00front.qxd 5/10/05 7:09 PM Page i Wallace Stevens and the Apocalyptic Mode 00front.qxd 5/10/05 7:09 PM Page ii 00front.qxd 5/10/05 7:09 PM Page iii Wallace Stevens and the Apocalyptic Mode University of Iowa Press 00front.qxd 5/10/05 7:09 PM Page iv University of Iowa Press, Iowa City Copyright © by the University of Iowa Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America http://www.uiowa.edu/uiowapress No part of this book may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the publisher All reasonable steps have been taken to contact copyright holders of material used in this book The publisher would be pleased to make suitable arrangements with any whom it has not been possible to reach The University of Iowa Press is a member of Green Press Initiative and is committed to preserving natural resources Printed on acid-free paper Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Woodland, Malcolm, – Wallace Stevens and the apocalyptic mode / by Malcolm Woodland p cm Includes bibliographical references and index --- (cloth) Stevens, Wallace, –—Criticism and interpretation Literature and history—United States—History—th century Stevens, Wallace, –— Knowledge—History Apocalyptic literature—History and criticism End of the world in literature War in literature I Title . '.—dc C 00front.qxd 5/10/05 7:09 PM Page v For my mother, and in memory of my father 00front.qxd 5/10/05 7:09 PM Page vi 00front.qxd 5/10/05 7:09 PM Page vii Contents Acknowledgments ix Introduction xi Abbreviations xix Past Apocalypse: Stevens, History, Theory An Ever-Enlarging Incoherence: War, Modernisms, and Masculinities What Could Not Be Shaken: Meditation in a Time of War The Refuge That the End Creates: Pastoral and Apocalyptic Modes in “Credences of Summer” Mournful Making: Apocalypse and Elegy in “The Auroras of Autumn” Past Apocalypse, Past Stevens: Jorie Graham’s The Errancy Afterword: Ending with Strand and Ashbery Notes Bibliography Index 00front.qxd 5/10/05 7:09 PM Page viii 00front.qxd 5/10/05 7:09 PM Page ix Acknowledgments Thanks are due to Eleanor Cook, whose support and encouragement from the early stages of this project have been invaluable I owe a similar debt of gratitude to John Reibetanz and Linda Munk I would also like to thank Professors Linda Hutcheon and Marlene Goldman, both of the University of Toronto, who both have read portions of the manuscript Research assistants Rob Mancini and Zachariah Pickard have helped immensely in casting their cold eyes on a manuscript that has at times been much in need of proofreading Financial assistance from the University of Toronto and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada has facilitated much of the work on this project Finally, I would like to thank Prasenjit Gupta, Holly Carver, John Mulvihill, and all others involved at the University of Iowa Press for their support of and work on this project Excerpts from The Collected Poems of Wallace Stevens by Wallace Stevens Copyright © by Wallace Stevens and renewed by Holly Stevens Reprinted by permission of Alfred A Knopf, a division of Random House, Inc., and Faber and Faber Ltd Excerpts from Letters of Wallace Stevens by Wallace Stevens Copyright © by Holly Stevens Reprinted by permission of Alfred A Knopf, a division of Random House, Inc., and Faber and Faber Ltd Excerpts from Selected Poems by Mark Strand Copyright © , by Mark Strand Reprinted by permission of Alfred A Knopf, a division of Random House, Inc Excerpts from A Wave by John Ashbery Copyright © , , , by John Ashbery Reprinted by permission of Georges Borchardt, Inc., for the author, by the Noonday Press, a division of Farrar, Straus, & Giroux, and Carcanet Press Ltd Excerpts from The End of Beauty by Jorie Graham Copyright © by Jorie Graham Reprinted by permission of the Ecco Press 09Bibliography.qxd 5/10/05 7:17 PM Page 242 Lincoln, Eleanor Terry Introduction to Pastoral and Romance: Modern Essays in Criticism, edited by Eleanor Terry Lincoln, – Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Lipking, Lawrence The Life of the Poet: Beginning and Ending Poetic Careers Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Litz, A Walton “Space and Time in ‘Notes toward a Supreme Fiction.’” Wallace Stevens Journal , no (fall ): – Lodge, David The Modes of Modern Writing: Metaphor, Metonymy, and the Typology of Literature London: Arnold, Lombardi, Thomas F “Wallace Stevens and the Haunts of Unimportant Ghosts.” Wallace Stevens Journal , no – (spring ): – Longenbach, James “Jorie Graham’s Big Hunger.” Denver Quarterly , no (winter ): – ——— Modernist Poetics of History: Pound, Eliot, and the Sense of the Past Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, ——— Wallace Stevens: The Plain Sense of Things New York: Oxford University Press, ——— “The World after Poetry: Revelation in Late Stevens.” Wallace Stevens Journal , no (fall ): – Longinus On the Sublime Translated and edited by W Rhys Roberts Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Lowance, Mason I., Jr The Language of Canaan: Metaphor and Symbol in New England from the Puritans to the Transcendentalists Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, Löwith, Karl Meaning in History Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Lynen, John F The Design of the Present: Essays on Time and Form in American Literature New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, Lyotard, Jean-Franỗois The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge.Translated by Geoff Bennington and Brian Massumi Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, MacCaffrey, Isabel G “The Other Side of Silence: ‘Credences of Summer’ as an Example.” Modern Language Quarterly (): – Macdonald, D L “The Return of the Dead in ‘Large Red Man Reading.’” Wallace Stevens Journal , no (spring ): – MacInnes, John The End of Masculinity: The Confusion of Sexual Genesis and Sexual Difference in Modern Society Buckingham, Eng.: Open University Press, MacLeod, Glen G Wallace Stevens and Modern Art: From the Armoury Show to Abstract Expressionism New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, Marinelli, Peter V Pastoral London: Methuen, Bibliography 09Bibliography.qxd 5/10/05 7:17 PM Page 243 Masel, Carolyn “‘Cloudless the morning It is he’: The Return of the Figural in Stevens’ Apocalypses.” Wallace Stevens Journal , no (fall ): – May, John R Toward a New Earth: Apocalypse in the American Novel Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, McCann, Janet Wallace Stevens Revisited: “The Celestial Possible.” New York: Twayne, Metzger, Lore One Foot in Eden: Modes of Pastoral in Romantic Poetry Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, Miller, Christopher R “Mark Strand’s Inventions of Farewell.” Wallace Stevens Journal , no (fall ): – Miller, J Hillis “Impossible Metaphor: Stevens’ ‘The Red Fern’ as Example.” Yale French Studies : – ——— The Linguistic Moment: From Wordsworth to Stevens Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, ——— Poets of Reality: Six Twentieth-Century Writers Cambridge: Harvard University Press, Belknap Press, Miller, Tyrus Late Modernism: Politics, Fiction, and the Arts between the World Wars Berkeley: University of California Press, Milton, John The Poetical Works of John Milton Edited by Helen Darbishire Vol Oxford: Clarendon Press, Mitchell, W J T “The Politics of Genre: Space and Time in Lessing’s Laocoon.” Representations (spring ): – ——— “Spatial Form in Literature: Toward a General Theory.” Critical Inquiry (spring ): – Reprinted in The Language of Images, edited by W J T Mitchell, – Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Molesworth, Charles “Jorie Graham: Living in the World.” Salmagundi (fall ): – Monroe, Robert Emmett “Figuration and Society in ‘Owl’s Clover.’” Wallace Stevens Journal , no (fall ): – Moore, Marianne The Complete Poems of Marianne Moore New York: Macmillan / Viking, Morrison, Paul “‘Sepulchres of the Fathers’: ‘Notes Toward a Supreme Fiction’ and the Ideology of Origins.” Wallace Stevens Journal , no (spring ): – Muret-Sanders Enzyklopädisches englisch-deutsches und deutsch-englisches Wörterbuch vols Berlin-Schöneberg: Langenscheidtsche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Norris, Christopher “Versions of Apocalypse: Kant, Derrida, Foucault.” In Apocalypse Theory and the Ends of the World, edited by Malcolm Bull, – Oxford: Blackwell, Bibliography 09Bibliography.qxd 5/10/05 7:17 PM Page 244 Oepke, Albrecht “καλ πτω.” In Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, edited by Gerhard Kittel and translated by Geoffrey W Bromiley :– Grand Rapids, Mich.: Wm B Eerdmans, Otten, Thomas J “Jorie Graham’s s.” PMLA , no (March ): – Parker, Patricia A Inescapable Romance: Studies in the Poetics of a Mode Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, Patke, Rajeev S The Long Poems of Wallace Stevens: An Interpretive Study Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Patterson, Annabel Pastoral and Ideology: Virgil to Valéry Berkeley: University of California Press, Pearce, Roy Harvey “Wallace Stevens: The Last Lesson of the Master.” English Literary History (March ): – Reprinted in The Act of the Mind: Essays on the Poetry of Wallace Stevens, edited by Roy Harvey Pearce and J Hillis Miller, – Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, Perloff, Marjorie Poetry On & Off the Page: Essays for Emergent Occasions Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, ——— “Revolving in Crystal: The Supreme Fiction and the Impasse of Modernist Lyric.” In Wallace Stevens: The Poetics of Modernism, edited by Albert Gelpi, – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Peucker, Brigitte “The Poem as Place: Three Modes of Scenic Rendering in the Lyric.” PMLA , no (October ): – Pons Grwưrterbuch Englisch-Deutsch Stuttgart: Klett, Porter, Frank C “Revelation, Book of.” In A Dictionary of the Bible: Dealing with Its Language, Literature, and Contents Including the Biblical Theology, edited by James Hastings, :– New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, Pound, Ezra “Affirmations: As for Imagisme.” The New Age, January , Reprinted in Selected Prose –, edited by William Cookson, – New York: New Directions, ——— Selected Prose – Edited by William Cookson New York: New Dimensions, Quinby, Lee Anti-Apocalypse: Exercises in Genealogical Criticism Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, Quinn, Justin “Jorie Graham and the Politics of Transcendence.” P.N Review , no (July–August ): – Quinn, Sister M Bernetta The Metamorphic Tradition in Modern Poetry: Essays on the Work of Ezra Pound, Wallace Stevens, William Carlos Williams, T S Eliot, Hart Crane, Randall Jarrell, and William Butler Yeats New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, Ramazani, Jahan “Stevens and the Self-Elegy: Making Alpha of Omega.” Essays in Literature , no (spring ): – Bibliography 09Bibliography.qxd 5/10/05 7:17 PM Page 245 ——— “Stevens and the War Elegy.” Wallace Stevens Journal , no (spring ): – Reddish, Mitchell G Introduction to Apocalyptic Literature: A Reader, edited by Mitchell G Reddish, – Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, Reguiero, Helen The Limits of Imagination: Wordsworth, Yeats, and Stevens Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, ——— “The Rejection of Metaphor.” In Wallace Stevens, edited by Harold Bloom, – New York: Chelsea House, Ricks, Christopher “Geoffrey Hill : The Tongue’s Atrocities.” In The Force of Poetry, by Christopher Ricks, – Oxford: Clarendon Press, Ricoeur, Paul Time and Narrative Translated by Kathleen McLaughlin and David Pellauer vols Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Riddel, Joseph N The Clairvoyant Eye: The Poetry and Poetics of Wallace Stevens Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, ——— “The Climate of Our Poems.” Wallace Stevens Journal , no – (fall ): – Reprinted in Critical Essays on Wallace Stevens, edited by Steven Gould Axelrod and Helen Deese, – Boston: G K Hall, ——— “Metaphoric Staging: Stevens’ Beginning Again of the ‘End of the Book.’” In Wallace Stevens: A Celebration, edited by Frank Doggett and Robert Buttel, – Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, ——— “Stevens on Imagination—the Point of Departure.” In The Quest for Imagination: Essays in Twentieth Century Aesthetic Criticism, edited by O B Hardison, Jr., – Cleveland: Press of Case Western Reserve University, Robinson, Douglas American Apocalypses: The Image of the End of the World in American Literature Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Rotella, Guy L Reading & Writing Nature: The Poetry of Robert Frost, Wallace Stevens, Marianne Moore, and Elizabeth Bishop Boston: Northeastern University Press, Rowland, Christopher The Open Heaven: A Study of Apocalyptic in Judaism and Early Christianity London: SPCK, ——— “‘Upon Whom the Ends of the Ages Have Come’: Apocalyptic and the Interpretation of the New Testament.” In Apocalypse Theory and the Ends of the World, edited by Malcolm Bull, – Oxford: Blackwell, Rowley, H H The Relevance of Apocalyptic: A Study of Jewish and Christian Apocalypses from Daniel to the Revelation Rev ed New York: Association Press, Sacks, Peter M The English Elegy: Studies in the Genre from Spenser to Yeats Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Salmond, S D F “Eschatology.” In A Dictionary of the Bible: Dealing with Bibliography 09Bibliography.qxd 5/10/05 7:17 PM Page 246 Its Language, Literature, and Contents Including the Biblical Theology, edited by James Hastings, :– New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, Schaum, Melita Wallace Stevens and the Critical Schools Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, Scholem, Gershom The Messianic Idea in Judaism and Other Essays on Jewish Spirituality New York: Schocken Books, Seidler, Victor Man Enough: Embodying Masculinities London: Sage, Shakespeare, William Hamlet In The Complete Signet Classic Shakespeare, edited by Sylvan Barnet, – New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, ——— King Lear In The Complete Signet Classic Shakespeare, edited by Sylvan Barnet, – New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Shaviro, Steven “‘That Which Is Always Beginning’: Stevens’ Poetry of Affirmation.” PMLA , no (March ): – Shaw, David Elegy and Paradox: Testing the Conventions Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Shelley, Percy Bysshe The Selected Poetry and Prose of Shelley Edited by Harold Bloom New York: New American Library, Smith, Barbara Herrnstein Poetic Closure: A Study of How Poems End Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Spears, Monroe Kylendorf Space against Time in Modern Poetry Texas Christian University Press, Spiegelman, Willard “Jorie Graham’s ‘New Way of Looking.’” Salmagundi (fall ): – Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty Translator’s preface to Of Grammatology, by Jacques Derrida Corrected ed., ix–xc Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Springer, Mary Doyle “Closure in a Half Light: Wallace Stevens’ Endings.” Wallace Stevens Journal , no (fall ): – ——— “Repetition and ‘Going Round’ with Wallace Stevens.” Wallace Stevens Journal , no (fall ): – Steiner, Wendy “Res Poetica: The Problematics of the Concrete Poem.” New Literary History (): – Stevens, Wallace The Collected Poems of Wallace Stevens New York: Vintage Books, ——— Letters of Wallace Stevens Edited by Holly Stevens New York: Knopf, ——— The Necessary Angel: Essays on Reality and the Imagination New York: Vintage Books, ——— Opus Posthumous Revised, enlarged, and corrected ed Edited by Milton J Bates New York: Vintage Books, Bibliography 09Bibliography.qxd 5/10/05 7:17 PM Page 247 Strand, Mark Blizzard of One New York: Knopf, ——— “A Conversation with Mark Strand.” Ohio Review , no (winter ): – ——— Selected Poems New York: Knopf, Sturm, Richard E “Defining the Word ‘Apocalyptic’: A Problem in Biblical Criticism.” In Apocalyptic and the New Testament: Essays in Honour of J Louis Martyn, edited by Joel Marcus and Marion L Soards, – Sheffield: JSOT Press, Sukenick, Ronald Wallace Stevens: Musing the Obscure: Readings, an Interpretation, and a Guide to the Collected Poetry New York: New York University Press, Teres, Harvey “Notes toward the Supreme Soviet: Stevens and Doctrinaire Marxism.” Wallace Stevens Journal , no (fall ): – Tennyson, Alfred In Memoriam Edited by Robert H Ross New York: Norton, Tichi, Cecilia New World, New Earth: Environmental Reform in American Literature from the Puritans through Whitman New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, Toliver, Harold E Pastoral: Forms and Attitudes Berkeley: University of California Press, Turner, James “The Matter of Britain: Topographical Poetry in English, –.” Notes and Queries (): – ——— The Politics of Landscape: Rural Scenery and Society in English Poetry, – Oxford: Blackwell, Vaughan, Henry Complete Poems Edited by Alan Rudrum Harmondsworth: Penguin, Vendler, Helen Hennessy The Breaking of Style: Hopkins, Heaney, Graham Cambridge: Harvard University Press, ——— “Fin-de-Siècle Poetry: Jorie Graham.” In Soul Says: On Recent Poetry, – Cambridge: Harvard University Press, Belknap Press, ——— The Given and the Made: Strategies of Poetic Redefinition Cambridge: Harvard University Press, ——— “Mapping the Air: Adrienne Rich and Jorie Graham.” In Soul Says: On Recent Poetry, – Cambridge: Harvard University Press, Belknap Press, ——— “Married to Hurry and Grim Song: Jorie Graham’s The End of Beauty.” In Soul Says: On Recent Poetry, – Cambridge: Harvard University Press, Belknap Press, ——— On Extended Wings: Wallace Stevens’ Longer Poems Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, ——— Wallace Stevens: Words Chosen Out of Desire Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, Bibliography 09Bibliography.qxd 5/10/05 7:17 PM Page 248 Virgil Eclogues Translated by David Ferry New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, Voros, Gyorgyi, Notations of the Wild: Ecology in the Poetry of Wallace Stevens Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, Wagar, W Warren Terminal Visions: The Literature of Last Things Bloomington: Indiana University Press, Wagner, C Roland “Wallace Stevens: The Concealed Self.” Wallace Stevens Journal , no (fall ): – Reprinted in Wallace Stevens and the Feminine, edited by Melita Schaum, – Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, White, Hayden Metahistory: The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth-Century Europe Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Whitman, Walt Complete Poetry and Collected Prose Edited by Justin Kaplan New York: Literary Classics of the United States, Wilder, Amos N “The Rhetoric of Ancient and Modern Apocalyptic.” Interpretation (): – Williams, Raymond The Country and the City London: Chatto and Windus, Winthrop, John “A Modell of Christian Charity.” In Winthrop Papers, vol , –, edited by Stewart Mitchell, – Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, Woodland, Malcolm “Wallace Stevens’ ‘Puella Parvula’ and the ‘Haunt of Prophecy.’” Wallace Stevens Journal , no (fall ): – Wordsworth, William The Prelude, or Growth of a Poet’s Mind Edited by Ernest de Selincourt, d ed Revised by Helen Darbishire Oxford: Clarendon Press, ——— Selected Poems and Prefaces Edited by Jack Stillinger Boston: Houghton Mifflin, Bibliography 10Index.qxd 5/10/05 7:18 PM Page 249 Index Abrams, M H., , , , , n allusion, Alter, Robert, – Altieri, Charles, –, , , –, , , , –, Altizer, Thomas, n antiapocalyptic mode, xvi, , , –, –, , , –, –, , , , , –, –, , n; and antigenre, – See also elegy; individual authors antigenre, – apocalypse: and aesthetic form, –, n; in American history, –, , n, n; and apocalyptic mode, xvii, , –, –, –, –, , , –, , –, –, , –, ; and aurora borealis, –, n; consolatory force of, , –, , –; deconstruction of, –; definitions of, xiii, ; and desire, xvi, –, –, –, –, , ; and discursive power, xvi, , –, –, –, –; and elegy, xvii, –, –, n; as end of a cultural/historical era, xi, –, –; etymology of, xiii, ; and gender, –, n; and historical eras, xi; as historical narrative, –, –, , –, n; history of, , –, –, n, n; interiorization of, n; and Last Judgment, –; as literary genre, –, –, , ; and Marxism, –; and meaning, , –, n; in modernism, xvii; and pastoral, xvii, , –; and philosophical truth, –; in postmodernism, , –, –, –; as radical break, ; and romance, –; secularization of, –; and self-elegy, xvii; social and political aspects of, , –, –, n, n; and teleology, , n; and World War II, xiii, – See also individual authors Arensberg, Mary, n Ashbery, John, ; and apocalyptic mode, –, ; and mastery, –; “A Wave,” – Ashton, John, – aubade, , Auden, W H.: “Lay your sleeping head, my love,” Augustine, Saint, , , n aurora borealis, –, n Bakhtin, Mikhail, Banta, Martha, – Beasley-Murray, George R., n Beckett, Samuel, Beehler, Michael, , Bercovitch, Sacvan, n Berger, Charles, xii–xiii, , –, , –, , , , n, n 10Index.qxd 5/10/05 7:18 PM Page 250 Bernhardt, Sarah, – Bernstein, Charles, – Bible: Corinthians, , ; Corinthians, , , ; Daniel, , , , , n; Ezekiel, , , , ; Haggai, –; Hebrews, –, n; Isaiah, , , –, , ; James, n; Joel, , ; Kings, n; Luke, ; Mark, , , , , ; Matthew, , , , , ; Obadiah, ; Peter, ; Revelation, , , , –, , , , , , , n, n, n; Thessalonians, ; Timothy, n; Zechariah, , , Bloom, Harold, xii, xiii, xiv, , , , , , , , , , , n, n, n Bozeman, Theodore, Brazeau, Peter, Brightman, Thomas, Bull, Malcolm, Burke, Kenneth, Butler, Judith, , , Carpenter, Mary, , n Carroll, Joseph, xiv, , , n, n Charles, R H., , –, Cixous, Hélène, , Cleghorn, Angus, xiv, Cohn, Norman, , , n Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, Collins, Adela Yarbro, , Collins, J J., , Connell, R W., –, n Cook, Eleanor, xii, xiii, , , , , , –, , , n Costello, Bonnie, n Crane, Hart, Index Cullmann, Oscar, , De Chirico, Giorgio, Deleuze, Gilles, , – Derrida, Jacques: on apocalypse, , , –, –, , , , n; on apocalyptic desire, –, , ; deconstruction of apocalypse by, –; on metaphor, ; on paradox of antiapocalypse, –, –, , n; on teleology, ; on writing, Donne, John: “The Break of Day,” ; “The Sun Rising,” elegy: n; antiapocalyptic force of, –; mourning and melancholia in, – See also Stevens, Wallace: and apocalyptic-elegiac modulations Eliot, T S.: “The Waste Land,” Les Entretiens de Pontigny, n eschatology See apocalypse: history of Filreis, Alan, , , , n, n, n Fisher, Barbara M., , n Foucault, Michel, xvi, , , – Fowler, Alastair, xvi, –, –, n Freeman, Barbara, Freud, Sigmund, Frow, John, Frye, Northrop, , n Gardner, Thomas, – gender, genre, –, ; and antigenre, –; and gender, 10Index.qxd 5/10/05 7:18 PM Page 251 Goldsmith, Oliver: “The Deserted Village,” Graham, Jorie, ; and aesthetic eras, –; allusions to Wallace Stevens’s poetry by, , –, –, –; antiapocalyptic stance of, xv, –, , –, , –; and apocalypse, xv, –, –, –, –, –, –; and apocalyptic desire, –, –, , ; compared to Wallace Stevens, –, , , –, –; and deconstruction, –; and the feminine, , , –; and gender, –; and historicopolitical context, –; and imaginative autonomy, –; and inside/outside figuration, –, –; and irony, ; and masculinity, , –; and modernism, , , , –, –, n; and narrative “gap” or “delay,” –; and nostalgia, –, –; and postmodernism, xv, –, , –, , n; poststructuralist thinking in, –; and Puritan millennarianism, –, , –; and subjectivity, –; and teleology, – Graham, Jorie, poetic works: “Annunciation,” ; “Annunciation with a Bullet in It,” –; “The Break of Day,” –; “Concerning the Right to Life,” ; The End of Beauty, , , ; “The End of Progress Aubade,” –, ; The Errancy, xv, , , –, , , –, ; “The Errancy,” ; “Eschatological Prayer,” , ; “Event Horizon,” ; “The Guardian Angel of Not Feeling,” ; “The Guardian Angel of Pointof-View,” , ; “The Guardian Angel of SelfKnowledge,” ; “The Guardian Angel of the Little Utopia,” –, ; “The Guardian Angel of the Private Life,” , ; “The Guardian Angel of the Swarm,” , , –; “In the Pasture,” ; “Le Manteau de Pascal,” , , ; “Manifest Destiny,” ; Materialism, , –; “Noli Me Tangere,” –; “Oblivion Aubade,” , ; “Of the Ever-Changing Agitation in the Air,” –, ; “The Phase after History,” ; “Pollock and Canvas,” ; “Red Umbrella Aubade,” ; “The Scanning,” , ; “Self-Portrait as Both Parties,” ; “Self-Portrait as the Gesture between Them,” –, ; “Self-Portrait as Hurry and Delay,” ; “The Sense of an Ending,” ; “So Sure of Nowhere Buying Times to Come,” –, , ; “Spelled from the Shadows Aubade,” –, , ; “Studies in Secrecy,” ; Swarm, ; “The Veil,” ; “What the End is For,” Graham, Jorie, prose and interviews: “Interview” (with Thomas Gardner), –, , , , , ; “Introduction” Index 10Index.qxd 5/10/05 7:18 PM Page 252 (The Best American Poetry ), Gregerson, Linda, , Gura, Philip F., Gutterman, David S., n Hammer, Langdon, Hanson, Paul D., , Hartman, Geoffrey, –, , Harvey, A E., n Hassan, Ihab, Huston, Dennis J., , , , Hutcheon, Linda, xii, , –, , , , , , , , , –, n irony See individual authors Jackson, Richard, n Jakobsen, Roman, n James, William, Jameson, Fredric, , , –, , , n, n Jardine, Alice, , –, – Jarraway, David R., xiv, –, , –, , , , , , n, n, n Jay, Martin, , , n Jenkins, Lee M., xiv, , , , , , , n Jenny, Laurent, Kant, Immanuel, , , n Kermode, Frank, xvi, , –, , –, , –, , , , , , n, n, n, n Kimmel, Michael, n Kristeva, Julia, , , n Kronick, Joseph G., – La Guardia, David M., Last Judgment See apocalypse; Stevens, Wallace Index Leggett, B J., , , n Lentricchia, Frank, Lewicki, Zbigniew, Lewis, Wyndham, Lodge, David, , n Longenbach, James, xiii, , , , , , , , , , , –, , , n Löwith, Karl, , , n Lynen, John, , , n Lyotard, Jean-Franỗois, xvi, –, –, , , MacCaffrey, Isabel G., –, , MacInnes, John, n MacLeod, Glen, n Marsh, Reginald, – masculinity, , –, n See also individual authors May, John R., McCann, Janet, xiv, metaphor, n metonymy, n millenarianism, Miller, Christopher R., Miller, Tyrus, xi–xii Mills, Clark, – Milton, John, ; “Lycidas,” ; Paradise Lost, , mode, –, n; and allusion, – modernism, xi, xiii, xvii; and aesthetic form, ; compared to postmodernism, xii, –; contradictions within, –; and late modernism, xi–xii; and nostalgia, –, , n; and subjectivity, –, ; virility in, Molesworth, Charles, n Monroe, Robert Emmett, Moore, Marianne, 10Index.qxd 5/10/05 7:18 PM Page 253 Norris, Christopher, , n Parker, Patricia, , , –, , n pastoral, xiv, , , –; and elegy, –; and epic, ; locus amoenus in, xiv Patke, Rajeev S., n Patterson, Annabel, , Pearce, Roy Harvey, Perloff, Marjorie, , , –, , Plato, , – postmodernism, xi, xiii, xiv, xvii, ; and aesthetic form, –; and closure, –; compared to modernism, –, –, –, , –; and discursive power, –; and gender, –; historical process in, –; and irony, –, –; and late modernism, xi–xii; and mastery, –, ; and nostalgia, –, , n, n; and parody, –; as radical break with past, –; and subjectivity, –, ; and writing, ; and World War II, poststructuralism See postmodernism Pound, Ezra: and modernist rhetoric of energy, ; and modernist rhetoric of purification, –; and postmodernism, ; and virility, Quinby, Lee, Ramazani, Jahan, , Ricoeur, Paul, xvi, Riddel, Joseph N., , , , n Robinson, Douglas, , , –, , , n, n Rowland, Christopher, Salmond, S D F., – Scholem, Gershom, , –, Seidler, Victor, n self-elegy, xvii Shakespeare, William: Hamlet, ; King Lear, ; Romeo and Juliet, ; The Tempest, Shaw, David, –, , n, n Shelley, Percy Bysshe, ; “Ode to the West Wind,” Smith, Barbara Herrnstein, – Spenser, Edmund, ; “November” (The Shepheardes Calender), Spiegelman, Willard, n Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty, Stevens, Wallace: and abstraction, ; and aesthetic form, –, ; and apocalypse, xvi–xvii, –, , , , , –, –, n; and apocalyptic desire, , , , –, –, –, , –, –; and apocalyptic elements in antiapocalypse/postapocalypse, , –, –, , –, , –; and apocalyptic-elegiac modulations, ; and apocalyptic-pastoral modulations, –, –, –; and belief, –; and closure, –; and communism, –, –; continuity within the oeuvre of, –, , ; and the Depression, ; and desire, xvi, , –, –; and discursive power, xvi, , , –, –, –, –, –, –, Index 10Index.qxd 5/10/05 7:18 PM Page 254 –, , , ; and elegy, xvii, , –, –, , , n; and the ends of cultural/aesthetic eras, –, –, , , , , , , –, , –, –, ; and fascism, , , , –; as father, n; and the feminine, , –, –, , , –, –, , n; and formalism, –, n; and gender, xvii, –, , –; and genealogy, –, ; and historical continuity, , –, , –, n; and imaginative autonomy, –, ; and imaginative power, –, , –, ; imaginative selfprotection in, –, –, –, ; inside/outside figuration in, –, –, –, ; and irony, , –, , , –; and Last Judgment, –; and literary tradition, –, , –, –, –, –, , , , ; and masculinity, xvi, , –, –, , –, –, –, –, –, –, , –, –, , –, –, –, , n; and masculinity’s internal contradictions, –, –, –, , , , –; mastery in, , , , –; and metaphor, –; and metonymy, –; as modernist, xiii, xvi–xvii, , –, –, –, –, , –, –, , –, ; muse figures in, , , –, –, –, n, n; nobility in, –, –, ; Index and nostalgia, –, , , , , , , –; and nuclear war, –, –; and parody, n; and pastoral, xvii, –, , , –, –, , –, –, , –, –, –; on philosophy and poetry, –, –; and political power, –; and postmodernism/poststructuralism, , –, –, –, , –, –, –, –, –, –; as postmodernist/poststructuralist, xiii, xiv, xvi, –, –, , –, , –, ; and prophecy, xvi, , ; and self-elegy, xvii, , , , –; and selfparody, –, –; and subjectivity, , ; and the sublime, , , –, , , ; and topographical poetry, , , n; and vocal tropes, –; and World War II, xv, xvi, , , –, , , ; and World War II’s cultural/aesthetic impact, , , , –, –, , , –, –, –, –, –; World War II and post-war poetry, –; and World War II’s impact on concepts of masculinity, –, –, Stevens, Wallace, poetic works: “Analysis of a Theme,” ; “Asides on the Oboe,” –; “The Auroras of Autumn,” xvii, , , , –, –, , , , ; “Bantams in PineWoods,” –, ; “The Bird with the Coppery, Keen Claws,” ; “The Comedian as the Letter C,” , ; “A Completely New 10Index.qxd 5/10/05 7:18 PM Page 255 Set of Objects,” ; “Contrary Theses (I),” , –; “Country Words,” –; “The Course of a Particular,” , ; “Credences of Summer,” xiii, xiv, xvii, , –, –, , ; “Cuisine Bourgeoise,” ; “Depression before Spring,” ; “Description without Place,” –, , ; “Disillusionment of Ten O’Clock,” ; “The Dove in the Belly,” ; “A Duck for Dinner” (Owl’s Clover), –; “Dutch Graves in Bucks County,” , –, , , , –, , n; “The Emperor of Ice Cream,” ; “Esthétique du Mal,” , , , n; “Examination of the Hero in a Time of War,” , ; “Extracts from Addresses to the Academy of Fine Ideas,” xvi, –, –; “Extraordinary References,” –, –; “Fabliau of Florida,” ; “Farewell without a Guitar,” ; “Final Soliloquy of the Interior Paramour,” ; “Forces, the Will & the Weather,” ; “Gigantomachia,” , ; “Girl in a Nightgown,” , –, –, n; “The Green Plant,” ; “The Idea of Order at Key West,” ; “In the Carolinas,” n; “The Irish Cliffs of Moher,” ; “Last Looks at the Lilacs,” –; “Le Monocle de mon Oncle,” ; “Lebensweisheitspielerei,” , ; “Life on a Battleship,” xiv; “Long and Sluggish Lines,” ; “Looking across the Fields and Watching the Birds Fly,” , ; “Man and Bottle,” , –, –; “The Man with the Blue Guitar,” , , ; “Martial Cadenza,” , , –, , , , –, ; “Men Made Out of Words,” ; “More Poems for Liadoff,” –; “Mountains Covered with Cats,” , –; “Mr Burnshaw and the Statue” (Owl’s Clover), ; “Not Ideas about the Thing But the Thing Itself,” ; Notes toward a Supreme Fiction, , , , , , , , , , , , ; “Of Ideal Time and Place,” –; “Of Modern Poetry,” , , , , ; “An Ordinary Evening in New Haven,” xii, xiii, , n, n; “Outside of Wedlock” (“Five Grotesque Pieces”), , –; “The Owl in the Sarcophagus,” ; “Peter Quince at the Clavier,” ; “Poetry Is a Destructive Force,” ; “Presence of an External Master of Knowledge,” ; “Prologues to What Is Possible,” ; “Puella Parvula,” , ; “A Quiet Normal Life,” , ; “Recitation after Dinner,” ; “The Region November,” –; “Repetitions of a Young Captain,” xvi, , –, –, ; “The River of Rivers in Connecticut,” , ; “The Rock,” xii; “The Role of the Idea in Poetry,” ; “Sailing after Lunch,” xiv; “Saint John and the Back-Ache,” xii; “The Snow Man,” ; “Solitaire under the Oaks,” , n; Index 10Index.qxd 5/10/05 7:18 PM Page 256 “Sombre Figuration” (Owl’s Clover), , n; “St Armorer’s Church from the Outside,” ; “Sunday Morning,” xvi; “Things of August,” , –, ; “To an Old Philosopher in Rome,” ; “To the One of Fictive Music,” n; “Two Figures in Dense Violet Night,” ; “Two Illustrations That the World Is What You Make of It,” ; “A Woman Sings a Song for a Soldier Come Home,” –, –; “The Woman That Had More Babies Than That,” ; “Variations on a Summer Day,” ; “Yellow Afternoon,” – Stevens, Wallace, essays: “A Collect of Philosophy,” , , n; “The Figure of the Youth as Virile Poet,” xvi, , –, –, , –, , ; “The Noble Rider and the Sound of Words,” xvi, –, –, –, –, –, –, , , , , –, , –, , , –; “Two or Three Ideas,” Stevens, Wallace, letters: , , See also individual authors Strand, Mark: and apocalyptic mode, –, –; compared to Wallace Stevens, , ; “Eating Poetry,” ; “Elegy for My Father,” –; “Five Dogs,” ; “Giving Myself Up,” ; historical and political context, ; and masculinity, –; and mastery, , , –; and nuclear war, –, –; “The Way It Is,” , –, , ; “When the Vacation Is Over for Good,” – Index Sturm, Richard E., n sublime, – Tennyson, Alfred: In Memoriam, – Teres, Harvey, Thomson, James: “Autumn” (The Seasons), n Toliver, Harold, , , Vaughan, Henry: “Distraction,” Vendler, Helen, , , , , –, n, n, n Verrocchio, –, – Virgil, Wagner, C Roland, n Wallace Stevens Journal, xiii Weiss, Paul, – Whitman, Walt; and muse/mother figure, , , ; “When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d,” – Wilder, Amos N., n Williams, William Carlos, ; and modernist rhetoric of purification, –; and apocalypse, xvii Winthrop, John, , n Wordsworth, William: apocalypse in, ; preface to Lyrical Ballads, –; “The Ruined Cottage,” World War II: and aesthetic form, ; and cultural change, –, , Yeats, William Butler: ; “The Lake Isle of Innisfree,” ; “A Prayer for My Daughter,” , ... 7:09 PM Page i Wallace Stevens and the Apocalyptic Mode 00front.qxd 5/10/05 7:09 PM Page ii 00front.qxd 5/10/05 7:09 PM Page iii Wallace Stevens and the Apocalyptic Mode University... Data Woodland, Malcolm, – Wallace Stevens and the apocalyptic mode / by Malcolm Woodland p cm Includes bibliographical references and index --- (cloth) Stevens, Wallace, –—Criticism... neither to lower nor to raise the value and stature of his work; for me, the question of whether Stevens is modern or postmodern has nothing to with the quality of his poetry in either aesthetic