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Sonnets and the English Woman Writer, 1560–1621 The Politics of Absence Rosalind Smith Early Modern Literature in History General Editors: Cedric C Brown, Professor of English and Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Humanities, University of Reading; Andrew Hadfield, Professor of English, University of Sussex, Brighton Advisory Board: Donna Hamilton, University of Maryland; Jean Howard, University of Columbia; John Kerrigan, University of Cambridge; Richard McCoy, CUNY; Sharon Achinstein, University of Oxford Within the period 1520–1740 this series discusses many kinds of writing, both within and outside the established canon The volumes may employ different theoretical perspectives, but they share an historical awareness and an interest in seeing their texts in lively negotiation with their own and successive cultures Titles include: Cedric C Brown and Arthur F Marotti (editors) TEXTS AND CULTURAL CHANGE IN EARLY MODERN ENGLAND Martin Butler (editor) RE-PRESENTING BEN JONSON Text, History, Performance Jocelyn Catty WRITING RAPE, WRITING WOMEN IN EARLY MODERN ENGLAND Unbridled Speech Dermot Cavanagh LANGUAGE AND POLITICS IN THE SIXTEENTH-CENTURY HISTORY PLAY Danielle Clarke and Elizabeth Clarke (editors) ‘THIS DOUBLE VOICE’ Gendered Writing in Early Modern England James Daybell (editor) EARLY MODERN WOMEN’S LETTER-WRITING, 1450–1700 Jerome De Groot ROYALIST IDENTITIES John Dolan POETIC OCCASION FROM MILTON TO WORDSWORTH Henk Dragstra, Sheila Ottway and Helen Wilcox (editors) BETRAYING OUR SELVES Forms of Self-Representation in Early Modern English Texts Sarah M Dunnigan EROS AND POETRY AT THE COURTS OF MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS AND JAMES VI Andrew Hadfield SHAKESPEARE, SPENSER AND THE MATTER OF BRITAIN William M Hamlin TRAGEDY AND SCEPTICISM IN SHAKESPEARE’S ENGLAND Elizabeth Heale AUTOBIOGRAPHY AND AUTHORSHIP IN RENAISSANCE VERSE Chronicles of the Self Pauline Kiernan STAGING SHAKESPEARE AT THE NEW GLOBE Ronald Knowles (editor) SHAKESPEARE AND CARNIVAL After Bakhtin Arthur F Marotti (editor) CATHOLICISM AND ANTI-CATHOLICISM IN EARLY MODERN ENGLISH TEXTS Jennifer Richards (editor) EARLY MODERN CIVIL DISCOURSES Sasha Roberts READING SHAKESPEARE’S POEMS IN EARLY MODERN ENGLAND Rosalind Smith SONNETS AND THE ENGLISH WOMAN WRITER, 1560–1621 The Politics of Absence Mark Thornton Burnett CONSTRUCTING ‘MONSTERS’ IN SHAKESPEAREAN DRAMA AND EARLY MODERN CULTURE MASTERS AND SERVANTS IN ENGLISH RENAISSANCE DRAMA AND CULTURE Authority and Obedience The series Early Modern Literature in History is published in association with the Renaissance Texts Research Centre at the University of Reading Early Modern Literature in History Series Standing Order ISBN 0–333–71472–5 (outside North America only) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and the ISBN quoted above Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England Sonnets and the English Woman Writer, 1560–1621 The Politics of Absence Rosalind Smith ª Rosalind Smith 2005 All rights reserved No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages The author has asserted her right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 First published 2005 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd Macmillanfi is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries ISBN-13: 9781403991225 ISBN-10: 1403991227 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Smith, Rosalind, 1968 Sonnets and the English woman writer, 15601621 : the politics of absence / Rosalind Smith p cm (Early modern literature in history) Includes bibliographical references (p ) and index ISBN 1403991227 (cloth) Sonnets, EnglishHistory and criticism English poetryWomen authorsHistory and criticism English poetryEarly modern, 15001700History and criticism Women and literature Great BritainHistory16th century Women and literature Great BritainHistory17th century PoetryAuthorshipSex differencesHistory16th century PoetryAuthorshipSex differencesHistory17th century I Title II Early modern literature in history (Palgrave Macmillan (Firm)) PR509.S7S65 2005 8210 042099287dc22 2004065756 10 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham and Eastbourne For Mark, Felix and Isobel This page intentionally left blank Contents Preface viii List of Abbreviations xii Introduction: Gender, Genre and Attribution in Early Modern Women’s Sonnet Sequences and Collections ‘In a mirrour clere’: Anne Lock’s Miserere mei Deus as Admonitory Protestantism Attribution and agency in early modern women’s writing: The case of the Meditation The politics of dedication and circulation Out-troping Wyatt 13 15 26 31 Generating Absence: The Sonnets of Mary Stuart The casket sonnets: Attribution, circulation and sovereign textuality The politics of absence: The casket sonnets and the feminine erotic lyric The devotional sonnets 39 The Politics of Prosopopoeia: The Pandora Sonnets The Pandora sonnets: Translations from Desportes Ventriloquizing Elizabeth I The politics of prosopopoeia 61 65 72 79 The Politics of Withdrawal: Lady Mary Wroth’s Pamphilia to Amphilanthus and Lindamira’s Complaint ‘Bard of Light’: Spenserian negotiations in Pamphilia to Amphilanthus ‘I thus goe arm’d to field’: Lindamira’s Complaint 40 46 55 88 92 109 Conclusion 119 Notes 123 Bibliography 145 Index 165 vii Preface This book examines why English women writers contributed to a central Renaissance lyric form, the sonnet sequence, in such small numbers and at such odd times in the development of the genre It might seem perverse to concentrate upon absence rather than presence at this stage of research in the field of early modern women’s literary history, especially given the wealth of new writing uncovered in recent feminist scholarship However, this book uses the example of this single, idiosyncratic genre for two purposes First, it aims to denaturalize any general assumption of women’s absence or exclusion from particular modes of writing in the period Such instances of absence not constitute natural examples of feminine limitation that can pass unremarked, but phenomena themselves that might be examined, questioned and analyzed Second, the study highlights the surprisingly significant consequences arising from the operation of such unexamined assumptions of absence in the field of early modern women’s writing Taken collectively for the first time, the texts under examination here are shown to radically change the shape of early modern women’s writing in England Their history shows moments of startling innovation, agency and possibility, as well as a single instance of textual circulation that may have effectively closed down women’s secular lyric activity in print for fifty years This book argues that this instance – the casket sonnets attributed to Mary Queen of Scots and widely circulated in print as Protestant propaganda from 1571 – involved a scandalous narrative of rape and adulterous love that made the genres of the sonnet sequence and female complaint unavailable to English women writers in print until Mary Wroth’s unfashionably late 1621 sequences in the Urania This specific and local instance of textual circulation worked with a set of cultural prescriptions surrounding women’s conduct to preclude women’s participation in the genre at its height in the late Elizabethan period This book therefore challenges the critical commonplace that the gender encodings of the genre of the Petrarchan sonnet themselves limited or prevented women’s use of the genre It does so by highlighting the ways in which women in England practised the genre before the publication of the casket sonnets and in their wake, and by comparing the English tradition to a surprisingly prolific Continental tradition of women’s sonnet writing in the Italian and French Renaissances In line viii Preface ix with much recent work on women’s writing in the field of early modern studies, this book also challenges the idea that when women writers used the genre, they did so in ways essentially or predictably different to the practice of their male counterparts Gender does make differences here to women’s practice within the genre, but these are not differences that always manifest themselves in the same ways – especially not through a consistent interest in the ‘private’ emotional or domestic concerns that have been argued in the past The study’s concentration on the particular conditions of production, circulation and reception of these sequences seeks to illuminate a more complex understanding of the way in which gender and genre intersect in the period In different ways, these texts all operated as political interventions underwritten by Protestantism; but what Protestantism meant in each of these contexts, and the agency that it afforded or denied women authors and constructions of women’s writing, differs radically in each literary history traced here An early reader of this material commented that she could not see how anyone could make an argument from such a strange collection of poetry In this respect, this book is the product of its critical generation, which favours the obscure over the canonical: neglected poetic coteries; once overlooked genres such as the newsbook, pamphlet, or sermon; and marginal practitioners such as the pornographers of the Elizabethan lyric But there is a sense that the material examined here is at the far reaches of this literary marginality This is in part because the texts appear in anomalous circumstances, where an early history of secular lyric agency and innovation in the genres of sonnet and complaint is almost immediately foreclosed These early conventions of sonnet and complaint, never repeated in the history of the Elizabethan lyric, remain odd and unfamiliar But the marginality of many of the texts under consideration here also derives from their status as works of uncertain attribution Considered neither as a secure part of the canon of women’s writing nor as male-authored texts, their unresolved problems of authorship means that they have remained at the edges of literary history This book uses the uncertainty surrounding these texts to expose a set of methodological problems and omissions in the field of early modern women’s writing On one hand, this study argues that questions of attribution matter It is not enough to make strained and poorly supported ascriptions of authorship to women writers in the hope of falsely bolstering the number and diversity of women’s texts in the period Contested attributions need detailed and scrupulous attention, and the possibility of male Bibliography 155 Period, 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Browne, George Wither, and Christopher Brooke’ Ph.D diss., University of Oxford, 1993 Witten-Hannah, Margaret Anne ’Lady Mary Wroth’s Urania: The Work and the Tradition’ Ph.D diss., University of Auckland, 1978 Index Aasand, Hardin 103 agency, see women’s writing Aletheia 106 anachronism 36 Andreini, Isabella Anne of Denmark 103, 114–16 anonymity 11, 26 attribution disclaimers 16–17 and generic formation 7–8, 11–12, 120 uncertain 6, 11, 60–1 and women’s writing 15, 25–6, 120 see also individual entries for de Vere, Anne Cecil; Lock, Anne; Stuart, Mary authorship Renaissance writing practices 11 see also attribution Barthes, Roland 25 Bartholo Silva 20, 31 Battiferri, Laura Beilin, Elaine 89, 94, 95 Bembo, Cardinal Pietro Berkeley, Elizabeth Carey 54, 70 Berry, Philippa 45 Bordier, Henri-Le´onard 24 Bothwell, see under Hepburn, James, Earl of Bothwell Bradner, Leicester 65 Brandon, Catherine, Duchess of Suffolk 17, 28, 30 dedicatory epistle to 21, 26–7, 30 Brightman, Thomas 106 Brinkelow, Henry The Complaynt of Roderyck Mors 14 The Lamentacyon of a Christen agaynst the Cytye of London 14 Brinkelow, Margery 14 Brooke, Christopher 99 Brooke, John 77 Browne, William 99, 106, 117 Buchanan, George 44 Ane Detectiovn 2, 9, 41 Buckingham, Duke of 89, 90–2, 114 Bulbecke, Lord 82–6 Burckhardt, Jakob 12 Butler, Judith 43, 120 Calliope 65 Calvin, John 27, 33–4 sermons on Isaiah 38 15, 21–2, 29 Calvinism 9, 14, 30, 33 Carleton, Dudley 90, 91, 115 casket materials 41–2, 59 Catholicism and Anne of Denmark 115–16 and devotional sonnets 56–60 Cecil, Mildred 31, 64 Cecil, William, Lord Burghley 27–8, 44, 64, 74, 79–81 Cereta, Laura Chamberlain, John 90, 91 Chapman, George 100, 117 Clarke, Danielle 50, 110 Clifford, Lady Anne 115 Colie, Rosalie 12 colloquy 58 Colonna, Vittoria 2–3 complaint 9, 10, 43, 46, 49–50, 55, 59–60, 72–3, 95, 104, 107 against the times 113, 117 female 50–1 gender hierarchies of 112 popular Tudor 50–2, 53 see also Wroth, Lady Mary, Lindamira’s Complaint Cooke sisters 20, 31, 64 see also individual entries cortegiana honorate Council of Trent Countess of Warwick 18 Daniel, Samuel 99, 117 D’Aragona, Tullia 165 166 Index Darnley, Lord Henry 40 Davies, John 99 Daye, John 41 de Cosse´, Diane 69 de Lalaing, Christine 69, 73, 75 de Le´vy, Jacques 67, 68 de Maugiron, Franc¸ois Louis 66, 67, 83 de’ Medici, Lucrezia Tornabuoni de Melun, Pierre 75 de Navarre, Marguerite de Pisan, Christine de Vere, Anne Cecil attribution problems associated with 61–5 estrangement from Oxford 79–82 Pandora sonnets 2, 9, 61–87 de Vere, Edward, Earl of Oxford 64–5, 77, 79–82 de Vere, Elizabeth 79–80 del Chiavallo, Livia della Genga, Leonora Deloney, Thomas 27 Denny, Edward 88–92 Dering, Edward 14, 31 Derrida, Jacques 110 Desportes, Philippe Cartels et Masquarades, E´pitaphes 65–70, 82–4 Les Amours de Diane 71 des Roches, Catherine des Roches, Madeleine di Guglielmo, Ortensia di Morra, Isabella disclaimer Meditation sonnets 15–18 Donne, John 100 Drayton, Michael 99, 100 Drue, Thomas 27 DuBrow, Heather 5–6, 95 du Guillet, Pernette 4, 5, 52 Dunnigan, Sarah 40, 52–3 elegies 9, 64, 82–6 child loss poetry 83 and complaint 109 Elizabeth I admonitory instruction of 14, 27–31, 32, 36–8, 73–6 and Anne de Vere 80, 82 casket sonnets 9, 10 and chastity 45 ‘The dowbt off future foes’ 45–6 A Godly Meditation of the Soul 17, 27, 36–8 and Pamphilia to Amphilanthus 95–6 Pandora sonnet 9, 62–3, 65, 77–9 poetics of queenship 39–40, 43, 48, 75 policies towards the Netherlands 77–9 religious alliances of 27–8 epitaphs 64–5 E´stienne, Franc¸oise 15, 29 Estrin, Barbara Ezell, Margaret 40 Fane, Lady Elizabeth 17 Farne`se, Alexandre 75 Fedele, Cassandra female complaint, see under complaint female voice and female authorship 16, 26, 61 and female writing 16, 61 Fenton, Sir Geoffrey 77 Fielding, Sir William, Earl of Denbigh 92 Fienberg, Nona 63, 70 Fitzroy, Mary 26–7 Fleming, Abraham 77 Fletcher, Giles 99 Fletcher, Phineas 99 forgery 42, 54 Foucault, Michel 25 Foxe, John 27 Gamage, Barbara 109 Gambara, Veronica 2–3 Genevan exiles 13, 15 genres 12 combination of 50, 52–4, 55, 59, 69, 87, 116–18, 119 and gender 4–6, 60 see also individual entries for complaint; elegies; penitential meditation; psalm paraphrase; sonnet sequences; women’s writing Index 167 Gonzaga, Giulia Googe, Barnabe 16 Gorges, Arthur 71 Greene, Roland 17, 18, 31–2, 36 Greville, Fulke 74, 99, 102 Grimald, Nicholas 16 Grismand, John 100 Grosz, Elizabeth 25 gynocriticism 4, 11, 62–3, 120–1 Hall, Kim 104 Hammons, Pamela 83 Hannay, Margaret 97 Harington, Lucy 99 Harington, Sir John 26 Harrison, John 106 Hartwell, Abraham 29 Harvey, Gabriel 41, 74 Hepburn, James, Earl of Bothwell 40–1 Herbert, Susan, Countess of Montgomery 99, 100 Herbert, William 110, 111, 113 Herman, Peter 40 Hezekiah 21–2, 28–30, 36–8 historia 73 Hoby, Elizabeth 31 Howard, Henry, Earl of Surrey 2, 23–4, 31–2 humanism in France in Italy Hume, Anna 54 Hutson, Lorna 50–1 iconoclasm 28–9 James I/VI 42, 91, 92, 99, 103, 114 Jerusalem 116 Jones, Anne Rosalind Kegl, Rosemary 75 Kerrigan, John 49, 112 King, John 23 Knox, John 15, 16 as author of Meditation sonnets 18 First Blast of the Trumpet against the Monstrous Regiment of Women 29, 47 Labe´, Louise 4, 5, 52 Lamb, Mary Ellen 110, 115 Lanyer, Aemilia 115 Leicester, Earl of 31, 74, 77–8 Lekprevik, Robert 41 Leslie, John, Bishop of Ross 41 Piae Afflicti Animi Consolationes 55 Lewalski, Barbara 89, 114 Lewis, Jayne E 41 liberal feminism Lillie, Mary Prentice Lock, Anne 2, 6, 121 attribution problems associated with 15–26 Des Marques des Enfans de Dieu 18–19 familial background 14 A Meditation of a Penitent Sinner 9, 10, 13–38 The necessitie and benefite of Affliction 19–20 Lock, Henry 14, 15 Luckyj, Christine 94 Lyon Lyotard, Jean-Franc¸ois 12 McCarthy, Bridget 90 McLaren, Anne 44 Malatesta, Battista Malipiera, Olimpia Manley, Lawrence 50 Manners, Sir George 91 Marot, Cle´ment 24, 37 Marotti, Arthur Marriott, John 100 Masque of Blackness 96, 103–4, 115 Masten, Jeffrey 89, 94, 109 Masters, Richard 80 Mathewes, Augustine 100 Matraini, Chiara May, Steven 62–3, 65, 72, 82 Melville, Elizabeth, Lady Culross 54–5 mimed female discourse 10 Montrose, Louis 105 Moody, Ellen 61–2, 70, 90 Moore, Mary B 94 168 Index Neoplatonism 5, 35 new historicism Newton, Robert 100 Nogarola, Ginevra Nogarola, Isotta Norbrook, David 99 Norfolk, Duke of 41 North, Marcy 15–16, 26 Ovid Heroides 50, 52, 53 Pandora 65 Parr, Catherine 13, 17, 26, 73 patronage 30 Paulissen, May 90 penitential meditation 9, 32–5, 46, 73 Perotti, Giustina Levi Petrarchism and complaint 48–54 and Elizabeth I 23, 40, 54 gender encodings 4–6, 31, 49, 92–5, 121 in Italy 3–4 and poetic competition 35 and Protestantism 9–10, 33–4 Phillips, J.E 44 phoenix 97–9, 106, 108 plagiarism 71 Ple´iade 70, 71–2, 74 Prescott, Anne 74 prosopopoeia 9, 36, 62–3, 65, 72, 79–87 Protestantism 6, and propaganda 9, 44–5, 47–8, 87, 121 Sidneian 97–9, 100, 102, 108–9, 116–17 and vernacular Continental poetics 33–4 and women’s writing 10 Prowse, Richard 14 psalm meditation 10 psalm paraphrase 13, 22–3, 32, 116 Pulci, Antonia Gianotti Puttenham, George the Arte of Englishe Poetry 45–6, 70–1, 74–9 and John Soowthern 74–6, 78 Partheniades 79 Quilligan, Maureen 89 Raguenier, Denis 15 Ralegh, Sir Walter 100 Rasmussen, Carl 33 Reid-Baxter, Jamie 54–5 Roberts, Josephine 10, 88–92, 119 Rogers, Daniel 74 roman a` clef 88, 90–1, 112, 114 Ronsard, Pierre 55, 64, 71, 74 Russell, Elizabeth Hoby 64 Russell, Rinaldina Sanford, James 20 Schleiner, Louise 62–3, 70 Scott, Janet 71 Seymour, Anne, Duchess of Somerset 26–7 Sharpe, Kevin 46 Shaxton, John 65 Sidney, Mary, Countess of Pembroke 54, 89, 92, 97–9, 100, 108, 116–17 Sidney, Robert 102, 109 Sidney, Sir Philip 16, 74, 97, 99, 100, 116 signature 11, 110, 119, 120 Solomon 104 Song of Songs 10, 104 sonnet sequences Anglo-Genevan tradition 24, 122 by Continental women 2–3, 12, 24, 52, 95 English female-authored tradition 7, 8, 11–12, 43 English male-authored tradition 2, 64, 104 gender encodings 4–6, 8, 31, 49 Soowthern, John 76–8 and Elizabeth I 75–6 Pandora 61–79 see also under de Vere, Anne Cecil Spenser, Edmund 97–8, 116–17 Spenserians 9, 96, 99–101, 102, 108–9, 116 Stampa, Gaspara 2–3, 52 Steevens, George 62, 65, 76 stigma of print 16–17 Stortoni, Laura Anna Index 169 Strozzi, Alessandra Macinghi Stuart, Mary attribution problems associated with 41–3 casket sonnets 2, 8, 9, 40–55, 121 devotional sonnets 55–60 and Elizabeth I 39–40, 44–6 embroidery 39–40 poetics of piety 57 subjectivity 5, 34, 58–9, 93–6, 118 Summit, Jennifer 26, 39–40, 46, 55 Sylvester, Joshua 99, 100 Tacitism 102 Taffin, John Of the Markes of the Children of God 14, 20 see also Lock, Anne, Des Marques des Enfans de Dieu Terracina, Laura Bacio Tottel, Richard 16 Tottel’s Miscellany 17, 23–4, 31–2, 52 Trill, Suzanne 33 Tudor, Mary 26–7 Turberville, George 50 Udall, Nicholas 29 Urania 98 Vaughan, Stephen 14 Vavasour, Anne 81 Walker, Kim 63, 70, 89, 94 Wall, Wendy 17, 89, 93, 94 Waller, Gary 89, 93–4 Walsingham, Francis 57, 81 Ward, B.M 80 Warwick, Countess of 14 Watson, Thomas Hekatompathia 64, 71 Whitney, Isabella The Copy of a Letter 10, 49, 50–1 A Sweet Nosgay 10, 49 Wither, George 99–100 women’s writing and attribution 11–12, 15–16, 25, 41–3, 60–1 and literary history 118, 119 and methodology 7, 43 and politics 26, 31, 38, 40, 101–2, 119–22 and religion 10, 120 and secular lyric agency 5, 7, 11–12, 43, 49–50, 61, 118, 119 separated from men’s writing 14, 120 and suppression 90–2 Woolf, Virginia 1, Wormald, Jenny 42 Wroth, Lady Mary Lindamira’s Complaint 9, 10, 88, 109–18 Pamphilia to Amphilanthus 9, 88–109, 118, 120 as Spenserian patron 99–100 Urania 2, 49, 88–92, 95, 100–1 Wyatt, Sir Thomas 2, 13, 23–4 paraphrase of Psalm 51 32–5, 37–8 Wynne-Davies, Marion 63, 64, 70, 72 ... Cataloging -in- Publication Data Smith, Rosalind, 1968 Sonnets and the English woman writer, 1560? ?1621 : the politics of absence / Rosalind Smith p cm (Early modern literature in history) Includes... Roberts READING SHAKESPEARE’S POEMS IN EARLY MODERN ENGLAND Rosalind Smith SONNETS AND THE ENGLISH WOMAN WRITER, 1560? ? ?1621 The Politics of Absence Mark Thornton Burnett CONSTRUCTING ‘MONSTERS’ IN SHAKESPEAREAN... circulation and sovereign textuality The politics of absence: The casket sonnets and the feminine erotic lyric The devotional sonnets 39 The Politics of Prosopopoeia: The Pandora Sonnets The Pandora sonnets:
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