Forensic digital image processing optimization of impression evidence

Forensic Digital Image Processing Optimization of Impression Evidence Forensic Digital Image Processing Optimization of Impression Evidence Brian E Dalrymple E Jill Smith Adobe product screenshot(s) reprinted with permission from Adobe Systems Incorporated Image-Pro Premier screenshot(s) reprinted with permission from Media Cybernetics CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2018 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S Government works Printed on acid-free paper International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4987-4343-3 (Hardback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint Except as permitted under U.S Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400 CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Dalrymple, Brian, author | Smith, Jill, 1968- author Title: Forensic digital image processing : optimization of impression evidence / Brian Dalrymple and Jill Smith Description: Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, [2018] | Includes bibliographical references and index Identifiers: LCCN 2017054403| ISBN 9781498743433 (hardback : alk paper) | ISBN 9781351112239 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Legal photography | Image processing Digital techniques | Forensic sciences Classification: LCC TR822 D35 2018 | DDC 770.2/436325 dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017054403 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Please visit the eResources at: www.crcpress.com/9781498743433 “Begin at the beginning,” the King said, very gravely, “and go on till you come to the end: then stop.” Lewis Carroll Alice in Wonderland Contents Foreword Acknowledgments Authors Introduction xv xvii xix xxi History of Forensic Digital Enhancement Brian E Dalrymple Edward Raymond German Robert D Olsen, Senior Pamela Ringer William J Watling Erik Christian Berg David Witzke E Jill Smith Transition from Film to Digital Imaging The Digital Edge The Identification Photographer References 2 10 11 14 15 17 Establishing Integrity of Digital Images for Court 19 Scientific Working Group on Imaging Technology (SWGIT) Organization of Scientific Area Committees (OSAC) Standards or Guidelines—What’s the Difference? There Is a Standard on Writing Standards! How Does OSAC Differ from the SWG Groups? Scientific Working Group on Digital Evidence (SWGDE) Rules of Evidence in Both the United States and Canada Federal Rules of Evidence for the United States Canada Evidence Act Authentication Best Evidence Presumption of Integrity Image Integrity Methods for Maintaining Integrity Storage of Digital Data vii 20 21 21 21 22 23 24 24 27 27 27 28 28 29 30 viii Contents Image Authentication File Formats Image Processing—Tracking Methods Ready to Digitally Process an Image? Methods of Tracking Processing Steps Metadata Adobe Photoshop• History Log Viewing Metadata Written Notes, Word Documents, and Screen Captures Adobe Photoshop Actions Setting Up Actions Save Actions Playback Actions Adobe Photoshop Adjustment Layers Smart Objects Adobe Camera Raw• Creating an Adjustment Layer About Adjustment Layer Masks Editing a Layer Mask Using Brushes to Edit Masks Property Palette—Mask Editing Options Adobe Photoshop Notes Third-Party Software Image Process Recording RAW File Formats and Image Processing The Hitch Introduction to the Adobe Camera Raw Dialogue Box More on ACR’s Adjustment Panel Controls RAW Highlights and Shadows Image Calibration Resolution Is a Three-Headed Monster Steps to Calibrate Image 1:1 About Read-Only Calibrating an Image 1:1 without a Scale Review Questions References 30 31 33 34 35 35 35 36 36 36 37 38 39 39 40 40 41 42 43 44 44 44 45 45 46 47 50 52 53 54 55 57 57 59 60 Color Modes and Channel Blending to Extract Detail 61 Early Color Images Color Models and Color Channels in Adobe Photoshop RGB Digital Color Capture 61 62 62 62 Contents CMYK LAB Grayscale Photoshop Help: Channels Palette Bit Depth Channel Blending in Adobe Photoshop Apply Image The Apply Image Dialogue Box Source (Image File) Layer Channel Target Blending Mode Opacity Scale Offset Chapter 3—Exercise A Source (Image File) Blending Mode Opacity Scale Calculations The Calculations Dialogue Box Source (Image File) Source (Image File) Blending Mode Opacity Scale Offset Result Chapter 3—Exercise B Chapter 3—Exercise C Chapter 3—Exercise D Four Ways from Sunday Chapter 3—Exercise E Channel Mixer Black and White Blending Mode Definitions (Channels) Multiply Screen Overlay Add Subtract ix 64 65 69 71 72 73 74 74 74 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 76 77 77 77 77 80 80 80 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 84 85 86 88 90 92 94 94 95 95 95 95 214 Forensic Digital Image Processing (a) (b) Figure 8.4  Cooper (a) Blue ballpoint writing on badly creased cardboard key tag (b) Result of subtraction with second image photographed with blue filter (Kodak Wratten 47) (Courtesy of Queen’s Printer for Ontario 2017 Reproduced with permission All rights reserved.) 1998—The State of Ohio v Brett X Hartman • • • • Homicide Digitally enhanced fingerprints Hartman sentenced to death Conviction appealed in 2001, challenging • The admission of digitally enhanced fingerprints • The failure of the court to make a threshold determination of the expert who conducted the enhancement and identification processes • Court of Appeals ruled that • Computer enhancement of fingerprints was appropriate • The fingerprint witness was qualified to identify the defendant’s fingerprint • Defendant put to death by lethal injection in 2012 [5] 1999—R v Gill (British Columbia, Canada) • • • • • Robbery Videotape digitized and enhanced Challenged by defense as inadmissible Ruled by court as admissible and relevant Guilty as charged [14] 2001—Florida v Victor Reyes • Duct tape located on wrappings of victim’s body • Fingerprint developed on duct tape were digitally enhanced and ­subsequently identified as made by the accused Digital Imaging in the Courts 215 • Image processing evidence tendered in court • Challenged by defense in Frye hearing • Court ruled that digital enhancement of images is an accepted ­process throughout the forensic community • Victor Reyes acquitted of first-degree murder by jury • Defense referred to digital technology as “junk science” and asserted that jury had rejected it as such • Post-trial, members of jury stated their acceptance • Of the digital technology introduced in the trial • Of the identification of the fingerprint as Victor Reyes • They had based their verdict on the following: – Last-minute no-show of key witness – Location of fingerprint on duct tape did not necessarily establish Reyes as the murderer [5,14–16] 2001—Mastro Almond v State of Georgia • Georgia Supreme Court (GSC) • Defense argued that – Trial court erred in admitting photographs captured with a digital camera • GSC ruled that – Pictures had been properly authenticated by the prosecution as fair and truthful representations of what they purported to depict – No reason to differentiate in admitting images from a digital camera and a conventional film camera [5] 2003—People v Perez • Computer-enhanced footwear impressions admitted into evidence • Challenged by defense on the grounds that admission of said evidence was in error because: • New scientific procedures were employed • No Frye-Kelly hearing was held • Court ruled that • Adobe Photoshop was not a new or novel technique • Digital enhancement is generally accepted by the scientific community as reliable [5] References Daubert Standard, Cornell Law School, available at https://www.law.cornell edu/wex/daubert_standard 216 Forensic Digital Image Processing Mohan Criteria, Irwin Law, available at https://www.irwinlaw.com/cold/ mohan_criteria Canada Evidence Act, available at http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-5/ Merriam-Webster, available at https://www.merriam-webster.com D Witzke, personal communication, 2017 The Forensics Library, available at http://aboutforensics.co.uk/robert-knight/ Regina v Gough/Alexander, 1993, 23-Feb-93, 2872 Ellesmere Road, 27,Horacio, Diogo, Male, shooting, Sherwin Clinton Alexander and Hugh Silvinas Gough convicted in 1995, available at http://maps.library.utoronto.ca/datapub/ toronto/homicide/toronto-homicides_1990-2013.csv.bak J Norman, personal communication, 2016 L Rudin and S Bramble, Investigative Image Processing, 2942, National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.), National Institute of Justice (U.S.) SPIE, 1997—Law enforcement 10 M King, 2017, When Riot Cops Are Not Enough, p 219, available at https:// books.google.ca/books?isbn=0813583764 11 K Devlin and G Lorden, The Numbers behind NUMB3RS: Solving Crime with Mathematics, pp 66–68, available at https://books.google.ca/ books?isbn=0452288576 12 FindLaw, State v Hayden, available at http://caselaw.findlaw.com/wa-court-ofappeals/1189825.html 13 S Staggs, The admissibility of digital photographs in court, available at http:// www.crime-scene-investigator.net/admissibilityofdigital.html 14 E Neate, Digital images as evidence, available at http://www.neateimaging com/evidence.PDF 15 Circuit Court, 17th Judicial Circuit, Broward County, Florida, available at http://www.forensictv.net/Downloads/legal/florida_v._reyes_digital_enhancement.pdf 16 E Berg, personal communication, 2016–2017 17 D Witzke, It’s a photo finish, not junk science, available at https://www.foray com/images/pdfs/JUNKSCIENCEREBUTTAL-1.pdf Further Reading Adobe Resource Library: Color Management: The color conundrum Adobe Help files, available at https://helpx.adobe.com/lightroom/help/color-management html M J Langford, Basic Photography, Third Edition, Focal Press, London and New York, 1973 B Long, Complete Digital Photography, Seventh Edition, Course Technology Cengage Learning, USA, 2013 R D Olsen, Sr., Scott’s Fingerprint Mechanics, Charles C Thomas, Illinois, 1978 G Reis, Photoshop CS3 for Forensic Professionals, Symbex—Wiley, Indianapolis, 2007 J C Russ, Forensic Uses of Digital Imaging, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2001 E M Robinson, Crime Scene Photography, Third Edition, Academic Press, London, 2016 J Smith, Image enhancement and Adobe Photoshop: Using calculations to extract image detail Journal of Forensic Identification 57(4), July/August 2007 J Smith, Computer fingerprint enhancement: The joy of LAB color Journal of Forensic Identification 62(5), September/October 2012 217 Index A ACE-V process, see Analysis, comparison, evaluation, and verification process ACR, see Adobe Camera Raw A/D converter, see Analog to digital converter or processor Adjustment Layers, 39, see Adobe Photoshop adjustment layers Adobe Camera Raw (ACR), 33, 40; see also RAW adjustment panel controls, 49, 50 dialogue box, 47, 52, 53 histogram, 49 image tonal adjustment controls, 50–51 tools, 48 white balance, 50 workflow options, 49–50 Adobe history log, 35 Adobe Photoshop; see also Apply Image; Channel blending mode; Color images; Tracking processing steps Bayer array filter, 63, 64 bit depth, 72–73 black and white dialogue box, 92–94 calculations dialogue box, 80–81 channel blending, 73–74 channel mixer dialogue box, 90–92 channels palette, 71–72 CMYK, 64–65 color models and color channels in, 62 digital color capture, 62–64 exercise, 76–79, 81–90 grayscale, 69–71 LAB, 65–69 notes, 44–45 review questions, 95 RGB, 62, 63 visible spectrum, and RGB and CMYK gamut, 69 Adobe Photoshop Actions, 36; see also Tracking processing steps Actions palette, 37 playback Actions, 39 save Actions, 38–39 setting up Actions, 37–38 Adobe Photoshop adjustment layers, 39; see also Tracking processing steps Adobe Camera Raw, 40 brushes to edit masks, 44 creating, 41–42 editing layer mask, 43 layer palette of smart object, 41 layers and adjustments palettes, 42 masks, 42–43 multiple, 40 property palette, 44 smart objects, 40 toolbox, 44 Advanced selections, 188; see also Contrast Adjustments “Load channel as selection” button, 190 ninhydrin-developed image, 189 selection mask, 189 AFIS, see Automated Fingerprint Identification System Alpha channel, 69 Alter, 207 Analog-digital converter, 3, 98 image processing, Analog film to digital imaging, 19 Analog to digital converter or processor (A/D converter), 46 Analysis, comparison, evaluation, and verification process (ACE-V process), 118, 205 Apply Image, 74; see also Adobe Photoshop blending mode, 75 channel, 75 dialogue box, 74 exercise, 76–79 function, 66 layer, 75 offset, 75–76 opacity, 75 scale, 75 source, 74 target, 75 219 220 Authentication, 27; see also Image authentication Auto and Options, 167; see also Levels Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS), 9, 34, 49, 53 Automatic image alignment, 101, 105 B Background pattern removal, 131; see also Fast Fourier transform Bayer array filter, 63, 64 Berg, E R., 8–9 Best evidence rule, 205–206 Bit depth, 72–73; see also Adobe Photoshop Black and white dialogue box, 92–94; see also Adobe Photoshop Black, white, and gamma sliders, 166; see also Levels Blending mode, 75, 77, 81; see also Channel blending mode Bruce homicide case, Brush tool, 159; see also Toolbar in Photoshop C Calculations dialogue box, 80; see also Adobe Photoshop blending mode, 81 dialogue box, 80 offset, 81 opacity, 81 result, 81 scale, 81 Source 1, 80 Source 2, 81 Calibration, 53–54, 55–57; see also Image calibration Canada Evidence Act, 27; see also Image integrity authentication, 27 best evidence, 27 presumption of integrity, 28 Case files, 34 Change, 207 Channel blending, 69, 73–74; see also Adobe Photoshop Channel blending mode, 94; see also Adobe Photoshop add, 95 darken, 95 lighten, 95 Index multiply, 94 overlay, 95 screen, 95 subtract, 95 Channel mixer dialogue box, 90–92; see also Adobe Photoshop Channels, 36, 62, 63, 65, 94 Channels palette, 71–72; see also Adobe Photoshop with blue channel active, 77 exercise, 76–79 Channel subtraction, 100; see also Multiple image techniques using FFT in Image-Pro Premier, 144 followed by FFT, 141 image opened in RGB, 101 image optimization and sequence of actions, 148 Clipping, 167 CMOS, see Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor CMYK, see Cyan, magenta, yellow, and black Color capture, 62–64 modes, 61 space, 62 Color images; see also Adobe Photoshop early, 61–62 exercise, 85–90 first color image, 62 review questions, 95 “Tech Pan” film, 61 Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS), 15 Complex pattern elements, 153 Contrast Adjustments, 155, 163–165 advanced selections, 188–190 clipping, 167 curves, 173–178 levels, 165–167 levels adjustments and histogram interpretation, 167–173 options bar in Photoshop, 159–163 point sample, 163 review questions, 191 Shadows/Highlights, 178–181 toolbar, 155–159 tools, 163–165 Crop tool, 158; see also Toolbar in Photoshop Curved parallel line pattern, 138 Curves, 173; see also Contrast Adjustments curves adjustment, 175, 177–178 Index dialogue box, 174 edit points, 173 eyedroppers, 173–174 options, 174 pulling white and black points straight across, 175–176 range of tones, 173 “S” curve, 176–177 show, 174–175 Cyan, magenta, yellow, and black (CMYK), 62, 64–65, 70; see also Adobe Photoshop exercise, 84 ink percentage values, 64 D Dalrymple, B E., 2–4 Darkroom techniques, 14–15, 61 Department of Justice (DOJ), 21 Depth of field, 121 DFO, see 1,8-diazafluoren-9-one 1,8-diazafluoren-9-one (DFO), 6, 127 Diffraction, 119, 122 Digital; see also Forensic digital enhancement history color capture, 62–64 data storage, 30 enhancement, 209 image anatomy, 135 Digital cameras, 15 spatial resolution of, 14 Digital imaging, 1, 20, 210–215 forensic, 19 optimizing signal-to-noise ratio, 98 technology, 19 tools and techniques available in, 61 transition from film to, 11–14, 19 Digital imaging in courts, 205 acceptance of digital image processing, 205 alter, 207 best evidence rule, 205–206 bloody fingerprint, 213 blue ballpoint writing on creased cardboard key tag, 214 California v Phillip Lee Jackson, 212 change, 207 diagnosis, 206 digital optimization, 209 enhance, 207 evidence photography, 208–209 221 fingerprint after DFO processing, 211 fingerprint after FFT editing, 211 Florida v Victor Reyes, 214–215 image processing, 210–215 manipulate, 207 Mastro Almond v State of Georgia, 215 optimization of images, 208 People v Perez, 215 Reginald Denny beating, 211 research, 210 restore, 207 R v Cooper, 212 R v Gill, 214 R v Gough/Alexander, 211 shoeprint after erasure subtraction, 212 State of Ohio v Brett X Hartman, 214 testability, 209–210 U.S v Hayden, 212 U.S v Knight, 210–211 woodgrain countertop, 212 Digitally processing image, 34–35 Digital negative (DNG) format, 46–47 Disc operating system (DOS), 134 DNG format, see Digital negative format DOJ, see Department of Justice DOS, see Disc operating system Dynamic range, 125 E Edit toolbar, 159; see also Toolbar in Photoshop 8-bit imaging system, 15 Enhance, 207 Enhancement strategies for image analysis, 193 adjusting contrast, 195–196 adjusting RAW image, 193 calculations dialogue box, 203 Camera Raw settings, 199 creating noise channel, 202, 203 enhancement steps, 193–196 lightness channel, 202 ninhydrin-developed print, 197 ninhydrin treated brown paper, 199–200 noise reduction, 194–195 preparing for AFIS, 194 preparing RAW image with Camera Raw, 196–197 review exercises, 193, 196–204 review questions, 204 222 Erasure subtraction, 104, 117–118; see also Multiple image techniques auto-aligned images, 110 auto-align feature, 107 using auto-align feature in scripts, 106–107 background photographed with TracER 532 nm laser, 109 bloody fingerprint impression, 113 case example, 113–117 FFT editing, 112 footwear image on tile, 115 image captured with scale, 117 impression images, 104 indanedione treatment, 110 load layers window showing browse option, 106 ninhydrin print on check, 116 obstructive background, 108–109 original image after treatment with indanedione, 112 pattern element removal in background, 111 by pretreatment capture, 107–113 substrate noise, 117 traditional subtraction method, 105–106 Evidence crime scene to court, 12 forensic examinations, 103 low-hanging fruit principle, 104 photography, 208–209 rationale for erasure of, 103–104 rules of evidence, 24–26 Exchangeable image file format (EXIF), 35 EXIF, see Exchangeable image file format Expose for shadows and develop for highlights, 14 Extensible metadata platform (XMP), 34, 35 Eyedropper tool, 158, 166–167; see also Levels; Toolbar in Photoshop F Fast Fourier transform (FFT), 5, 7, 20, 131, 153 blood transfer of ridge detail on bedsheet, 132 case application of, 5–6 changing image display, 135–136 channel subtraction followed by, 141–148 comparison chart with known impression, 133 Index different displays of same image content, 136 digital image anatomy, 135 evolution, 134–135 forensic application of, 131–133 in Image-Pro Premier, 144–148 narrow band filter photography by, 148–151 ninhydrin fingerprint, 142 non-fingerprint applications, 151–152 pattern signatures, 136–141 repetitive background patterns, 131 review questions, 153 sequential processing of images, 141 software choices, 135 stamp impression on wooden frame of painting, 151–152 transform of image, 133 FBI, see Federal Bureau of Investigation Feather, 159–160, 162 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 3, 20 Federal Rules of Evidence for the U.S., 24–26 File, 35 File formats, 31; see also Image authentication digitally processing image, 34–35 image processing, 33–34 JPEG, 31–32 PSD, 33 RAW, 33 TIFF, 32–33 Film to digital imaging, 11–14 image optimization, 208 Filtration subtraction, 101; see also Multiple image techniques ninhydrin-developed fingerprint, 103 Fingerprint detection techniques, 103 Focal plane merging, see Focus stacking Focus blending, see Focus stacking Focus stacking, 118; see also Multiple image techniques aperture selection, 119 close-up shot at F22, 124 depth of field, 121–122 diffraction, 119 image photographed at apertures F8 and F32, 120, 123 lens aberrations, 119 need for optimal image quality, 118 procedure, 122–124 sweet spot, 121 Foray Technologies, 9, 135 Index Forensic digital enhancement history, Berg, E C., 8–9 crime scene to court, 12 Dalrymple, B E., 2–4 darkroom techniques, 14–15 digital edge, 14–15 expose for shadows and develop for highlights, 14 film to digital imaging, 11–14 German, E R., 4–5 identification photographer, 15–17 increasing signal-to-noise ratio in evidence images, 13–14 Olsen, R D., 5–6 overexposure and underdevelopment technique, 14 pocket calculator syndrome, Ringer, P., 6–7 Scott’s Fingerprint Mechanics, Smith, E J., 10–11 Watling, W J., 7–8 Witzke, D., Forensic digital imaging technology, 19 Forensic examinations, 103 Forensic identification practitioner, 12 Forensic image authentication, 31 processing, 164 Forensic photographer, 97 Forensic professionals, 12 Forensic science, 13 Frequency domain, 131 f-stop, 124 G General law enforcement services, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), German, E R., 4–5 GIS, see Geographic Information Systems Grayscale, 69; see also Adobe Photoshop alpha channel, 69 channel blending and converting to, 70–71 ninhydrin prints, 71 visible spectrum, and RGB and CMYK gamut, 69 Green filters, 61 Guidance groups, 24 H Hand tool, 159; see also Toolbar in Photoshop Hayden, U.S vs., 212 223 HDR, see High dynamic range HDR Pro, 125 Herringbone pattern, 138 High dynamic range (HDR), 14, 20, 125; see also Multiple image techniques compressed dynamic range, 126 exposing for highlight detail, 125 HDR Pro procedure, 126–127 Highlights and shadows, 52, 178–181 High-pass filter, 187; see also Sharpening techniques High-pass sharpen with adjustment layers, 187–188; see also Sharpening techniques Histogram graph, 166; see also Levels History log in Photoshop, 35 I IAI, see International Association for Identification Identification photographer, 15–17, 97 Image authentication, 30; see also Image integrity file formats, 31–35 forensic, 31 image calibration, 53–54, 55–57 methods of tracking processing steps, 35–45 RAW, 45–53 about read-only, 57 resolution, 54–55 review questions, 59–60 Image blending, 98 Image calibration, 53–54; see also Image authentication cropping known distance on image, 59 image size dialogue box, 57 ruler tool and options, 55 without scale, 57–59 steps to calibrate image 1:1, 55–57 Image display changing, 135–136 different displays of same image, 136 Image integrity, 28; see also Image authentication Canada Evidence Act, 27–28 digital data storage, 30 digital imaging technology, 19–20 methods for maintaining, 29 Organization of Scientific Area Committees, 21–23 224 Image integrity (Continued) review questions, 59–60 rules of evidence, 24–26 Scientific Working Group on Digital Evidence, 23–24 Scientific Working Group on Imaging Technology, 20–21 Image-Pro, 3, Image processing, 33–34 Image-Pro Premier, 144; see also Fast Fourier transform opening screen, 145 original figure and results of editing, 148 periodic display of entire image, 146, 147 screen showing FFT button, 145 Image subtraction, 98; see also Multiple image techniques calculations window, 99 subtraction selected as blending option, 100 Impressions, 104 evidence, 13 Information technology (IT), 29 Integrity, 28; see also Image integrity Internal Revenue Service (IRS), International Association for Identification (IAI), 7, 210 International Press Telecommunications Council (IPTC), 35 Inverse transform, 95, 153, 190, 202 IPTC, see International Press Telecommunications Council IRS, see Internal Revenue Service IT, see Information technology J Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Joint photographers expert group, see JPEG JPEG (Joint photographers expert group), 31–32; see also File formats JPL, see Jet Propulsion Laboratory Junk science, 1, 205 K Kennedy assassination, L LAB, 62, 65; see also Adobe Photoshop Apply Image function, 66 Index channel blending, 69 exercise, 81–84 light intensity values, 66 ninhydrin-developed fingerprint on newspaper, 68 Lasso tools, 157–158; see also Toolbar in Photoshop Layer masks, 42–43; see also Adobe Photoshop adjustment layers LCD screens, 167–168 Lempel-Ziv-Welch, see LZW Lens aberrations, 119 Levels, 165; see also Contrast Adjustments Auto and Options, 167 average-key image with normal exposure, 168, 170 black, white, and gamma sliders, 166 comparison of fingerprints, 172 contrast and brightness adjustment, 170 correctly exposed image, 171 dialogue box, 165 eyedroppers, 166–167 fingerprint image adjusted with, 169 histogram graph, 166 making levels adjustments and interpreting histogram, 167–173 output sliders, 166 visual preview of highlights, 169 visual preview of shadows, 168–169 Lossless file, 34 Low-hanging fruit, 206 principle, 104 LZW (Lempel-Ziv-Welch), 32 M Magic wand, 158; see also Toolbar in Photoshop Magnetic lasso, 157–158; see also Toolbar in Photoshop Manipulate, 207 Marquee tools, 155; see also Toolbar in Photoshop Metadata, 35; see also Tracking processing steps Adobe history log, 35 caveat of relying on, 35 viewing, 36 Move tool, 155; see also Toolbar in Photoshop Multiple image techniques, 97, 128; see also Erasure subtraction; Focus stacking; HDR Pro; RAW Index channel subtraction, 100–101 filtration subtraction, 101–103 image blending, 98 image subtraction, 98–100 low-hanging fruit principle, 104 optimizing signal-to-noise ratio, 98 rationale for erasure of evidence, 103–104 review questions, 128 N NAMSI, see North American Morpho Systems Narrow band filter photography followed by FFT, 148 image after FFT editing, 150 image optimization and sequence of actions, 150–151 obstructive dot pattern, 149 periodic display of entire image, 150 use of Coherent TracER laser, 149 National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 21 Ninhydrin, 13, 206 brown paper treated with, 199–200 -developed fingerprint, 68, 103, 142 -developed image, 189 prints, 71, 116, 197 NIST, see National Institute of Standards and Technology North American Morpho Systems (NAMSI), O Ocean Systems, 135 Offset, 75–76, 81 Olsen, R D., 5–6 Options bar in Photoshop, 159; see also Contrast Adjustments Feather and Select and Mask dialogue box, 160 properties panel within Select and Mask, 162–163 Select and Mask dialogue box, 161 Select and Mask workspace, 160 selection options, 160 tool icon, 160 tools within Select and Mask, 162 Organization of Scientific Area Committees (OSAC), 21; see also Image integrity 225 aim, 21 and SAC organizational chart, 23 standard on writing standards, 21–22 standards vs guidelines, 21 vs SWG groups, 22–23 Original image, 34 OSAC, see Organization of Scientific Area Committees Output sliders, 166; see also Levels Overexposure and underdevelopment technique, 14 P Pattern signatures, 136; see also Fast Fourier transform curved parallel line pattern, 138 diagonal line pattern in image and periodic display, 137 fingerprint and periodic signature, 139 fingerprint on Kevlar, 140 Herringbone pattern, 138 image without repeating pattern, 139 noise spikes, 141 obstructed fingerprint, 140 pattern spikes in periodic display, 140 sharply defined and focused spikes, 139 Spike Cut feature, 140 PC, see Personal computer Periodic domain, 139, 145 Personal computer (PC), 134 Photographic lens, 119 Photoshop document, see PSD Photoshop Note Tool, 44–45 PhotoStyler, Pixels per inch (ppi), 54 Pocket calculator syndrome, Point Sample, 163 Polygonal lasso, 157; see also Toolbar in Photoshop ppi, see Pixels per inch Pretreatment capture, 107–113 Primary image, 34 Property palette, 44 PSD (Photoshop document), 33; see also File formats Q Quick selection, 158; see also Toolbar in Photoshop 226 R RAID, see Redundant array of independent disks RAM, see Random-access memory Random-access memory (RAM), 10 RAW, 33; see also Adobe Camera Raw; File formats; Image authentication advantages, 45–46 digital negative format creation, 46–47 file formats and image processing, 45 highlights and shadows, 52 images, 45 visualization of ridge detail, 127–128 Read-Only, 57 Red, green, blue (RGB), 15, 62, 70; see also Adobe Photoshop exercise, 81–84 light intensity values, 63 Redundant array of independent disks (RAID), 10 Repetitive background patterns, 131 Resampling, 54 Resolution, 54–55 spatial, 14 Restore, 207 Ringer, P., 6–7 Rules of evidence, 24 S SACs, see Scientific area committees Scientific area committees (SACs), 21, 22 Scientific Working Group on Digital Evidence (SWGDE), 20, 23–24; see also Image integrity Scientific Working Group on Imaging Technology (SWGIT), 20–21, 33; see also Image integrity Scott’s Fingerprint Mechanics, Screen captures, 36 SDO, see Standards Development Organization Select and Mask dialogue box, 160, 161; see also Contrast Adjustments options bar within Select and Mask, 162 properties panel within Select and Mask, 162–163 select and mask workspace, 160 tools within Select and Mask, 162 Selection mask, 189 Index Selection tools, 155, 158; see also Toolbar in Photoshop Shadows/Highlights, 52, 178–181 Sharpening techniques, 181; see also Contrast Adjustments high-pass filter, 187 high-pass sharpen with adjustment layers, 187–188 smart sharpen filter, 185–187 Unsharp Mask dialogue box, 183–184 white halos, 184–185 working method, 181–183 Signal, 97 Signal-to-noise ratio, 12 improvement in, 147 optimizing, 3, 98, 164 Smart Object, 40, 41, 44 Smart sharpen filter, 185–187; see also Sharpening techniques Smith, E J., 10–11 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE), SPIE, see Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers Spike Cut feature, 140 Standard operating procedures (SOP), 29, 40 Standards Development Organization (SDO), 22 Storage of digital data, 30 Subtraction, 100; see also Channel subtraction; Erasure subtraction; Image subtraction filtration, 101–103 pretreatment capture, 107–113 Sweet spot, 121 SWGIT, see Scientific Working Group on Imaging Technology T Tagged image file format (TIFF), 32–33, 127; see also File formats “Tech Pan” film, 61 Text tool, 159; see also Toolbar in Photoshop Third-party software image process recording, 45 Third-party software solutions, 45 TIFF, see Tagged image file format Toolbar in Photoshop, 155; see also Contrast Adjustments brush tool, 159 crop tool, 158 Index edit toolbar, 159 eyedropper tool, 158 hand tool, 159 lasso tools, 157–158 marquee tools, 155 move tool, 155 selection tools, 155, 158 text tool, 159 wand tools, 158 zoom tool, 159 Tracking processing steps, 35; see also Image authentication Adobe Photoshop Actions, 36–39 Adobe Photoshop adjustment layers, 39–44 Adobe Photoshop notes, 44–45 metadata, 35–36 screen captures, 36 third-party software image process recording, 45 word documents, 36 written notes, 36 227 USACIL, see U.S Army Criminal Investigation Laboratory U.S Army Criminal Investigation Laboratory (USACIL), V Vision data, 16 Voodoo, W Wand tools, 158; see also Toolbar in Photoshop Watling, W., 7–8 White balance, 50 White halos, 184–185; see also Sharpening techniques Witzke, D., X XMP, see Extensible metadata platform U Z Unsharp Mask dialogue box, 183–184; see also Sharpening techniques Zoom tool, 159; see also Toolbar in Photoshop .. .Forensic Digital Image Processing Optimization of Impression Evidence Forensic Digital Image Processing Optimization of Impression Evidence Brian E Dalrymple E Jill... History of Forensic Digital Enhancement The secret of getting ahead is getting started Mark Twain The goal of this chapter is to give context to the emergence of digital image processing in the forensic. .. to evidence detection by laser, comparison of twin fingerprints, and, most relevant here, computer optimization of evidence images He referred me to perhaps the first mention of digital image processing