Three masterpieces of Islamic devotional poetry in their cultural contexts “A work of scholarship at the highest level, critically groundbreaking, textually grounded, elegantly argued, and of a depth and breadth that are rare in any field.” Michael A Sells, author of Desert Tracings: Six Classic Arabian Odes “A great achievement in literary theory and Islamic thought and a significant contribution to Arabic literature.” Muhsin al-Musawi, author of Reading Iraq: Culture and Power in Conflict Stetkevych The Mantle Odes Middle East Islam Literature The Mantle Odes Arabic Praise Poems to the Prophet Muhammad ˙ Three of the most renowned praise poems to the Prophet, the Mantle Odes span the arc of Islamic history from Muhammad’s lifetime to the medieval Mamlūk period ˙ to the modern colonial era Over the centuries, they have informed the poetic and religious life of the Arab and Islamic worlds Suzanne Pinckney Stetkevych places her original translations of the poems within the odes’ broader cultural context By highlighting their transformative power as speech acts and their ritual function as gift exchanges, this book not only demonstrates the relevance of these poems to contemporary scholarship but also reveals their power and beauty to the modern reader Suzanne Pinckney Stetkevych is Professor of Near Eastern Languages and Cultures and Adjunct Professor of Comparative Literature at Indiana University Bloomington She is author of The Mute Immortals Speak: Pre-Islamic Poetry and the Poetics of Ritual and The Poetics of Islamic Legitimacy: Myth, Gender, and Ceremony in the Classical Arabic Ode (Indiana University Press, 2002) and editor of Reorientations: Arabic and Persian Poetry (Indiana University Press, 1994) INDIANA Bloomington & Indianapolis www.iupress.indiana.edu 1-800-842-6796 MantleOmec.indd Indiana University Press Cover illustration: opening page of Tahkmīs Qasīdat al-Burdah lil-Būsīrī, ˙ ˙ tenth century h/sixteenth century ce, ms 225 adab, Baladiyyat alIskandariyyah Collection, Library of Alexandria Courtesy of the Library of Alexandria, Egypt Suzanne Pinckney Stetkevych 4/27/10 1:43 PM T h e M a n t l e Ode s The Mantle Odes A r a bic Pr a ise Poems to t h e Proph et M u h.↜a m m a d Suz a n n e Pi nck n ey St et k ev ych Indiana University Press Bloomington & Indianapolis This book is a publication of Indiana University Press 601 North Morton Street Bloomington, Indiana 47404-3797 USA www.iupress.indiana.edu Telephone ordersõ 800-842-6796 Fax ordersõ 812-855-7931 Orders by e-mailõ iuporder@indiana.edu â 2010 by Suzanne Pinckney Stetkevych All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher The Association of American University Presses’ Resolution on Permissions constitutes the only exception to this prohibition The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1992 Manufactured in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Â� Publication Data Stetkevych, Suzanne Pinckney The mantle odes : Arabic praise poems to the Prophet Muhammad / Suzanne Pinckney Stetkevych p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-0-253-35487-7 (cloth : alk paper) — ISBN 978-0-253-22206-0 (pbk : alk paper) Muhammad, Prophet, d 632—In literature Laudatory poetry, Arabic—History and criticism Ka‘b ibn Zuhayr—Criticism and interpretation Busiri, Sharaf al-Din Â�Muhammad ibn Sa‘id, 1213?–1296?— Criticism and interpretation Shawqi, Ahmad, 1868–1932—Criticism and Â�interpretation I Title PJ7642.M75S74 2010 892.7'1009351—dc22 â•…â•…â•…â•…â•…â•…â•…â•…â•…â•… 2009048138 15 14 13 12 11 10 For J u l i a n, Qays, a n d K h a l i d Con t en ts · · · · Prefacꕇ ·â•‡ xi Acknowledgments╇ ·â•‡ xv Note on Translation and Transliteration╇ ·â•‡ xvii List of Abbreviations╇ ·â•‡ xix one Ka¿b ibn Zuhayr and the Mantle of the Prophet Introduction ·â•‡ The Pre-Islamic Prototypꕇ ·â•‡ 1 ¿Alqamah’s A Heart Turbulent with Passion: The Poem as Ransom Payment╇ ·â•‡ Al-Nābighah’s O Abode of Mayyah: Transgression and Redemption╇ ·â•‡ 12 Zuhayr ibn Abī Sulmá’s The Tribe Set Out: The Tacit Panegyric Pact╇ ·â•‡ 19 The Pre-Islamic as Proto-Islamic╇ ·â•‡ 28 Ka¿b ibn Zuhayr’s Su¿ād Has Departed╇ ·â•‡ 30 The Conversion Narrativꕇ ·â•‡ 33 The Conversion Odꕇ ·â•‡ 38 Part 1: Lyric-Elegiac Prelude (Nasīb)╇ ·â•‡ 38 Part 2: Desert Journey (Raƒīl)╇ ·â•‡ 42 Part 3: Praise (Madīƒ)╇ ·â•‡ 46 Mythogenesis: The Donation of the Mantleõ ãõ 62 Conclusionõ ãõ 66 Ơassn ibn Thābit’s At …aybah Lies a Tracꕇ ·â•‡ 66 two Al-Būs.↜ī rī and the Dream of the Mantle Introduction╇ ·â•‡ 70 Poetic Genrꕇ ·â•‡ 71 Poetic Style: Classical and Post-Classical Badī¿â•‡ ·â•‡ 73 The Poet and His Times╇ ·â•‡ 81 The Miracle and the Poem╇ ·â•‡ 82 ¿Umar ibn al-Fāriỉ’s Was That Laylá’s Firꕇ ·â•‡ 88 The Mantle Odꕇ ·â•‡ 90 The Structure of al-Bū»īrī’s Burdah╇ ·â•‡ 90 The Beginning of the Supplicatory Pattern: Parts 1–3╇ ·â•‡ 92 Part 1: Prophetic Nasīb╇ ·â•‡ 92 Part 2: Warning against the Desires of the Self╇ ·â•‡ 95 Part 3: Praise of the Noble Messenger╇ ·â•‡ 97 The Sīrah-Derived Passages: Parts 4–8╇ ·â•‡ 106 Poeticization and Polemicization╇ ·â•‡ 107 Part 4: The Birth of the Prophet╇ ·â•‡ 111 Part 5: The Miracles of the Prophet╇ ·â•‡ 117 Part 6: The Noble Qurƒān╇ ·â•‡ 121 Part 7: The Night Journey and Ascension╇ ·â•‡ 127 Part 8: The Messenger’s Jihād and Campaigns╇ ·â•‡ 132 Completion of the Supplicatory Pattern: Parts 9–10╇ ·â•‡ 141 Part 9: Supplication and Plea for Intercession╇ ·â•‡ 142 Part 10: Fervent Prayer and Petition╇ ·â•‡ 144 Conclusion╇ ·â•‡ 148 three Ah.╃m ad Shawqī and the Reweaving of the Mantle Introduction╇ ·â•‡ 151 Aƒmad Shawqī and the Nahỉah╇ ·â•‡ 151 Poetic Precedents╇ ·â•‡ 153 Authorizing the Text: The Khedive, the Shaykh, and the Adīb╇ ·â•‡ 156 The Colonial Double Bind╇ ·â•‡ 160 Shawqī’s Nahj al-Burdah: The Thematic Structurꕇ ·â•‡ 163 Nahj al-Burdah Movement I: In the Path of al-Būs.↜īrī—Parts 1–6╇ ·â•‡ 166 Part 1: Nasīb: Complaint of Unrequited Lovꕇ ·â•‡ 166 Part 2: Chiding the Unruly Soul—Warning against Worldly Temptations╇ ·â•‡ 171 Part 3: Repentance, Submission, and Supplication╇ ·â•‡ 173 Part 4: Prophetic Praisꕇ ·â•‡ 176 Part 5: Sīrah Themes: The Birth of the Prophet; The Night Journey and Ascension; The Miracle of the Cavꕇ ·â•‡ 184 Part 6: Metapoetic Recapitulation of Prophetic Praisꕇ ·â•‡ 194 Nahj al-Burdah Movement II: The Ih.â•›yāƒ Project: Parts 7–12╇ ·â•‡ 200 Part 7: Polemic against Christianity╇ ·â•‡ 201 Part 8: Defense/Praise of Jihād and the Prophet’s Military Campaigns╇ ·â•‡ 202 Part 9: The Sharī¿ah╇ ·â•‡ 208 Part 10: The Glory of Baghdād╇ ·â•‡ 216 Part 11: The Orthodox Caliphs╇ ·â•‡ 219 Part 12: Benediction and Supplication╇ ·â•‡ 224 Conclusion╇ ·â•‡ 231 Umm Kulthūm, al-Qarāwī, and Nahj al-Burdah╇ ·â•‡ 231 · · · · Appendix of Arabic Texts ╇ ·â•‡ 235 Notes ╇ ·â•‡ 261 Works Cited ╇ ·â•‡ 287 Index ╇ ·â•‡ 297 300â•… ·â•… i n de x fatalism, 191, 192, 199, 212, 215, 224 fealty, 10, 36, 53, 62, 63 See also allegiance First Civil War, 222 forgiveness, 17–19, 52, 54, 66, 95, 146, 223; God’s, 142–44, 227 France, 151, 152, 159, 160, 162, 163 Gabriel (Jibrīl), 122, 181 Ghassānids, 3, 9–10, 13, 60 al-Ghāyātī, ¿Alī, 162 ghazal, 7, 154, 283n35; «ūfi, 73, 88, 89, 93–94, 96, 169 al-Ghazzī, Badr al-Dīn Muƒammad, 74, 90–91, 93–94, 96, 100–101, 104, 107, 113, 118, 120, 130–31, 163, 277n76, 279n101 ghūl, 39, 40–41 gifts, 4–6, 16–18, 20–21, 26, 27, 62–63, 65–66, 69, 120, 142, 146, 156, 167, 173, 174, 203, 218; counter-gift, 3, 28, 59, 62–63, 65, 69, 84, 91, 111, 148, 176; exchange of, xii, 4, 7, 10, 12, 18, 21, 32, 84, 174; of praise, 3, 11, 21, 91, 106, 111, 141, 148, 176; Qurƒān as gift, 47, 53 God See Allāh Gorst, Sir Eldon, 161–62, 282n27 Gospel (Injīl), 103, 114, 125, 180–81 ƒadīth nabawī, 62, 183 ¥adīth works, 62, 99, 107, 110, 128, 179 ¥ajj See Pilgrimage Hamziyyah (of al-Bū»īrī), 81, 154 Harim ibn Sinān, 20, 21, 27, 29, 63, 91, 144, 176 al-¥ārith ibn ¿Awf, 21 al-¥ārith ibn Jabalah, Hārūn al-Rashīd, 217–18 ¥assān ibn Thābit (elegy to Prophet), xii, 18, 66–68, 105, 265n56, 268n99 Havelock, Eric, 31–32 healing, 88, 109, 148–49, 167 hegemony, Arab-Islamic, 75, 78, 80, 111, 134, 141, 152, 166; Western, 166 Heinrichs, Wolfhart, 271n16 hij See invective al-Ơill, ôaf al-Dn, 154, 206, 207, 269n3 Hourani, Albert, 153, 161, 162, 200, 204, 210, 213, 283n45, 284n55 House of Wisdom (Bayt al-¥ikmah), 217 Hubayrah ibn Abī Wahb, 35 humanism: Islamic, 200, 210, 211, 224; Western, xiii, 192, 210 ¥unayn, battle of, 36, 115, 135, 137, 276n74 Huxley, Sir Julian, 61 Ibn ¿Abd al-Salām, 87, 273n39 Ibn al-Fāriæ, ¿Umar, 73, 88, 93–94, 96, 154, 169 Ibn al-Mu¿tazz, 75–78 Ibn al-Rūmī, 80 Ibn al-Zaba¿rá, 35 Ibn ¥ijjah al-¥amawī, 154, 230–31, 281n13 Ibn Hishām, Abū Muƒammad ¿Abd alMalik, 31, 33, 62, 67, 71, 99, 100, 107, 109, 114, 128–30, 134–35, 154, 222, 265nn56,59, 266n76 Ibn Isƒāq, 31, 62, 71, 99, 107, 265n59 Ibn Khaldūn, xii Ibn Man„ūr, Muƒammad ibn Mukarram, 40 Ibn Qutaybah, Abū Muƒammad ¿Abd Allāh ibn Muslim, 22, 62, 267n86 Ibn Taymiyyah, 100 ¿Īd al-Aæƒá, 84 ¿Īd al-Fi‚r, 65, 84 ignorance, 28, 122, 195, 199–201, 209, 210, 211, 213, 214, 228, 284n54 See also Age of Ignorance (Jāhiliyyah) Iƒyāƒ (Revival) Project, xiv, 156, 163, 166, 179, 184, 191, 198–200, 209–10, 230–31 I¿jāz al-Qurƒān, 80, 122, 124–25, 127, 140, 182, 198, 215 imagery, 7, 56, 58, 94, 135, 140, 172, 198 imitation, poetic, xiii, 32, 70, 73, 75, 83, 85, 150–52, 168, 196, 206, 230 See also contrafaction (mu¿āraæah) immortality, 35, 63, 65–69, 77–78, 105, 159, 207, 223, 231 i n de xâ•… · â•… 301 imperialism, Western, xiii, 150, 152, 153, 162, 179, 200, 204, 213, 219 Imruƒ al-Qays, 29, 64 incitement, 162, 265n56 infidels, 72, 125, 126, 133, 136, 139–40, 278n94 initiation rite, 130–31 inquisition (Miƒnah), 218 intercession See Muƒammad (the Prophet), as intercessor intertextuality, 53, 125 invective (hijāƒ), 216, 265n56 Iram, 121, 124, 168, 170 al-I»bahānī, Abū al-Faraj, 13 al-Isfahani, Abu Nu¿aim, 108 Islam, xi, xii–xiv, 1–2, 20, 28–38, 41, 42, 44, 48, 51, 52–69, 70, 73, 75, 77–80, 84–85, 88, 99–103, 105, 107–13, 115– 16, 119, 127–29, 132–37, 139, 146, 149, 152–53, 157–58, 161, 163, 166, 178–79, 182–83, 186–87, 191–92, 199–206, 208–24, 226, 228–29, 231–32, 264n46, 265n56, 267n84, 270n6, 274n48, 284n54; Islamic history, xi, 114, 200, 210, 215, 221, 283n45, 284n55; and other religions, 122–25, 129, 132; pre-Islamic period, xi, 1, 2, 28–30, 58, 136, 170, 182, 187 See also Arab-Islamic culture; calendar, Islamic; caliphate, Islamic; community, Islamic (Ummah); conversion, to Islam; hegemony, Arab-Islamic; humanism, Islamic; Islamic law (Sharī¿ah); manifest destiny, Islamic; see also under poetry, ArabIslamic; poetry, pre-Islamic Islamic law (Sharī¿ah), 166, 208–15, 217, 232 al-Isrāƒ wa-al-Mi¿rāj See Muƒammad (the Prophet), Night Journey and Ascension Jacob, Georg, 62 Jāhilī (pre-Islamic) 36, 37, 38, 41, 54, 55, 58, 60, 64, 67, 137–38, 172, 183 Jāhiliyyah See Age of Ignorance al-Jāƒi„, ¿Amr ibn Baƒr, 75–76, 78 Jerusalem, 127, 128, 129–30, 188, 189, 190, 277n83 Jesus, 102, 103, 125, 128, 130, 181, 182, 195, 201–203, 223 jihād, 90, 107, 109, 132, 164, 165, 176, 186, 200, 202–204, 206, 208 jinās See root-play (jinās, tajnīs) jinn, 40, 97, 112, 114, 205 John (Yaƒyá), 130 Jonah (Yūnus), 112, 116 Joseph (Yūsuf ), 130 Judaism, 114, 125, 129, 132, 179, 180 Judgment Day, xiii, 29, 35, 72, 82, 88, 101–102, 106, 120, 122, 126, 129, 141, 143, 145, 148, 165, 166, 175–76, 199, 200, 225, 227, 229, 231, 267n84 al-Jumaƒī, Muƒammad ibn Sallām, 31, 62 Ka¿b ibn Malik, 265n56 Ka¿b ibn Zuhayr, xii, 1, 19, 28, 29, 30, 33–38, 50–51, 53–54, 56–60, 62–66, 84–85, 265n56, 266n62, 267n84 See also Su¿ād Has Departed (Bānat Su¿ād) (of Ka¿b ibn Zuhayr) Ka¿bah, 15, 115, 224, 276n73 Kadhim, Hussein N., 162, 282n23 Kalām, 75, 76, 77, 127 See also al-madhhab al-kalāmī (“dialectical mannerism”) Kāmil, Mu»‚afá, 160, 162 Al-Kawākib al-Durriyyah fī Madƒ Khayr al-Bariyyah See The Mantle Ode (Qa»īdat al-Burdah) Kā„imah, 92, 93, 274n47 Khālid ibn al-Walīd, 182 al-Khalīl ibn Aƒmad, 76 khedives, xiii, 151–52, 156, 157–61, 216, 218, 221, 227, 282n27 Kīlānī, Muƒammad, 84 kinship, 67, 137, 139, 173, 176 Kratchkovsky, Ignatius, 77 Kurds, 81, 153 al-Kutub al-Sittah, 107 al-Kutubī, Muƒammad ibn Shākir, 83, 148 Lakhmids, 3, 9–10, 12, 13, 18, 60 language, 29, 50, 75, 151–52, 184; meta- 302â•… ·â•… i n de x language, 49, 76, 78–79, 94, 111; performative, 9, 174; poetic, 74, 76, 78–79, 93, 142, 173; Qurƒānic, 75, 124 Last Judgment See Judgment Day liminality, 6, 33, 37, 38, 50, 60 lion, 16, 26, 38, 47–48, 53, 56–57, 132, 133–34, 136, 139, 140, 166, 167, 169– 70, 184, 194, 198, 203, 221 literacy, 31, 75 Al-Liwāƒ, 162 Lord Cromer See Baring, Sir Evelyn Lorenz, Konrad, 61 love, 7, 86, 89, 93, 166–67, 169–70, 194, 196, 223, 224, 227 loyalty, 11, 22, 36, 63, 277n84; disloyalty, 158 Lubad, 14, 40 al-madhhab al-kalāmī (“dialectical mannerism”), 74, 77–78, 104, 124, 127, 207, 272n17 See also Kalām madīƒ (praise section of ode), 6–7, 9–10, 12–15, 18, 22, 25, 32, 38, 49–50, 59, 60, 90–91, 99, 105–106, 135, 139, 141, 164, 262n15, 276n65 madīƒ nabawī (praise poetry to the Prophet Muƒammad), 20, 30, 32, 67, 70, 71–73, 75, 84, 93, 94, 99, 105– 106, 109, 111, 118, 120, 126, 127, 141, 143–44, 147, 154–58, 165, 169, 174, 176, 178, 183, 188, 189, 195–97, 199, 207, 224–27, 230–31, 269nn2,3, 270nn8,10, 273n35, 278n97, 284n53 Makkī, Maƒmūd ¿Alī, 54, 72, 274n48 mamdūƒ (patron), 15, 225 Mamlūks, 81, 153; Mamlūk period, xi, 85, 278n97 See also Egypt, Mamlūk manifest destiny, Islamic, xiii, 79, 92, 107, 111, 121, 132, 134, 139, 141, 200 mantle (of the Prophet), 62–66; dream of, 82–85 The Mantle Ode (Qa»īdat al-Burdah) (epithet of Ka¿b ibn Zuhayr’s Su¿ād Has Departed), xi, 1, 39, 62, 71, 84; of al-Bū»īrī, xii, xiii–xiv, 57, 69, 70– 71, 73–75, 82–150, 151, 154–56, 159, 163, 164–66, 168–76, 178, 182, 186– 89, 193, 195–200, 202, 206–209, 224, 225–27, 230, 265n57, 269nn2,3, 270n8, 271n10, 275n51, 278n97 al-Maqqarī, Aƒmad ibn Muƒammad, 270n8 al-Mar»afī, al-¥usayn, 152 Mauss, Marcel, 4–6, 10, 18, 19, 21, 32–33, 52, 54, 63, 65, 91 al-Maw»ilī, ¿Izz al-Dīn, 154, 230–31 al-Maydānī, Abū al-Faæl Aƒmad ibn Muƒammad, 41 al-Māzinī, Ibrāhīm, 163 Mecca, 1, 15, 35, 38, 44, 48, 54, 57, 59, 81, 114–15, 118, 127–30, 177–78, 183, 188, 190, 224, 274n47, 276n73; Meccan polytheists, 36, 112, 114, 115, 119, 135, 136, 137, 139, 193, 198 Medina, xii, 1, 35, 36, 38, 57, 72, 81, 87, 93, 105, 135, 139, 147, 157–58, 274n47 Medinese Helpers (An»ār), 37, 51, 58, 59, 139 metaphor, 9, 31, 40, 49, 56, 57, 62, 74, 77, 79, 84, 85, 88, 94, 110, 116, 120, 123, 126, 132, 136, 138, 140, 142, 143, 149, 172, 174, 175, 192, 193, 198, 199, 211, 267n84 meter, poetic, 3, 31, 32, 70, 73, 75, 76, 88, 90, 111, 151, 154, 157, 168, 169, 176, 269n3, 273n40 metonymy, 86, 94, 113, 147, 149, 175 Mihyār al-Daylamī, 93, 274n48 mimesis, 85, 156, 271n16 miracles, 83, 85–86, 88, 109, 134–35; of other prophets, 121, 123–25, 178, 182, 198; of the Prophet Muƒammad, 98, 108–109, 111, 118– 25, 129–30, 134, 140, 181–82, 186, 191, 192, 193–95, 209; of Qurƒān, 80, 123–25, 127, 140–41, 183, 188, 198 Mongols, xii, 81 monks, 114, 177, 180, 181 Moses (Mūsá), 102, 125, 128, 129, 130, 180, 182 mosques, 68, 184, 276n73; Mosque of the Prophet, xii Al-Mu¿allaqāt See The Suspended Odes i n de xâ•… · â•… 303 Mubārak, Zakī, 72, 268n99, 273n35, 281n11 al-Mufỉal al-D.â•–abbī, Muƒammad (the Prophet), xi–xiii, 1, 31, 32, 34–38, 51–52, 54–60, 67–69, 71– 72, 82–88, 91–94, 97–101, 103–105, 107–25, 133–37, 139–42, 145–49, 155– 59, 173, 176–83, 185–203, 205–12, 217, 220–24, 226–29, 231, 267n84, 270n8, 275nn54,55, 276nn73,74, 277nn76,83, 278n97, 284n54; birth of, 111–16, 184, 186–88; as intercessor, xiii, 83, 88, 97, 101–102, 106, 111, 120, 129, 141, 143, 145, 148–49, 165, 173–76, 199, 200, 225, 227, 231; migration of (Hijrah), 1, 34, 38, 57–59, 119, 147; and Night Journey and Ascension, 102, 128–32, 188–91, 211, 277nn81,83; and other prophets, 28, 98, 101–105, 121, 123, 124, 127, 128, 130–32, 178–79, 182, 188–90, 198, 202, 275n54, 278n89; and poets, 1, 18, 19, 30, 33, 37, 46, 51, 53–56, 62–66, 70, 85, 91, 97, 143–44, 145, 174–76, 184, 225; prophethood of, 108–11, 116–19, 122–24, 127, 136, 140–41, 179–82, 197, 209, 275n54; and proximity to God, 100, 129–32, 191–92, 227, 232 See also mosques, Mosque of the Prophet; Qurƒān Muƒammad ¿Alī Pāshā, 151 al-Munakhkhal, 13 al-Mundhir ibn Māƒ al-Samāƒ, 3, al-Munta»ir, 80 al-Mursī, Abū al-¿Abbās Aƒmad, 81 Murtaddūn See Apostates Muslim (ibn al-¥ajjāj al-Naysābūrī), 99, 108, 130 Muslim ibn al-Walīd, 74, 80 Muslims, xi, xii, 34, 35, 38, 58, 60, 72, 81, 99, 102, 107, 109, 113, 116, 122, 125, 126, 129, 132, 134, 139, 148, 149, 163, 180, 187, 192, 194, 199, 200, 202, 204–205, 210, 215, 221, 223, 225, 226, 227, 231; reader, 56, 61, 204; scholars, 2, 99; warriors, 133, 136, 138–39, 198, 206–208, 278n94 Mutakallimūn, 77, 103, 124 See also Kalām al-Mutanabbī, Abū al-…ayyib, 80, 96, 104, 140, 273n40, 275nn50,51 al-Mu¿ta»im, 78–80, 104, 135, 137, 139, 206, 217, 218 al-Mutawakkil, 65, 80 Mu‚rān, Khalīl, 163 al-Muwayliƒī, Muƒammad, 155, 158, 159–60, 232 myth, 31, 34, 46, 52, 60, 65–66, 73, 79, 84–85, 88, 110, 112, 129, 141, 148, 159, 170, 191, 205; mythic concordance, 53, 85, 116, 135, 139–41, 155, 277n75; mythicization, 31–32, 33, 37, 107, 141; mythogenesis, 52, 60 al-Nābighah al-Dhubyānī, xii, 12–13, 16–19, 22, 23–25, 27, 33, 40, 44, 46, 49, 51, 53–55, 59–61, 63, 66, 91, 104, 145 Nagy, Gregory, 33 Nahæah See Awakening Nahj al-Burdah See The Way of the Mantle (Nahj al-Burdah of Aƒmad Shawqī) nasīb (lyric-elegiac prelude in ode), 6–9, 11–14, 18–19, 22–25, 27, 32, 38, 40– 42, 46, 49, 56, 60, 68, 73, 76, 89–94, 96, 105–106, 143, 154, 165, 168–70, 172, 227, 265n56, 274n48, 281n11 nationalists, 153, 160, 161, 162 al-Nawawī, Muƒyī al-Dīn, 101 al-Naysābūrī, al-¥ākim, 99–100, 108 Neo-Classicism, xiii, 74, 150, 151, 152– 54, 159–60, 163, 169, 184, 202, 206, 207, 209, 225, 231, 272n28 neo-Platonism, 100, 101, 104 Nicholson, R A., 94, 274n46, 278nn89,96 Night Journey and Ascension See Muƒammad (the Prophet), Night Journey and Ascension Noorani, Yaseen, 207 al-Nu¿mān ibn al-Mundhir, 12–13, 15– 19, 53 ode, xi, 6–7, 65; of apology, 12–13; conversion, xi, 2, 34, 38; courtly, 1, 73, 304â•… · â•… i n de x 164; pre-Islamic, xii, 2, 32–33; supplicatory, xii, xiv, 11, 14, 17, 18, 22, 25, 27, 50, 57, 60, 67, 69, 84, 91–92, 106, 111, 129, 141–42, 164–65, 174; victory, 10 See also panegyric; poetry; qa»īdah orality, 31, 75 Ottomans, xii, xiii, 151, 152, 160, 163, 211, 216, 221, 227, 229 panegyric, xi, 1–2, 6, 10, 14, 32, 35, 38, 40, 58, 65–69, 71, 73, 77, 80, 88, 90– 91, 94, 101, 104–105, 137, 138, 145– 46, 148, 157, 158, 206, 218, 221, 225, 228, 265n56; caliphal, 57, 79–80, 207; court, 66, 71, 78, 81, 103–105, 144, 145, 146, 149, 152, 159, 170, 178, 197, 225; military, 104, 109, 134, 135, 140, 206; pact, between poet and patron, 19–21, 27–28, 84, 91, 143– 44, 157, 174–76, 229 See also ode; qa»īdah Paret, Rudi, 64, 268n90 Persia, 2, 3, 70, 112, 113–14, 184, 187, 217, 219 personification, 77, 114, 136, 137, 207 philology, 3, 33, 41, 168, 264n40, 280n2 philters, 71, 86, 224 piety, 20, 35, 71, 72, 86, 99, 105, 116, 154, 155, 171, 172, 178, 182, 201, 211, 224, 264n46 Pilgrimage (¥ajj), 93, 105, 147, 158 poet, 7, 9–11, 15, 23–25, 33–34, 42, 67, 76–79, 85, 123, 124, 168, 174, 265n56, 269n2; absolution of, 12, 13, 97; and relationship with patron, xii, 3, 19–21, 27, 59, 63–65, 69, 91, 141, 143, 148, 174–75, 178, 225– 26, 262n16 See also allegiance, between poet and patron; and names of individual poets poeticization, 31, 107, 111, 125, 127, 129 poetry, xi, 11, 13, 18, 31–32, 56, 64, 67, 72, 74–76, 78, 80, 81, 96, 124, 127, 134– 35, 142–44, 149, 155, 168, 173, 175, 183–84, 190, 192, 202, 222, 232, 270n8, 282n27; of apology (i¿tidhāriyyah), 12, 13, 18, 19, 54, 91; Arabic, 8, 32, 63–64, 66, 71, 73–74, 94, 99, 135, 140, 149, 157, 168, 181, 184, 198, 271n16; Arab-Islamic, xiii, 1; battle, 31, 71, 135; court, xi, 2, 71; Neo-Classical, 152–54, 163, 202, 225, 272n28, 280n5; performance of, 27, 30, 32–34, 69, 84, 85, 91, 118, 149, 156, 157, 168, 226, 267n84, 270n6; Post-Classical, xiii, 32, 66, 67, 71, 74, 80, 147, 149, 150, 154, 163, 206, 230; pre-Islamic, 1, 2, 32, 61 See also badī¿; badī¿iyyah; imitation, poetic; madīƒ nabawī; meter, poetic; ode; panegyric; qa»īdah; ritual, in poetry Poets of the Revival, 151, 184 polemic, 73, 79, 92, 102, 107, 109–11, 123– 27, 129, 130, 132, 134, 141, 162–63, 165–66, 179, 180, 181, 184, 186, 188, 195, 200, 202, 203, 209, 212, 232 polytheism, 41, 102, 223 See also Mecca, Meccan polytheists Prophet, the See Muƒammad prosperity, 40, 42, 65, 73, 171, 209, 210, 211–15, 218, 223, 225 protection: of kinsmen, 36, 37, 49; of Allāh, 194; of patron, 12, 63; of Prophet, xi, 33, 37, 47, 54, 57, 63– 64, 66, 68–69, 84, 117, 120, 140, 142, 143, 155, 177, 192, 193 proverbs, 21, 41, 63, 196, 217 pun, 31, 125, 154, 198, 221, 230 al-Qāæī ¿Iyāæ ibn Mūsá, 99–101, 105, 108, 110–11, 114, 118, 122, 127, 129, 134–35, 276n68 See also Al-Shifāƒ (of al-Qāæī ¿Iyāæ) al-Qaraæāwī, Yūsuf, 233, 285n88 qa»īdah, 3, 7–13, 19, 22, 28, 31–33, 36–37, 41, 45, 49–50, 52–56, 58–62, 64–66, 68, 72, 76, 80, 135, 146, 148, 154, 169, 205, 265n56, 272n20, 276n61; classical, 58, 60, 89, 96, 106, 173; separation phase of, 6, 9, 14, 22, 33, 37, 38, 49, 50, 55, 60; tripartite form of, 7, 22, 89–90, 94, 96 See also ode i n de xâ•… · â•… 305 Qa»īdat al-Burdah See The Mantle Ode Qurƒān, xii, 28–29, 41, 47, 53, 55, 58, 75, 80, 81, 96, 99–100, 103, 107, 114, 115, 119, 120–28, 130, 135, 140–41, 170, 174, 176, 178, 179, 180, 182–83, 185– 89, 191, 193, 195, 198–99, 205, 209, 215, 219, 222, 228, 264n43, 267n84, 277n84, 278n96, 279n101, 283n50 See also I¿jaz al-Qurƒān; language, Qurƒānic; miracles, of Qurƒān Quraysh, 35, 59, 178, 181 radd al-¿ajuz ¿alá al-»adr (repetition of earlier word at end of line), 74, 77, 119, 124, 125 raƒīl (journey section of ode), 6, 8–9, 12–15, 18, 24–25, 27, 32, 38, 42, 44– 46, 49, 60, 90–91, 97, 265n56 reformism, 151, 153, 192, 210, 213, 215, 223, 224 relics, 64, 65–66, 84, 85 repentance, 35, 85, 86, 90, 94, 95, 96–97, 143, 165, 172, 174 resurrection, 103, 121, 124, 142, 179, 199, 267n84 retribution, 55; divine, 121, 170 Revival (Iƒyāƒ ), xiii–xiv, 120, 150, 151, 156, 181, 183, 184, 187–88, 198, 199, 228 rhetoric, 73, 75, 80, 103, 122–23, 125, 127, 135, 137, 152, 197, 207, 226, 271n14 Riæá, Rashīd, 153 rite of passage, xi, 6, 7, 9, 12, 18, 23, 25, 32–33, 37, 38, 46, 49, 50, 55, 59, 60, 262n15 rithāƒ See elegy ritual, 7, 31–32, 37–38, 46, 61–62, 130, 157, 189; core, 9–10, 15, 25, 49–50, 54–55, 141, 142, 174, 226, 230, 232; exchange, xii, xiv, 3–6, 10, 17–21, 28, 33, 52, 59, 61–63, 65–67, 84–85, 91, 106, 120, 141, 146, 147, 148, 157, 174, 176; in poetry, 2, 7, 18–19, 50, 52–54, 57, 60, 68–69, 88, 91–92, 102, 146, 148, 156, 225, 227; supplicatory, xii, xiii, 11–12, 27, 37, 53, 56, 59, 61, 143, 148–49, 174, 176, 200, 228, 229 root-play (jinās, tajnīs), 54, 74, 79, 105, 113, 144, 182, 183, 196, 198, 221, 230 sacrifice, 44, 51, 58, 62 Saƒbān, 194, 196 «alāƒ al-Dīn, 81 salvation, 36, 37, 46, 50, 51, 58, 61, 64, 65–66, 105, 116, 120–21, 123, 126, 142, 144, 148–49, 176, 179, 182, 211, 215, 231, 267n84 Schimmel, Annemarie, 108, 109, 129, 146, 274n48, 275n54, 276n67, 277n81 science, 185, 191–92, 210, 211, 212, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220; analytical, 75–76, 78; linguistics, 75; Western, 192, 199 See also Kalām self-abasement, 11–16, 19, 22, 25, 27, 37, 51, 53, 56, 60, 91, 92, 97, 102, 106, 143, 145, 157, 165, 174–75, 200, 229 Sells, Michael, 45, 265n59, 267n84 Sharī¿ah See Islamic law al-Sharīf al-Raæī, 93, 274n48 Shāwīsh, ¿Abd al-¿Azīz, 162 Shawqī, Aƒmad, xiii, 151–52, 154–56, 158–60, 162–63, 184, 187, 192, 194– 96, 208–10, 213–19, 221, 224, 229, 232, 282nn23,27, 284n54 See also Iƒyāƒ (Revival) Project; The Way of the Mantle (Nahj al-Burdah of Aƒmad Shawqī) Al-Shifāƒ (of al-Qāæī ¿Iyāæ) See al-Qāæī ¿Iyāæ ibn Mūsá Shukrī, ¿Abd al-Raƒmān, 163 simile, 15, 23, 24, 25, 31, 44–46, 50, 56, 74, 94, 100, 104–105, 115, 118, 137, 197–98, 222 Solomon (Sulaymān), 13, 17, 205 Sperl, Stefan, 84, 96, 271n16, 273n40, 275nn50,51 Stetkevych, Jaroslav, xv, 89 Su¿ād Has Departed (Bānat Su¿ād) (of Ka¿b ihn Zuhayr), xi–xiii, 1–2, 30– 34, 36–69, 71, 73, 82, 84–85, 91–92, 135, 139–40, 142, 148, 159, 174, 207, 227, 265n56 submission, xi, xii, 11–12, 13, 15–16, 21, 22, 306â•… ·â•… i n de x 32, 33, 36, 37, 38, 51–52, 53, 55, 56, 59, 60, 63, 64–65, 84–85, 92, 106, 118, 126, 145, 165, 172, 173–75, 190, 228 «ūfism, 83, 108, 147, 275n54 al-Sukkarī, Abū Sa¿īd al-¥asan ibn al¥usayn, 34, 40, 55, 62 Sunnism, 200, 201, 220–21, 226, 227, 283n45, 284n55 superstition, 192, 199, 210, 224 supplication, xii, 3, 11–14, 16–17, 19, 25, 27, 32, 37, 42, 51, 53–54, 60, 72, 91– 92, 106, 141, 145–46, 164, 165, 174– 75, 186, 200, 225–27, 262n15; ritual of, xiii, 11, 53, 61, 148, 174, 229; supplicant, 9, 21–22, 25–27, 51, 53, 54, 57, 59, 63, 91, 102, 106, 120, 127, 141, 148, 174, 175, 177, 179, 193, 229 See also ode, supplicatory Sūrat Yūsuf, 96, 172 The Suspended Odes (Al-Mu¿allaqāt), 21 synecdoche, 66, 86, 94, 96, 105, 149 synonyms, 113, 197, 206, 212 Syria, 3, 81, 83, 114, 143 al-…ah‚āwī, Rifā¿ah Rāfi¿, 153 takhmīs See expansions talismans, xii, xiii, 71, 83, 86, 88, 108, 155 Tawfīq, Khedive, 151–52 …aybah, 67, 68, 105 temptation, 100, 142, 165, 172, 283n35 al-Tilimsānī, ¿Afīf al-Dīn, 270n8 al-Tirmidhi, Abu ¿Isa, 108 Torah (Tawrāh), 103, 114, 125, 180–81 transgressions, 12–13, 16, 19, 170 Turner, Victor, Uƒud, battle of, 133, 135, 137, 279n98 ¿Umar ibn ¿Abd al-¿Azīz, 221 ¿Umar ibn al-Kha‚‚āb (al-Fārūq), 28– 30, 219–23 Umayyad 63, 146, 152, 169, 221; period, 71, 104, 106, 201 See also caliphs, Umayyad Umm Kulthūm, xiii, 232 ¿Urābī Revolt, 152–53, 162 ¿Uthmān ibn ¿Affān, 219–20, 222, 223 valor, in battle, 10, 12, 26, 198, 220 van Gennep, Arnold, 6, 32–33, 38 vengeance, 55, 64, 67, 214 von Grunebaum, G E., 122 al-Walīd ibn al-Mughīrah, 182 Wars of Apostasy (¥urūb al-Riddah), 69, 222 The Way of the Mantle (Nahj al-Burdah of Aƒmad Shawqī), xiii–xiv, 57, 69, 70, 150, 151–233 word-play, 137, 138, 198, 221, 223, 230, 275n50, 277n83 Zarqāƒ al-Yamāmah, 13, 17, 40 Zoroastrianism, 93, 114, 216 Zuhayr ibn Abī Sulmá, xii, 1, 19, 29, 35, 40, 63, 64, 66, 172, 176; The Tribe Set Out, 21–22, 27, 40, 44, 56–57 Zwettler, Michael, 62, 267n86 Suzanne Pinckney Stetkevych is Professor of Near Eastern Languages and Cultures and Adjunct Professor of Comparative Literature at Indiana University, Bloomington She is author of Abū Tammām and the Poetics of the ¿Abbāsid Age; The Mute Immortals Speak: Pre-Islamic Â�Poetry and the Poetics of Ritual; and The Poetics of Islamic Legitimacy: Myth, Gender, and Ceremony in the Classical Arabic Ode (Indiana University Press, 2002) and editor of Reorientations: Arabic and Persian Poetry (Indiana University Press, 1994) and Early Islamic Poetry and Poetics ... (i.e., the exchange of Ka¿b’s poem for the Prophet s mantle) can be translated, after the death of the Prophet, to the next world Chapter 2: Al-Bū»īrī and the Dream of the Mantle The second poem to. .. of the three most renowned praise poems to the Prophet (madāƒiƒ nabawiyyah) in the ArabIslamic tradition The three odes span the arc of Islamic history: the first dates from the lifetime of the. .. in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Â� Publication Data Stetkevych, Suzanne Pinckney The mantle odes : Arabic praise poems to the Prophet Muhammad / Suzanne Pinckney