An illustrated guide to mobile technology

AN ILLUSTRATED GUIDE TO MOBILE TECHNOLOGY Copyright © 2015 Sachin Date All rights reserved By purchasing this book, you agree to accept the following Limit of Liability and Disclaimer of Warranty: Limit of Liability and Disclaimer of Warranty: The author and publisher have used their best efforts in preparing this book The information provided herein is provided “as is” Y ou should use this information as you see fit, and entirely at your own risk Y our particular situation may not be exactly suited to the material described or illustrated in this book Y ou should adjust and modify your use of the information and recommendations according to the unique requirements of your situation The author makes no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the information contained in this book and specifically disclaims any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for any particular purpose and shall in no event be liable for any loss to you (either personal or commercial), or loss of profit, or any kind of damage, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages Trademarks & copyrights: This book identifies product names, brands, services and names of manufacturers known to be trademarks, registered trademarks, or service marks of their respective holders They are used throughout this book in an editorial fashion only In addition, terms suspected of being trademarks, registered trademarks, or service marks have been appropriately capitalized, although the author cannot attest to the accuracy of this information Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark, registered trademark, or service mark The author is not associated with any product, manufacturer or vendor mentioned in this book, and neither promotes nor discourages the use of any product, manufacturer or vendor mentioned in this book BISAC Category: TEC061000 TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING / Mobile & Wireless Communications Published by Amazon Digital Services, Inc To my wife Aditi, and son Nikhil, Without your help and support, this book would have remained just an idea in my mind CONTENTS PART I: HISTORY OF THE MOBILE PHONE FROM SMOKE SIGNALS TO WIRELESS RADIO FROM TRAINS, SHIPS AND TANKS TO THE MOTOR CAR – THE ERA OF ZERO-G FROM THE CAR TO THE STREETS AND INTO THE SHIRT POCKET – THE ERA OF 1G FROM ANALOG TO DIGITAL – 2G AND BEY OND THE BIRTH OF THE SMART PHONE PART II: MOBILE APPLICATIONS CONSUMER MOBILE APPLICATIONS THE FIVE STEP OBSTACLE RACE TO SUCCESS BUSINESS AND REVENUE MODELS PART III: ENTERPRISE MOBILITY MOBILITY IN RETAIL MOBILITY IN FIELD SERVICE, TRANSPORTATION AND LOGISTICS MOBILITY IN HEALTHCARE MOBILITY IN INSURANCE, BANKING AND FINANCIAL SERVICES MOBILITY IN HOSPITALITY , TRAVEL AND TOURISM PART IV: MOBILE TECHNOLOGY MOBILE TELEPHONY CONCEPTS MOBILE OPERATING SY STEMS TY PES OF MOBILE APPLICATIONS MOBILE MIDDLEWARE NON FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS IN MOBILE APPLICATIONS EPILOGUE: FROM UBIQUITY TO INVISIBILITY TABLE OF FIGURES BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING IMAGE CREDITS AND COPY RIGHTS PART I: HISTORY OF THE MOBILE PHONE On January 2007 the world witnessed the first Apple iPhone This was the day Steve Jobs showcased the iPhone at the Macworld Conference in San Francisco, California in what is considered to be one of the most significant product launches of all times Later that year – June 29 to be precise – people in the United States got their hands on their first ever iPhone Within three months Apple had sold its one millionth iPhone in the US At one point during this sales blitzkrieg, 270,000 iPhones were sold in a 30 hour time span; an average of 150 iPhones getting sold every 60 seconds! Since its launch in June 2007 Apple has sold more than half a billion iPhones Seldom has something so expensive that occupies such a small volume sold so many units The iPhone, followed by the Google Android Phone that was launched in 2008 have together changed the way we use our phones in such a fundamental manner that we would be excused in believing that these two devices have changed mobile phone history in ways that nothing else has However the roots of mobile technology penetrate much deeper into the annals of history Over the past six decades, government bodies, international standards bodies, giant corporations and individual innovators have each pushed the envelope on what is possible in mobile technology Innovations have come out of university labs, corporate labs, government labs, workshops & conferences, and from people’s homes and garages This evolution has been a tight interplay between the evolution of mobile networks and the mobile phones that use them Our mobile phones have evolved to meet our ever growing expectations of them, and the networks have evolved to support what people want to be able to with their phones While the evolution of mobile technology has been complex and multifarious, if you step back a bit from all the complexity, you can spot some pretty remarkable trends and milestones These milestones have fundamentally shaped the evolutionary history of the mobile phone and the mobile network In the first part of this book, I shall take you through what I hope will be a fascinating tour of the history of mobile telephony In doing so, we will uncover some astounding gems of creativity and innovation To borrow a phrase from Steve Jobs we will seek to "connect the dots" on the path that has led to the creation of the modern smart phone So let’s roll the tape back – all the way to the 1800s! FROM SMOKE SIGNALS TO WIRELESS RADIO The history of wireless communication goes as far back as we can look into modern human history For thousands of years people have been inventing ways of communicating over long distances using all kinds of techniques ranging from fireworks to carrier pigeons! The early forms of wireless telegraphic systems actually did use things such as fireworks, and smoke or light signals to transmit information in the form of a string of encoded symbols All of this off course looks hopelessly primitive compared to what the smart phone sitting in our pockets can today But as you will soon see, the DNA of that very phone were manufactured in this early era The Photophone A fascinating invention in the early days of wireless telephony was the Photophone created by Alexander Graham Bell and his assistant Charles Sumner Tainter in February 1880 Figure 1: Technical Drawing of the Photophone appearing in Alexander Graham Bell and Sumner Tainter’s USA patent 235496 titled “Photo phone-transmitter” published on 14 December 1880 The Photophone was remarkably elegant in its simplicity A beam of light was focused into a parabolic mirror which reflected the light right out One spoke into the back side of such a mirror The mirror flexed back and forth ever so slightly in response to the varying pressure of the sound waves hitting it on its back side This flexing of the mirror’s surface caused the light that was being reflected by the mirror to be proportionately modulated, i.e its frequency was altered in proportion to the amount and frequency of the flexing of its surface Thus the light waves that were reflected out from the mirror effectively encoded the speech of the person who was speaking into the backside of the mirror! The receiver consisted of another parabolic mirror which focused the received light waves into a special material known as transducer which converted light back into sound Alexander Graham Bell used Lampblack as the trans-ducting material in his original design Figure 2: Left: Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922) Right: Charles Sumner Tainter (1854-1940) Bell was enormously proud of the Photophone, proclaiming it to be his greatest invention, and also wanting to name his second daughter “Photophone”! Mrs Bell is said to have wisely discouraged her husband from taking this step Bell’s Photophone was subsequently enhanced by himself as well as several other adopters of the device in many important ways The direct sound-to-light coupling of the original device was changed into a sound-to-electrical-to-light coupling The range of the Photophone was increased to several miles The light source was changed from sunlight to a variety of artificial light sources including infrared light The Photophone was also adopted in battlefields during the 1930s and 1940s for communicating between battlefield field units A very useful advantage that the Photophone enjoyed in the battlefield was that its light based transmission mechanism could not be easily eavesdropped upon By the turn of the 19th century the advent of radio telegraphy and radio telephony, with their much longer range and the high degrees of reliability they offered under adverse weather conditions proved to be the beginning of the end for the Photophone as a practical wireless communication system The Photophone proved to be a lens into the future of communication in a number of ways For example, the principles of sound-to-electricity-to-light and vice-versa conversion used by the Photophone were astoundingly similar to the fiber-optic based communication systems that came into use almost a century after the Photophone’s invention in 1880 The advent of radio communication While Alexander Bell’s Photophone in the 1880s provided a magnificent portal into the future of optical communication, a revolution of an entirely different kind was brewing in Europe and in the United States in the area of radio frequency communications Radio waves are the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum between Kilo Hertz and 300 Giga Hertz The corresponding wavelengths range from 100 Kilometers down to millimeter Their use as the medium for sending telegraphic messages proved to be a significant up-shift in what was possible in the field of long distance wireless communication In fact the genesis of radio as a method of communication goes all the way back to the early 1800s From the early 1800s through the 1860s several scientists in Europe, Russia and the USA devised experiments which demonstrated the various ways in which electricity and magnetism were connected to each other Out of this experimentation was born much of the path breaking work on electromagnetic theory that would go on to form the basis for all forms of modern radio communications including the cell phones that we use today and the wireless networks that they operate over Some of the early pioneers in the field of electromagnetic theory during the 1800s were Hans Christian Ørsted, André-Marie Ampère, Peter Barlow, Johann Salomo Christoph Schweigger, William Sturgeon, Francesco Zantedeschi, Michael Faraday, Heinrich Lenz and Joseph Henry Much of this work on electromagnetism culminated in the ground breaking publication in 1865 titled “A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field” by a 34 year old Scottish Copyright Information: Public domain Pre-1923 photograph Copyright expired Figure 12: Reginald Aubrey Fessenden Image Attribution: Image published in Harper's Weekly Magazine, page 298 Publication Date: February 21, 1903 Online At: http://earlyradiohistory.us/1903wir.htm, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fessenden.JPG Copyright Information: Public domain Copyright expired Figure 13 (Top): 500 CPS Synchronous Rotary Gap transmitter at Brant Rock, Ma Ca: 1906 Image Attribution: The New England Wireless and Steam Museum, 1300 Frenchtown Road East Greenwich, RI 02818 USA Publication Date: Unknown Online At: http://www.newsm.org/Wireless/Fessenden/Fessenden.html Copyright Information: Image printed with kind permission of Frederick Jaggi, President, The New England Wireless and Steam Museum, Figure 13 (Bottom): The Brant Rock station in 1912, taken from Blue Fish Rock Image Attribution: The New England Wireless and Steam Museum, 1300 Frenchtown Road East Greenwich, RI 02818 USA Publication Date: Unknown Online At: http://www.newsm.org/Wireless/Fessenden/Fessenden.html Copyright Information: Image printed with kind permission of Frederick Jaggi, President, The New England Wireless and Steam Museum Figure 14: A car mounted radio telephone from 1924 Image Attribution: abaporu Publication Date: 05 June 2007 Online At: https://www.flickr.com/photos/abaporu/532455404/in/photostream/ Copyright Information: Image Copyright abaporu This image has been licensed for commercial use by abaporu under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic license To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA Figure 17: Motorola TLD 1100 Image Attribution: Exhibit in the National Electronics Museum, 1745 West Nursery Road, Linthicum, Maryland, USA All items in this museum are unclassified The museum permitted photography without restriction Photo by Daderot Publication Date: 21 July 2014 Online At: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Motorola_Carphone_Model_TLD-1100,_1964,_view_1 National_Electronics_Museum_-_DSC00184.JPG Copyright Information: Image has been released into the public domain by author Daderot under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA Figure 18: The Trigild Gemini briefcase phone Image Attribution: Own work by author Techie111 Publication Date: July 2008 Online At: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Trigild_Gemini_2_inside.jpg Copyright Information: Image has been released into the public domain by author Techie111 as follows: "I grant anyone the right to use this work for any purpose, without any conditions, unless such conditions are required by law." Figure 21 (Left): Motorola Car Phone Dialer unit Image Attribution: "That Hartford Guy" (Dave S), Flickr Photo from Album: "Vintage car phones" Publication Date: Uploaded on November 4, 2013 Online At: https://www.flickr.com/photos/that_chrysler_guy/10678295643/in/set-72157637319542984 Copyright Information: Image Copyright "That Hartford Guy" (Dave S) This image has been licensed for commercial use by “That Hartford Guy" (Dave S) under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic license To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA Figure 21 (Right): Car phone mounted under the dashboard of a 1968 Cadillac Fleetwood Brougham Image Attribution: "That Hartford Guy" (Dave S), Flickr Photo from Album: "Vintage car phones" Publication Date: Uploaded on August 25, 2014 Online At: https://www.flickr.com/photos/that_chrysler_guy/14850322840/in/set-72157637319542984 Copyright Information: Image Copyright "That Hartford Guy" (Dave S) This image has been licensed for commercial use by “That Hartford Guy" (Dave S) under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic license To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA Figure 22: Motorola DynaTAC 8000X Image Attribution: Redrum0486 Publication Date: Unknown Online At: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DynaTAC8000X.jpg Copyright Information: Image Copyright Redrum0486 This image has been licensed for commercial use by Redrum0486 under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA Figure 23: Nokia Mobira Senator, Talkman 320F, Talkman 450 and Talkman 620 Image Attribution: The Nokia Museum Website, Alin Labau Publication Date: Unknown Online At: http://nokiamuseum.info/nokia-mobira-senator/, http://nokiamuseum.info/nokia-talkman-320f/, http://nokiamuseum.info/nokia-mobira-talkman/,http://nokiamuseum.info/nokia-talkman-620-nmt900/ Copyright Information: Images printed with kind permission of Alin Labau (http://nokiamuseum.info): "41 million reasons to love Nokia" Alin Labau Figure 24 (Left): Nokia Cityman 100 ETACS version Image Attribution: The Nokia Museum Website, Alin Labau Publication Date: Unknown Online At: http://nokiamuseum.info/nokia-cityman-100-etacs/ Copyright Information: Image printed with kind permission of Alin Labau (http://nokiamuseum.info): "41 million reasons to love Nokia" Alin Labau Figure 24 (Right): Nokia Cityman 150 and Nokia 1100 Image Attribution: Own work by Lvova Anastasiya Publication Date: December 2008 Online At: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nokia_150_and_nokia_1100.jpg Copyright Information: Image has been released into the public domain by author Lvova Anastasiya as follows: "I grant anyone the right to use this work for any purpose, without any conditions, unless such conditions are required by law." Figure 25 (Left): Nokia Cityman 1320 Image Attribution: The Nokia Museum Website, Alin Labau Publication Date: Unknown Online At: http://nokiamuseum.info/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Nokia-Cityman-1320.jpg Copyright Information: Image printed with kind permission of Alin Labau (http://nokiamuseum.info): "41 million reasons to love Nokia" Alin Labau Figure 25 (Right): Motorola DynaTAC 8000X Image Attribution: Redrum0486 Publication Date: Unknown Online At: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DynaTAC8000X.jpg Copyright Information: Image Copyright Redrum0486 This image has been licensed for commercial use by Redrum0486 under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA Figure 26: Technophone PC107/3 Source & Credits: Radio Pics Database (http://www.radiopics.com) Publication Date: Unknown Online At: http://www.radiopics.com/MobilePhonesAnalogue/technophone_pc1073.htm Copyright Information: Image printed with kind permission of Glyn at the Radio Pics Database Figure 27: Motorola MicroTAC 9800X Image Attribution: Redrum0486 Publication Date: 21 December 2007 Online At: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Motorola_MicroTAC_9800x.jpg Copyright Information: Image has been released into the public domain by author Redrum0486 as follows: "I grant anyone the right to use this work for any purpose, without any conditions, unless such conditions are required by law." Figure 28: Nokia 1011 Image Attribution: The Nokia Museum Website, Alin Labau Publication Date: Unknown Online At: http://nokiamuseum.info/nokia-1011/ Copyright Information: Image printed with kind permission of Alin Labau (http://nokiamuseum.info): "41 million reasons to love Nokia" Alin Labau Figure 31: IBM Simon Image Attribution: Bcos47 Publication Date: 30 June 2012 Online At: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:IBM_Simon_Personal_Communicator.png Copyright Information: Image has been released into the public domain by author Bcos47 as follows: "I grant anyone the right to use this work for any purpose, without any conditions, unless such conditions are required by law." Figure 32: Nokia 9000 Communicator Image Attribution: The Nokia Museum Website, Alin Labau Publication Date: Unknown Online At: http://nokiamuseum.info/nokia-9000/ Copyright Information: Image printed with kind permission of Alin Labau (http://nokiamuseum.info): "41 million reasons to love Nokia" Alin Labau Figure 33: Nokia 9210 Communicator (back, right), Nokia 9500 Communicator (back, left) and Nokia 9300 (front, center) smart phones in Helsinki Computer and game console museum Image Attribution: Own work by MKFI Publication Date: September 2012 Online At: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nokia_9210,_9500_and_9300_Tietokonemuseo.JPG Copyright Information: Image has been released into the public domain by author MKFI as follows: "I grant anyone the right to use this work for any purpose, without any conditions, unless such conditions are required by law." Figure 36: First Generation Motorola StarTAC phone Image Attribution: Own work by Nkp911m500 Publication Date: 17 July 2014 Online At: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:First_Generation_Motorola_StarTAC_cellular_phone.jpg Copyright Information: Image Copyright Nkp911m500 This image has been licensed for commercial use by the author Nkp911m500 under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA Figure 37: Nokia 5110 Image Attribution: The Nokia Museum Website, Alin Labau Publication Date: Unknown Online At: http://nokiamuseum.info/nokia-5110/ Copyright Information: Image printed with kind permission of Alin Labau (http://nokiamuseum.info): "41 million reasons to love Nokia" Alin Labau Figure 38: DoCoMo D502i Image Attribution: Own work by Wkjnm842 Publication Date: 22 December 2011 Online At: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:D502i.JPG Copyright Information: Image Copyright Wkjnm842 This image has been licensed for commercial use by the author Wkjnm842 under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA Figure 40: Sharp J-SH04 Image Attribution: Own work by Morio Publication Date: 12 February 2011 Online At: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sharp_J-SH04_CP%2B_2011.jpg Copyright Information: Image Copyright Morio This image has been licensed for commercial use by the author Morio under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA Figure 41: Ericsson R380 Image Attribution: Own work by James Nash (aka Cirrus) Publication Date: 22 October 2008 Online At: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2964240222_2abd4beb3d_o_Ericsson_R380.jpg Copyright Information: Image Copyright James Nash (aka Cirrus) This image has been licensed for commercial use by the author James Nash (aka Cirrus) under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic license To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/deed.en or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA Figure 43: Nokia 1100 Image Attribution: The Nokia Museum Website, Alin Labau Publication Date: Unknown Online At: http://nokiamuseum.info/nokia-1100/ Copyright Information: Image printed with kind permission of Alin Labau (http://nokiamuseum.info): "41 million reasons to love Nokia" Alin Labau Figure 44: Motorola RAZR V3i Image Attribution: Own work by OptoScalpel Publication Date: 2008 Online At: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Motorola_RAZR_V3i_01.JPG Copyright Information: Image has been released into the public domain by author OptoScalpel as follows: "I grant anyone the right to use this work for any purpose, without any conditions, unless such conditions are required by law." Figure 45: Motorola ROKR connected to an Apple Powerbook Image Attribution: Matt Ray Publication Date: 14 January 2006 Online At: https://www.flickr.com/photos/19813272@N00/86537232/ Copyright Information: Image Copyright Matt Ray This image has been licensed for commercial use by Matt Ray under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic license To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA Figure 50: Sony Ericsson W550i Image Attribution: Own work by Luen Publication Date: October 2006 Online At: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sony_Ericsson_W550i_01_fg.jpg Copyright Information: Image Copyright Luen This image has been licensed for commercial use by author Luen under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA Figure 51 (Left): Handspring Visor DeLuxe, black Image Attribution: Own work by Waldohreule Publication Date: 15 February 2012 Online At: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Handspring_Visor_Deluxe_Black.jpg Copyright Information: Image Copyright Waldohreule This image has been licensed for commercial use by the author Waldohreule under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA Figure 51 (Right): An early model Palm Pilot Image Attribution: Own work by Channel R Publication Date: 12 April 2008 Online At: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Palmpilot5000_eu.png Copyright Information: Image Copyright Channel R This image has been licensed for commercial use by the author Channel R under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA Figure 52: Nokia E90 Image Attribution: The Nokia Museum Website, Alin Labau Publication Date: Unknown Online At: http://nokiamuseum.info/nokia-e90/ Copyright Information: Image printed with kind permission of Alin Labau (http://nokiamuseum.info): "41 million reasons to love Nokia" Alin Labau Figure 53 (Left): The T-Mobile G1 (HTC Dream) Image Attribution: Michael Oryl Publication Date: 23 September 2008 Online At: https://www.flickr.com/photos/oryl/2882882455/in/photolist-5oKwvV-5oKwxi Copyright Information: Image Copyright Michael Oryl This image has been licensed for commercial use by the author Michael Oryl under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic license To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA Figure 53 (Right): The Google Nexus Image Attribution: Android Open Source Project Publication Date: Unknown Online At: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nexus_5_Front_View.png Copyright Information: Image Copyright Android Open Source Project This image has been licensed for commercial use by the author Android Open Source Project under the Creative Commons Attribution- 2.5 Generic license To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/deed.en or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA Figure 57 (Left): The Apple store on Fifth Avenue in New York City, USA Image Attribution: Own work by Fletcher6 Publication Date: 23 May 2010 Online At: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Apple_Store_Fifth_Avenue.jpg Copyright Information: Image Copyright Fletcher6 This image has been licensed for commercial use by the author Fletcher6 under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA Figure 57 (Right): The glass spiral staircase in the Apple store in Boston, USA Image Attribution: Own work by Joseph Thornton Publication Date: September 6, 2011 Online At: https://www.flickr.com/photos/24802751@N06/6124258367 Copyright Information: Image Copyright Joseph Thornton This image has been licensed for commercial use by the author Joseph Thornton under the Creative Commons ShareAlike 2.0 Generic license To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA Front Cover (background image): JPEG image purchased from Shutterstock Image Copyright: Lisa Fischer/Shutterstock Page (Evolution of Man): JPEG image purchased from Shutterstock Image Copyright: Kevin Renes/Shutterstock NOTES [←1] See chapter on Mobile Telephony Concepts for an illustrated description of TDMA, FDMA and CDMA [←2] See Part III – Enterprise Mobility for a detailed treatment of the use of mobile technology in field service, transportation and logistics segments [←3] A transceiver transmits and receives information usually via radio signals [←4] See part IV of the book for a detailed description of push middleware [←5] See Part IV of this book for a description of different types of mobile apps – thin, thick, native, hybrid [←6] See chapter on Mobile Middleware in Part IV of this book for a description of a Mobile Device Management System [←7] See Part I for a description of the Mobile Telephone Service (MTS) ... INSURANCE, BANKING AND FINANCIAL SERVICES MOBILITY IN HOSPITALITY , TRAVEL AND TOURISM PART IV: MOBILE TECHNOLOGY MOBILE TELEPHONY CONCEPTS MOBILE OPERATING SY STEMS TY PES OF MOBILE APPLICATIONS MOBILE. .. just an idea in my mind CONTENTS PART I: HISTORY OF THE MOBILE PHONE FROM SMOKE SIGNALS TO WIRELESS RADIO FROM TRAINS, SHIPS AND TANKS TO THE MOTOR CAR – THE ERA OF ZERO-G FROM THE CAR TO THE... Bournemouth, England over a distance of 22 Kilometers Figure 9: Marconi’s first transatlantic radio transmission in 1901 from Poldhu, England to St John’s in Newfoundland, Canada Figure 10: A