Link full download PDF test bank microbiology with diseases 4th edition by taxonomy

Test Bank Microbiology with Diseases 4th Edition by Taxonomy Exam Name _ MULTIPLE CHOICE Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question 1) Which of the following is the correct sequence of a disease process? 1) A) incubation, convalescence, prodromal period, illness, decline B) prodromal period, convalescence, incubation, illness, decline C) incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline, convalescence D) illness, convalescence, incubation, prodromal period, decline E) convalescence, incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 2) Two children attend the same daycare, but one child is at daycare in the morning and the other child attends the daycare facility in the afternoon Both children become ill with fifth disease within a day of each other How might the pathogen have infected both children? 2) A) vector transmission B) fomite transmission C) vertical transmission D) droplet transmission E) direct contact transmission Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 3) A new influenza strain appears and is spreading rapidly What measures might be taken by public health agencies to stop the spread? 3) A) Shut down public transportation B) Identify and treat people who are infected C) Educate members of the public about ways to protect themselves D) Facilitate access to vaccines E) Educate the public, promote vaccination, and treat those who are infected Answer: E Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 4) Among the virulence factors produced by Staphylococcus aureus are hemolysin, coagulase, hyaluronidase, and enterotoxin Which of these factors contribute to the ability of S aureus to invade the body? 4) A) enterotoxin B) hyaluronidase C) coagulase D) coagulase and hemolysin E) hemolysin Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 5) A reservoir is 5) A) a source of microbial contamination B) a condition in which organisms remain in the body for a short time C) an environment that is free of microbes D) any microorganism that causes disease E) a source of microbes for laboratory testing Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 6) In the wake of the cyclone that hit Myanmar (Southeast Asia) in 2008, there were widespread reports of typhoid fever Which of the following was the most likely mode of transmission? 6) A) contact B) contaminated water C) flies D) mosquitoes E) aerosols Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 7) Aerosols may be involved in transmission of pathogens 7) A) direct B) droplet C) waterborne D) fecal-oral E) vector Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 8) Which of the following is a sign of disease? 8) A) nausea B) cramps C) headache D) fever E) dizziness Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 9) Which of the following is considered part of the indigenous microbiota of the female reproductive system? 9) A) Candida B) Bacteroides C) E coli D) Lactobacillus E) both Candida and Lactobacillus Answer: E Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 10) In early spring 2009, the CDC reported several dozen cases of novel H1N1 influenza (“swine flu”) i the United States By the summer, the number of confirmed cases was reported as over 40,000 The pattern of novel H1N1 cases in the United States represents a(n) disease 10) A) pandemic B) epidemic C) endemic D) opportunistic E) sporadic Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 11) Symptoms are 11) A) subjective characteristics of a disease that only the patient can feel B) characteristics of a disease, such as sweating C) laboratory tests used to diagnose a disease D) objective manifestations of a disease that can be measured E) objective manifestations of a disease that can be observed by others Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 12) Commensalism is best described as a(n) 12) A) source of contamination B) relationship between two organisms where both members benefit C) unsuccessful microbial invasion due to the presence of preexisting microbes D) relationship in which a microorganism causes disease E) relationship between two organisms where only one member benefits and the other is unharmed Answer: E Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 13) A pathogen is best described as 13) A) any microorganism that causes disease B) an organism that remains in the body for a short time C) a source of microbial contamination D) a microorganism that remains with the person throughout life E) a microorganism that may cause a disease under certain circumstances Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 14) The taxonomic approach to classifying disease is based on the 14) A) means of transmission B) type of microbe that causes the disease C) severity and duration of the disease D) type of host for the microbe E) organs or organ systems affected by the disease Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 15) In which of the following the mucous membranes serve as a portal of entry for disease? 15) A) A pathogen is introduced into the body when the person rubs the eye with contaminated fingers and the pathogen is washed into the nasal cavity by way of tears B) A person is bitten by a mosquito that carries the malaria parasite C) A pathogen crosses from the mother to the fetus by way of the placenta D) Fungi digest the outer layer of the skin E) A person receives an injection with a contaminated needle Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 16) A strain of Neisseria gonorrhea has a mutation which has caused it to lose the ability to produce fimbriae and become less virulent as a consequence What function has this pathogen lost? 16) A) the ability to adhere to cells of the body B) the ability to establish a latent infection C) the ability to move from one location in the body to another D) the ability to prevent phagocytes killing it E) the ability to produce an endotoxin Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 17) Which of the following pairings of microbe and disease was disproven using Koch’s postulates? 17) A) influenzae and the flu B) varicella-zoster virus and chickenpox C) hepatitis B and D and liver cancer D) Mycobacterium leprae and leprosy E) HIV and AIDS Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 18) Chagas’ disease is transmitted by a bugpenetratewithbloodmouthpar vessels Which type of exposure does this represent? 18) A) parenteral route B) contact C) skin portal D) fomite E) mucous membrane portal Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 19) The condition called parasitism is characterized as a(n) 19) A) nonsymbiotic relationship B) relationship between two organisms where only one member benefits and the other is unharmed C) relationship between two organisms where one member harms the other D) relationship between two organisms where both members benefit E) unsuccessful microbial invasion due to the presence of preexisting microbes Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 20) The close contact between newborns and family members allow them to become with microbes that become established as their microbiota (Choose the most accurate term.) 20) A) infiltrated B) infected C) contaminated D) parasitized E) colonized Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 21) Which of the following statements regarding the demonstration of the etiology of disease is FALSE? 21) A) It must be possible to reisolate the suspect agent from the infected experimental host B) The suspect agent must be the only potential pathogen present in disease cases C) The suspect agent must be isolated and cultured in the laboratory D) The suspect agent must cause the disease under investigation when introduced into a susceptible host organism E) The suspect agent must be present in all cases of disease Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 22) A protozoan and its resident bacteria invade the body of a worm The bacteria release toxins and exoenzymes that immobilize and digest the worm, and the protozoan and bacteria absorb the nutrients produced The relationship between the protozoan and the bacteria would best be described as 22) A) parasitism B) commensalism C) mutualism D) both commensalism and parasitism E) a nonsymbiotic relationship Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 23) A nosocomial disease is a disease acquired 23) A) by having unprotected sexual intercourse B) by being bitten by an infected insect C) by using a contaminated needle D) in a health care facility E) by eating contaminated food Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 24) An axenic environment is one 24) A) in which microorganisms remain present only for a short time B) in which microorganisms remain with the person throughout life C) that is free of microbes D) contaminated by microbial toxins E) that is a source of contamination Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 25) Treatment with high doses of antibiotics may lead to which type of nosocomial infection? 25) A) latent infection B) endogenous infection C) zoonosis D) exogenous infection E) iatrogenic disease Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 26) Fomites are 26) A) inanimate objects involved in the indirect contact transmission of pathogens B) silent carriers of infectious diseases C) animal sources for human pathogens D) insects that transmit pathogens from an infected host to a noninfected host E) fecal material from infected hosts Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 27) Which of the following is NOT an example of symbiosis? 27) A) tapeworm in the human intestine B) microbes passing across the placenta to the fetus C) protozoa in termites D) bacteria in the human colon E) tuberculosis in the human lung Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 28) Which of the following combinations of pathogen and virulence factor is correct? 28) A) Streptococcus pyogenes and protein M B) Escherichia coli and cytotoxin C) Staphylococcus aureus and neurotoxin D) Neisseria gonorrhoeae and endotoxin E) Gram-positive bacteria and lipid A Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 29) The bacterium that causes tuberculosis can be expelled from the lungs by a cough and remain viable in the air for an hour or more If a person inhales the bacteria from the air, what type of transmission has occurred? 29) A) waterborne B) airborne C) indirect contact D) bodily fluid E) foodborne Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 30) Which of the following situations is NOT a way in which a baby acquires normal microbiota? 30) A) The baby acquires the residential microbiota in the colon after the first meal B) Microorganisms grow in the respiratory tract after the baby’s first breat and mouth when the baby is in the birth canal D) Microbes cross the placenta during pregnancy E) Staphylococcus epidermidis is transferred from the hospital staff to the newborn after delivery Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 31) Which of the following is considered a mechanical vector transmission? 31) A) mosquito transmission of Plasmodium B) cockroach transmission of Shigella C) flea transmission of Yersinia D) tsetse fly transmission of Trypanosoma E) louse transmission of Rickettsia Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 32) The fungus Pneumocystis jiroveci is found in the lungs of most people in low numbers, but in immunocompromised people it overgrows, resulting in severe respiratory problems The fungus is best described as 32) A) resident microbiota B) a parasite C) transient microbiota D) a mutualist symbiotic partner E) both resident microbiota and opportunistic pathogen Answer: E Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 33) Which of the following is transmitted by the parenteral route? 33) A) yellow fever B) pertussis C) warts D) gonorrhea E) ringworm Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 10 34) Diseases that are induced by modern medical procedures are referred to as infections 34) A) exogenous B) iatrogenic C) endogenous D) opportunistic E) subacute Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 35) Mutualism is a relationship 35) A) where only one member derives benefit from the other B) where one member of the relationship benefits without hurting the other C) where one member of the relationship may kill the other D) where it is difficult to prove the benefits or disadvantages one member of the relationship may provide for the other E) that sometimes provides benefits for both members such that one or both parties cannot live without the other Answer: E Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 36) Which of the following types of epidemiology applies Koch’s postulates to study a disease? 36) A) descriptive C) analytical D) retrospective E) systemic Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 11 37) The condition known as microbial antagonism may be defined as 37) A) a relationship between two organisms where one member harms the other B) a relationship between two organisms where both members benefit C) an unsuccessful microbial invasion due to the presence of preexisting microbes D) a relationship between two organisms where only one member benefits E) microorganisms that remain with a person throughout life Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 38) A person is exposed to desert air containing fungus spores and develops valley fever as a result Valley fever is an example of a disease 38) A) chronic B) latent C) contagious D) subacute E) noncommunicable Answer: E Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 39) The incidence of tuberculosis in the year 2000 in the United States was 12.43/100,000 cases This means 39) A) 12.43 in every 100,000 people in the United States had tuberculosis in the year 2000 B) 12.43 of every 100,000 cases of tuberculosis were treated in the United States in the year 2000 C) there were 12.43 new cases of tuberculosis for every 100,000 people in the United States in the year 2000 D) 12.43 of every 100,000 people died of tuberculosis in the U.S in the year 2000 E) there were 12.43 tubercle bacilli per 100,000 microbes in the United States in the year 2000 Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 12 40) Which of the following is an example of an exotoxin? 40) A) streptokinase B) collagenase C) lipid A D) coagulase E) neurotoxin Answer: E Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 41) Organisms that are resident microbiota are best described as 41) A) microorganisms that may cause a disease under certain circumstances B) microorganisms that remain with the person throughout life C) microorganisms that never cause disease D) any microorganisms that cause disease E) organisms that remain in the body for a short time Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 42) Microbes known as transient microbiota are 42) A) microorganisms that may cause a disease under certain circumstances B) unsuccessful microbial invaders because of the presence of preexisting microbes C) organisms that remain in the body for a short time D) sources of microbial contamination E) microorganisms that remain with the person throughout life Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 43) Which of the following stages of an infectious disease is the most severe? 43) A) the decline period B) the prodromal period C) the incubation period D) the convalescence period E) the illness period Answer: E Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 13 44) Which of the following situations might cause normal microbiota to become opportunistic pathogens? 44) A) growth of Lactobacillus on the surface of teeth B) presence of Entamoeba in the lumen of the colon C) treatment of a cancer patient with radiation D) growth of microorganisms on the excreted cellular wastes and dead cells in the large intestine E) growth of microbes on the surface of intact skin Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 45) Which of the following diseases may be reduced by improved public sanitation measures? 45) A) cholera B) rabies C) chickenpox D) malaria E) HIV Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) SHORT ANSWER Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question 46) Biological (sources/vectors/carriers) not only transmit pathogens, but also serve as hosts for the manipulation of the pathogen during some phase of cycle 46) Answer: vectors Explanation: 47) The (incubation/morbidity/prodromal) period is the time between infection and the occurrence of the first symptoms or signs of the disease 47) Answer: incubation Explanation: 48) Persons with asymptomatic infections may be (contaminants/reservoirs/zoonoses) of disease 48) Answer: reservoirs Explanation: 49) The degree to which a microbe is able to cause disease is known as its (morbidity/virulence/toxicity) 49) Answer: virulence Explanation: 14 50) The large populations of pathogenic microbes found in health care settings contribute to (nosocomial/iatrogenic/epidemic) infections 50) Answer: nosocomila Explanation: 51) Lipid A is a(n) (cytotoxin/endotoxin/exotoxin) that stimulates the body to release chemicals that cause fever, inflammation, diarrhea, hemorrhaging, shock, and blood coagulation 51) Answer: endotoxin Explanation: 52) The bacterium that causes cholera is capable of living independently in freshwater As a consequence, cholera epidemics primarily involve (nonliving/animal/zoonotic) reservoirs 52) Answer: nonliving Explanation: 53) Places in the body where there is no normal microbiota are referred to as (sterile/aseptic/axenic) 53) Answer: axenic Explanation: 54) Virions attach to target host cell by means of (capsules/receptors/ligands) 54) Answer: ligands Explanation: 55) The hepatitis C virus normally establishes a (latent/chronic/subclinical) infection and may be asymptomatic for a decade 55) Answer: latent Explanation: 56) Nervous system function may be impaired by the action of (endotoxins/neurotoxins/cytotoxins) 56) Answer: neurotoxins Explanation: 57) Staphylococcus bacteria are commonly present in the human nasal cavity but rarely cause disease of the upper respiratory system This situation is an example of (commensalism/mutualism/parasitism) 57) Answer: commensalism Explanation: 58) The study of when and where diseases occur is known as (analytical/descriptive/experimental) epidemiology 58) Answer: descriptive Explanation: 59) The study of the cause of disease is known as (epidemiology/etiology) 59) Answer: etiology Explanation: 15 60) Toxins that affect the lining of the gastrointestinal tract are (endotoxins/enterotoxins/exotoxins) 60) Answer: enterotoxins Explanation: 61) Spread of pathogens from one host to another by fomites is an example of (vehicle/direct/indirect) contact transmission 61) Answer: indirect Explanation: TRUE/FALSE Write ‘T’ if the statement is true and ‘F 62) An infection always leads to disease 62) Answer: True False Explanation: 63) Koch’s postulates can be applied to every infecti causative pathogen 63) Answer: True False Explanation: 64) Normal microbiota may cause disease if they are introduced into an unusual site in the body 64) Answer: True False Explanation: 65) Fomites cause disease by direct contact 65) Answer: True False Explanation: 66) In commensalism, one member of the relationship harms the other 66) Answer: True False Explanation: 67) Bacterial cells with capsules are resistant to killing by phagocytes 67) Answer: True False Explanation: 68) All diseases go through the stages known as incubation period, prodromal period, and illness 68) Answer: True False Explanation: 69) Biofilms provide an alternative means for bacteria to attach to surfaces within the body 69) Answer: True False Explanation: 70) A common cold is an example of a chronic disease 70) Answer: True False Explanation: 16 71) A syndrome is a group of symptoms and signs that collectively characterize a particular disease 71) Answer: True False Explanation: ESSAY Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper 72) Researchers have proposed that the herpesvirus responsible for the childhood illness roseola may cause a type of T cell leukemia Ninety percent of the population has been infected by the virus by two years of age, but the T cell leukemia is relatively rare The virus can be cultured in the laboratory in tissue culture, but not in mature organisms Discuss the obstacles to applying Koch’s p of this disease Answer: Koch’s first postulate,suspectagentthatmustthebepresent in every case of disease, is met, but far more people have the virus than have the disease This suggests that more than the presence of the virus is necessary for the leukemia to develop, and the additional factors may be difficult to identify The third postulate states that the isolated suspect agent must cause disease when introduced into a host This situation presents two difficulties in satisfying the third postulate The first is that it is unethical to deliberately expose humans to an agent that may produce life-threatening disease (the leukemia) Additionally, ethical concerns aside, because such a large percentage of the population has been exposed to the virus, a large pool of potential uninfected subjects does not exist 73) Compare and contrast endotoxins and exotoxins Answer: Both endotoxins and exotoxins are produced by Gram-negative bacteria Exotoxins are also produced by Gram-positive bacteria Endotoxins and exotoxins differ in their mechanism of release and composition: exotoxins are proteins or peptides that are secreted, leaving the cell intact, whereas endotoxins are lipids released only when the cell dies because they are a part of the outer membrane The toxicity of exotoxins is higher than that of endotoxins, but both can be fatal Both are heat stable, but endotoxins can survive an hour of autoclaving at 121°C, whereas exotoxins are not stable above 60°C Exotoxins produce a strong immune response, and therefore toxoid immunization is possible Endotoxins produce fever, but only a weak immune response, so toxoid immunization is not an option 74) Describe three types of reservoirs of infection in humans Give an example disease for each type of reservoir Answer: For a pathogen to enter a new host, it must survive in some site from which it can infect the new host These sites are considered reservoirs, which include the following: Animal reservoirs, such as domestic or wild animals Examples: rabies, West Nile fever Human carriers, which are individuals who are infectious and may be either asymptomatic or symptomatic Examples: AIDS, tuberculosis Nonliving reservoirs, such as soil, water, and food Examples: cholera, tetanus 75) What are the different types of symbiosis? List and give a short definition and an example for each Answer: There are three types of symbiosis: (1) mutualism, which is the relationship between two organisms in which both benefit; (2) commensalism, in which one organism benefits and the other is not significantly affected; and (3) parasitism, in which one organism, the parasite, derives benefit while harming the other, the host An example of mutualism is the relationship between intestinal bacteria and humans Lichens, which are a symbiosis between fungus and a photosynthetic microbe, also represent a mutualistic relationship The presence of Staphylococcus bacteria on skin and in nasal cavities is likely a commensal relationship, as well as Malassezia fungus infection of the epidermis Pinworms, the fungi that cause ringworm, and the protozoan that causes malaria are all examples of parasites 17 76) In 2012 a new kind of fungal meningitis (infection of the nervous system) was discovered Disease occurred among patients who had received steroid injections Discuss whether these were nosocomial infections: defend your answer Discuss the route of transmission and what measures public health agencies could take to reduce disease Answer: The fungal meningitis of 2012 was a nosocomial infection, of the iatrogenic type It was introduced by the parenteral route Public health agencies can educate health care providers about the source of the infections and how patients should be accessed and treated They can stop the distribution of the suspect steroids and determine what production standards may need to be enforced 18 Answer Key Testname: C14 1) C 2) B 3) E 4) B 5) A 6) B 7) B 8) D 9) E 10) B 11) A 12) E 13) A 14) B 15) A 16) A 17) A 18) A 19) C 20) C 21) B 22) C 23) D 24) C 25) B 26) A 27) B 28) A 29) B 30) D 31) B 32) E 33) A 34) B 35) E 36) A 37) C 38) E 39) C 40) E 41) B 42) C 43) E 44) C 45) A 46) vectors 47) incubation 48) reservoirs 49) virulence 50) nosocomila 19 Answer Key Testname: C14 51) endotoxin 52) nonliving 53) axenic 54) ligands 55) latent 56) neurotoxins 57) commensalism 58) descriptive 59) etiology 60) enterotoxins 61) indirect 62) FALSE 63) FALSE 64) TRUE 65) FALSE 66) FALSE 67) TRUE 68) FALSE 69) TRUE 70) FALSE 71) TRUE 72) Koch’s first postulate, that the suspect agent must b disease, is met, but far more people have the virus than have the disease This suggests that more than the presence of the virus is necessary for the leukemia to develop, and the additional factors may be difficult to identify The third postulate states that the isolated suspect agent must cause disease when introduced into a host This situation presents two difficulties in satisfying the third postulate The first is that it is unethical to deliberately expose humans to an agent that may produce life-threatening disease (the leukemia) Additionally, ethical concerns aside, because such a large percentage of the population has been exposed to the virus, a large pool of potential uninfected subjects does not exist 73) Both endotoxins and exotoxins are produced by Gram-negative bacteria Exotoxins are also produced by Gram-positive bacteria Endotoxins and exotoxins differ in their mechanism of release and composition: exotoxins are proteins or peptides that are secreted, leaving the cell intact, whereas endotoxins are lipids released only when the cell dies because they are a part of the outer membrane The toxicity of exotoxins is higher than that of endotoxins, but both can be fatal Both are heat stable, but endotoxins can survive an hour of autoclaving at 121°C, whereas exotoxins are not stable above 60°C Exotoxins produce a strong immune response, and therefore toxoid immunization is possible Endotoxins produce fever, but only a weak immune response, so toxoid immunization is not an option 74) For a pathogen to enter a new host, it must survive in some site from which it can infect the new host These sites are considered reservoirs, which include the following: Animal reservoirs, such as domestic or wild animals Examples: rabies, West Nile fever Human carriers, which are individuals who are infectious and may be either asymptomatic or symptomatic Examples: AIDS, tuberculosis Nonliving reservoirs, such as soil, water, and food Examples: cholera, tetanus 75) There are three types of symbiosis: (1) mutualism, which is the relationship between two organisms in which both benefit; (2) commensalism, in which one organism benefits and the other is not significantly affected; and (3) parasitism, in which one organism, the parasite, derives benefit while harming the other, the host An example of mutualism is the relationship between intestinal bacteria and humans Lichens, which are a symbiosis between fungus and a photosynthetic microbe, also represent a mutualistic relationship The presence of Staphylococcus bacteria on skin and in nasal cavities is likely a commensal relationship, as well as Malassezia fungus infection of the epidermis Pinworms, the fungi that cause ringworm, and the protozoan that causes malaria are all examples of parasites 20 Answer Key Testname: C14 76) The fungal meningitis of 2012 was a nosocomial infection, of the iatrogenic type It was introduced by the parenteral route Public health agencies can educate health care providers about the source of the infections and how patients should be accessed and treated They can stop the distribution of the suspect steroids and determine what production standards may need to be enforced 21