Optical Networking: A Beginner’s Guide This page intentionally left blank ABOUT THE AUTHORS Robert C Elsenpeter is an author, Web content writer, award-winning journalist, and co-author of eBusiness: A Beginner’s Guide Toby J Velte, Ph.D., MCSE+I, CCNA, and CCDA, is a respected industry leader in the field of networking and has co-founded several high tech start-ups Dr Velte is the author of Cisco®: A Beginner’s Guide, Cisco® Internetworking with Windows® NT and 2000, and eBusiness: A Beginner’s Guide This page intentionally left blank Optical Networking: A Beginner’s Guide ROBERT C ELSENPETER TOBY J VELTE McGraw-Hill/Osborne New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-HIll Companies, Inc All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher 0-07-222810-5 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-219398-0 All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs For more information, please contact George Hoare, Special Sales, at george_hoare@mcgraw-hill.com or (212) 904-4069 TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc (“McGraw-Hill”) and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work Use of this work is subject to these terms Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hill’s prior consent You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; any other use of the work is strictly prohibited Your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms THE WORK IS PROVIDED “AS IS” McGRAW-HILL AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUDING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HYPERLINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE McGraw-Hill and its licensors not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free Neither McGraw-Hill nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom McGraw-Hill has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed through the work Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise DOI: 10.1036/0072228105 For Mom and Dad, who nurtured my inner geek by giving me a VIC-20 for my 13th birthday This page intentionally left blank For more information about this title, click here AT A GLANCE Part I Networking at the Speed of Light ▼ ▼ ▼ Optical Networking Theory History of Optical Networking Optical Architectures Part II Optical Networking Tools, Applications, and Vendors ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ Optical Networking Design Optical Switching and Routing Vendors and Their Wares Optical Networking Applications 35 61 101 147 185 233 ix Copyright 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Click here for Terms of Use Index management applications, 362–369 nonlinear effects, 30–32 obstacles, 28–34 Passive Optical Networks, 59–60 Photophones, 41 physical considerations, 114–122 promise of, 6–8 provisioning, 32–33 remote viewing, 44–46 safety, 433–435 security, 454–457 semaphore towers, 38, 39 service, 54–60 telephone networks, 46–48 optical routing, 174–184 design, 176–178 interconnect technologies, 179–180 size, 180 speed and scaling, 178–180 Optical Service Modules See OSMs optical spectral analyzers, 460 optical switching, 161–174 optical time domain reflectometry, 461 optical waveguide routers, 66 optical-electrical-optical conversions See OEO conversions Optivity, 327 OSI Reference Model, 102–103 OSMs, 198–199 out-of-band jamming, 458, 459 output, 31 outside vapor deposition (OVD), 412, 413–414 OXCs, 134, 135, 169–174 element, 173–174 function, 169–173 similarity with MPLS LSRs, 139 WaveStar Bandwidth Manager, 225 WaveStar LambdaRouter, 225–226 ▼ P packet bursting, 298 packet sniffing, 445–446 packets, 150, 151 packet-switched networks, 150 Passive Optical Networks See PONs path overhead See POH path status, 80 paths, 150, 151 PBX, 249 photodiodes, 20 photons, 17 Photophones, 41 physical layer, 102, 295–296 pilot tones, 460 PIN photodiodes, 20 pistoning, 388 plasma-activated chemical vapor deposition (PCVD), 412, 415, 416 Plastic Optical Fiber See POF Platinum Technology, 327 plenum rated cable, 424 PMD, 30 479 480 Optical Networking: A Beginner’s Guide POF, 410–411 POH, 75, 77, 82 BIP, 79 roles of bytes within STS frames, 79–81 pointer action byte, 80 Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol See PPTP polarization mode dispersion See PMD PONs, 59–60, 123 ports, 152 positive-intrinsic-negative photodiodes, Se PIN photodiodes power amplification, 22 power detection, 460 power meters, 396–397 PPTP, 447–448 preamplification, 22 preform, 411 presentation layer, 103 prismatic demultiplexing, 65 Private Branch Exchange See PBX protocols, 182 dial-in, 442 getting rid of, 183 IPSec, 446–447 L2TP, 448 PPP, 442 PPTP, 447–448 routing, 374, 376 security, 446–450 SLIP, 442 SSL, 448–450 ProVision, 327 provisioning, 32–33 PSTN, 250 p-type material, 52, 53 public key encryption, 448 public switched telephone network See PSTN pump lasers, 22, 24–25 applying in different locations, 28 ▼ Q QoS, 104 attacks, 444 Quality of Service See QoS ▼ R radius of curvature, 389 RAID, 261 ram raids, 464 Raman amplification, 26–28 Rayleigh scattering, 29 Real Time Protocol See RTP receivers, 111–112 redundancy, 121–122, 280, 465 reflection, refraction, 9, 10–11 refractive index, 12 regenerator section overhead See RSOH remote viewing, 44–46 Resource Reservation Protocol S ee RSVP rings, 71–73 in DPT architecture, 93–94 routers, 148–152, 284 12000 series Gigabit Switch Routers, 194–195 Index 7400 series, 196–197 7600 series, 197–199 carrier class, 175 Cisco Systems, 194–199 core, 176 edge/aggregation, 176 Foundry Networks, Inc., 227–229 and the Internet, 149–152 Juniper Networks, Inc., 208–211 M160, 211 M20, 209–210 M40, 210 M5 and M10, 208–209 NetIron, 227–229 and the next-generation Internet, 180–184 routing for efficiency, 148–149 sizes, 151–152 terabit IP, 175 types of optical routers, 176 routing, 159, 160, 374–376 algorithm, 374–375 domains, 375 fiber cuts, 383 high-speed, 158 optical, 174–184 protocols, 374, 376 shortcut, 158 updates, 374 RSOH, 85 RSVP, 249 RTP, 248 ▼ S safety bare fiber, 434 light, 433–434 other dangers, 434–435 SANs, 258–265 application needs, 261 arbitrated loop, 261–262 backbone, 261–262 backup, 265 configuration, 262–264 designing and building, 261–265 fabric, 260 fiber, 262 Fibre Channel, 260–261 interconnect, 260 interface, 259 LUN-level zoning, 264 management, 264 port-level zoning, 264 storage needs, 258–260 storage options, 264–265 switched fabric, 261 S-Bugs, 168–169 scalability, 274 scaling, 132, 178–180, 181–182 scattering effects, 31, 32 SDH, 84–86 tributary units (TUs), 86 section overhead See SOH section trace (J0)/section growth (Z0), 80 Secure Sockets Layer See SSL 481 482 Optical Networking: A Beginner’s Guide security attack detection, 459–461 attack methods, 457–459 authentication, 448–449 certificates, 449–450 complex systems, 455 countermeasures, 461 data delay attacks, 443 denial of service attacks, 443 eavesdropping attacks, 444 encryption, 456 in-band jamming, 458 interference, 457 intrusion detection systems, 450–454 monitoring, 457 optical spectral analysis, 460 optical time domain reflectometry, 461 out-of-band jamming, 458, 459 overview, 438–446 packet sniffing, 445–446 physical, 463–466 pilot tones, 460 protocols, 446–450 quality of service attacks, 444 spoofing, 445 tapping problems, 456, 457 traffic analysis attacks, 444 traffic-based, 438–440 types of attacks, 443–446 unauthorized observation, 459 user-based, 440–442 vulnerabilities, 461–462 wideband power detection, 460 self phase modulation, 32 semaphore towers, 38, 39 semiconductor optical amplifiers, 25–26 server room, security, 463–464 service backbone providers, 57 connecting continents, 55–56 development, 54–57 Elie, 59 future, 59–60 high-speed cities, 58–59 Hi-OVIS, 58–59 introducing data to optical networks, 56–57 Northeast Corridor, 56 tests and trials, 54–55 service level agreements, 328–337 benefits, 329–331 drafting, 334–335 establishing a baseline, 332–333 guaranteed levels of service, 329–330 maintenance, 335–336 measurement, 336 metrics, 333, 334 negotiating trade-offs, 333 network SLAs, 330–331 penalty phase, 330 preparing, 332–335 priorities, 336 recognizing business and user needs, 332 what to look for in, 337 service provider networks, 309–310 Session Initiation Protocol See SIP session layer, 103 shortcut routing, 158 signal label identifying payload, 79 Index Simple Mail Transfer Protocol See SMTP Simple Network Management Protocol See SNMP single-mode fibers, 11, 14, 408–409 dispersion, 30 size, 16 SIP, 249 SLA See service level agreements slot size, 296 slot time, 296 SMTP, 102 Snell’s Law, 10 SNMP, 338–352 commands, 348 data types, 344 defined, 338–339 events and traps, 350–351 fields, 344 machine independence, 343–344 managed objects, 340 MIBs, 340–346 polling, 339–340 polling groups and data aggregation, 346–348 thresholds, 349–350 versions, 351–352 SOH, 75, 77, 82 BIP, 79 data communications channel, 79 orderwire, 79 roles of bytes within STS frames, 79–81 SONET, 69–86 ADM, 68–69 vs DPT, 97 vs DWDM, 92–93, 129, 241–243, 373, 374 evolution, 70–71 framing, 74–75, 76 overhead bytes, 77–83 overview, 71 rings, 71–73 roles of bytes within STS frames, 79–81 structure, 73–86 VTs, 76–77 source stripping, 94 Spatial Reuse Protocol See SRP SPE, 74, 75 location pointer, 80 Spectrum, 327 speed, 6–7 ATM, 104 in optical fabrics, 132–133 splicing cleanliness, 386–387 fiber cuts, 383–387 loss, 384–386 types of, 384 spontaneous emission, 23 spoofing, 445 spurs, 235–236 SRP, 93, 94–96 operations, 96 SRP-fa, 95, 96 SSL, 448–450 step index fiber, 15 multimode fibers, 406–407 size, 16 stimulated Brillouin scattering, 32 stimulated emission, 24 stimulated Raman scattering, 27, 32 storage area networks See SANs 483 484 Optical Networking: A Beginner’s Guide STS, 73 path trace byte, 81 STS-N frames, 83–84 subcarrier multiplexed signals, 460 submarine systems, 234–240 amplification and regeneration, 239–240 beach manholes, 237 connecting continents, 234–236 festooning, 235 fiber design, 238–239 installation, 236–240 spurs, 235–236 undersea cables, 426–427 Sun Microsystems Enterprise Manager, 367–369 SunNet Manager, 327 switched fabric, 261 switches, 152–159, 283–284 Aurora 128, 200 Aurora 32, 200 Aurora Optical Switch, 200–201 BigIron, 229–232 BPX 8600, 193–194 bubble, 165–166 Cisco Systems, 191–194 comparison of, 170–171 CoreDirector, 216–217 CoreDirector CI, 217 designing switched internetworks, 155 digital optical, 168 flooding, 152 Foundry Networks, Inc., 229–232 GX 550, 223–224 holograms, 166–167 interferometric, 168 liquid crystal, 164–165 Lucent Technologies, Inc., 223–224 MetroDirector K2, 217–219 MGX 8850, 192 networking basics, 153–159 Nortel Networks, Inc., 201–203 NX 64000, 224 OPTera Connect DX, 201–202 OPTera Connect HDX, 202 OPTera Connect PX, 202–203 overview, 152–153 S-Bugs, 168–169 SN 10000, 220–221 SN 16000, 220 SN 3000, 221–222 SN 4000, 221 SN 8000, 221 switched backbones, 156–158 Sycamore Networks, Inc., 220–222 Tellium, Inc., 199–201 thermo-optical waveguides, 167–168 switching, 46–47, 130–131 IP, 158 layer-3, 158 multilayer, 158–159, 278 optical, 161–174 technologies, 157–158, 162–169, 170–171 switching frequency, 132 Sycamore Networks, Inc overview, 219–220 SN 10000, 220–221 SN 16000, 220 SN 3000, 221–222 SN 4000, 221 Index SN 8000, 221 switches, 220–222 synchronization status, 81 Synchronous Optical Network See SONET synchronous payload envelope See SPE synchronous transport signals See STS ▼ T tapes, security, 463 tapping problems, 456, 457 TATs, 55–56 TDM See time division multiplexing Telecommunications Management Network See TMN telephone networks, 46–48 television, vs quality vs the Last Mile, 57–58 TellAire, 265 Tellium, Inc Aurora 128, 200 Aurora 32, 200 Aurora Optical Switch, 200–201 overview, 199 switches, 199–201 Terabeam, 265, 267 thermo-optical waveguides, 167–168 three-layer hierarchical design model, 274–280 time division multiplexing, 63–64 TIR, 8–9, 38 Tivoli NetView, 327 TMN, 352–362 functional architecture, 355–357 information architecture, 358–359 logical layered architecture, 359–362 Mediation Function (MF), 356 network element functions (NEFs), 355 operations system functions (OSF), 356 overview, 352–355 physical architecture, 357–358, 359 Q adaptor function (QAF), 356 reference points, 357 requirements for, 354 work station function (WSF), 356 TOH, 74, 75 token passing, 291 topologies, 114–119 arbitrated loop, 304–305 bus, 114–115 bus-star layout, 121 collapsed backbone, 116–117 design factors, 118 expansion considerations, 119 fabric, 305, 306 Fibre Channel, 303–305 flat vs hierarchical, 274–276 hybrids, 120–121 meshing, 280–282, 373–374, 375 point-to-point, 304 quadruple-hybrid, 121 ring, 115, 116 485 486 Optical Networking: A Beginner’s Guide ring-bus and ring-star, 121 star, 117–118 star-bus hybrid, 121 three-layer hierarchical, 274–280 total internal reflection See TIR traffic analysis attacks, 444 traffic flow, 286–289 application loads and traffic types, 287–289 data sources and data sinks, 287 message types and sizes, 288 traffic sources, 286–287 traffic load, 289 transponder wavelength conversion, 134 transport layer, 103 transport overhead See TOH transport tools CoreStream, 213 Lucent Technologies, Inc., 222–223 MultiWave Metro, 215 MultiWave Metro One, 215–216 MultiWave Sentry 1600, 213–214 MultiWave Sentry 4000, 214 OPTera Long Haul 1600, 203–204 OPTera Long Haul 4000, 204–205 OPTera Long Haul 5000, 205 OPTera Metro Multiservice Platforms, 205–206 WaveStar OLS 1.6T, 222–223 WaveStar OLS Long Haul Compact, 223 traps, 350–351 tributary units (TUs), 86 tunable lasers, 400–401 ▼ U UDP, 249 unauthorized observation, 459 undersea cables See submarine systems Unicenter, 322 unidirectional path-switched rings See UPSR UPSR, 72–73 usage packets, 96 user channels, 80 User Datagram Protocol See UDP user path channel byte, 80 ▼ V Van Heel, Abraham Cornelis Sebastian, 50 vapor axial deposition (VAD), 412, 414 variables, 340 virtual circuit orientation, 104 virtual containers, 86 virtual private networks See VPNs virtual tributaries See VTs visitors, security, 464–465 Voice over IP See VoIP VoIP, 248–258 building networks, 251–256 gateway, 252–253, 255 Index IP telephones, 254–255 IP-enabled PBXs, 251 overview, 248–251 relay, 252–253 servers, 256 simple toll bypass, 251–253 solution, 253–256 total IP telephony, 251, 253–256 using optics, 256–258 VPNs, 140–143 VTs, 76–77 POH, 82–83 vulnerabilities, 461–462 vulnerability assessment scanners, 451 ▼ W walls, security, 464 WANs, 122–129 10 Gigabit Ethernet, 301–302 access, 122–124 backbones, 124–127 edge devices, 124, 125 long-haul optical core, 128–129 OCDMA, 124 PONs, 123 WaRP, 184 waveguide dispersion, 30, 408 waveguide grating routers, 66 wavelength division multiplexing, 28, 64 wavelength interchange cross-connect See WIXC Wavelength Routing Protocol See WaRP wavelength selective cross-connect See WSXC WaveWrapper, 363 WDM See wavelength division multiplexing wide area networks See WANs wideband WDM, 88 windows, 87 security, 464 wired cities, 57 WIXC, 134, 135 WSXC, 134–136 WWDM, 88 ▼ Z zero dispersion point, 409 487 This page intentionally left blank INTERNATIONAL CONTACT INFORMATION AUSTRALIA McGraw-Hill Book Company Australia Pty Ltd TEL +61-2-9417-9899 FAX +61-2-9417-5687 http://www.mcgraw-hill.com.au books-it_sydney@mcgraw-hill.com SINGAPORE (Serving Asia) McGraw-Hill Book Company TEL +65-863-1580 FAX +65-862-3354 http://www.mcgraw-hill.com.sg mghasia@mcgraw-hill.com CANADA McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd TEL +905-430-5000 FAX +905-430-5020 http://www.mcgrawhill.ca SOUTH AFRICA McGraw-Hill South Africa TEL +27-11-622-7512 FAX +27-11-622-9045 robyn_swanepoel@mcgraw-hill.com GREECE, MIDDLE EAST, NORTHERN AFRICA McGraw-Hill Hellas TEL +30-1-656-0990-3-4 FAX +30-1-654-5525 UNITED KINGDOM & EUROPE (Excluding Southern Europe) McGraw-Hill Education Europe TEL +44-1-628-502500 FAX +44-1-628-770224 http://www.mcgraw-hill.co.uk computing_neurope@mcgraw-hill.com MEXICO (Also serving Latin America) McGraw-Hill Interamericana 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Beginner's Guide Clemens Vasters Paul Watters Kapil Raina & Anurag Harsh Networking: A Beginner's Guide, Second Edition Telecommunications: A Beginner's Guide Peter Southwick, Todd Pritsky & Dan Newland (Hill Associates Inc) VPNs: A Beginner's Guide Bruce Hallberg John Mairs II5 5.0: A Beginner's Guide Exchange 2000 Server Administration: Rod Trent A Beginner's Guide Bill English & Nick Cavalancia Anthony T Mann Robert Elsenpeter & Toby Velte The Network Professional’s Library — the ultimate solution for today’s busy network administrators The Network Professional’s Library covers all of the most important networking technologies and provides essential information for understanding, troubleshooting, and managing networks efficiently Ideal for beginning to advanced network professionals, this series offers hands-on techniques, solutions, and architectural blueprints—making these the most definitive guides available Windows 2000 Active Directory Windows 2000 Security Handbook JOE CASAD P 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Building Scalable Cisco® Networks BCRAN: Building Cisco® Remote Access Networks Cisco: A Beginner’s Guide, Second Edition by Thomas M.Thomas II, Arjan Aelmans, Floris Houniet and Tan Nam-Kee by Thomas M.Thomas II and Adam Quiggle by Toby J Velte with Anthony T Velte ISBN: 0-07-212480-6 ISBN: 0-07-212477-6 $39.99 $60.00 Available April 2001 $60.00 ICND: Interconnecting Cisco® Network Devices DCN: Designing Cisco® Networks by Thomas, Golding,Van Oene, Coker, Newcomb, Mason, and Quiggle by Thomas M.Thomas II, Erik J Freeland, CCNP™, CCDA™ Gaurav Sabharwal ISBN: 0-07-212522-5 ISBN: 0-07-212573-X $60.00 $60.00 Available at bookstores nationwide ISBN: 0-07-213339-2 CD-ROM includes FastTrak Express™ testing engine featuring more than 200 practice questions per book—plus simulated exams and score analysis w w w o s b o r n e c o m ... networks are able to carry data much faster and in greater quantities than their electrical counterparts This book examines optical networking from a variety of angles We talk about optical networking... in optical networks This chapter looks at issues relevant to the management of optical networks and suggests ways you can manage your own optical networks ■ Chapter 10: Optical Maintenance and... 0-07-219398-0 All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to