SO LONG AS MEN CAN BREATHE ALSO BY CLINTON HEYLIN The Act You’ve Known for All These Years: A Year in the Life of Sgt Pepper and Friends Babylon’s Burning: From Punk to Grunge From the Velvets to the Voidoids: The Birth of American Punk Rock (2nd edition) All Yesterday’s Parties: The Velvet Underground in Print: 1966–1971 Despite the System: Orson Welles versus the Hollywood Studios Can You Feel the Silence? Van Morrison: A New Biography Bootleg: The Secret History of the Other Recording Industry (2nd edition) Bob Dylan: Behind the Shades Revisited (2nd edition) No More Sad Refrains: The Life and Times of Sandy Denny Dylan’s Daemon Lover: The Tangled Tale of a 450-Year-Old Pop Ballad Never Mind the Bollocks: Here’s the Sex Pistols Bob Dylan: The Recording Sessions, 1960–1994 Bob Dylan: A Life in Stolen Moments; Day by Day 1941–1995 SO LONG AS MEN CAN BREATHE The Untold Story of Shakespeare’s Sonnets CLIN TON HEYLIN Da Capo Press A Member of the Perseus Books Group Copyright © 2009 by Clinton Heylin All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher Printed in the United States of America Designed by Timm Bryson Set in 11 point Arno Pro by the Perseus Books Group Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Heylin, Clinton So long as men can breathe : the untold story of Shakespeare’s Sonnets / Clinton Heylin — 1st Da Capo Press ed p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-0-306-81805-9 (alk paper) Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616 Sonnets Sonnets, English— History and criticism Poetry—Publishing—Great Britain—History Literature publishing—Great Britain—History I Title PR2848.H49 2009 821'.3—dc22 2009008999 First Da Capo Press edition 2009 ISBN 978-0-306-81805-9 Published by Da Capo Press A Member of the Perseus Books Group www.dacapopress.com Da Capo Press books are available at special discounts for bulk purchases in the U.S by corporations, institutions, and other organizations For more information, please contact the Special Markets Department at the Perseus Books Group, 2300 Chestnut Street, Suite 200, Philadelphia PA 19103, or call (800) 810-4145, or e-mail special.markets@perseusbooks.com 10 TO THE ABLE BEGETTER OF EVERY BOOK ON THE SONNETS MR S.S ALL HAPPINESSE AND THAT CAFÉ LATTE PROMISED BY THIS EVERLIVING SCRIBE WISHETH THE WELLWORN CHRONICLER NOW RUFFLING FEATHERS —C.H This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS Abbreviations ix Author’s Note xi SECTION ONE (1590–1640) “The Darling Buds of May” chapter one 1609: “The Onlie Begetter” chapter two 1590–1603: “The Sweete Wittie Soule of Ovid” 23 chapter three 1593–1603: “My Love Shall Ever Live Young” 45 chapter four 1609–1639: “Nothing in My Conscience Did Need a Cypher” 71 chapter five 1639–1640: “Scorn Not the Sonnet” 99 vii viii Contents SECTION T WO (1709–2009) “This Key Unlocked His Heart” chapter six 1709–1821: “I, Once Gone, to All the World Must Die” 123 chapter seven 1821–1973: “Castles of Conjecture” 143 chapter eight 1841–2007: “The Division and Summing of the Chapters” 169 chapter nine 2007–2008: “Too Worthie for a Counterfeit?” 189 chapter ten 2009: The Little Red Notebook 207 A Select Bibliography 227 Notes 233 Shake-speares Sonnets 237 Index 265 ABBREVIATIONS The following abbreviations appear in the main text, enclosed in brackets, to identify specific sources A full list of sources appears in the Bibliography at the end of the book AM Arthur F Marotti, “Shakespeare’s Sonnets as Literary Property,” in Soliciting Interpretation, ed E D Harvey and K E Maus (Chicago University Press, 1990) BDC Ben Crystal and David Crystal, The Shakespeare Miscellany (Overlook Press, 2005) BV Brian Vickers, Shakespeare, A Lover’s Complaint & John Davies of Hereford (Cambridge University Press, 2007) CAB Charles Armitage Brown, Shakespeare’s Autobiographical Poems (James Bohn, 1838) EKC E K Chambers, Shakespearean Gleanings (Oxford University Press, 1943) GT Gary Taylor, Reinventing Shakespeare (Hogarth Press, 1990) HCB H C Beeching, Shakespeare’s Sonnets (Athenaeum Press, 1904) HL Harold Love, The Culture and Commerce of Texts: Scribal Publication in 17th Century England (University of Massachusetts Press, 1998) ix 266 Index Bacon, Francis, 195 Bailey, Benjamin, 139 Banishment of Tarquin, The (Quarles), 124 Barnes, Barnabe, 152 Barnfield, Richard, 83, 144 Barnstorff, D., 157 Barrett, William, 92 Basement Tapes, The, Bate, Jonathan, 194 Beaumont, Francis, 126, 145, 195 Beeching, H C., 19, 20, 47, 145 organization and, 173 on Q143, 64–65 Beeston, Christopher, 114 Belvedere (Bodenham), 212 Bennett, J W., 16, 104, 199 Benson, John, 113, 127, 129, 133, 136, 174 Brome and, 115, 116, 117 copyright and, 105–106, 119 Cotes and, 104, 106 Crooke and, 117 Jonson and, 112, 116, 118 Marotti on, 102–103, 110 padding by, 102, 103 Passionate Pilgrim, The, and, 103–104 Poems and, 99, 100, 102, 104, 105–106, 107, 108, 110, 111–112 publication by, 106, 123 Q and, 107, 108, 111 Thorpe and, 108 titles by, 109 Biathanatos (Donne), 213 Bird, Master, 105 Biron, 37 Black, John, 138 Blackwood’s Magazine, Wilde in, 167 Blood on the Tracks, The (Dylan), notebook, 224–225 Blount, Edward, 95, 96, 156, 197 copyright for, 92 dedication to, 18 Hero and Leander and, 12 Jonson and, 13 Pericles and, 198 Roberts and, 198 Thorpe and, 10–11, 12, 158, 196 Boaden, James, 53, 142, 147 Daniel and, 148, 150 on Pembroke, 69 on Spenser, 149 on W.H./Sonnets, 78 Bodenham, John, 212 Bonian, Richard, “Bonnie Earl of Moray, The,” 214 Book Known as Q, The (Giroux), 156 Booke of Passionate Sonnetes (Watson), 210 Booklegging, 5, 8, 81, 86, 99, 118, 208, 226 Booth, Stephen, 52 Bootleg: The Rise and Fall of the Secret Recording Industry (Heylin), 208 Bootlegging, 5, 208, 211, 224 Boswell, James, 19, 129, 141, 144, 147, 159 on Drake, 57–58 Bowdler, Thomas, 136 Bray, Denys, 175–176 Breton, Nicholas, 26, 62 Bridgeman, C G O., 162 Brief Chronicle (Stow), 77 Bright, Timothy, 197 Britton’s Bowre of Delights (Breton, Jones, and Rollins), 26 Brody, John, 164 Brome, Alexander, 116, 223 Brome, Richard, 113–114, 224, 226 Beeston and, 114 Benson and, 115, 116, 117 Crooke and, 117 Jonson and, 113, 114, 118 Whitlock on, 113 Index Brooke, Tucker, 55, 80 Brown, Charles Armitage, 139, 140, 142, 144, 167 essay by, 77–78 Brown, Henry, 153, 193 Browning, Robert, 165–166 Bruce, Sir John, 205 Burbage, Richard, 193 Burghley, Lord, 62, 87–88 Burre, Walter, 92 Burrow, Colin, 12 Butler, Samuel, 172 Byron (Chapman), 14 Campion, Thomas, 195 Capell, Edward, 129, 130, 132 Carey, Elizabeth, 58, 61 Carey, Sir George, 61 Cartwright, Robert, 151 “Case against Southampton, The” (Archer), 20, 55 Cecil, Robert, 68 Chadwyck-Healy LiOn (Literature Online), 181, 183 Chalmers, George, 135, 165 Chamberlain, John, 49 Chamberlain’s Men, 69, 167, 214 Chambers, E K., 49, 54, 80, 212 on Bray, 176 marriage sonnets and, 219 organization and, 173 on Thorpe, 20–21 on W.H., 20–21 Chambers, Robert, 205 Chapman, George, 13–14, 18, 22, 42, 156, 165, 181, 182, 195 Daniel and, 149, 155 Davies and, 202 dedication by, 151–152 Hero and Leander and, 96 as Rival Poet, 14, 152, 153–154 sonnet to, 202 267 Chapman, J A., 23 Characterie; An Arte of Shorte, Swifte and Secrete Writing by Character (Bright), 197–198 Characteristics of English Poets (Minto), 150 Characters of Shakespeare’s Plays, The (Hazlitt), 141 Charles I, King, 113, 123 Charles II, King, 124 Chester, Robert, 110 Child Ballad 100: 145 Churchyard, Thomas, Civitas Dei (St Augustine of Hippo), 89, 93 Clarendon, 68 on character flaw, 65–66 Cockpit Theatre, Brome and, 114 Coleridge, Hartley, 137 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 137, 138, 144, 145 Complaints (Spenser), 86, 87 Complete Works, The (Wells and Taylor), 75 Condell, Henry, 7, 63, 95, 105, 110 dedication by, 41 Conrad, Hermann, 55, 160 Constable, Henry, 47 Copyright, 5, 16, 92, 96, 104, 109, 118–119, 126, 130 acquiring, 17, 117 English law on, 125 registration and, 215 in Shakespeare’s time, 6–7 transferring, 100 Copyright Act (1709), 125 Coryat’s Crudites (Davies), 203 Cotes, Thomas, 105, 110, 111 Benson and, 104, 106 copyright and, 104 Passionate Pilgrim, The, and, 104 Counterfeiting Shakespeare: Evidence, Authorship and John Ford’s Funerall Elegye (Vickers), 182 268 Index Court Beggar, The (Brome), 114 Crooke, Andrew, 116, 117, 118 Culture and Commerce of Texts: Scribal Publication in 17th Century England, The (Love), 187, 208 Cupid, 18, 43, 174, 177 Curll and Sanger (firm), 127 Daniel, Samuel, 24, 42, 62, 148, 186, 195, 213 Chapman and, 155 dedication by, 19 Delia and, 35, 36, 88, 175, 211 Jonson and, 155 Pembroke and, 88, 149–150 as Rival Poet, 149 Dark Lady, 141, 158, 160, 165, 176 characteristics of, 159 Davenant as, 154, 172 Dowden on, 161 Fair Youth and, 34, 64, 154 Fitton as, 159, 161, 162, 163 Lanier as, 164 Pembroke and, 157 romantic imagination and, 163 Dark Lady of the Sonnets, The (Shaw), 162 Dark Lady sonnets, 24, 26, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 53, 60, 64, 134, 137, 194, 217, 222 as portfolio sonnets, 216 Q40–42 and, 39 Davenant, Anne: as Dark Lady, 154, 172 Davenant, Sir William, 106 Davies, Sir John, 32, 153, 183, 191, 205, 222, 223, 224 Chapman and, 202 dedication by, 90, 194 Drayton and, 195 Ellesmere and, 199 entry for, 182 “female complaint” and, 202, 204 Grossart and, 184, 185, 186 “Lover’s Complaint” and, 188, 190, 192, 201, 203 neologisms and, 186 papers of, 226 Pembroke and, 195, 200 personality of, 202 Q and, 65, 196, 200–201 quote of, 189 as Rival Poet, 193, 194 sonnets by, 33, 34–35 stolen reports and, 197 Thorpe and, 195, 198, 199–200 writing by, 203, 220–221 Davison, Francis, 153 De Grazia, Margreta, 109 De Montemayor, Jorge, 81 De Wailly, LÈon, 143 Dedications, 19, 22, 23, 41, 55, 56, 89–90, 91, 92, 151–152, 153, 154–155, 177, 194, 195, 218 Dee, John, 150 Defense of Poesie, The (Sidney), 62 Delia (Daniel), 19, 35, 36, 175, 211 Derby, Alice, Countess of, 195 Dering, Sir Edward, 115 Desiderata Curiosa (Peck), 198 Diana (Constable), 47 Diana (de Montemayor), 81 Diana/Cupid sonnets, 201 Dictionary (Johnson), 131 Dictionary of National Biography (DNB), 182, 195, 199, 201 Dictionary of Printers and Booksellers (Plomer), 106 Digby, Lady, 213 Digby, Sir Kenelm, 117, 118 Digges, Leonard, 113 Discovery of a New Worlde, A, 91 Disordered appendix, 46, 218 DNB See Dictionary of National Biography Index Donne, John, 193, 201, 221, 223, 224 poems by, 94 on suicide, 213 Douglas, Lord Alfred, 167 Dover-Wilson, John, 52, 58, 59, 61, 67, 101 on Dark Woman, 216 on Herbert, 62 on “Lover’s Complaint,” 74 on Thorpe, 20–21, 216 Dowden, Edward, 142, 161 Drake, Nathan, 56, 141, 147, 157 biographical information and, 142 Boswell on, 57–58 Dramatic Works (Rowe), 124, 127 Drayton, Michael, 48, 175, 186, 193, 213 Chambers and, 212 Davies and, 195 Dryden, John, 125, 126 Dubrow, Heather, 81 Duncan-Jones, Katherine, 33, 73, 81–82, 177–178 authorized publication and, 71 on Davies, 32, 195, 201–202, 204 on Fair Youth sequence, 219 on Jaggard piracy, 85 on Jonson, 79, 92 “Lover’s Complaint” and, 75, 178, 180, 183 Marotti and, 77 on Pembroke/Sonnets, 60, 66 rebuttal by, 190 sonnet-sequence and, 174, 219 on suppression, 93 Thorpe and, 19, 22, 28, 72, 76, 92, 176 on Wittes Pilgrimage, 201 “Dutifull Message, A,” 102 Dylan, Bob, 5, 148, 224–225 Eastward Ho (Jonson, Chapman, and Marston), 13–14 269 Edinburgh Review, The, 71 Edward III (Shakespeare), 47 Edward VI, King, 83 Eld, George, 8, 15, 16–17, 72, 76, 93, 97, 190, 196, 203 Elizabeth I, Queen, 14, 49, 135, 136, 149, 214 Davies and, 194 death of, 48 illness of, 50 sonnets and, 144 Ellesmere, Lord, 199 Elliott, Ward, 181 Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 165, 166 England’s Parnassus (Allott), 212 England’s Worthies (Fuller), 220 Englefield, Sir Francis, 198–199 English Civil War, 123, 215 English Dancing Master, The (Playford), 106 English Poetry 900–1900 (Vickers), 182 Epictetus, 89, 91, 94 Epigrammes (Jonson), dedication of, 90 Epigrammes and Elegies (Davies), 34 Epipsychidion (Shelley), 143 Erasmus, Desiderius, 32, 59 Erskine, John, 166 Essays (Chapman), 23 Essays and Studies (Mackail), 74 Essex, Robert Devereux, Earl of, 68, 151, 195, 214 Ever Green, The (Ramsay), 205 Execration against Vulcan with Other His Smaller Epigrams (Jonson), 113 Fair Youth, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 146, 160 Dark Lady and, 34, 64, 154 identity of, 46, 51, 66, 147 Pembroke as, 147, 148, 150 Q94 and, 200 sequence, 41, 49, 67, 159, 170, 219 Southampton as, 55, 56, 89, 141 270 Index Fair Youth sonnets, 62, 146, 217, 218, 222 “Greek” element of, 215 as secret/private sonnets, 216 Faustus (Marlowe), 15 “Female complaint” genre, 184, 190, 202, 204 Field, Richard, 42, 196 First Folio, 9, 15, 41, 63, 96, 100, 104, 105, 112, 113, 115 First Fruits (Florio), 35 Fitton, Mary, 160 as Dark Lady, 159, 161, 162, 163 Pembroke and, 58, 67, 68, 161, 163 Southampton and, 58, 163 Flaccus, Quintus Horatius (Horace), 79, 113 “Flea, The” (Donne), 221 Fletcher, John, 119, 126, 145, 195 Florio, John, 35, 154, 156 dedication to, 89, 92, 155 Southampton and, 75, 155 Florio, Rose, 155 Folk Music Journal, 113 “Force of Love, The,” 102 Forman, Simon, 164 Forsyth, Ebenezer, 157, 158 Fortnightly Review, The, 20, 55 Foul papers, 26, 94, 197 “Foure-fould Meditation, A” (Southwell), 157 Fourfold Meditation (Southwell), 21–22 Fourth Folio, 124, 125, 126 Fowler, Alastair, 60 Fraser’s Magazine, 21, 102, 147, 154 Frost, David: on Eld, 16–17 Frye, Northrop, 46–47, 219 Fuller, Thomas, 220–221 Furnivall, Frederick, 56, 142, 152, 160, 162 Gentleman of Stratford (Brody), 164 Gentleman’s Magazine, 147 Gildon, Charles, 124, 127, 128 Gillet, Louis, 21 Giroux, Robert, 156 Golding, Arthur, 40 Gorges, Carew, 97 Gorges, Sir Arthur, 97 Gosson, Henry, 196, 197, 198 Graham, Cyril, 166, 167 Graves, Robert, 165 Greg, W W., 112, 117 Greville, Fulke, 195, 221 Grossart, Alexander, 182, 185, 193, 194 on Davies, 186 “Lover’s Complaint” and, 184 Gulling Sonnets, 34–35 Hadow, G W., 178 Hailes, Lord, 205 Hall, Joseph, 91 Hall, William, 157 Hamlet (Shakespeare), 88, 185, 196 “Hardyknute” (Wardlaw), 205 Harrison, W A., 162 Hathaway, William, 157 Hatton, Lady, 58 Hazlitt, William, 79, 141, 176, 178 Healey, John, 13, 89, 91, 92, 93, 156 Heminge, John, 7, 63, 95, 105, 110 dedication by, 41 Henley, W E., 167 Henry, Prince of Wales, 151 Henry IV (Shakespeare), 13, 65, 115 Henry V (Shakespeare), 95 Henry VI (Shakespeare), 95 “Her Minde” (Jonson), 113 Herbert, Montgomery, 63 Herbert, Philip, 53, 63, 194 Herbert, William See Pembroke, Herbert William, Earl of Herford, C H., 116, 118–119 Hero and Leander (Marlowe and Chapman), 96, 153 Index 271 Ideas Mirrour (Drayton), 48, 175 “Idiot Wind” (Dylan), 148 Iliad (Homer), 152 “Immortality” sonnets, 41 “Incertainties Now Crown Themselves Assur’d” (Dubrow), 81 Isaac, Hermann, 142 quote of, 189 thesis of, 196 on Thorpe, 206 Jaggard, Dorothy, 104 Jaggard, Isaac, 104 Jaggard, William, 42, 94, 95, 102, 190, 196, 216 copyright and, 105 death of, 103–104 Passionate Pilgrim, The and, 25, 26, 33, 36, 84, 103, 218 piracy by, 85 Q sonnets and, 27–28, 29, 32 Troia Britanica and, 86 James I, King, 14, 48, 69, 71 James VI, King, 82, 214 Jameson, Anna, 160 Johnson, Samuel, 126, 129, 130, 131 Jones, Richard, 26 Jonson, Ben, 18, 22, 42, 117, 145, 153, 156, 182, 195, 223, 224 additional poems by, 113 Benson and, 112, 118 Brome and, 113, 114, 118 Daniel and, 155 death of, 101, 114 dedication by, 90 Digby and, 118 epigram by, 213 eulogistic ideologization by, 133 notoriety for, 13–14 papers, 116 and Shakespeare compared, 79 Thorpe and, 12, 76, 92, 155, 190 Joviall Crew, A, 116 Joyce, James, 163 Jackson, MacDonald P., 74, 182, 197 “Lover’s Complaint” and, 73, 180, 181, 200, 206 Mackail and, 179 phrasal resemblance and, 185 Keats, John, 139, 144 Kelley, Edward, 150 Ker, Sir Robert, 213 Kerrigan, John, 86, 181 Kerrigan, Paul, 28, 37, 75 Hervey, Sir William, 158 Heton, Richard, 114 Heywood, Thomas, 84, 86, 182 Brome and, 116 Passionate Pilgrim, The, and, 85, 110 Hieatt, A Kent, 38 Hieatt, Charles W., 38 “His Mistress Drawne” (Jonson), 113 Historical Essay on National Song (Ritson), 131 History of Cardenio, The (Fletcher and Shakespeare), 119, 224 History of English Poetry (Warton), 144 Holgate Commonplace Book, 216 Holy Roode, The (Davies), 199 Homer, 152 Horace, 79, 113 “House” (Browning), 165–166 House of the Titans (Russell), 163 Hughes, W., 135, 156, 166 Hughes, Willie, 166, 167 Hugo, Francois-Victor, 142, 171 Humours Heav’n on Earth (Davies), 186 Hunsdon, Lord, 61 Hunt, Leigh, 139 Huntly, George Gordon, Earl of, 214 Hutton, James, 174 H.W., 34 272 Index King Lear (Shakespeare), 50, 95, 123, 196, 197 King’s Men, 8, 41–42, 63, 69, 88, 95, 113, 193, 198, 200 Knight, Charles, 123, 170, 171, 176 Labouchere amendment (1885), 176 Langbaine, Gerard, 124 Lanier, Emilia: as Dark Lady, 164 Lee, Sidney, 10, 17–18, 22, 35, 74, 91, 110, 179 Archer and, 61 on Benson/Thorpe, 108 on Chapman, 152 on Cotes, 104 death of, 156 on eye, 35 “Lover’s Complaint” and, 178 on patronage, 51, 56–57 Southampton and, 48, 159 Thorpe and, W.H and, 157 W.S and, 32 Leveson, Richard, 161 Lewis, C S., 51, 57, 68, 146 criticism of, 74 internal/external evidence, 47 on self-abnegation, 67 Lintott, Bernard, 128, 129, 135 Literary Hour, The: Drake in, 141 Lives and Characters of the English Dramatick Poets (Gildon), 124, 127 Lodger, The (Nicholl), 76 London, Bishop of, 34, 215 Loomie, Albert J., 198 Lord Chamberlain, 91, 95, 96 “Losse and Gaine,” 102 Love, Harold, 158, 208, 216, 221, 223 on scribal author-publisher, 213 on Vickers’s thesis, 187, 190 Love Labours Won (Shakespeare), 24 “Lover’s Complaint, A,” 72, 75, 103, 109, 173, 196 authorship of, 177, 178–181, 184–186, 188, 189, 197 Davies and, 188, 190, 192, 201, 203 publication of, secret history of, 73–74 “‘Lover’s Complaint, A’: A Reconsideration” (Muir), 73 Love’s Labours Lost (Shakespeare), 26, 35–36, 37, 38, 154, 212 Love’s Martyr, or Rosalin’s Complaint (Chester), 110 Lovesick Maid, The (Brome), 113–114 Lucan, 10, 97 Lucrece, The Rape of 33, 80, 109, 124, 128, 178, 203, 204 dedication of, 55, 56, 155 publication of, 25, 72 Southampton and, 48 Lucy, Sir Thomas, 195 Lyrical Ballads (Wordsworth and Coleridge), 137, 138 Mackail, J W., 39, 74, 173, 184, 185, 187 challenging, 179 “Lover’s Complaint” and, 178, 180, 189, 200, 203 on Shakespeare’s genius, 204 thesis of, 181 Malcontent, The (Marston), 13 Malone, Edmund, 74, 129, 130, 136, 137, 144, 147, 159, 165, 166, 170, 174, 176, 184 on Benson, 118 death of, 140 homoerotic subtext and, 133 Minto and, 167 protest by, 134 Q and, 80, 108, 132–133 Rival Poet and, 148, 149 Index Steevens and, 133–134 W.H and, 135, 156 Manuall of Epictetus (Epictetus), 89, 91, 94 dedication of, 92 Marlowe, Christopher, 11, 12, 15, 34, 83, 150–151, 153 Hero and Leander and, 96 Pharsalia and, 10 Marotti, Arthur, 39, 208 on Benson, 102–103, 110 challenge by, 29 Duncan-Jones and, 77 on Malone, 137 on patrons/sonnets, 66–67 Marriage sonnets, 30, 218 Marshall, William, 112 Marston, John, 13–14, 156, 182, 193, 195 Masque of the Gypsies, The (Jonson), 112, 113, 116, 118 Masques of Blackness and Beauty (Jonson), 14 Massey, Gerald, 90, 101, 158, 171 ìMaster-mistress sonnet, Th (XX) 102, 134, 168 Measure for Measure (Shakespeare), 110 Mechanik Exercises on the Whole Art of Printing (Moxon), 222 Memoirs of the Loves of the Poets (Jameson), 160 Merchant of Venice, The (Shakespeare), 95, 123 Meres, Francis, 23–24, 25, 211, 216, 217, 224, 225 Shakespeare/Ovid and, 24 Merry Wives of Windsor, The (Shakespeare), 95 Metamorphoses (Ovid), 40 Microcosmos (Davies), 192 Middleton, Thomas, 16 Midsummer Night’s Dream, A (Shakespeare), 95 273 Milton, John, 125, 126, 137 Minto, William, 66, 151, 152, 157 Malone and, 167 on Q3, 61–62 Rival Poet and, 150 W.H and, 166 Mirum in Modum (Davies), 194, 196 “Mistress Masculine, The,” 109, 147 Moray, James Stewart, Earl of, 82, 214 Moseley, Humphrey, 110, 119 Mowle, Peter, 22 Moxon, Joseph, 222 Much Ado about Nothing (Shakespeare), Aspley/Wise and, 13 Muir, Kenneth, 73, 74, 179, 191, 197 Mundus alter et idem (Hall), 91 Murry, J Middleton, 155 Muses Sacrifice, The, “Grenville” copy of, 203 Muses Teares, The (Davies), 196 Mustapha (Greville), 221 My First Two Thousand Years (Viereck), 167 Myth of Shakespeare, A (Williams), 163 Nashe, Thomas, 34, 55, 207, 209 Neil, Samuel, 157 “Never the Twain” (Frye), 46 New Arcadia (Sidney), 87 New Shakespeare Society, 56 New York Observer, The, 225 Newman, Thomas, 33, 87, 88, 175, 209, 211 Newton, Sir Isaac, 164 Nicholl, Charles, 76 Noble Kinsman, The, 98 Northern Lasse, The (Brome), 113–114 Nottingham, Earl of, 58 Okes, John, 115 Old Arcadia (Sidney), 215 Oldys, William, 135 274 Index “On His Mistress’ Beauty,” (CVI), 217 Othello (Shakespeare), 123 Ovid, 24, 33, 40–41 Oxford, Earl of, 58, 62 Oxford History of English Literature, The (Lewis), 74 Palatine Anthology, 174 Palladis Tamia: Wits Treasury (Meres), 24 Paltrow, Gwynneth, 168 Parsons, Robert, 199 Passionate Centurie of Love (Watson), 36 Passionate Pilgrim, The, 102, 127, 128 Benson and, 103–104 Heywood and, 85, 110 Jaggard and, 25, 26, 33, 36, 84, 103, 218 publication of, 86 Q138/Q144 in, 111 rights to, 104 sonnets of, 28, 29, 32, 36 subtitle for, 33 Patronage, 11, 51, 53–57, 63, 145, 195, 199, 211, 212, 218 Pavier, Thomas, 94, 95, 104, 105, 190 Peace of Vervins (1598), 50 Peck, Francis, 198 Peeter, William, 97 Pembroke, Countess of, 61, 151 Daniel and, 88, 149 Davies and, 195 patronage of, 60, 211 Pembroke, William Herbert, Earl of, 22, 49, 58–59, 61, 65, 89, 95, 151, 156 Daniel and, 149–150 Dark Lady and, 157 Davies and, 195, 200 death of, 96, 101 dedication to, 90, 91, 153, 194, 195 as Fair Youth, 147, 148, 150 Fitton and, 58, 67, 68, 161, 163 Florio and, 155 Lady Rich and, 171 personification of, 50–51 restoration of, 69 Sonnets and, 62, 66, 67 Southampton and, 53–54 theory about, 62–63 Percy, Bishop, 205 Percy, Henry, 203 Percy, Lord, 195, 199 Percy Folio, The, 215 Pericles (Shakespeare), 95, 127, 132, 196, 197 Blount and, 198 Gosson and, 98 reprint of, 105 Pharsalia (Lucan), 10, 97 Phelps, W L., 82 Philips, Katherine, 223 Philips, Marvell, 223 Phoenix & the Turtle, The (Shakespeare), 68, 82, 103, 109–110 Pictorial Edition of the Works of Shakspere (Knight), 170 Pierce Penniless (Nashe), 55 Pilgrimage to Paradise, The (Breton), 26 Piracy, 7, 87, 99, 117 Playford, John, 106 Plays & Poems, The (Malone), 19, 130, 133, 140, 143–144 Plomer, Henry R., 106 Publication of the Modern Lanuage Association (PMLA), 38 Poems, ìMosele edition of, 110, 124 Poems (Keats), 139 Poems (Roe), 180 Poems (Shakespeare), 99 Poems (Waller), 211 Poems Written by Wil Shakespeare Gent (Benson), 99, 100, 104, 105–106, 107, 108, 111–112, 113, 116, 119, 124, 127, 128 Index Poetaster, The (Jonson), 79 Poetical Rhapsody (Davison), 153 Poetical Works of Mr John Milton, The (Milton), 125 Poets of Great Britain (Anderson), 137, 144 Ponsonby, William, 86, 87, 169 Pope, Alexander, 126, 127, 128, 132 Portfolio sonnets, Dark Lady sonnets as, 216 “Portrait of Mr W.H., A” (Wilde), 135, 156, 166 Post-Boy, 128 Prescott, Anne Lake, 38 Print and the English Renaissance Lyric (Marotti), 208 Privy Council, Shakespeare and, 34, 83 Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 82 Proceedings of the Bibliographical Society of America, 155 Psalms (David), 153, 194 Puritan, The, 16 Puttenham, George, 42 Q, 33, 35, 36, 37, 45, 59, 65 alternate source for, 111 authorial “integrity” and, 219 authorized, 60, 80, 174 contents of, 29, 173, 217 dedication of, 89 history of, 87, 107, 180 literary allusions in, 47–48 numbering system in, 111 publication of, 82, 86, 92, 93, 94, 96, 154 rediscovery of, 133 reorganization and, 60, 172 sonnets of, 27–28, 29 Q2: 59, 102, 218 circulation of, 31 manuscript copies of, 30 275 procreation theme of, 32 text of, 30–31 Q3: 200 Minto on, 61–62 Q8: 59, 102, 218 procreation theme of, 32 Q18: 60, 108 Q19: 108 Q20: 109, 134, 145, 146–147, 160, 168 Q21: 47 Q26: 32, 102 Q35: 50 Q36: 80 Q38: 47 Q40–42: 160 Dark Lady sonnets and, 39 Q42: 39, 102, 147, 160 Q43: 108 Q56: 108 Q57: 102 Q58: 102 Q75: 108 Q76: 108 Q78: 84, 148, 153 Q80: 148 Q81: 148 Q86: 148, 150, 151 Q87: 201 Q92: 135 Q93: 135 Q94: Fair Youth and, 200 Q96: 80, 108 Q98: 50 Q99: 47, 80 Q101: 108 Q104: 62, 67, 108 Q107: 49–50 Q108: 108 Q126: 38–39, 108 Q128: 173 Q130: 36, 159 Q135: 63–64, 135, 173 276 Q136: 64, 173 Q138: 32, 111 Q143: 64–65, 173 Q144: 32, 111 Q145: 173 Q146: 80 Q148: 194 Q151: 194 Q153: 173, 218 Q154: 173, 218 Quarles, John, 124 Raleigh, Sir Walter, 24, 163 Ramsay, Allan, 205 Rape of Lucrece, The, 7, 61, 188, 203 Ravishment of Lucrece, The, 54 Recollections (Rossetti), 174 Red Bull, 114 Reinventing Shakespeare (Taylor), 100 Reliques of Ancient English Poetry, 205 “Revealed at Last, Shakespeare’s Dark Lady” (Rowse), 164 Review of English Studies, The, 183 Revue des deux mondes (de Wailly), 143 Reynolds, J H., 129, 139 Rhymes, 184, 186–187, 204 Rich, Lady Penelope, 41, 64, 171, 195, 215 Rich, Lord, 215 Richard II (Shakespeare), 214 Ritson, Joseph, 130, 131 Rival Poet, 53, 59, 147, 148, 150, 173 Chapman as, 14, 152, 153–154 Daniel as, 149 Davies as, 193, 194 Roberts, James, 8, 198 Robertson, John M., 93, 94, 153, 181 Robinson, Richard, 77 Rochester, Earl of, 84 Roe, John, 180 Rollins, Hyder E., 18, 101, 170, 176 on Benson, 99, 109 Index on dated sonnet, 48 on Heywood, 85 on italicized words, 111 “Lover’s Complaint” and, 74 on Shakespearean studies, Romeo & Juliet (Shakespeare), 88, 167, 212 Rosenbaum, Ron, 225 Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead (Stoppard), 168 Rossetti, Dante Gabriel, 142, 174 Rostenberg, Leona, 92, 155, 156 Rowe, Nicholas, 124, 126, 127, 128 Rowse, A L., 56, 75, 158 Dark Lady and, 164–165 on dedication, 55 Roydon, Matthew, 154 Russell, George W., 163 Salisbury Court Theatre, Brome and, 114, 115 “Scandal of Shakespeare’s Sonnets, The” (de Grazia), 109 Schiffer, James, 38, 45 Schlegel, A W., 138, 139 Schoenbaum, Samuel, 82, 144, 158 Scholasticus, Marianus, 174 Schollers Purgatory, The (Withers), 210 School of Shakespeare, The (Frost), 16–17 Scourge of Folly, The (Davies), 189, 192, 195, 199, 202 Scourge of Paper-Persecutors, A (Davies), 202 “Sea Crabb, The,” 215 Second Folio, 96, 98, 105 Secret Drama of Shakespeare’s Sonnets Unfolded, with the Characters Identified, The (Massey), 171 Sejanus (Jonson), 12, 13, 92 Select Second Husband for Sir Thomas Overbury‘s Wife (Davies), 65, 194 Index Seton, Gregory, 12 Sewell, George, 127, 135 Seymour-Smith, Martin, 51, 83 on Lewis, 74 “Lover’s Complaint” and, 74 on sonnets, 78 on Thorpe/Sonnets, 94 “Shadow of Night” (Chapman), 151–152 Shakespeare, Hannet, 32 Shakespeare, William boasts by, deadly sins and, 148 as Great Tragedian, 124 literary status of, 212 popular tastes and, 37 social climbing by, 52 success for, Shakespeare, A Lover’s Complaint and John Davies of Hereford (Vickers), 183–184 Shakespeare and Chapman: A Thesis on Chapman’s Authorship of ‘A Lover’s Complaint’ (Robertson), 153, 181 Shakespeare & His Times (Drake), 56, 141 Shakespeare and the Rival Poet (Acheson), 172 Shakespeare in Love, 111, 168 Shakespeare Studies, Jackson in, 181 Shakespeare Wars, The (Rosenbaum), 225 Shakespearean Apocrypha, 16 Shakespeare’s ‘A Lover’s Complaint’: Its Date and Authenticity (Jackson), 73 Shakespeare’s Autobiographical Poems: Being His Sonnets Clearly Developed: with His Character Drawn Chiefly from His Works (Brown), 139 Shakespeare’s Sonnet Story, 1592–1598 (Acheson), 154, 172 Shake-speares Sonnets (Eld), 8, 18, 128 277 dedication of, 23 distribution of, 14 failure of, Shakespeare’s Sonnets (Dowden), 142 Shakespeare’s Sonnets (Thorpe), 96 Shakespeare’s Sonnets: The Problems Solved (Rowse), 164 Shakespeare’s Sugared Sonnets (Wilson), 194 Shaw, Bernard, 162, 163 Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 143 Shindler, Robert, 172–173 Shrewsbury, Earl of, 68 Sidney, Sir Philip, 24, 62, 63, 151, 169, 186, 193, 223, 224 adulterous poems of, 88, 215 Astrophil and, 33, 35, 41, 87, 149, 175, 209, 211, 219 dedication to, 195 rhyming and, 79 Sidney, William, 63 Simpson, Evelyn, 118 Simpson, Percy, 116, 118 Sir John Oldcastle, 7, 95, 105 Sir Philip Sidney and the Circulation of Manuscripts, 1558–1640 (Woudhuysen), 208 Sir Thomas More, 208, 222 Smethwick, John, 95 Smith, William, 32 Sonnets, See also Q Sonnet 8: 31–32 Sonnet 18: 168 Sonnet 20: 217 Sonnet 22: 194 Sonnet 26: 217 dedication of, 55, 56 Sonnet 27: 201 Sonnet 57: 83 Sonnet 72: 51 Sonnet 80: 51 text of, 36 278 Index Sonnets, See also Q Sonnet 87: 51 Sonnet 101: 52 Sonnet 116: 66 Sonnet 130: 37 Sonnet 138: 26, 28, 29 Sonnet 144: 26, 28, 29 Sonnet-sequences, 43, 46, 53, 136, 159, 160, 175, 213, 218, 220 thematic/structural coherence of, 219 Sonnets (Thorpe), copyright for, 93 Sonnets, The (Kerrigan), “Lover’s Complaint” and, 75 Sonnets, The (Rollins), “Lover’s Complaint” and, 74 Sonnets, The (Seymour-Smith), ìLover’s Complaintỵ and, 74 Southampton, Henry Wriothesley, Earl of, 22, 63, 66, 150, 151, 156, 157 death of, 100 dedication to, 154–155, 195, 218 as Fair Youth, 55, 56, 89, 141 Fitton and, 58, 163 Florio and, 75, 155 imprisonment of, 68 Lee and, 159 Pembroke and, 53–54 poem for, 48 scandal involving, 171 sonnets for, 172 as Young Man, 57 Southwell, Robert, 21–22, 157, 185 Sparagus Garden, The (Brome), 114, 115 Spens, Sir Patrick, 205 Spenser, Edmund, 47, 62, 135–136, 148, 149, 203 “Spes Altera” (II), 31, 102 text of, 30 Stationers’ Company, 5, 7, 95, 98, 101, 157, 177 Aspley and, 15, 96 Benson and, 106 copyright and, 117 influence of, 215 Newman and, 87 Passionate Pilgrim, The, and, 86 publishing by, 3, 26 Thorpe and, 9, 10, 91, 100 Walkley and, 117, 119 Stationers’ Register, 12, 17, 88, 105, 188 “Statute of Anne, The,” 125 Steevens, George, 129, 130, 132, 145, 159, 184 Malone and, 133–134 on sonnets, 131 Stock, Richard, 209 Stopes, Charlotte, 162, 171, 172 Stoppard, Tom, 168 Stow, John, 77 Strachey, Lytton, 158 Succinct Philosophicall Declaration of the Nature of Clymactericall Yeeres, A (Wright), 49 Summa Totalis (Davies), 196, 203 Supplement (Malone), 132, 133 Supplement to the Edition of Shakespeare’s Plays Published in 1778 (Johnson and Steevens), 132 Surrey, Earl of, 24 Survey of London, The (Stow), 77 Swinburne, Algernon, 142, 184, 185 Talbot, Mary, 68 Tarlinskaja, Marina, 180 Taylor, Gary, 29, 75 on copyright, 100 extrapolation of, 31 on Passionate Pilgrim, The, 28 on Tonson, 126 Taylor, Sir Henry, 142 “Teares of Peace, The” (Chapman), 152 Tempest, The (Shakespeare), 165 Terrors of the Night (Nashe), 209 Theobald, Lewis, 128 Index Third Folio, 105, 124, 127, 132 “Thomas Thorpe, Publisher of Shakespeare’s Sonnets” (Rostenberg), 155 Thorpe, Thomas, 8, 28, 42, 43, 57, 74, 75, 77, 80, 81, 111, 119, 124, 133, 157, 170, 172, 173, 183, 184, 205 appendix and, 39 apprenticeship of, 10 Aspley and, 15, 96, 97 Benson and, 108 Blount and, 10–11, 12, 158, 196 booklegging and, 5, 99 copyright and, 16, 92, 93 Dark Lady and, 26, 38 Davies and, 195, 198, 199–200 death of, 98, 100 dedication by, 3, 11–12, 18, 19, 89–90 disintegrationists and, 175 Healey and, 91, 93 initials and, 21 Jonson and, 76, 92, 155, 190 letter from, 10–11 “Lover’s Complaint” and, 190, 206 Malcontent and, 13 piracy by, 87 publication and, 4, 25, 226 recasting, 72, 176 religious leanings of, 198–199 risks by, 14, 15 scandal involving, 171 Shakespeare and, 76, 85, 86, 156, 159 sonnet-sequence of, 175 Sonnets and, 17, 73, 88, 94, 187, 188, 216 Stationers’ Company and, 9, 10, 91, 100 sugred sonnets and, 196 W.H and, 20–21, 165 Wither and, 90 Tieck, Ludwig, 160 279 Tiger’s Head, The, 14 Times, The: Rowse in, 164 Times Literary Supplement (TLS), 169, 183, 187, 190, 204 Titchfield, Baron of, 54 TLS See Times Literary Supplement ìTo The Onlie Begetter,ỵ 17, 18 “To What Person the Sonnets of Shakespeare Were Actually Addressed” (Boaden), 147 Tolkein, J R R., 146 Tonson, Jacob, 127, 128, 129 copyright and, 125, 126, 129, 130 Tottel, Richard, 26, 102, 207 Tottel’s Miscellany, 26, 102, 207 Tragedy of Albovine, The (Davenant), 106 Troia Britanica (Heywood), 85, 86 Troilus & Cressida (Shakespeare), True History of Shakespeare’s Sonnets (Douglas), 167 T.T., 3, 9, 17, 19, 97 Twenty of the Plays of Shakespeare (Steevens), 132 Tyler, Thomas, 159, 162, 165 Dark Lady and, 161, 163 Lee and, 158 on scandal, 161 Ulysses (Joyce), 163 Valenza, Robert, 181 Vendler, Helen, 177, 178 Ventris, Michael, 164 Venus & Adonis (Shakespeare), 7, 15, 24, 33, 54, 57, 61, 80, 96, 109, 128, 132, 203 publication of, 25, 72 Vere, Bridget, 58, 59, 62 Vernon, Elizabeth, 57, 58, 171 Vicars, Samuel, 12, 96 Vickers, Brian, 188, 196, 201, 221 on Davies, 191, 193, 195 280 Index Vickers, Brian (continued) Jackson and, 182 “Lover’s Complaint” and, 183–184, 186–187 rebuttal to, 189 on rhyme scheme, 204 thesis of, 187 Victoria, Queen, 162 Viereck, George Sylvester, 167, 168 VII, Sonnet (Watson), text of, 36 Virgil, 31 Volpone (Jonson), 92 Walkley, Thomas, 116, 117, 118–119 Waller, Edmund, 211 Walsingham, Sir Francis, 151 Wardlaw, Lady, 205 Wardlaw, Sir Henry, 205 Wars of Religion, 50 Warton, Thomas, 144 “Was the 1609 Shake-speares Sonnets Really Unauthorized?” (Duncan-Jones), 71, 177–178 Watkins, Richard, 10 Watson, Thomas, 36, 131, 210 Wells, Stanley, 75 Westmorland, Francis Fane, Earl of, 221 W.H., 17, 20, 21, 22, 72, 135, 156, 157, 163 identity of, 18 real, 167, 168 Thorpe and, 165 Whalley, Henry, White, R G., 19 Whitlock, Keith, 113 Whyte, Rowland, 58 Widow of Watling Street, The, 16 Wilde, Oscar, 166, 176 novella by, 168 W.H and, 135, 156, 167 William Shakespeare: A Documentary Life (Schoenbaum), 82 William Shakespeare: A Study of Facts and Problems (Chambers), 20 Williams, Charles, 146, 163 Willobie His Avisa, 34, 154 Wilson, Arthur, 198 Wilson, Katharine M., 35–36, 193–194 Wilson, Thomas, 32, 186 Winter’s Tale, The (Shakespeare), 37 Wise, Andrew, 13 Wither, George, 18, 90, 195, 210 Wither’s Motto, 210 Wittes Pilgrimage (Davies), 194, 201, 202 Wolfe, John, 77 Wolff, M J., 160 Woodward, Rowland, 221 Wordsworth, William, 46, 78, 137, 138, 142, 165 Works (Rowe), 126, 127 Worlde of Wordes, A (Florio), 154 Woudhuysen, H R., 107, 208, 223, 224 on Complaints, 87 on Daniel, 211 on presentation manuscripts, 42 on scribal copies, 115 Wright, John, 8, 15, 196 Wright, Thomas, 14, 49 W.S., 32, 33, 34, 42–43, 97 Wyatt, Sir Thomas, 24 Wyndham, George, 80, 81 Yong, Bartholomew, 81 Yorkshire Tragedy, The, 7, 95, 105 “‘Youth’ of the Sonnets, The” (DoverWilson), 21 ... been definitively assigned to the Bard So Long as Men Can Breathe In the intervening four centuries, there have been enough volumes on the subject of the sonnets and editions thereof—to fill a small... element for which there is still no independent evidence As such, one would have to say that Shakespeare’s several boasts in the sonnets of which So long as men can breathe or eyes can see / So. .. Dylan: A Life in Stolen Moments; Day by Day 1941–1995 SO LONG AS MEN CAN BREATHE The Untold Story of Shakespeare’s Sonnets CLIN TON HEYLIN Da Capo Press A Member of the Perseus Books Group Copyright