Teach yourself electricity and electronics 6th edition

About the Authors Stan Gibilisco , a full-time writer, is an electronics hobbyist and engineer He has been a ham radio operator since 1966 Stan has authored several titles for the McGraw-Hill Demystified and Know-It-All series, along with numerous other technical books and dozens of magazine articles His Encyclopedia of Electronics (TAB Books, 1985) was cited by the American Library Association as one of the “best references of the 1980s.” Stan maintains a website at www.sciencewriter.net Dr Simon Monk has a degree in Cybernetics and Computer Science and a PhD in Software Engineering Dr Monk spent several years as an academic before he returned to industry, co-founding the mobile software company Momote Ltd He has been an active electronics hobbyist since his early teens and is a full-time writer on hobby electronics and open source hardware Dr Monk is the author of numerous electronics books, including Programming Arduino, Hacking Electronics , and Programming the Raspberry Pi Copyright © 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education All rights reserved Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher ISBN: 978-1-25-958554-8 MHID: 1-25-958554-9 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN: 978-1-25-958553-1, MHID: 1-25-958553-0 eBook conversion by codeMantra Version 1.0 All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps McGraw-Hill Education eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions or for use in corporate training programs To contact a representative, please visit the Contact Us page at www.mhprofessional.com Information contained in this work has been obtained by McGraw-Hill Education from sources believed to be reliable However, neither McGraw-Hill Education nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein, and neither McGraw-Hill Education nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information This work is published with the understanding that McGraw-Hill Education and its authors are supplying information but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and McGraw-Hill Education and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work Use of this work is subject to these terms Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hill Education’s prior consent You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; any other use of the work is strictly prohibited Your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms THE WORK IS PROVIDED “AS IS.” McGRAW-HILL EDUCATION AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUDING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HYPERLINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE McGraw-Hill Education and its licensors not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free Neither McGraw-Hill Education nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom McGraw-Hill Education has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed through the work Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill Education and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise In Memory of Jack Contents Preface Part 1 Direct Current Background Physics Atoms Protons, Neutrons, and Atomic Numbers Isotopes and Atomic Weights Electrons Ions Compounds Molecules Conductors Insulators Resistors Semiconductors Current Static Electricity Electromotive Force Non-Electrical Energy Quiz Electrical Units The Volt Current Flow The Ampere Resistance and the Ohm Conductance and the Siemens Power and the Watt A Word about Notation Energy and the Watt-Hour Other Energy Units Alternating Current and the Hertz Rectification and Pulsating Direct Current Stay Safe! Magnetism Magnetic Units Quiz Measuring Devices Electromagnetic Deflection Electrostatic Deflection Thermal Heating Ammeters Voltmeters Ohmmeters Multimeters FET Voltmeters Wattmeters Watt-Hour Meters Digital Readout Meters Frequency Counters Other Meter Types Quiz Direct-Current Circuit Basics Schematic Symbols Schematic and Wiring Diagrams Circuit Simplification Ohm’s Law Current Calculations Voltage Calculations The Rule of Significant Figures Resistance Calculations Power Calculations Resistances in Series Resistances in Parallel Division of Power Resistances in Series-Parallel Quiz Direct-Current Circuit Analysis Current through Series Resistances Voltages across Series Resistances Voltage across Parallel Resistances Currents through Parallel Resistances Power Distribution in Series Circuits Power Distribution in Parallel Circuits Kirchhoff’s First Law Kirchhoff’s Second Law Voltage Division Quiz Resistors Purpose of the Resistor Fixed Resistors The Potentiometer The Decibel Resistor Specifications Quiz Cells and Batteries Electrochemical Energy “Grocery Store” Cells and Batteries Miniature Cells and Batteries Lead-Acid Batteries Nickel-Based Cells and Batteries Photovoltaic Cells and Batteries Fuel Cells Quiz Magnetism Geomagnetism Magnetic Force Magnetic Field Strength Electromagnets Magnetic Materials Magnetic Machines Quiz Test: Part Part Alternating Current Alternating-Current Basics Definition of AC Period and Frequency The Sine Wave Square Waves Sawtooth Waves Complex Waveforms Frequency Spectrum Fractions of a Cycle Expressions of Amplitude The Generator Why AC and Not DC? Quiz 10 Inductance The Property of Inductance The Unit of Inductance Inductors in Series Inductors in Parallel Interaction among Inductors Air-Core Coils Ferromagnetic Cores Transmission-Line Inductors Quiz 11 Capacitance The Property of Capacitance Simple Capacitors The Unit of Capacitance Capacitors in Series Capacitors in Parallel Fixed Capacitors Variable Capacitors Capacitor Specifications Interelectrode Capacitance Quiz 12 Phase Instantaneous Values instantaneous, 283 output, 440 reactive, 283 –284 true, 44 , 283 –285, 290 –291 units of, 282 volt-ampere, 283 power amplifier: broadband, 445 –446 efficiency of, 440 –441 frequency-modulation, 466 phase-modulation, 466 tuned, 446 –447 power calculations, direct-current, 60 –61 power-dissipation resistor, 90 –91 power distribution in parallel resistances, 76 –78 power distribution in series resistances, 75 –76 power factor, 286 –289 power gain, 649 –650 power parameters, 286 –291 power supply, uninterruptible, 112 power supply designs, 413 –426 power transformer, 311 –313, 413 –414 power transmission, 291 –294 preamplifier, 480 preselector, 481 pressure sensor: capacitive, 574 elastomer, 574 –575 primary cell, 106 –107 primary standard for frequency, 453 primary voltage, 305 primary winding, 304 –305 principal quantum number, 606 privacy in communications, 629 –633 product detector, 484 –485 programmable multiplier/divider, 452 programming languages: for microcontrollers, 536 propane fuel cell, 115 proton, definition of, –4 proton-exchange-membrane fuel cell, 114 proximity sensor, 575 –577 P type semiconductor, 10 , 113 , 337 –338 pulsating direct current, 28 –29 pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM), 466 , 467 pulse-code modulation (PCM), 466 , 467 pulsed laser, 611 pulse-interval modulation (PIM), 466 –467 pulse modulation, 466 –468 pulse-width modulation (PWM): for class-D amplifiers, 439 for microcontroller outputs, 530 –531 for wireless transmitters, 466 , 467 pumping of laser, 608 –609 pure reactance, 235 –236, 261 pure susceptance, 266 –267 push-pull amplifier, 437 –438 PWM (See pulse-width modulation) PWM (pulse-width modulation) outputs, 530 –531 Q quad antenna, 655 quadraphonic sound, 595 quadrature, phase, 206 quantum cascade laser, 613 –614 quantum well, 614 quarter-plane: resistance-and-capacitive-reactance, 233 –235 resistance-and-inductive-reactance, 216 –219 quarter-wave vertical antenna, 645 –647 quick charger, 113 R rack-mounted hi-fi system, 591 radar, 577 –579 radial leads, 100 –101 radials, 646 , 649 radian of phase, 158 radiation pattern, 650 radiation resistance, 299 –300, 642 –643 radio direction finder, 581 radio-frequency amplifier, 444 –446 radio-frequency ground, 649 radio-frequency inductor, 178 –179 radio-frequency interference, 598 –600 radio-frequency mixing, 599 radio-frequency shielding, 600 radio-frequency spectrum, 472 –473 radio-frequency transformer, 315 –318 radio sky, 475 radioteletype, 461 radio transmission media, 476 radix-2 number system, 494 radix-8 number system, 494 radix-10 number system, 494 radix-16 number system, 494 –495 ramp wave, 154 –155 random access memory (RAM), 396 , 525 rate of change, instantaneous, 201 ratio detector, 483 –484 reactance: capacitive, 229 –240 inductive, 213 –224 pure, 235 –236, 261 transformers and, 317 –318 reactive power, 283 –284 read-only memory, 396 –397 real number, 217 receiver: crystal-set, 346 direct-conversion, 478 diversity, 486 –487 double-conversion, 479 dual-diversity, 486 –487 single-conversion, 479 superheterodyne, 478 –480 rectangular response, 481 rectangular waveguide, 655 rectification: definition of, 28 –29 full-wave, 28 –29 half-wave, 28 , 29 rectifier circuit: full-wave bridge, 415 , 417 full-wave center-tap, 415 –417 half-wave, 415 –416 voltage-doubler, 417 –418 rectifier diode, 341 , 345 –346, 414 –415 reference oscillator, 452 reflected wave, 473 –474 reflector in parasitic array, 653 –654 regulator IC or chip, 422 relative phase, vector diagrams of, 208 relaxation oscillator, 402 , 403 relay, 132 –133 remanence, 128 –130 repeater, 476 , 622 , 638 resistance: body, 19 definition of, 20 –23 loss, 643 pure, 274 radiation, 299 –300, 642 –643 resistance-and-capacitive-reactance quarterplane, 233 –235 resistance-and-inductive-reactance quarterplane, 216 –219 resistance-and-reactance half-plane, 248 –252 resistance calculations with Ohm’s Law, 59 –60 resistance-inductance-capacitance circuits: complicated, 272 –274 parallel, 269 –272 series, 264 –266 resistances: n -by-n matrix of, 64 parallel combinations of, 62 –63 series combinations of, 62 series-parallel combinations of, 64 –65 resistive impedance, pure, 274 resistivity, definition of, 20 resistor: carbon-composition, 92 –93 color code for, 100 –102 definition of, film type, 93 –94 fixed, 92 –94 integrated-circuit, 94 power rating of, 99 purposes of, 89 –92 schematic symbol for, 54 specifications for, 98 –102 temperature-compensated, 99 –100 tolerance of, 42 , 98 –99 wirewound, 93 resistor tolerance, 42 resolution: sampling, 468 resonance: parallel, 294 series, 294 –295 resonant cavity, 608 resonant devices, 298 –300 resonant frequency: adjustment of, 297 calculation of, 295 –297 fundamental, 294 resonant notch, 391 resonant peak, 391 resonant response, 296 , 391 retentivity, 128 –130 reverse bias, 340 , 360 reverse voltage, peak, 341 , 414 –415 rheostat, 96 ripple, 91 , 416 rise of waveform, 154 –155 Ritz, Walter, 607 roller inductor, 450 root-mean-square amplitude, 161 –162 root-mean-square signs and phase, 276 –278 rotating vector, 203 –204 rounding error, cumulative, 262 –263 R-S flip-flop, 498 –499 R-S-T flip-flop, 499 ruby laser, 615 rule of significant figures, 59 Rydberg, Johannes, 607 Rydberg constant, 607 Rydberg-Ritz formula, 606 –607 S Sagittarius, 475 sampling rate, 468 sampling resolution, 468 satellite communications systems, 476 –477 saturation, magnetic-core, 128 –129 sawtooth wave, 154 –155 scan converter, 486 schematic symbols, 54 –55 schematic versus wiring diagram, 56 secondary cell, 106 –107 secondary voltage, 305 secondary winding, 304 –305 second harmonic, 156 second intermediate frequency, 479 security in communications, 629 –633 selective filter, 478 , 485 selective squelching, 485 selectivity, 477 –478 selenium, 336 selsyn, 572 semiconductor: definition of, –10 N type, 10 , 113 , 337 –338 P type, 10 , 113 , 337 –338 versus vacuum tube, 335 –336 semiconductor-based capacitor, 193 semiconductor laser, 612 –614 semiconductor materials, 336 –337 sensitivity, 477 serial data transmission, 502 –503 Serial Monitor, Arduino, 547 –549 serial peripheral interface (SPI), 532 –533 serial port, 534 –535 serial-to-parallel conversion, 502 –503 series cells, 107 series inductances, 172 –173 series-parallel resistances, 64 –65 series resistances: combination of, 62 current through, 69 –70 power distribution in, 75 –76 voltages across, 70 –72 series resonance, 294 –295 series-tuned Colpitts oscillator, 450 sferics, 444 , 505 shape factor, 481 shell, electron, , 605 –606 shielding, radio-frequency, 600 shields, Arduino, 564 shortwave listening, 628 –629 shot-effect noise, 444 shunt, meter, 40 sidebands, 462 –463 siemens, definition of, 22 –23 siemens versus ohm, 22 –23 signal mixing, 347 signal-to-noise ratio, 467 significant figures, rule of, 59 silicon, 336 silicon photodiode, 352 silicon steel, 307 silver-oxide cell or battery, 110 –111 sine function, 153 sine wave: circular-motion model of, 202 –203 definition of, 152 –153 example of, 27 , 28 standard, 202 –203 single-conversion receiver, 479 single sideband, 463 , 464 –465, 484 –485 singularity in curve, 231 sinusoid (See sine wave) sky-wave propagation, 474 slide potentiometer, 95 –96 slope detection, 482 –483 slow-scan television, 468 –469, 486 small-scale integration, 395 SMPS (switched-mode power supply), 422 –423 solar cell or battery, 113 –114 solar flare, 121 , 475 solar noise, 444 , 475 solar panel, 112 , 114 solar power system, 114 solenoidal coil, 124 solenoidal core, 308 solenoidal rheostat, 96 solid, –8 solid-state laser, 615 –616 sonar, 579 –580 sound-level meter, 47 sound power, 96 –98 source-follower circuit, 383 south pole: geomagnetic, 121 magnetic, 121 –122 space, 460 spacecraft cell, 112 space frequency, 482 speaker, 592 spectral lines, 604 –605 SPI (serial peripheral interface), 532 –533 splatter, 464 spread-spectrum communications, 488 spurious emissions, 599 –600 square wave, 153 –154 squelching, 485 stack of fuel cells, 114 stand-alone solar power system, 114 standard sine wave, 202 –203 standing waves, 293 –294 static electricity, 11 static forward current transfer ratio, 362 –363 static random-access memory, 396 step-down transformer, 305 , 413 step-index optical fiber, 637 stepper motor, 571 –572 step-up transformer, 305 , 413 –414 stimulated emission, 607 –608 storage, as data unit, 500 –501 storage capacity of cell or battery, 108 –109 stray inductance, 181 streaming audio, 591 subaudible tone generator, 485 substrate: field-effect-transistor, 373 –374 laser-diode, 613 successive approximation, 531 superheterodyne receiver, 478 –480 superimposed direct current, 162 –163 surface wave, 474 surge current, 424 susceptance: definition of, 254 –255 pure, 266 –267 switched-mode power supply (SMPS), 422 –423 switching diode, 348 synchro, 572 synchronized communications, 487 synchronous flip-flop, 498 –499 sync pulses, 469 T tantalum capacitor, 193 television: digital satellite, 470 fast-scan, 469 –470, 485 –486 high-definition, 470 slow-scan, 468 –469, 486 television channels, 469 temperature coefficient, 100 , 196 temperature-compensated resistor, 99 –100 terabit, definition of, 500 terabyte, definition of, 501 teraelectron-volt, definition of, 26 terahertz, definition of, 152 , 498 terminal node controller, 503 –504 terminals, schematic symbol for, 55 tesla, 31 , 123 tetrode tube, 405 texture sensor, 577 T flip-flop, 499 theorems in Boolean algebra, 495 –496 theoretical current, 73 thermal energy, 106 thermal heating, 38 thermal noise, 444 thermocouple principle, 38 thermometer, electronic, 38 third harmonic, 156 three-phase alternating current, 159 threshold detector, 339 threshold effect, P-N junction, 339 threshold of hearing, 47 –48, 98 timbre, 454 , 588 time-division multiplexing, 487 –488 time-domain display, 156 , 347 timer, 393 tolerance of capacitor, 195 –196 tolerance of resistor, 42 , 98 –99 tone-burst generator, 485 tone control, 442 , 593 toroidal-core transformer, 309 toroidal inductor, 178 toroidal rheostat, 96 toroidal winding, 174 touchpad, 571 trackball, 571 tracking, 481 transceiver, 622 transducer: displacement, 570 –573 dynamic, 568 –569 electromechanical, 133 electrostatic, 569 infrared, 570 mechano-electrical, 134 piezoelectric, 569 –570 visible-light, 570 transformer: audio-frequency, 313 balanced-to-unbalanced, 314 E-core, 307 –308 impedance-transfer ratio of, 314 –315 matching, 292 pot-core, 309 –310 power, 311 –313, 413 –414 primary voltage in, 305 primary winding in, 304 –305 principle of, 304 –307 radio-frequency, 315 –318 secondary voltage in, 305 secondary winding in, 304 –305 single-winding (autotransformer), 310 –311 solenoidal-core, 308 step-down, 305 , 413 step-up, 305 , 413 –414 toroidal-core, 309 transmission-line type, 316 –317 turns ratio in, 305 –306 unbalanced-to-balanced, 314 wirewound, 315 transformer coupling, 314 , 443 –444 transformer geometry, 307 –311 transformer iron, 307 transformer loss, 307 transformer ratings, 414 transient, 401 , 425 transient suppressor, 425 transistor (See bipolar transistor; field-effect transistor) transistor battery, 110 transistor-transistor logic, 394 transmatch, 645 transmission line: power measurement in, 291 radio-frequency, 291 transmission-line capacitor, 193 transmission-line inductor, 179 –181 transmission-line mismatch loss, 293 –294 transmission-line overheating, 294 transmission-line section, 298 –299, 316 –317 transmitter, single-sideband, 464 –465 transponder, 470 treble audio frequencies, 587 , 592 treble control, 442 triangular wave, 154 –155 triangulation, 580 triatomic substance, trimmer capacitor, 194 –195 triode tube, 404 –405 tropospheric propagation, 474 –475 true power, 44 , 283 –285, 290 –291 T section, 421 tube (See electron tube) tubular ceramic capacitor, 192 tunable laser, 618 tuned circuit, 297 tuned-circuit coupling, 445 tuned power amplifier, 446 –447 tuner for digital satellite television, 470 tuner for hi-fi system, 592 tuning, permeability, 177 tuning control, 446 tunnel diode, 351 turns ratio, 305 –306 tweeter, 592 twin-T oscillator, 454 , 455 two-wire interface (TWI), 533 –534 U ultra-high-frequency television channels, 469 ultra-large-scale integration, 396 ultraviolet, 48 unbal, 314 unbalanced load, 313 –314 unbalanced-to-balanced transformer, 314 unbalanced transmission line, 313 –314 uninterruptible power supply, 112 unit electric charge, unit imaginary number, 216 –217 units, electrical, 17 –31 unmodulated carrier, 461 upper sideband, 462 USB (Universal Serial Bus), 535 user identification, 632 V vacuum tube (See electron tube) vacuum tube, gas-filled tube versus , 402 vacuum tube versus semiconductor, 335 –336 valve (See electron tube) Van de Graaff generator, 11 varactor diode, 350 variable, logical, 495 variable capacitor, 193 –195 vector: admittance, 257 –258, 268 complex-number, 247 definition of, 203 impedance, 218 –219, 234 –235, 263 instantaneous, 204 magnitude of, 203 rotating, 203 –204 vector diagrams of relative phase, 208 velocity factor, 298 –299, 471 –472, 644 vertical antenna: ground-mounted, 646 ground-plane, 646 –647 half-wave, 645 quarter-wave, 645 –647 vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser, 614 vertical polarization, 473 vertical sync pulse, 469 very-high-frequency television channels, 469 very-large-scale integration, 396 vinyl disk, 597 visible-light transducer, 570 voice-pattern recognition, 632 volatile memory, 569 volt, definition of, 17 –18 voltage across parallel resistances, 72 –73 voltage calculations with Ohm’s Law, 58 –59 voltage-conservation principle, 79 –81 voltage-controlled oscillator, 350 , 451 voltage-division resistors, 81 –84, 89 voltage-doubler circuit, 417 –418 voltage loop, 293 voltage node, 293 voltage regulation, 348 –349, 393 , 421 –422 voltage regulator ICs, 422 voltages across series resistances, 70 –72 volt-ampere, definition of, 44 , 283 volt-ampere capacity, 414 volt-ampere power, definition of, 44 voltmeter, 40 –41, 44 volt-ohm-milliammeter, 43 volume control, 443 volume unit, definition of, 47 volume-unit meter, 47 W watt: definition of, 22 –24 joule per second as, 282 watt-hour, definition of, 25 , 26 watt-hour meter, 45 wattmeter, 44 –45 watt-second, definition of, 25 wave amplification, 607 –608 waveforms, audio, 588 waveguide, 655 wavelength: electrical, 180 free-space, 180 frequency versus , 471 laser output, 609 wave polarization, 473 wave propagation, 473 –476 weak-signal amplifier, 444 –445 weber, 31 , 123 Weston standard cell, 107 –108 while command, 550 wideband frequency modulation, 465 wideband noise (hash), 480 wireless eavesdropping, 629 wireless local-area network, 626 –627 wireless-only encryption, 631 wiretapping, 629 wirewound radio-frequency transformer, 315 wirewound resistor, 93 wiring versus schematic diagram, 56 woofer, 592 X XOR gate, 497 –498 Y Yagi antenna, 654 –655 Z Zener diode, 341 , 348 –349, 421 –422 zepp antenna, 645 zero beat, 478 zero bias, 340 , 360 zero insertion force (ZIF) socket, 537 zero temperature coefficient, 196 zinc-carbon cell, 109 –110 ... Resistance and the Ohm Conductance and the Siemens Power and the Watt A Word about Notation Energy and the Watt-Hour Other Energy Units Alternating Current and the Hertz Rectification and Pulsating... He has been an active electronics hobbyist since his early teens and is a full-time writer on hobby electronics and open source hardware Dr Monk is the author of numerous electronics books, including... Quiz Cells and Batteries Electrochemical Energy “Grocery Store” Cells and Batteries Miniature Cells and Batteries Lead-Acid Batteries Nickel-Based Cells and Batteries Photovoltaic Cells and Batteries