John skelton and poetic authority defining the liberty to speak

OXF O R D E N G L I S H M O N O G R A PH S General Editors christopher butler katherine duncan-jones malcolm godden hermione lee a d nuttal fiona stafford paul strohm This page intentionally left blank John Skelton and Poetic Authority Defining the Liberty to Speak JANE GRIFFITHS CLARENDON PRESS • OXFORD Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © Jane Griffiths 2006 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2006 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Griffiths, Jane, 1970– John Skelton and poetic authority : defining the liberty to speak / Jane Griffiths p cm.—(Oxford English monographs) Originally presented as the author’s thesis (doctoral—University of Oxford) under the title: The liberty to speak: authority in the poetry of John Skelton Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN-13: 978–0–19–927360–7 (alk paper) ISBN-10: 0–19–927360–X (alk paper) Skelton, John, 1460?–1529—Criticism and interpretation Poetry—Authorship—History—16th century Authority in literature Liberty in literature I Title II Series PR2348.G74 2006 821 2—dc22 2005029757 Typeset by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, India Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by Biddles Ltd., King’s Lynn, Norfolk ISBN 0–19–927360–X 978–0–19–927360–7 10 To the memory of my grandparents: Reginald and Jessica Griffiths Phyl and Alan Buckett This page intentionally left blank Acknowledgements I have acquired many debts during the writing of this book, several of which go back to its earlier incarnation as a doctoral thesis I should again like to thank my supervisor, Douglas Gray, for his unstinting encouragement, Glenn Black for his patience with unwieldy early drafts, and Roger Hutchins for his generous criticism I am also extremely grateful to the President and Fellows of Magdalen College, Oxford, for a Senior Mackinnon Scholarship from 1996 to 1998, and to the Arts and Humanities Research Board of the British Academy for a Postgraduate Studentship from 1998 to 2000 An earlier version of Chapter appeared in Renaissance Studies, 17 (2003) under the title ‘A Contradiction in Terms: Skelton’s ‘‘effecte energiall’’ in A Replycacion’, and I should like to thank Blackwell Publishing for permission to reprint parts of it here An early version of Chapter appeared in Medievalia & Humanistica, 30 (2003) I am most grateful to the members of the Medieval and Renaissance Research Seminar at Columbia University who gave such a warm response to an experimental version of Chapter I owe a particular debt to Paul Strohm, not only for his invitation to speak at the seminar, but for his support in so many academic matters over the past few years Sophie Goldsworthy at Oxford University Press rescued the proposal for this book from the oblivion threatened by an extraordinary series of administrative errors (not of the Press’s making) I am most grateful to her and to her successor, Andrew McNeillie, for a commitment far beyond the bounds of duty, to Tom Perridge, and to all others at the Press who have contributed their time and expertise Among my colleagues and friends, in Oxford and elsewhere, I should especially like to thank Alexandra Gillespie for invaluable discussions and suggestions, without which this would have been a very different book Lucy Newlyn and Sharon Achinstein at St Edmund Hall have given me every possible encouragement, while the members of the Tudor Seminar and the Medieval Graduate Seminars in Oxford have (often unknowingly) spurred me to rethink and rewrite Greg Waite very kindly made available his electronic edition of Skelton’s works, and allowed me to read his forthcoming article ‘Approaching the Poet’s viii Acknowledgements Language: Holograph Records of Skelton’s English’ I should also like to thank Stephen Partridge and Roma Bhattacharjea for permission to cite their as yet unpublished doctoral theses, and the staff of the English Faculty Library, Duke Humfrey’s Library, and the Upper Reading Room in the Bodleian for years of patient assistance Finally, I am deeply grateful to my parents for all kinds of support over the last few years, to Nigel Smith for more friendship and encouragement than should really be possible across the Atlantic, and to my grandparents, without whose belief in education and independence of spirit I should not have been in a position to write at all Everyone mentioned here has greatly enhanced the quality of life and the quality of this book Any errors or misapprehensions are of course entirely my own Jane Griffiths St Edmund Hall, Oxford Contents Abbreviations xi Introduction 1 Titular Identity: orator regius, poet laureate, and vates 1.1 Aspirational Poetics: The Poet as orator regius in the Dolorus Dethe and Agaynst the Scottes 1.2 The Poetics of Ambivalence: The Poet as laureate and vates in A Garlande of Laurell and A Replycacion Amplifying Memory: The Bibliotheca Historica of Diodorus Siculus 2.1 The Written Record and the Process of Writing: History in the Bibliotheca 2.2 The Sources of Eloquence: Amplification in the Bibliotheca ‘A false abstracte cometh from a fals concrete’: Representation and Misrepresentation in The Bowge of Court and Magnyfycence 3.1 Problems of Allegory in The Bowge of Court 3.2 Words as Swords: Misdefinition and Misinterpretation in Magnyfycence 3.3 The Poetics of Reason: Towards ‘the liberty to speak’ 18 19 25 38 39 47 56 57 65 73 ‘Shredis of sentence’: Imitation and Interpretation in Speke Parrot 4.1 The Grammarians’ War: Imitation as Rule 4.2 Truth in Parable: Imitation as Invention 4.3 ‘The liberty to speak’: Imitation as Emulation 79 80 86 96 Diverting Authorities: The Glosses to Speke Parrot, A Replycacion, and A Garlande of Laurell 5.1 The Glossarial Background 101 101 Select Bibliography 199 Cespedes, Frank V., ‘The Final Book of Polydore Vergil’s Anglica Historia: ‘‘Persecution and the Art of Writing’’ ’, Viator, 10 (1979), 375–96 Chalker, John, ‘The Literary Seriousness of Skelton’s Speke Parrot’, Neophilologus, 44 (1960), 39–47 Champion, Larry S., ‘Havoc in the Commonwealth: Perspective, Political Ideology, and Dramatic Strategy in Sir John Oldcastle and the English Chronicle Plays’, Medieval and Renaissance Drama in England, (1991), 165–79 Chrimes, S B., English Constitutional Ideas in the Fifteenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1936) Coiner, Nancy, ‘Galathea and the Interplay of Voices in Skelton’s Speke, Parrot’, in David G Allen and Robert A White (eds.), Subjects on the World’s Stage: Essays on British Literature of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance (Newark, NJ: University of Delaware Press, 1995) Considine, John, ‘Pendugum: John Skelton and the Case of the Anachronistic Penguin’, Neuphilologische Mitteilungen, 100 (1999), 187–9 Copeland, Rita, Rhetoric,Hermeneutics and Translation in the Middle Ages: Academic Translation and Vernacular Texts (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991) Crane, Mary Thomas, Framing Authority: Sayings, Self and Society in Sixteenth Century England (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993) Daileader, Celia, ‘When a Sparrow Falls: Women Readers, Male Critics, and John Skelton’s Phyllyp Sparowe’, PQ 75 (1996), 391–409 Davis, John F., ‘The Trials of Thomas Bylney and the English Reformation’, Historical Journal, 24 (1981), 775–90 Devaux, Jean, Jean Molinet: Indiciaire Bourguignon (Paris: H Champion, 1996) Devereux, Janice, An Edition of Luke Shepherd’s Satires (Tempe, Ariz.: Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 2001) Dunn, Kevin, Pretexts of Authority: The Rhetoric of Authorship in the 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Brewer, 1999) Wilkins, E H., ‘The Coronation of Petrarch’, in The Making of the ‘Canzoniere’ and other Petrarchan Studies (Rome: Edizioni di storia e letteratura, 1951) Winser, Leigh, ‘The Bowge of Court: Drama Doubling as Dream’, ELR (1976), 3–39 Woodbridge, Linda, Women and the English Renaissance: Literature and the Nature of Womankind, 1540–1620 (Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1984) Workman, Samuel K., ‘Versions by Skelton, Caxton, and Berners of a Prologue by Diodorus Siculus’, MLN 56 (1941), 252–8 Yeager, Robert F., ‘English, Latin, and the Text as ‘‘Other’’: The Page as Sign in the Work of John Gower’, Text: Transactions of the Society for Textual Scholarship, (1987), 251–67 Index Alexander de Villa Dei 80 allegory 58–9, 61–2, 64–5, 70, 73, 75, 89, 90, 93 amplification 50n 41, 52–3, 54, 189 Anderson, Judith H 73 Andr´e, Bernard 8, 20–2, 38, 39 A Poore Knight his Pallace of Private Pleasures 158 Aristippus 93 Aristotle 68–9, 112, 119, 132–4, 144 Arthur, Thomas 28, 32 Ascham, Roger 18 A Skeltonicall Salutation 160 Attridge, Derek 150–1, 159 Auden, W H aureate style 49–52 authority, see poetic authority Bale, John 165 Barclay, Alexander 172 Beaufort, Margaret of Bevington, David 177 Bilney, Thomas 28, 32, 112 Boccaccio, Giovanni 33–5, 58, 92, 93, 102–3, 131 Boffey, Julia 109 Bonner, Edmund 160 Bracciolini, Poggio Diodori Siculi Historiarum Priscarum a Poggio in Latinum Traducti 38, 40–2, 44–5 Brown, Cynthia J 109 Brownlow, F W 3, 108, 122 Bullein, William 175–6 Carlson, David R 19, 82 Carmeliano, Pietro 39–40 Carruthers, Mary 54 Cassian, John 119 Cave, Terence 99, 156 Caxton, William 26, 39 Chastelain, Georges 20 Chaucer, Geoffrey 5, 42, 48 in A Garlande of Laurell 14, 28, 189–90 glosses to the works of 103 use of ‘aureate’ terms by 49–50 works House of Fame 45–6, 117 Knight’s Tale 49 Prologue to the Legend of Good Women 49, 53 Churchyard, Thomas 158 Colyns, John 79, 107–8 commonplace, the 91–2 commonplace book, see also commonplace 81–2, 86, 91 Copeland, Rita 53, 104 Crowley, Robert 16 Dante 102–3 Dent, Arthur 170 De Worde, Wynkyn 159 Donatus 80 Douglas, Gavin 103–5 Drayton, Michael 170, 180n 53 Dunn, Kevin 105, 128 Dyce, Alexander 2, 110–11 Ebin, Lois 19, 49 Edward IV 69 Edwards, H L R Elyot, Sir Thomas 4, 67–8 Empson, William 73 enargeia 132–3 energeia 132–4 exegesis 105, 113, 114 Fansy 66, 69–73, 129, 134, 135–6, 138, 154, 156–7 fantasy, see also Fansy and Phantastes 16, 66, 129, 133–6, 140–1, 152–7 Fennor, William 172–3 Fish, Stanley 2–3, 92–3, 94 fortitude see also magnanimity 67–8 Fraenkel, Eduard 116 Galathea 94, 96–9 Gascoigne, George 172–3 Gigli, Giovanni 39–40 Gillespie, Vincent 31, 32, 35 210 Glossa Ordinaria 102 Gosson, Stephen 143, 146 Gower, John 5, 19, 175 Confessio Amantis 20, 53, 103–5 in A Garlande of Laurell 14, 28, 189–90 grammar 13, 26, 80, 81, 82, 83, 87, 91 Grammarians’ War 13, 79–84, 89, 90, 117 Grange, John 183 Green, Richard Firth 20 Greenfield, C C 33 Guillory, John 135 Hadfield, Andrew Halpern, Richard 128 Harris, William 67 Hawes, Stephen 50, 58, 140–2, 150, 152, 153, 154 Heiserman, A R Helgerson, Richard 18, 27 Henry VII 7, 9, 20, 21, 24, 39, 40 Henry VIII 8, 21, 28, 56, 89, 116–17, 166 Henryson, Robert 5, 19 history-writing, divergent views of 39, 40, 42, 44–7, 50, 53–4 Hoccleve, Thomas 5, 19, 20, 103, 105 Horace 16n 27, 18, 116–17, 134, 137 Horman, William 35, 79–85, 90, 91, 98, 99, 115 Huntington, John 160 Hutson, Lorna 180 imitation 13, 80–3, 85, 90–1 improvisation 6, 139 inspiration 14, 18, 156–7 connected with the action of the poet’s mind 15–16, 129–32, 139–40, 152 in fifteenth-century Italian treatises 33–5 in sixteenth-century English treatises 143–6, 148–50, 152 in A Replycacion 36–7, 129–31 interpretation 76, 78, 87, 105, 123 invention 16, 147, 153, 187–8 Jean Lemaire de Belges 93 jest-books 174–5, 181 Index James I 181, 183 Jonson, Ben 16, 18, 27, 181–3, 190 Juvenal 110 Kingis Quair 125 King, Humphrey 179–80, 181, 183 King, John N 170 Kinney, Arthur F Kipling, Gordon 20 Landino, Cristoforo 34 Lant, Richard 110 largesse 69–70, 72–3, 76 laureation 26–7 Lerer, Seth 6–7, 19–20, 124–5 liberality 68–9, 70 Liber Niger 69–70 liberty, see also Lyberte 6–7, 14, 15, 17, 75, 96, 184 Lily, William, see also ‘Lily’s Grammar’ 80, 90 ‘Lily’s Grammar’ 82 linguistic change 84–5 Lipking, Lawrence 113 Livio, Tito 39 Lodge, Thomas 143, 150 Longinus 133 Lyberte 66, 74–5, 76, 77, 137–9 Lydgate, John 4, 11, 19, 42, 47, 48, 175 in A Garlande of Laurell 14, 28, 189–90 use of aureate terms by 49–51 works Fall of Princes 43 Reson and Sensuallyte 103–5 Troy Book 20 magnanimity 67 magnificence, see also Magnyfycence 67–9, 70 Magnyfycence 65–8, 70, 71–2, 73, 74–7, 135–8 Marcus, Leah 181 Mardelay, John 160, 165 Matz, Robert 159 Measure 66, 68, 69, 75, 76, 136–9 measure, see also Measure 68, 69, 91 Memory 154–5 memory, see also Memory 42–4, 53–4 Miller, Jacqueline 65 Minnis, Alastair 33 Index 211 morality plays 61, 65–6, 72 More, Sir Thomas 4, 36n 50, 106, 164–5 Munday, Anthony 16, 170, 176–9, 181, 183 Mussato, Albertino 26–7, 33–4 Priscian 80 proverbs, see also commonplace 91–2, 114, 138 Puttenham, George 16, 18, 146, 150–4, 158–9 Pynson, Richard 28 Nashe, Thomas 106, 179–80 Nelson, William 2, 112 Noakes, Susan 105, 186 Norbrook, David 165, 184 Quintilian 132–4, 139 orator regius 25, 161, 185, 190 Bernard Andr´e’s position as 21 Skelton’s appointment as in connection with service to the state 22, 29–31, 37, 77, 119 in tension with poet laureate and vates 10–11, 19, 27 Ovid 97, 112, 131, 144, 169, 172 Partridge, Stephen 103 Peacham, Henry 159 Pearl, Sara 183 Pecock, Reginald 154 Petrarch 26–7, 33–4 Phantastes 154–5, 157 Phillips, Edward 159 Pimlyco 171–2 Plato 129–30, 134, 144 poetic authority inherent tensions in 4–6, 10–16, 18 viewed as derived from the court 19–25, 28–9 viewed as derived from literary tradition 31 viewed as God-given 33–7, 130–2, 142–5, 148–50, 152 viewed as inherent in the process of writing 54, 128, 129, 130–2, 135, 139–40, 142–3, 151, 157 poet laureate 10–11, 19, 25, 27, 29, 31, 34, 158 poetry and the court 13–14, 57, 59–64, 77, 117–22 as art or craft 146–51 attacks on and defences of 33–5, 55, 143–4, 146 unreliability of 55, 60, 154–7 Primaudaye, Pierre de la 69 Ramsay, R L 67 Reason 154–5 reason, see also Reason 22–4, 73–7, 133, 135, 154 Reisch, Gregory 140, 154 res and verba 11, 51, 53, 188 rhetoric 26 relation between the parts 53, 140–1 Richard II Richardson, J A 89 Robinson, Richard 158 Sallust 119–20 Salutati, Coluccio 33–4 Scattergood, John 3n 8, 111, 113 Scogan, John 175, 181, 183 Scott, A B 33 Scrope, Jane 115, 172–3 Shepherd, Luke 16, 160, 166–7, 171–2 Sidney, Sir Philip 16, 146–9, 150, 151, 152, 158 Simpson, James Skelton, John biography 7–9 fictional character 16, 174–83 former criticism of 2–3 relationship with his readers, see also interpretation 6–7, 23, 64–5, 78, 79, 87, 88, 93–6, 99–100, 101, 117, 123, 124–8, 184, 185–6, 189–91 posthumous reputation 16–17, 158–84 works Against Venemous Tongues 187, 188–9 A Garlande of Laurell 27–31, 43, 45, 162, 163, 164, 186 and past authors 14, 189 and Wolsey glossing of 15, 101, 107, 108–11, 117–28 212 Skelton, John (cont.) textual history of 28n 30, 30, 110 Agaynst Dundas Agaynste a Comely Coystrowne 109 Agaynst the Scottes 7, 22–3, 24–5, 37, 159, 160, 186, 189 Agenst Garnesche ‘A Lawde and Prayse’ 8, 106 A Replycacion 6, 14, 55, 101, 107, 114, 122, 124, 129, 143, 144, 145, 185 and Wolsey 10, 32 and inspiration 13, 15–16, 27–9, 31, 36–7, 129, 131, 139–40, 142, 156–7, 169, 187 glossing of 108–13 Collyn Clout 13, 36, 37, 106, 159, 162–4, 171 and Wolsey and patronage 10 as influence on later sixteenth-century writers 160–1, 166–9 in A Garlande of Laurell 121 Dyuers Balettys 109 Elynour Rummyng 1, 9, 121, 159, 170–2, 174, 180 Howe the Douty Duke of Albany 9–10, 186–7 Lerne You to Dye 122 Magnyfycence 6, 9, 65–77, 86, 99, 100, 111, 142, 156–7, 189 dating of 56n vices’ verbal powers in 12, 56–7, 68–73 Fansy’s role in 65–6, 68–70, 135–40 ‘Palinodium’ Phyllyp Sparowe 7, 8, 115, 125, 159, 170, 172–4, 180, 189 Pithy, profitable and pleasaunt workes 30, 110 Prince Arturis Creacyoun 22 Royal Demenaunce 119, 122 Skelton Laureate upon the Dolorus Dethe and Muche Lamentable Chaunce of the Mooste Honorable Erle of Northumberlande 22, 24–5, 37, 137, 161, 162, 186 Speculum Principis Speke Parrot 6, 10, 15, 36, 37, 86–100, 122, 123, 129, 136, 159, 161, 164, 186 and the Grammarians’ War 13, Index 86–7, 91–2, 99–100 and Skelton’s readers 7, 79, 92–100 and Wolsey 9, 12–13, 88–90 glossing of 14, 101, 107, 110, 111, 113–17 The Bibliotheca Historica of Diodorus Siculus 6, 11–12, 38–57, 140, 141, 185, 187 The Boke to Speke Well 122 The Bowge of Court 9, 12, 56–65, 73, 77, 86, 117, 126, 185, 186, 189 Ware the Hauke 8, 126–7, 159, 163, 186, 189 Why Come Ye Nat to Court? 9, 10, 13, 36, 37, 121, 123, 159, 160–2, 165 Skeltonic, the 16, 158–9, 181, 182 Smith, Nigel 64 Spenser, Edmund 142, 143, 190 as would-be laureate 18, 27 works Faerie Qveene 154–5 Shepheardes Calendar 16, 106, 114, 144–5, 167–70 Stow, John 30, 159 Strohm, Paul 25 Surrey, Henry Howard, Earl of Summers, Will 175 Tab, Henry 159 temptation, verbal 71–3 The Ymage of Ypocresy 16, 160, 164–5 Torti, Anna 59 Trapp, J B 26 vates 10–11, 19, 27, 32, 34–5, 146, 148, 190 Vergil, Polydore 39 Vickers, Brian 142, 152, 154 Vinsauf, Geoffrey de 114, 173, 174 Virgil 97 Vox Populi, Vox Dei 16, 160, 165 Walker, Greg 3, 29, 161 Webbe, William 144–6, 150, 158 Whittinton, Robert 26, 80–6 will 74–5 Wolsey, Cardinal Thomas 1, 175 and A Garlande of Laurell 28, 29–31, 121, 123 Index and A Replycacion 28–9, 31–2, 108, 112 and Howe the Douty Duke 187 and Speke Parrot 13, 14, 79, 87, 88–90, 115, 116–17 213 and Why Come Ye Nat to Court? 161–2 ‘reconciliation’ with Skelton 9–10, 29–30 Wyatt, Sir Thomas 1, 28 ... exercised the later sixteenth century too: the purpose of poetry, the social position of the poet, and the relation between external guarantors of the poet’s authority and the energy they seek to contain... seems that Skelton s liberty refers not only to political freedom, but to the freedom and unpredictability of thought itself So ‘defining the liberty to speak does not only refer to Skelton s attempt... John Skelton, Priest as Poet: Seasons of Discovery (1987) and Greg Walker’s John Skelton and the Politics of the 1520s (1988) are concerned with a specific aspect of Skelton s work: Kinney’s to