data into your database (from another database or a spreadsheet for example), follow these steps: • Click the External Data tab on the top toolbar • In the Import & Link section, click the data format you’ll be importing from If you don’t see the right format, click More You can import tables from other Access databases and data from Excel spreadsheets, among many others Follow the instructions in the Get External Data dialog box, as shown in Figure A-20 You can append data to an existing table or create an entirely new table Your file must have the same column headings as the table that you are importing from Also, you mustn’t violate the unique identifier (primary key) by duplicating any values Figure A-20. Importing data into MS Access 2013 Exporting Data To move data out of your database (to another database or a spreadsheet for example), follow these steps: • Highlight the database object that you wish to export from the left side list by clicking on it once • Click the External Data tab on the top toolbar www.it-ebooks.info 309 310 Appendix • Select the type of file you are exporting to from the Export part of the toolbar • Select your destination file • Follow the instructions Figure A-21 shows an example of exporting the Products table from the Cards for Everyone Inc database to an MS Excel file Figure A-21. Exporting data from MS Access 2013 LibreOffice Base LibreOffice uses Calc, its spreadsheet, to import and export data Due to the assumption that everyone reading this book is familiar with spreadsheets, this section doesn’t include screenshots Importing Data To move data into your database (from another database or a spreadsheet for example), you must first import the data into Calc Calc accepts text files such as comma-separated CSV files These can be opened in Calc by choosing File ➤ Open www.it-ebooks.info Databases for Small Business Make sure that the column headings of the file from which you are importing data match the column headings of the database object into which it is being moved • Open a Base file of the database type that you want • Either create a new Base file using the Database Wizard or open an existing Base file that is not read-only • Open the Calc file that contains the data to be imported to Base • Select the data to be copied to Base, including the column names on the first row • Select Edit ➤ Copy • In the Base window, click Tables to view the tables • In the Base window, select Edit ➤ Paste The Copy Table dialog appears You will probably want to check the Create Primary Key box Exporting Data in Base To move data out of your database (to another database or a spreadsheet for example), follow these steps: • Open the database file that contains the database table or query to be exported • In Calc, choose File ➤ New ➤ Spreadsheet • In the Base window, right-click the name of the table to export and choose Copy • Click cell A1 in the new Calc window then choose Edit ➤ Paste • Now save or export the data to the file type of your choice Summary This appendix has filled the gap between the examples presented in the book and the steps needed to create a database, a table, and a query from scratch The appendix also addressed table relationships, how to sort a column in a table, and how to import and export data It also mentioned the creation of forms and reports using a wizard Two database packages, MS Access 2013 and LibreOffice Base, were used as examples www.it-ebooks.info 311 I Index A case file, 44 procedure, 42 spreadsheet, 45 funding, 50 reporting, 47 social isolation, 40 Access app, 270 B Backups, 167, 254 Continuous ratio data, 157 Bill Of Materials (BOM), 24 Continuous ratio data analysis, 199 C D Charts, 202 bar charts, 202 histograms, 203 pie charts, 202 Data, Cloud computing advantages, 266 archive service, 268 characteristics, 265 database back up, 268 disadvantages, 267 IaaS, 266 MS Access database, 269 version 2010 and before, 269 version 2013 and later, 270 PaaS, 266 SaaS, 266 Compact and Repair, 168 Computer virus, 170 Confirmatory data analysis, 197 Connecting South Side, 39, 64 aim, 39 databases, 48 data management problems, 49 Dorothy’s enquiry, 40 employees, 43 enquiry process Data analysis charts bar charts, 202 histograms, 203 pie charts, 202 confirmatory data analysis, 197, 215 confidence intervals, 215 hypothesis testing, 215 continuous ratio data analysis, 199, 201 correlations, 211 cross-tabulation, 208 descriptive statistics (see Descriptive statistics) discrete ratio data analysis, 199 exploratory data analysis, 197 frequency distribution, 199 nominal data, 198 nominal data analysis, 201 ordinal data, 199 ordinal data analysis, 201 ratio data analysis, 199 regression, 213 assumptions, 215 residuals, 214 simple and multiple, 214 www.it-ebooks.info 314 Index Data analysis (cont.) scatter plots, 213 segmentation, 210 small businesses report (see Small business report) text analytics, 210 types, 198 Data analysis reports, 229 adding a new column, 231 ProductType column, 232 Suppliers table, 233 update queries, 235 adding a new table, 236 relationships, 236 customer satisfaction survey adding new objects, 240 procedures, 231 sales improvement approaches, 230 splitting a table, 237 for Cards for Everyone Inc., 229 Data archiving, 253 Database archiving, 253 Database backup, 254 Database creation in LibreOffice Base, 293 in MS Access 2013, 292 Database design Connecting South Side, 114 employee interaction, 80 existing data, 81 Jennings-Havard Law office, 107 AgeRange table, 108 ClientContacts table, 111, 114 ClientPublicityPrefs table, 110 ClientSource table, 113 clients table, 108 Clients table vs linked tables, 111 ClientStatus table, 113 ContactCategory table, 112 Ethnicity table, 109 Gender table, 109 InitialContactMethod table, 112 newsletter, 81 process, 79 Smart Wheelbarrows Inc., 95–96 color and type, 100 customers table, 96 materials table, 103 Database archiving considerations, 255 for Cards for Everyone Inc using MS access, 256 for Connecting South Side, 255 for Jennings-Havard Law Offices Inc., 255 for Smart Wheelbarrows Inc., 254 vs database backup, 254 Database maintenance, 164 audit, 170 backup, 167 cleanliness, 172 compact and repair, 168 database splitter, 169 defragmentation, 169 encryption, 171 firewall, 171 password protection, 170 updates, 171 virus scanner, 171 Databases Cards for Everyone Inc., customer database table, forms, invoices database table, linked database tables, product database table, query, records, reports, separate spreadsheets, suppliers database table, for small business, 10 changes and decisions, 11 customers, 10 data analysis, 11 pros and cons, 11 sales, 10 security control, 11 stock, 11 Jennings-Havard Law Offices, 35 records, Smart Wheelbarrows Inc., 25 Database searches factors, 174 for a single row, 175 for Cards for Everyone Inc., 174 for Connecting South Side, 193 www.it-ebooks.info Index for Jennings-Havard Law Offices Inc., 192 for more than one column, 179 for several rows, 177 for Smart Wheelbarrows Inc., 190 join query, 181, 186 on a single table, 181 on more than one table, 181 on partial column value, 187 search criteria, 186 segmentation, 174 types, 173 using form, 184 Database Splitter, 170 Data cleansing, 145 broken links, 151 censored data, 150 coding errors, 147 data analysis, 146 database maintenance, 164 data integration errors, 149 data types, 148 duplicate rows, 151 illogical rows, 151 inaccurate data, 146 missing data, 148 nonprinting characters, 147 one data item, 150 outliers, 150 text inconsistency, 147 truncated data, 150 type errors, 147 Data collection benefits, 131 Connecting South Side, 143 face-to-face interviews, 136 focus group, 138 goals, 131 Jennings-Havard Law offices, 141 methods, 132 mobile technology interviewer, 137 Online surveys, 133 Postal Surveys, 135 Smart Wheelbarrows Inc client base, 139 credit cards, 141 online survey, 140 telephone interviews, 137 Data Complexity, 69, 74 Data detection and correction coding errors, 156 customer and invoice tables, 163 data inconsistency, 155 data integration errors, 160 data types, 159 eliminate duplicate rows, 161 illogical errors, 161 join query, 163–164 missing values, 156 nonprinting characters, 154 normal distribution, 157 Outlier detection, 157 scatter plot, 159 Splitting rows, 161 truncation and censoring errors, 160 typing errors frequency distribution, 152 mobile device, 154 spellchecker, 152 unwanted spaces, 154 Data protection accurate and update, 126 adequate, relevant, and not excessive, 125 fairly and lawfully, 124 individuals rights, 126 lawful reason, 125 legislation, 124 longer need, 126 Principle eight, 129 secure, 127 confidential data, 127 employee training, 128 encryption software, 128 password creation, 127 security policies, 129 using software, 129 Defragmentation, 169 Descriptive statistics, 204 central tendency measures, 204 the mean, 205 the median, 205 the mode, 206 spread measures, 206 quartiles and interquartile range, 207 the range, 206 variance and standard deviation, 208 www.it-ebooks.info 315 316 Index document assembly, 35 document storage and backup, 34 e-mail usage, 33 estate planning, 28 goals, 62 long-term care planning, 28 market research, 29 networking and marketing efforts advertisements, 31 events, 31 social gatherings, 30 social media, 31 web site, 31 notes, 35 online search, 36 probate, 28 software usage, 32 task management, 33 time tracking, 34 trust administration, 28 Discrete ratio data analysis, 199 Disk optimization, 169 Dorothy’s enquiry, 40 E Encryption, 171 E-surveys, 133 Exploratory data analysis, 197 External data, 308 in LibreOffice Base exporting data, 311 importing data, 310 in MS Access 2013, 308 exporting data, 309–310 importing data, 309 F Firewall, 171 Forms, 308 Frequency distributions, 199 G, H Goals of, business levers, 53 long-term, 53 metrics, 53 mission statement, 52 short-term, 53 I Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) cloud computing, 266 Interquartile range, 207 J, K Jennings-Havard Law Offices, 27 additional employees, 29 calendar usage, 33 client case status, 34 client interaction, 63 clients, 32 contact-management tool, 33 databases, 35 L LibreOffice Base database creation in, 293 external data in exporting data, 311 importing data, 310 queries in, 305 table creation in, 297 M Marketing, 27 Metrics goals of, business, 53 MS Access 2013 database creation in, 292 external data in exporting data, 309 importing data, 309 queries in, 302 table creation in, 296–297 N Nominal data analysis, 198 Normal distribution, 157 www.it-ebooks.info Index O Ordinal data analysis, 199 Outside requests Cards for Everyone Inc., 242 data extraction, 242 queries, 244 Connecting South Side cases table, 249 concern diabetes, 251 debt problem, 249 Jennings-Havard Law Offices, 247 clients ethnicities, 241 OfInitialContact and ClientSource, 247 scatterplot method, 248 Smart Wheelbarows Inc., 244 cost of goods sold, 245 inventory, 245 P Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) cloud computing, 266 Principle eight, 129 Q Quartiles, 207 Queries, 301 in LibreOffice Base, 305 in MS Access 2013, 302 R Ratio data analysis, 199 Reports, 308 Residuals, 214 S Searching online databases advanced searches, 272 AND operator, 272 basic searches, 272 Boolean operators, 273 combining operators, 273 for Cards for Everyone Inc., 278 limiting searches, 276 NOT operator, 273 OR operator, 273 phrases, 275 proximity operators, 275 search method, 276 general search, 277 key search terms, 276 truncation, 274 wildcards, 275 Secondary findings, 219 Segmentation, 174 Small businesses report body of the report, 219 analysis, 219 data and methods, 219 results section, 220 case study, 227 cloud, 227 conclusion section, 221 discussion section, 221 implications, 221 uncertainties, 221 from database, 225 in PDF format, 227 introduction, 218 structure, 218 tables and charts, 222 writing style, 218 Smart Wheelbarrows Inc BOM, 24 databases, 25 decorations, 18 derived data, 61 employees, 19 folded and unfolded states, 18 goals, 55 history, 18 increasing profit, 56–57 increasing revenue, 58 increasing sales, 58 invoices, 22 materials, 22 products sold by, 19 reduce advertising expenses, 61 reduce office expenses, 61 reducing cost, 59 research ideas, 26 www.it-ebooks.info 317 318 Index data protection laws and data security, 287 searching online databases, 289 writing reports, 288 hands-on training, 282 spreadsheets, 284 training sessions, 282 Smart Wheelbarrows Inc (cont.) revenue price, 59 split edges, 18 spreadsheets, 21 suppliers, 24 Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) cloud computing, 266 Spreadsheets, problems, uses, T, U Spreadsheet vs database, 2, 68 access data, 75 best approach, 76 columns insertion, 71 customer database, 72 customer data vs invoice data, 69–70 data redundancy, 69 Generate report, 75 invoice data, 70 invoice table, 72 product spreadsheet, 73 row insertion, 70 simple list, 69 supplier spreadsheet, 73 Spyware, 170 Staff training data entry, 287 data handling and database management, 286 documentation, 283 for Connecting South Side, 287 acting on outside reports, 289 acting on reports, 289 data analysis, 288 database archieve, 289 database maintenance, 288 database search, 288 data cleansing, 288 data collection, 288 Table data column, sorting, 301 one-to-one relationship in LibreOffice Base, 299–300 in MS Access 2013, 298–299 Table creation, 295 adding data MS Access 2013, 85 columns and tables, 82 customer and invoices spreadsheet, 90 database documentation, 94 datasheet view, 296 design view, 296 in LibreOffice Base 5, 297 in MS Access 2013, 296–297 many-to-many relationships, 88 MS Access 2013, 84 one-to-many relationships, 87 one-to-one relationships, 86 real-world object, 81 relationship, 89 unique identifiers, 83 Trendline facility, 215 V Validation rule, 161 Virus scanner, 171 W, X,Y, Z Writing style, report, 218 www.it-ebooks.info Other Apress Titles You Will Find Useful Beginning Database Design, 2nd Edition Churcher 978-1-4302-4209-3 Oracle Core: Essential Internals for DBAs and Developers Lewis 978-1-4302-3954-3 Database Systems Foster / Godbole 978-1-4842-0878-6 Practical Oracle Database Appliance Curtis/Arshad/Benner/Elsins/ Gallagher/Sharman/Velikanov 978-1-4302-6265-7 Financial Modeling for Business Owners and Entrepreneurs Sawyer 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HYPOTHETICAL EXAMPLE OF A SMALL BUSINESS: CARDS FOR EVERYONE INC This book uses three case studies for the purposes of illustration: a small engineering firm, a small law firm, and a small nonprofit They