Aphra Behn's Afterlife JANE SPENCER OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Prelims 0646 30/8/00 12:15 pm Page i Aphra Behn’s Afterlife Prelims 0646 30/8/00 12:15 pm Page ii Angellica confronts Willmore in an eighteenth-century illustration from Behn’s most frequently-performed play, The Rover ( edn.) Bodleian Library, University of Oxford Shelfmark Vet Af () Prelims 0646 30/8/00 12:15 pm Page iii Aphra Behn’s Afterlife JANE SPENCER Prelims 0646 30/8/00 12:15 pm Page iv Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX DP Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Athens Auckland Bangkok Bogotá Buenos Aires Calcutta Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Florence Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Paris São Paulo Shanghai Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto Warsaw and associated companies in Berlin Ibadan Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © Jane Spencer The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organizations Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Data available ISBN --- Typeset in Baskerville by J&L Composition Ltd, Filey, North Yorkshire Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by Biddles Ltd Guildford and King’s Lynn Prelims 0646 30/8/00 12:15 pm Page v In memory of G ARETH ROBERTS ‒ most wonderful colleague and friend Prelims 0646 30/8/00 12:15 pm Page vi This page intentionally left blank Prelims 0646 30/8/00 12:15 pm Page vii Acknowledgements SOME material in Chapter appeared in an earlier form in my article ‘Adapting Aphra Behn: Hannah Cowley’s A School for Greybeards and The Lucky Chance’, in Women’s Writing, vol no (), – I am grateful to Triangle Journals for permission to use this Part of Chapter is a revised version of my ‘The Rover and the Eighteenth Century’, in Janet Todd (ed.), Aphra Behn Studies (Cambridge University Press, ), – I am grateful to Cambridge University Press for permission to incorporate this Lines from W H Auden, Collected Shorter Poems, ‒, are quoted by permission of Faber and Faber Ltd and Random House, Inc My work on this book has been generously supported by several institutions Some of the research was done while I held a William A Ringler, Jr Fellowship at the Huntington Library in The British Academy provided travel grants and, crucially, a Research Leave Award As well as granting me research terms in and , Exeter University School of English gave the matching funding that allowed me to take up the British Academy award and have two terms’ leave in –, during which time most of the book was written That I was able to think of writing it in the first place is due to James Booth, who introduced me to Aphra Behn back in the s, before anyone else was lecturing on her; and to Marion Shaw, who taught me how to read as a feminist My colleagues at Exeter have supported me in many ways Many of them have read and commented helpfully on some part of the work in progress In addition, I’d especially like to thank Regenia Gagnier for giving me courage; Helen Taylor for providing a listening ear; Peter New for minimizing my duties in the summer term of ; Chris Brooks for taking on an enormous workload during that term which, among other things, lightened mine; Diane Purkiss for not allowing me to slow down towards the end; and Ashley Tauchert for challenging and nourishing me over the course of many conversations My debt to the late Gareth Roberts is inadequately acknowledged in the dedication Prelims 0646 30/8/00 12:15 pm Page viii viii Acknowledgements I have received enormous help from the community of scholars working in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century studies Jeslyn Medoff very generously allowed me to make use of her unpublished research on the early biographies of Behn, and provided me with a number of leads, as well as sustaining me with her conversation Mary Ann O’Donnell has passed on information and shared the results of bibliographical work in progress with her usual great generosity She and Bernard Dhuicq organized the hugely enjoyable Aphra Behn conference in July , where I learned a great deal that was new at an uncomfortably late stage in the book’s composition Warren Chernaik very generously made his unpublished work on Oroonoko available to me Carol Barash was extremely kind in answering my questions and providing me with access to the Folger MS of Anne Finch’s poetry Conversations and communications with Cathrin Brockhaus, Alan Downie, Germaine Greer, Ludmilla Jordanova, Paulina Kewes, Joyce Green MacDonald, Anita Pacheco, Sarah Prescott, Marjorie Stone, and Janet Todd, have been especially helpful I would also like to thank all those who have listened to me give papers on Behn over the last few years for their comments and suggestions, which have opened up new directions for me Warren Chernaik and Susan Wiseman read the entire book in draft They criticized, offered suggestions, and saved me from errors, and the book is a much stronger work for their help The errors that remain, of course, are all my own My parents, Margaret and Philip Spencer, have given me every help and encouragement, and have spent many half-term holidays looking after their granddaughters Jacquie Rawes, Richard Simmons, and Peninah Thomson have been never-failing sources of handy accommodation and sustenance of all kinds, practical, intellectual, and emotional Kate Spencer listened to me patiently while I talked about the book, and solved a major structural problem for me on the way home from school one day I am proud to say that I am Eleanor Spencer’s favourite author, even though (or perhaps because) she has not yet read my work Hugh Glover has been my constant support, and the help he is to me is beyond my power to describe J.S Exeter December Prelims 0646 30/8/00 12:15 pm Page ix Contents Introduction PA RT I R E P U TAT I O N S Pleasure and Poetry: The Behn Myth The Dramatist and the Novelist PA RT I I I N F L U E N C E S The Sons of Behn Her Wit, without Her Shame: Women Writing after Behn PA RT I I I R E C E P T I O N S The Rover Oroonoko Conclusion Bibliography Index Bibliography 0646 30/8/00 12:40 pm Page 295 Bibliography Paul Fritz and Richard Morton (eds.), Woman in the th Century and Other Essays (Toronto and Sarasota: Hakkert and Co., ), – —— Susanna Centlivre (Boston: Twayne Publishers, ) LOFTIS, J., Steele at Drury Lane (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, ) —— The Spanish Plays of Neoclassical England (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, ) The London Stage –, Part , ed William Van Lennep; Part , ed Emmet L Avery; Part , ed Arthur H Scouten; Part , ed G W Stone; Part , ed C B Hogan (Carbondale, Ill.: Southern Illinois University Press, –) LYNCH, JAMES J., Box Pit and Gallery: Stage and Society in Johnson’s London (New York: Russell and Russell, ) MCBURNEY, W H (ed.), Four Before Richardson: Selected English Novels, – (Lincoln, Nebr.: University of Nebraska Press, ) MACDONALD, JOYCE GREEN, ‘Race, Women, and the Sentimental in Thomas Southerne’s Oroonoko’, Criticism, , no (), – —— ‘The Disappearing African Woman: Imoinda in Oroonoko after Behn’, ELH (), – MCDOWELL, PAULA, ‘Consuming Women: The Life of the “Literary Lady” as Popular Culture in Eighteenth-Century England’, Genre, (), – MACHEREY, PIERRE, A Theory of Literary Production, trans 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Baker, David Erskine –, n., , , n Ballard, George Ballaster, Ros n., n., , n., , n Barash, Carol n., n Barbauld, Anna Letitia Barker, Jane , , , – Lining of the Patch-Work Screen , –, – Love Intrigues –, Patch-Work Screen –, – baroque , Barry, Elizabeth , – Barton, John Beattie, James – Behn, Aphra: adaptations of her work –, –, –, –, –, –, –, – in Antwerp – as ‘Astrea’ , , –, , , , , –, –, , –, , attribution of work to , , – biographical accounts –, , –, –, , , commercial promotion –, , –, , commercial success , death as dramatist –, , , eighteenth-century revision of poetry –, –, erotic image of , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , –, , – as erotic writer –, , , , –, and espionage , , and feminine tradition , – in histories of drama –, , in histories of novel –, influence on later writers , , , , –, , , –, –, , –, –, and literary canon , –, –, literary career , –, as literary mother , , –, , , , –, , and masculine tradition , , , as novelist , , , , – performance history –, –, , –, – as poet , —, , political views , , , , as professional writer , , –, , publication history , –, , –, –, , , , –, –, , , , –, –, , –, reputation of: as dramatist –, ; in eighteenth century , , , , , –, , –, , –, –, , , –, –; in nineteenth century , ; as novelist , , , , –; as poet , –, ; in seventeenth century , –, –, , , , – as ‘Sappho’ , , , , , significance for women writers –, , , , , , , , –, – xINDEX 0646 31/8/00 11:59 am Page 304 Index Behn, Aphra (cont): in Surinam –, , – as Tory playwright , , , as translator –, , , , , , Works: Abdelazar , n., , , Adventure of the Black Lady , – Agnes de Castro , , , , –, , Amorous Prince City-Heiress , , –, ‘Complaint of the Poor Cavaliers’ Covent-Garden Drolery ‘Cupid in Chains’ ‘Disappointment’ , Discovery of New Worlds Dumb Virgin , Dutch Lover , Emperor of the Moon , –, –, Essay on Translation Fair Jilt , , , –, , , False Count , Feigned Courtesans , – Forc’d Marriage , ‘Golden Age’ , –, ‘Hadst thou, Alexis’ Histories and Novels , , –, , –, , , , Histories, Novels and Translations History of the Nun , , –, , –, History of Oracles ‘Letter to a Brother of the Pen’ ‘Letter to the Earl of Kildare’ ‘Love Arm’d’ , Love-Letters Between a Nobleman and his Sister –, , , , n., , , –, –, , , , ‘Love-Letters to a Gentleman’ , , , , Lucky Chance , , , , , , , , –, , , , – Lucky Mistake –, , Lycidus , , , , , Memoirs of the Court of the King of Bantam , – Miscellany La Montre , , Nun, or the Perjured Beauty , –, ‘Ode to Desire’ — ‘Oenone to Paris’ , ‘On a Conventicle’ ‘On a Pin’ ‘On a Juniper-Tree’ Oroonoko , , , , , –, , , , ; and abolitionism –, , , ; colonial government in –, , , ; dramatic adaptations , –, , –, –, –; in France –, ; and myth of Behn –, , ; narrator and Imoinda –, ; narrator and Oroonoko , , , , ; slavery in –, ; translations of , –; and white female authority –, –; see also Ferriar, John; Gentleman, Francis; Hawkesworth, John; La Place, Pierre-Antoine de; Oroonoko A Tragedy (anon.); Southerne, Thomas ‘Our Cabal’, , , ‘Of Plants’ , , , Poems Upon Several Occasions , , , , , , , ‘Prologue to the Double Marriage’ Revenge n Roundheads , Rover , , , , , , , ; edition of , , ; acceptability of , , , , , ; adaptation from Killigrew , –; appeal to audiences –, , ; criticized for indecency , , , –; eighteenth-century alteration , –, –; eighteenth-century stage history , –, –, , , –, , –, ; and female roles , –, –; and male leading role , , , –, , , –; and male fantasy –, ; popularity , , , , , , –, , , , –, , ; promptbook copy –, –, ; and rape theme , –; sentimentalization of , , , ; seventeenth-century productions –, ; twentiethcentury productions , , ; see also Kemble, J P., Love in Many Masks Second part of the Rover , xINDEX 0646 31/8/00 11:59 am Page 305 Index Seneca Unmasqued , Sir Patient Fancy , Three Histories Town-Fopp ‘To Clarinda’ ‘To Mrs W.’ – ‘To the Unknown Daphnis’ Unfortunate Bride , – Unfortunate Happy Lady , – Unhappy Mistake , Voyage to the Island of Love , –, , , –, , , Wandring Beauty , , Widdow Ranter , , –, ‘Young Jemmy’ Young King , , Younger Brother , , Bentley, Richard Berkeley, Lady Henrietta Betterton, Thomas , , Biographia Britannica , Birch, Thomas Blair, Hugh , n Bloom, Harold – Blount, Sir Thomas Pope Bonnecourse, Balthazar de Booth, Barton –, Boswell, James , Bourdieu, Pierre , –, Bowles, William Bowman, John Bracegirdle, Anne , – Brillac, S B de , Briscoe, Samuel , , , –, , , –, n Brockhaus, Cathrin , n Brooke, Frances – Brown, Homer , n Brown, Laura n., n., Brown, Thomas , –, Buckingham, George Villiers, duke of , , , , , Burnet, Gilbert, Bishop , , Byam, William –, – Bysshe, Edward , n canon-formation , , , , –, –, , –, –, , , –, – and gender , , , , –, –, –, , – and national poetic tradition –, , –, – see also Milton, John; Shakespeare, William Carroll, Susanna, see Centlivre, Susanna Carter, Elizabeth Cartwright, William , Cavendish, Margaret, Duchess of Newcastle , Centlivre, Susanna , , , , , –, , –, The Challenge , Charles I , , Charles II , , , , , , Chaucer, Geoffrey , , –, Chernaik, Warren , Chetwood, William , –, , n Christiana of Sweden Cibber, Colley –, , n., , , –, Cibber, Theophilus , , , n., n Cockburn, Catharine see Trotter, Catharine Codrington, Christopher Collier, Jeremy , – Colman, George –, colonialism , , –, Comparison Between the Two Stages , , n Congreve, Sir William , n., , , –, , , , , , , n Love for Love –, Connoisseur – Coramantien , , n., , Cotton, Charles Covent Garden theatre , –, , , , Cowley, Abraham –, , , , –, , , –, Cowley, Hannah , , – School for Greybeards , , , – creativity and masculinity , Creech, Thomas , , , , , Daphne –, Davenant, Sir William , , Davys, Mary , Defoe, Daniel , –, Denham, John , , DeRitter, Jones n., n., n., Dhuicq, Bernard n Dibdin, Charles Dobson, Michael , n., , n Dodd, William – Dodsley, James xINDEX 0646 31/8/00 11:59 am Page 306 Index Doggett, Thomas – Donkin, Ellen Doody, Margaret –, Dorset Garden theatre Downes, John , Downie, Alan n., , , n dramatic histories , –, – Drury Lane theatre , –, –, , , , , , , , , , , , n., , , , Dryden, John , –, , , –, , , , – and Behn , , , , and Congreve –, , , posthumous reputation , , , , , –, , , tribute to Anne Killigrew – Dryden, John junior Duffy, Maureen , n Duke’s Company , Duke’s Theatre Duncombe, John , Dunlop, John Dunton, John , D’Urfey, Thomas , , Dyce, Alexander Egerton, Sarah, see Fyge, Sarah ‘Ephelia’ (pseud.) , Essay in Defence of the Female Sex , – l’Estrange, Sir Roger de Etherege, Sir George , , , Man of Mode , –, , Eve , , , –, Ezell, Margaret n., Falco, Raphael – Farquhar, Sir George –, , , n., , , , The Constant Couple , –, , Fayette, Madame de la , female authority , , –, , –, Female Tatler – Female Wits Ferriar, John n., –, – The Prince of Angola – Ferris, Ina - Fielding, Henry , –, –, , , Fielding, Sarah , – Finch, Anne, see Winchilsea Fletcher, Anthony Fletcher, John , Fontenelle, Bernard le Bovier Fyge, Sarah , , Gallagher, Catherine n., , n., Garrick, David –, –, – Gay, John , , n A General Dictionary – generic form –, Genest, John n., Genlis, Madame de Gentleman, Francis , Oroonoko (adapted from Southerne) , –, , n Gentleman’s Magazine –, , Gewirtz, Arthur n., Gildon, Charles –, , –, n., , , , , , –, –, n., Godwin, William Goodman, Lizbeth Goodman’s Fields theatre , Gould, Robert n., , , n., n Granville, George –, Greenwich theatre , n Greer, Germaine n., n., n., n., , n., n., , n Grey, Lord Ford of Werke Griffin, Dustin –, n Griffith, Elizabeth –, , Guillory, John –, Haines, Joseph – Hammond, Brean Harley, Sir Robert Harvey, William Hawkesworth, John n., , –, n., , –, –, Oroonoko (revised from Southerne) , –, n., –, –, Haymarket theatre , , Hays, Mary Haywood, Eliza –, n., –, –, , , n., , , –, n Hearne, Mary , – Hill, Aaron n., n., Hoole, John Howard, Sir Robert , Hoyle, John , , , n., , Hughes, Derek n., Hughes, Leo n., , n Hume, R.D n., n., n., n., , xINDEX 0646 31/8/00 11:59 am Page 307 Index Hunt, Leigh , n Hutner, Heidi n., n., Inchbald, Elizabeth , influence –, , –, , , see also literary genealogy Irons, Jeremy Jacob, Giles , , James II , , , , , Jauss, Hans Robert – Jenkins, George , Johnson, Elizabeth Johnson, Samuel , , , , , , Jonson, Ben , , –, , , , , , Jordan, Dorothy , , Jordan, R n., n., , n Kaul, Suvir n., , Kemble, John Philip , , –, Love in Many Masks , , n , –, –, – Kewes, Paulina n., , n Killigrew, Anne , Killigrew, Thomas , , , , Thomaso , –, , n., –, , – Kippis, Andrew , Kramer, David B La Place, Pierre-Antoine de , –, Land of Love –, Langbaine, Gerard , , , , , , , Langhans, Edward n., – Lee, Nathaniel , , , , Lennox, Charlotte , , Licensing Act , Lincoln’s Inn Fields theatre –, , , , n., n., , , , literary fame –, , , , –, , literary field –, literary genealogy, literary lineages , –, –, –, –, – Lockman, John London Chronicle – London Daily Post , n., n Love, H n., n., , Lucretius , , MacDonald, Joyce Green n., n., n., , n Manchester Mercury , n., Manley, Delarivier , –, –, –, –, , , n., , –, , –, – Marlowe, Christopher marriage law –, Mary of Modena , Mary II , , , , matter and femininity , Medoff, Jeslyn n., , n., n., n., , n Midgley, Clare n., , n Milhous, Judith n., n., n., Milton, John , , –, –, , –, –, , –, Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat More, Hannah , – Mountfort, William Muses Mercury , – national literary tradition –, , , – see also canon-formation Nokes, James novel –, –, –, –, –, moralization of –, –, , , , , , rise in status of –, –, –, , , O’Donnell, Mary Ann n., n., n., n., n., n., n., n Oldfield, Anne , n Oldfield, J R , n Oldys, Alexander –, Oldys, William – Orinda –, , , , , , , –, –, , , –, –, –, , see also Philips, Katherine Oroonoko A Tragedy (anon adaptation of Southerne) , –, Otway, Thomas , , , , , Ovid , , , –, Pacheco, Anita , Parker, Patricia , , n Patagonian Theatre – Pearson, Jacqueline n., , , , n., n., n., xINDEX 0646 31/8/00 11:59 am Page 308 Index Penkethman, William , –, n Philips, Katherine , , , , , , , , , , , –, see also Orinda Phillips, Edward , Piers, Lady Sarah Pilkington, Letitia , Pindar –, Pix, Mary , , –, , n Poems by Eminent Ladies – poetic fatherhood – poetic succession , , –, – polite taste –, , , , –, , – Pope, Alexander , , –, , , –, Porter, Mary Portuguese nun , –, – Prescott, Sarah , n., n Price, Emily Prior, Matthew n., , , , Queen’s Theatre , Queen Zarah n., Radcliffe, Alexander Ravenscroft, Edward n London Cuckolds –, reception studies – Reeve, Clara , –, , reproductive theories - Restoration drama –, –, , , , , , –, , , , –, , Rich, John , , Richardson, Samuel , –, , , , –, , –, , , – Clarissa , –, –, Pamela ‒, , – Sir Charles Grandison Rochester, John Wilmot, earl of n., n., , , , , –, , , Rosenthal, Laura , n., n Rowe, Elizabeth Singer , – Rowe, Nicholas , , n., , Rowton, Frederic Royal Captive – Ryan, Lacy , –, –, –, , Sappho , , , , , , , –, , , , – as name applied to women writers –, , , scandal-novel , , , – Scarron, Paul Schor, Naomi Scot, William , Scott, Sir Walter , , seduction narrative , , Sessarakoo, William Unsah, ‘Session of the Poets’ –, Shadwell, Thomas , , , Shakespeare, William , , , , , , , , – Othello , , , Sidney, Sir Philip , Singer, Elizabeth, see Rowe, Elizabeth Singer slave rebellions slave-trade , criticism of , –, defence of , , , , and racism , see also abolitionism slavery , – acceptance of , debate about –, opposition to , , , , , , –, –, –, Smith, Barbara Herrnstein Smith, ‘Gentleman’ , Smith, James L Smith, William Smock Alley theatre Southerne, Thomas , , , , , –, , , –, , , , –, adaptations of , , –, – Fatal Marriage , –, – Oroonoko , , , –, , , , –, , , –, – Sir Anthony Love , see also Ferriar, John; Gentleman, Francis; Hawkesworth, John; Oroonoko A Tragedy (anon.) Spender, Dale Spenser, Edmund , , –, Spiller, James spirit and masculinity , – Stackelberg, Jürgen von n., stage in eighteenth century –, , –, , stage reform , –, –, , , stage refinement –, , , , xINDEX 0646 31/8/00 11:59 am Page 309 Index Stede, John Steele, Richard , , , –, , n., , , , , , , n The Tender Husband , , Surinam , , , –, , , –, , –, n., Swift, Jonathan , –, , , Sypher, Wylie , n Tate, Nahum , , , , n., Temperley, Howard , n theatrical competition , , , Thomas, Elizabeth Thomas, Hugh , n., n Todd, Janet n., n., n., n., n., n., n., n., , n., , n., , n., n., Tonson, Jacob , , Trefry, John –, , Trotter, Catharine , , , –, , , , , Tryon, Thomas – United Company , , Vanbrugh, Sir John –, –, The Provok’d Wife – Vermillion, Mary Victor, Benjamin , n Virgil , , Walpole, Horace – Walsh, Marcus Walvin, James n., , n Ward, Sarah Warner, William , n., , n Weinbrot, Howard D n., n., n Westminster Abbey , –, , – Whaley, John Wharton, Anne , , , –, – Wilkes, Thomas , n Wilks, Robert –, , , , , , , – William III , , , Williamson, Marilyn Willoughby, Francis Lord of Parham –, Winchilsea, Anne Finch, Countess of n., –, , Winn, James n., Winstanley, William Woffington, Margaret , Wollstonecraft, Mary – women writers , –, , , , , , , acceptance of –, and anxieties about Behn –, , , –, –, – and drama –, –, , and literary succession –, –, , reception of , , –, , – and professional role –, , , –, –, and respectability –, , –, , and virtue , , women’s writing , –, critical attitudes to , , , –, , –, , promotion of , –, – Woolf, Virginia , Wordsworth, William Wright, Jules Wycherley, William , , –, , , The Country Wife , –, , Young, Edward ... Maureen Duffy, The Passionate Shepherdess: Aphra Behn – (London: Jonathan Cape, ); Angeline Goreau, Reconstructing Aphra: A Social Biography of Aphra Behn (Oxford: Oxford University Press,... Library, University of Oxford Shelfmark Vet Af () Prelims 0646 30/8/00 12:15 pm Page iii Aphra Behn’s Afterlife JANE SPENCER Prelims 0646 30/8/00 12:15 pm Page iv Great Clarendon Street, Oxford... privilege it was to define literary traditions began to recognize Aphra Behn, Preface to The Lucky Chance (); The Works of Aphra Behn, ed Janet Todd, vols (London: Pickering and Chatto; Columbus,