Icons of the middle ages

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To go to page of Volume 2, type 2:5 and so forth ICONS OF THE MIDDLE AGES Rulers, Writers, Rebels, and Saints Volume Lister M Matheson, Editor ICONS OF THE MIDDLE AGES Recent Titles in Greenwood Icons Icons of Unbelief: Atheists, Agnostics, and Secularists Edited by S T Joshi Women Icons of Popular Music: The Rebels, Rockers, and Renegades Carrie Havranek Icons of Talk: The Media Mouths That Changed America Donna L Halper Icons of African American Protest: Trailblazing Activists of the Civil Rights Movement Gladys L Knight Icons of American Architecture: From the Alamo to the World Trade Center Donald Langmead Icons of Invention: The Makers of the Modern World from Gutenberg to Gates John W Klooster Icons of Beauty: Art, Culture, and the Image of Women Debra N Mancoff and Lindsay J Bosch Icons of Mystery and Crime Detection: From Sleuths to Superheroes Mitzi M Brunsdale Icons of Black America Matthew C Whitaker, Editor Icons of American Cooking Victor W Geraci and Elizabeth S Demers, Editors Icons of African American Comedy Eddie Tafoya Icons of African American Literature: The Black Literary World Yolanda Williams Page, Editor ICONS OF THE MIDDLE AGES Rulers, Writers, Rebels, and Saints Volume Lister M Matheson, Editor Copyright 2012 by Lister M Matheson All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Icons of the Middle Ages : rulers, writers, rebels, and saints / Lister M Matheson, editor p cm — (Greenwood icons) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-0-313-34080-2 (hardcopy : alk paper) — ISBN 978-1-57356-780-0 (ebook) Biography—Middle Ages, 500-1500 Civilization, Medieval Europe—History—476-1492—Biography I Matheson, Lister M CT114.I36 2012 940.1—dc23 2011020938 ISBN: 978-0-313-34080-2 EISBN: 978-1-57356-780-0 16 15 14 13 12 This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an eBook Visit www.abc-clio.com for details Greenwood An Imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC ABC-CLIO, LLC 130 Cremona Drive, P.O Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116-1911 This book is printed on acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America Wha’s like us? Damn few, and they’re a’ deid! [Old Scottish Toast] This page intentionally left blank Contents VOLUME Series Foreword ix Preface xi Acknowledgments Introduction Abelard and Heloise Jan Bulman xiii xv King Arthur and Merlin Stephen T Knight 43 Thomas Becket Emily Z Tabuteau 59 Robert the Bruce and William Wallace Alexander L Kaufman 107 Charlemagne Dominique T Hoche 143 Geoffrey Chaucer Louise M Bishop 175 Chinggis Khan George Lane 205 Dante Alighieri Elizabeth K Haller 243 Eleanor of Aquitaine Dominique T Hoche 271 Index DiCenso, Daniel, 390 Di Favarone, Clare See Clare, Saint Di Folco Portinari, Beatrice, 248, 252–53, 256, 257 Di Manetto Donati, Gemma, 247–48 Dinis, King of Portugal, 605 Di Quintavalle, Bernard, 332–33 Disibodenberg monastery, 357, 363–64, 366 A Dissertation on Vampires (Davanzati), 559 Di Tancredi, Angelo, 324, 328, 333, 344–45, 348, 351 The Divine Comedy (Dante), 179, 244–45, 248, 249, 250, 252, 253, 255–58, 259–63 “The Divine Reality Comedy” (play), 264 Dominican order, 245, 336 Doubts on the Life and Reign of King Richard the Third (Walpole), 539 Douglas, James, 110 Dover Castle, England, 583 The Downfall of Robert, Earle of Huntington (Munday), 399 Dracula (films), 574–75 Dracula (Stoker), 548, 550–51, 555–57, 565–75, 576–77 Dracula (Treptow), 558 Dracula legend: in comic books, 575; and facts of Vlad III’s life, 550–51, 554, 555–59, 574–75; in film, 574–75, 576; in literature, 575–76; vampires in literature, 547–50 See also specific authors and works Drayton, Michael, 49 Dryden, John, 49, 197 Dudley, Robert, Earl of Leicester, 628–29 Edinburgh Castle, 598 Edmund of York, 180 Education: of Abelard, 3–7; of Becket, 62–63; cathedral schools, 9; of Charlemagne, 153; clerical orders as means to, 77, 356–57; of Dante, 245–46; of Heloise, 15; liberal arts curriculum, 476; reforms during 691 Charlemagne’s rule, 170–71; wax tablets, 13 Edward, King of Ireland, 110 Edward I, King of England, 48, 108–9, 597, 609, 610, 651 Edward II, King of England, 93, 110, 527, 535, 540, 624 Edward III, King of England, 48, 110, 178, 180, 181, 522, 527, 545, 662 Edward IV, King of England, 522–25, 528, 530–31, 532–33, 541, 542 Edward V, King of England, 520, 525, 526, 527, 528, 529–33, 535–36, 538, 539–41 Edward VI, King of England, 193 Edward Hall, 536 Ehrman, Radd, 381–82, 383 Eighteen-Bisang, Robert, 557 Einhard, on Charlemagne, 145, 146–47, 150, 154–55, 160, 164, 166, 170–71 Einstein, Albert, 499 Eleanor of Aquitaine (ca 1122–1204), 271–87; annulment, 272, 276–77; and Becket, 278; burial site of, 273, 282; children of, 272, 277–78, 279–81; and courtly love, 278–80, 282; death of, 273, 282; early life, 272, 273; imprisonment of, 273, 280; involvement in Crusades, 274–76; lifespan chronology, 284–87; myths of, 282–83; as Queen of England, 64, 67, 87–88, 272, 276–78, 280–81; as Queen of France, 67, 272, 273–77; widowhood, 281–82 Elias, Brother, 336, 338, 339, 341, 342, 345, 348, 350, 351 Eliot, T S., 50–51, 102, 262 Elizabeth, Queen consort of England, 529, 530–31, 540 Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 190, 193, 195, 197, 260, 505, 535, 628–29 Elizabeth of Schönau, 356 Ellis, George, 50 Ellis, Peter, 576 “Eloisa to Abelard” (Pope), 39 Elphinstone, Margaret, 314–15 Engels, Friedrich, 562 692 Index England: appointment of bishops, 68–69; Arthurian legend in, 47–48; castles of, 581, 589, 590, 591, 602, 613, 621–24, 627–29; the chancery, 65–66; French language usage in, 179; Hundred Years’ War, 423–24, 428–32, 440–41, 545, 612; New Learning movement, 475, 480–82, 483, 536; tourist treatment of Chaucer in, 200; Wars of the Roses, 189, 522, 543; wars with Ireland, 110, 111; wars with Scotland, 109–12 See also specific rulers and individuals Enlightenment era, 197–99 Erasmus, Desiderius, 99, 473, 477, 478, 481, 482, 485–86, 513 Eric of Friuli, Duke, 162–63 Eriksson, Leif (ca 975–1020), 289–315; artistic depictions of, 299–300; early life, 291; in juvenile literature, 297–99, 306–8; and Kipling, 298–99; millennium celebration of, 311–13; modern treatment of, 300–314; stain-glass window tribute to, 289, 296–97, 314; and tourist industry, 313–14; Vínland in literature, 293–96; women rivals of, 314–15 Erik the Red, 291, 312 Erik the Red’s Saga (14th/15th c.), 290–93, 301, 304, 305, 306–7, 313–14 Erskine, David Steuart, 126 Eschenbach, Wolfram von, 46–47 The Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (film), 39 Etienne de Vignoles, “La Hire,” 420, 431, 433 Eugenius II, Pope, 359 Eugenius III, Pope, 276, 359, 361, 365, 370, 381, 382 Evans, Thomas, 50 Eve of St Martin, 356 Everett, William, 119, 126 The Faerie Queen (Spenser), 260 The Far Traveler: Voyages of a Viking Woman (Brown), 315 Feyrer, Gayle, 404 Fielding, Henry, 49 Films: on Arthurian legend, 52; on Becket, 102; on Dante, 264, 265; on Dracula legend, 574–75, 576; on Hildegard of Bingen, 390; on Joan of Arc, 444–46; on King Richard III, 544; on Leif Eriksson, 300–311; on Robin Hood legend, 402–4; on Thomas More, 512; on Wallace and Robert the Bruce, 108, 125, 128–34 See also specific films “The Finest Story in the World” (Kipling), 298–99 Finlay, John, 123 First Estate, defined, 356 First Life (Thomas of Celano), 324, 327–28, 339, 343, 344, 349 First Rule (Franciscans), 330–31, 333–34 Fiske, John, 301 Fitzhugh, William W., 311 FitzStephen, William, 89–90 FitzUrse, Reginald, 89, 91 fitz Waryn, Fouke, 114 Florescu, Radu, 557 Flückinger, Johann, 560–61 Foliot, Gilbert, 69, 80, 81, 85–86, 88 Follett, Ken, 103 The Foresters (Tennyson), 402 Forster, E M., 261 Fortified cities, 613–17 Four Knights in Knaresborough (play), 103 Fourth Estate, defined, 356 France: castles of, 326–27, 591, 599–604, 607–10, 614–16, 624; cathedral schools, 8–9; fortified cities in, 614–16; Hundred Years’ War, 423–24, 428–32, 440–41, 545, 612; Paris, early history, 5–6 See also specific rulers and individuals Francis I, King of France, 607 Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, 361 Franciscan orders, 245, 324, 331, 332–38, 341–42, 351 Francis of Assisi (1181/82–1226), 323–52; afterlife, 350–51; and Index apostolic poverty, 324, 328, 330–32, 335, 337; artifacts and depictions of, 326–27; biography and literature on, 324–26; burial site of, 326, 350–51; and caring for lepers, 329, 346; characteristics of sainthood, 97, 324, 339, 348–52; and church hierarchy, 336–39; early life, 327–30; and Fifth Crusade, 339–41; illness and death of, 328, 341, 343–48; mysticism of, 332, 344–45, 346, 347; rebuilding of church of San Damiano, 329–30, 332; religious life, 332–36; returns to Europe, 341–43; writings of, 326, 345, 347 Frankenstein (Shelley), 564, 566, 574 Fraser, Simon, 109 Frederick I, Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor, 83, 360, 361–62, 366, 382–84, 593 French Revolution, 562, 616 Freud, Sigmund, 499 Froissart, Jean, 646–47, 653 From the Life of Hildegard von Bingen (film), 390 Fry, Christopher, 102–3 Füjin, Börte, 209, 212, 213–14 Fulgens and Lucres (Medwall), 475, 485 Gage, Carolyn, 448 Gairdner, James, 538 Gardner, Ring, Jr., 403 Gaucourt, Raoul de, 428, 431 Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation (GLAAD), 130 Geoffrey, Count of Anjou, 66–67 Geoffrey of Auxerre, 34, 35 Geoffrey of Monmouth, 44–45, 48, 50, 56 George IV, King of United Kingdom, 225, 589 Georgia, Kingdom of, 227 Germany, castles of, 616–17 The Gest of Robin Hood (Clawson), 396, 397, 398, 400, 404 Ghazan Khan, 208, 236–37 Gibson, Mel, 128–31 GI Jane (film), 447 693 Gilbert, Henry, 403 Gilbert of Poitiers, 365 Giles, Peter, 484, 493 Gillies, R P., 123 Gilson, Etienne, 337 Ginn, Edwin, 123 Glossa ordinaria (Standard Gloss), 13 Glossary of Drug Names (Maimonides), 466 Godel, William, 31 Godfred, King of the Danes, 160 God’s Plenty (Dryden), 197 Godwin, Parke, 52 Godwin, William, 199 Gold, 167–68 Goldman, James, 67 Goldstein, R James, 114, 116 The Goodbye Girl (film), 538, 544 Gordon, George See Byron, Lord Goslee, Nancy Moore, 123 Goswin, 21–22 Gottfried of Disibodenberg, 372 Gower, John, 195–97 Gransden, Antonia, 112 Grant, James, 124 Grant, John, 124 Grave Digger (band), 132 Great Yasa of Chinggis Khan, 229–32 Greene, Robert, 196 “Greenland: A Poem, in Five Cantos” (Montgomery), 295 The Greenlanders (Smiley), 312 The Greenlanders’ Saga (14th/15th c.), 290–93, 301, 306–7, 310 Gregory VII, Pope, 360 Gregory IX, Pope, 324, 337, 342, 350–51 Gressart, Perrinet, 434 Grim, Edward, 90, 91 Grimoald III of Benevento, 157 Grocyn, William, 480, 482 Guibert of Gembloux, 372, 377, 383 Guide for the Perplexed (Maimonides), 455–64, 465, 467–71 Guido of Assisi, Bishop, 328, 330, 334, 351 Guillaume IX, Duke of Aquitaine, 273, 279 694 Index Guillaume X, Duke of Aquitaine, 272, 279 Guinevere, in Arthurian legend, 44, 46, 52, 272 Gundolph of Rochester, 588 Gunpowder, 665–67 Gutenfels Castle, Germany, 616–17 Guyuk Khan, 222 Hadrian I, Pope, 155, 156, 158 Hadrian IV, Pope, 359, 361 Hagiographies, 375–76 Hague, Euan, 132 Hall, Jennie, 297–98 Hamilton, Alexander (author), 101 Hammer Film Productions, 575 Handwriting, 171 Harington, John, 189 Harlech Castle, Wales, 611 Harpsfield, Nicholas, 479 Hartung, Edward Frederick, 341 Hate groups, in U.S., 132–33 Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 52 Hayakawa, S I., 306 Haywood, Eliza, 49 Heber, Reginald, 50 Heimskringla (Sturluson), 290, 292 Helgeland, Brian, 176 Heloise (ca 1090–1164), 1–40; at Argenteuil convent, 14, 26, 27, 29; burial site of, 38; early life, 14–15; education, 15, 17; legacy of, 38–40; at Paraclete, 26, 33, 37; relationship with Abelard, 14, 15–18, 19, 26–32, 36–37 Heloise and Abelard (play), 39 Henry, the Young King, 86–87, 88, 94, 278, 280, 281 Henry I, King of England, 63, 64–67, 68, 72, 74–75, 77, 80, 586 Henry II, King of England, 60, 62, 64–97, 104, 249–50, 272, 276–78, 280–81, 590, 602 Henry III, King of England, 98, 609 Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, 359 Henry IV, King of England, 184, 185–86, 520–22, 528 Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor, 360 Henry V, King of England, 187, 189, 419, 520–21, 527, 545 Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor, 328 Henry VI, King of England, 93, 527, 533–34, 535 Henry VI, King of England and France, 521–23 Henry VII (Shakespeare), 511–12 Henry VII, King of England, 48, 93, 189–90, 479–80, 483, 491, 501, 528–29, 535, 536, 540–41, 545 Henry VIII, King of England, 69, 99, 190, 192, 476, 483, 485, 498–511, 529 Henry of Avranches, 325, 327 Henry of Essex, 70 Henry the Navigator, 605 Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond See Henry VI, King of England Heraldry, 626–27 Herbert of Bosham, 82, 86, 87 Heretical sects, 362–63 Herjólfsson, Bjarni, 290, 292, 295–96 Heroism and Humanity (painting), 127 Hildegard of Bingen (1098–1179), 355–90; and Abbess Tengswich, 367–69; and burial of excommunicant, 371–72; death of, 372; early life, 357, 363–65; legacy of, 379–90; letters to emperors, 383–84; letters to popes, 382–83; modern treatment of, 387–90; and monastic world, 356–58; musical works of, 364, 378–79, 384–88; as prophetess, 365, 367, 380–81; on purpose of music, 371; and Richardis tragedy, 369–71; and Rupertsberg convent, 366–72, 380; and secular world, 359–63; visions of, 363–64, 365, 366, 372–73, 384; writings of, 365, 366, 370–80 “Hildegard on Trial: A Note Regarding the Narrow Reception of a Medieval Abbess-Composer” (DiCenso), 390 Hippocrates, 466, 471 Historia calamitatum See The Story of My Misfortunes (Abelard) Index The Historical Roots of Our Ecological Crisis (White), 348 History of England (Austen), 545 A History of Fortification (Toy), 611 History of France (Michelet), 443 History of Greater Britain (Major), 117–18 The History of Greenland (Crantz), 293 The History of King Richard III (More), 477, 481, 483–84, 488–92, 536 History of Scotland (Scott), 121–23 The History of the English Church and People (Bede), 23 History of the Kings of Britain (Geoffrey of Monmouth), 44–45 The History of the Life and Reigne of Richard the Third (Buck), 539 History of the Reign of King Henry the Seventh (Bacon), 539 Hobbes, Thomas, 535 Hoccleve, Thomas, 187–88, 193, 195 Hode, Robyn, 396 Hodgett, J F., 297 Hö’elun, 209–10, 213–14 Hole, Richard, 50 Holford, Margaret, 123 Holinshed, Raphael, 536 Holy Grail, in Arthurian legend, 46–47, 49, 52 Holy Roman Empire, 360–62 See also specific emperors Homer, 257 Honorius III, Pope, 337, 342 Hospitallers, 604–5 House, Adrian, 344, 345 House of Fame (Chaucer), 259 Howard, Thomas, 504 Hrotsvitha of Gandersheim, 356 Hughes, Thomas, 49 Huitdeniers, Osbert, 63 Human Biology, on plague death toll, 177 Hundred Years’ War, 423–24, 428–32, 440, 545, 612 Ibn Abi Usaybi, 453 Ibn al-Athīr, 223–24 Iceland, 300, 311–14 695 Icelander (ship), 312 Icon and iconic, use of terms, 15–16 Iconoclastic Controversy, 163–64 iDante (iPhone/iPad version), 264–65 Impalement, 553–54, 555 Imperial ideology in literature, 568–69 Inferno (Dante), 250, 252, 255–58, 260, 261, 262, 263 Innocent II, Pope, 6, 26, 34–35, 36 Innocent III, Pope, 69, 83, 334, 336–37 Innocent IV, Pope, 351 In Search of Dracula (Florescu and McNally), 557 Investiture Controversy, 68, 360 Iran, and Chinggis Khan, 224, 238 Iraq, and Chinggis Khan, 226 Ireland, wars with England, 110, 111 Isabeau of Vauthon, 418, 422 Isabella, Queen, 110, 624 Isagoge (Porphyry), 3, Islam and Islamic cultures: articles of faith, 454; and rule of Chinggis Khan, 156, 163, 208–9, 222, 224–25, 237–39; Shari‘at, 230; in Spain, 16, 452; Sufism, 237–38, 455; territorial control, 593 Italian Dante Society, 263 Italy: castles of, 326–27; during Charlemagne’s rule, 144, 155, 157, 161, 167; civil wars during Dante’s lifetime, 246–47 See also specific rulers and individuals Ivanhoe (Scott), 120, 400–401 Ivo of Chartres, 8, 10–11 James, G.P.R., 401 James of St George, 609, 610 James the Conqueror, 635, 641, 651, 655, 657–58, 661 Jamuka, 209, 214–16, 217–18, 219 Jebe, 217, 222–23, 224–29 Jelme, 212, 214 Jerusalem, Kingdom of, 339–40, 351, 359, 593, 661 Joan of Arc (ca 1412–1431), 417–48; artistic renderings of, 442–43; capture of, 435–37; the dauphin’s reception of, 425–27; death of, 439–40; 696 Index early life, 418–22; England’s imprisonment of, 437–39; hearing of voices, 420–21, 425, 426, 427–28, 430, 435, 439, 440; knighthood of, 427–28; legacy of, 444; minor military engagements, 433–35; mission to save France, 422–35; modern treatment of, 444–47; Nullification Trial, 440–42; post–French Revolution views on, 443–44; sainthood, 442, 445; and siege of Orléans, 423–24, 428–32; victories of, 432–33 Joan of Arc (film), 445, 446 Joan of Arcadia (TV series), 447 Joan the Woman (film), 444–45 Jóhansson, Sigurjón, 313–14 John, King of England, 69, 87, 282, 600, 602, 603 John II, King of France, 599 John XII, Pope, 361 John of Brienne, King of Jerusalem, 339–40, 351 John of Gaunt, 178, 179, 180, 183, 184, 627–28 John of Plano Carpini, 230–31 John of Salisbury, 32, 82, 86, 87, 89–90, 97, 275 John Paul II, Pope, 348 Johnson, Lyndon, 300 Johnson, Matthew, 618–19, 620, 621 Jones, David, 50–51 Jones, Terry, 186 Jonson, Ben, 49, 399 Jónsson, Arngrímur, 293 Judaism: kabbalah, 470; Mishneh, 454–55; Talmud, 452, 454, 455–56, 463, 465, 469; Torah, 454, 456, 458, 460, 462, 467, 468, 470 Juliana of Mont Cornillon, 356 Julian of Norwich, 356 Jutta of Sponheim, 363, 364, 365 Jūzja¯nī, 231 Kabbalah, 470 Kalogridis, Jeanne, 576 Kaufman, Charlie, 39 Keats, John, 401 Kendall, Paul Murray, 539 Kenilworth (Scott), 629 Kenilworth Castle, England, 590, 591, 627–29 Khan, Qaidu, 209 Khwa¯razmsha¯h, Mohammad, 223–25, 226 King Arthur (Lytton), 50 King James Bible, 500 Kipling, Rudyard, 298–99, 563 Knights, 598, 604–5 Knights of Saint John, 604 A Knight’s Tale (film), 176–77, 179, 188, 200 Know the Ways of the Lord (Hildegard), 365, 370, 372–73, 379 Könsgen, Ewald, 28 Kostova, Elizabeth, 576 Kristjánsson, Jónas, 314 Krohg, Christian, 300 Küchlüg the Naiman, 222–23 Lady of the Forest (Roberson), 404 L’Aigle, Richer de, 60, 62 Lake, Perry, 575 Lamberton, William, 111 Lancelot (Chrétien), 46, 47–48 Lancelot, in Arthurian legend, 44, 46, 49, 52 Langland, William, 396 Langtoft, Peter, 112–14 Langton, Stephen, 98, 99 Languages and literary customs, 244 Lanier, Sidney, 296 L’Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland, 296, 308, 312 Last of the Barons (Bulwer-Lytton), 543 The Last Things (More), 484, 497–98, 506 Latin, usage of, 244 Lawhead, Stephen, 52 Laxart, Durand, 421, 422, 424 Le Bret, Richard, 89, 91 Leeds Castle, England, 623–24 Le Fanu, Joseph Sheridan, 558, 563, 565 Lefevre, William, 396 Legal reforms: during Charlemagne’s rule, 168; during Chinggis Khan’s rule, 229–32 Index Legend of the Three Companions, 324, 329, 330, 331, 332, 342, 345 Leif Ericson: The Boy Who Discovered America (animation), 312–13 “Leif Erikson Discovering America” (painting), 300 Leif Eriksson Day, in U.S., 300 Leifsaga (Chapin), 304–6 Leif the Lucky (d’Aulaire and d’Aulaire), 306–7 Leifur Eiríksson Heritage Centre (Iceland), 313 Leigh, Joyeuce, 487 Leo, Brother, 324, 326, 336, 344–45, 351 Leo III, Pope, 163–64, 172 Leo XIII, Pope, 511 Leprosy, 329, 346 Letter on Astrology (Maimonides), 465 The Letters of the Two Lovers, 27–28 Letter to Brother Leo (Francis of Assisi), 326 Lex Romana, 168 Life of Charlemagne (Einhard), 145 The Life of Pico della Mirandola (More), 483–84, 487–88, 506 Life of Saint Disibod (Hildegard), 376 Life of Saint Hildegard (Theodoric of Echternach), 372 Liljencrantz, Ottilie, 297 Lily, William, 480 Linacre, Thomas, 480, 482 L’Inferno (film), 265 The Lion in Winter (film), 281 The Lion in Winter (play), 67, 281 The Lion of Christ (Butler), 103 Liszt, Franz, 126 Little Flowers of St Francis (Ungolino), 344, 349 Lives of the Twelve Caesars (Suetonius), 489 Llull, Ramon, 337 Logic, Abelard on, Loncraine, Richard, 544 London, England, 63, 177, 182–84 Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 262–63, 294 Looking for Richard (film), 544 697 The Lord of the Isles (Scott), 121 Lory, Robert, 576 Lotulf of Lombardy, 14 Lotulf of Novara, 19, 20, 21 Louis VI, King of France, 10, 12, 273–74 Louis VII, King of France, 34, 67, 82–84, 85, 98, 272, 273–77 Louis IX, King of France, 607–8, 614–15 Louvre, Paris, 146, 607 Love, in literature, 28 Lowell, James Russell, 295 Lucius II, Pope, 360–61 Luther, Martin, 192, 497, 499–500 See also Protestant Reformation Lycidas (Milton), 260 Lydgate, John, 188–89 Lytton, Bulwer, 50 Macbeth (Shakespeare), 533 Machaut, Guillaume de, 179 Maddocks, Fiona, 369 Magna Carta, 69 Magnus, Albertus, 468 Magnusson, Magnus, 315 The Maid, the Deliverer of France (Chapelain), 443 Maid Marian (de Koven), 402 Maid Marian (Peacock), 401 Maid Marian (play), 401–2 The Maid of Orléans (Voltaire), 443 Maimonides (1138–1204), 451–71; on angels, 462–63; burial site of, 453; death of, 453; early life, 452–53; legacy of, 467–71; modern treatment of, 470–71; philosophy of Guide for the Perplexed, 455–64; as physician, 453, 465–67, 470–71; writings of, 453–65 See also specific literary works Maimonides Medical Center, 470 Major, John, 116, 117–18 Malcolm, King of Scotland, 590 Mallet, Paul Henri, 293 Malory, Thomas, 47, 48–49, 50, 51 Maltese Cross, 604 A Man for All Seasons (film), 512 A Man for All Seasons (play), 512 698 Index Mangonels, 596–97 Manor houses, 613, 624 March to Bannockburn (poem), 119 Margaret of Anjou, 522, 527 Marius, Richard, 511 Marjorie, Countess of Carrick, 108 Markham, Clements, 539 Marriage among aristocracy, 66–67 Marschner, Heinrich, 564 Marshall, Earl William, 590 Marshall, Perry, 300–301 Martel, Charles, 145, 152, 165 Martini, Simone, 638 Marx, Karl, 194, 499, 562 Mary I, Queen of England, 101, 193 Masefield, John, 52 Massacre of Verden (783–785), 159–60 Matilda, Empress, 63, 64, 66–68, 276 Matter of France (Charlemagne Cycle), 172 Matthew of Paris, 113–14 The Maximus Poems (Olson), 308–9 McArthur, Colin, 133 McDiarmid, Matthew, 116 McNally, Raymond, 557 McSpadden, J Walker, 403 Medwall, Henry, 475, 485 Meissner, Daniel, 366 Melusine, fairy queen, 283 Menteith, John, 112 Merlin (Robinson), 51 Merlin (TV series), 52–53 Merlin, in Arthurian legend: Boron rendition, 46; Eschenbach rendition, 46–47; in History of the Kings of Britain, 45; Lawman rendition, 48; modern treatment of, 51; in nineteenth century renditions, 50, 51; role of, 44 See also Arthur, King Merovingian Dynasty, 152 Merxadrus, Bazela, 659 The Messenger: The Story of Joan of Arc (film), 446 Metamorphoses of the Vampire in Literature in Film (Butler), 560 Metz, Jean de, 423, 425 Meun, Jean de, 28, 31 Mews, Constant J., 28 Michelet, Jules, 443, 447 Middle Ages: appointment of bishops, 68–69; aristocratic marriages, 66–67; benefit of clergy law, 95–96; clerical orders, 77–79, 356–58; estates in society, 356; imagery of bride/ bridegroom, 29–30; leprosy, 329; masters and cathedral schools, 8–9, 62–63; naming conventions, 60–61; New Learning movement, 475, 480–82, 483, 536; papacy, 8, 11, 20, 68, 83, 359–62; Paris during, 5–6; rankings of women, 356; sainthood, 93; and study of universals, 4; use of term, 16–17 See also specific countries, events, and people Middleton, Alice, 482–83 Migne, Jacques-Paul, 379–80 Military orders, 604–5 Military reforms, during Charlemagne’s rule, 168–69 Millar, Ronald, 39 Miller, Elizabeth, 557, 558 Miller, Thomas, 401 Milman, Charles, 50 Milton, John, 49, 53, 259, 260 The Mind’s Road to God (Saint Bonaventure), 349 Mishneh, 454–55 Mishneh Torah (Maimonides), 455, 464, 465, 468, 470, 471 Mitchell, Jerome, 121 Modern Language Association, 200 Moll, Richard, 117 Monastic life: clerical orders, 77–79; education within, 77, 356–57; explanation of, 356–57; lay retirement to, 12, 17–18 See also specific monasteries, orders, and adherents Monetary reforms, during Charlemagne’s rule, 167–68 Money-lending, 168 Mongol Empire, 207 See also Chinggis Khan Montagne Saint Geneviève abbey, 10, 11 Montgomery, James, 295 More, John, 476, 478, 480, 482, 486 Index More, Thomas (1478–1535), 473–513; burial site of, 511; as chancellor, 501–3; death of, 510–11; early life, 474–80; epilogue, 511–13; imprisonment of, 506–9; marriages and children, 482–83; as martyr, 190; and monastic life, 481–82, 487, 507; and New Learning, 475, 480–82; and Protestant Reformation, 499–503; religious medallions of, 101; retreats from court, 503–11; sainthood, 511; as statesman, 479, 484; trial of, 509–10; writings of, 475–79, 483–84, 487–98, 503, 506, 511–13, 536 Morgan, David, 230 Morris, William, 199 Morrison, John, 127 Morte Darthur (Malory), 48–49, 54–57 Mortimer, Roger, 110 Morton, Graeme, 124, 125 Morton, John, 474, 491, 536 Munday, Anthony, 399 Muntaner, Ramón, 640, 649 Murad II, Sultan, 552 Murder in the Cathedral (play), 102 Murray, Andrew, 111 Muslims See Islam and Islamic cultures Mydans, Shelley, 103 Myerson, Jonathan, 201 Mysticism: kabbalah, 470; of Saint Francis, 332, 344–45, 346, 347 Napier, Theodore, 124–25 Napoleon, 361, 443, 444, 617 National Association for the Vindication of Scottish Rights (NAVSR), 124 National Portrait Gallery, Scotland, 127 National Wallace Monument, Scotland, 133–34 Nature (Medwall), 475 Neo-Confederacy, 132–33 Neville, Anne, 524, 532, 534, 543 Neville, Richard, Earl of Warwick, 523, 524 New Learning movement, 475, 480–82, 483, 536 The New Life (Dante), 245, 246, 248, 252–53 699 Newman, Kim, 576 Newman, Sharan, 52 Newport Tower, Rhode Island, 304 Newton, Isaac, 469 Nibbelink, Phil, 312 Nicene Creed, 172 Nineteen Eighty-Four (Orwell), 495 Niño, Pero, 653–54 Nizam al-Dīn Awliya, 237 Nodier, Charles, 564 Norbert of Xanten, 25 Normans, 582–83, 585, 587, 589, 592 “The Norsemen” (Whittier), 294–95 Nosferatu (film), 574 Notre Dame, 4–5, 14 Notre Dame Cathedral, Novello da Polenta, Guido, 252 Odyssey (Homer), 257 Of Reformation (Milton), 260 Ưgưdei Khan, 207–8, 218, 228, 231, 235 Olaf II, King of Norway, 93 Olson, Charles, 308–9 Oman, Charles, 160 On Certain Modern Opinions among the Greeks (Allatius), 559 On Monarchy (Dante), 249–50, 254–55, 262 On the Chewing of the Dead (Rohr), 559 On the Eloquence of the Vernacular (Dante), 249, 254 Oratory at the Paraclete, 24–26, 30, 38 Order of Christ, 605 Order of Friars Minor (OFM), 324, 335 Order of Maltese Knights, 604 Order of Saint Clare See Poor Clares Order of Saint Lazarus, 325 Order of the Dragon, 551–52 Order of the Temple of Jerusalem See Templars Ordo virtutum (Hildegard), 366, 370–71, 372, 379, 384 Organon (Aristotle), Orientalism (Said), 568–69 Orwell, George, 495 Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor, 165, 361 700 Index Ottoman Empire, 551–54 Otto of Freising, 632 Our Vampires, Ourselves (Auerbach), 549 Oxford University, 476 Paganism, 159, 162, 304 Paglia, Camille, 180 Papacy: election of popes, 83; during Hildegard’s lifespan, 359–61; Papal Schism, 359–62; reform movement, 8, 11, 20, 68 See also Church of Rome; specific popes Papal Schism, 359–62 Paradise Lost (Milton), 260 Paradiso (Dante), 251, 255–56, 262, 263 Paris, France, 4–6 The Parliament of Fowls (Chaucer), 181–82 Paschal III, Antipope, 83, 172, 360, 361–62 The Passion of Joan of Arc (film), 445 Payens, Hughes de, 604 Peace of Vienna (1177), 360 Peacock, Thomas Love, 401 Pearl, Matthew, 263 Pembroke Castle, Wales, 589, 590, 591, 607, 610 Penman, Sharon Kay, 103 Pepin II, King, 165 Pepin the Short, King, 144, 151–53 Percy, Thomas, 50, 293 Père Lachaise Cemetery, 38 Peter Abelard (Waddell), 39 Peter of Catanio, 333 Peter the Venerable, 35–37 Petrarch, 178 Pfalzgrafenstein complex, Germany, 617 Philip I, King, 10–11 Philip II, King of France, 67, 281, 282, 593, 600–601, 603 Philip IV, King of France, 603, 605, 607–8, 624 Philip VI, King of France, 662 Philip of Burgundy, Duke, 420 Philippe IV, King of France, 108, 109, 112 Pico, John, 487 Piers Plowman (Langland), 396 Pillars of the Earth (Follett), 103 Pippin, King of Italy, 147, 148, 149–50, 157, 158, 161, 162, 165 Pippinid clan, 174 Pittock, Murray G.H., 121–22 Pius XI, Pope, 511 Pizzetti, Ildebrando, 102 Plaidy, Jean, 103, 512 Planché, James Robinson, 401–2, 564 Plato, 460, 493, 495 The Play of Robin Hood (Copland play), 406–15 Policraticus (John of Salisbury), 82 Polidori, John, 563–65 Polo, Marco, 235, 236 Poor Clares, 324, 331, 335, 342–43, 487 See also Clare, Saint Pope, Alexander, 39, 197, 198 Popes, during Middle Ages, 83 See also Papacy; specific popes Porphyry, Porter, Jane, 123 Portrait of an Unknown Woman (Bennett), 512 Potok, Mark, 133 Poulegny, Bertrand de, 425 Pound, Ezra, 261–62 Praise of Folly (Erasmus), 486 Praises of God (Francis of Assisi), 326 The Prelude (Wordsworth), 119 Prester John, 222 “Prophecy of Dante” (Byron), 260 Prophet/prophetess, 380–81 Protestant Reformation: influence of Saint Thomas on, 99–101; and More, 475, 476, 497, 498, 499–503, 507–11 See also Luther, Martin Prufrock and Other Observations (Eliot), 262 “Psalm of the West” (Lanier), 296 Purcell, Henry, 49 Purgatorio (Dante), 255–58, 261, 263 Pyle, Howard, 403 Pynson, Richard, 190, 191, 192, 194 Qabul Khan, 209 Qara Khitai, 222–23 The Quest for Becket’s Bones (Butler), 100 Index Quicherat, Jules, 443 Quincy, Thomas de, 444 Rafn, Carl, 293, 296 Rage of the Heart (musical), 39 Rashīd al-Dīn, 207, 208, 210, 211, 229, 231, 236 Rastell, John, 190–91, 484–85, 487 Ratchnevsky, Paul, 215–16 Raymond of Poitiers, Prince, 275 Recluse, 357 “Red Eric” (Williams), 301–2 Regimen of Health (Maimonides), 466 Regiment of Princes (Hoccleve), 188 Reims, France, 419 Renaissance, use of term, 194 Republic (Plato), 493, 495 Response against Luther (More), 500 Reynolds, E E., 481 Reynolds, John Hamilton, 401 Rezachevici, Constantin, 555 The Ricardian (journal), 542, 543 Rich, Richard, 508–9 Richard I, King of England, 87, 281–82, 453, 587, 590, 591, 593, 599–601, 602 Richard II, King of England, 93, 178, 180–82, 183, 185–87, 520, 535, 540 Richard III (film), 544 Richard III (Kendall), 539 Richard III (Shakespeare), 520, 534, 536–38 Richard III, (1452–1485), 519–45; approach to throne, 525–33; brief rule as King, 533–35; death of, 534–35; dynastic background of, 520–23; early life, 523–24; and House of York, 521–27; legend of, 535–45; modern treatment of, 542–44; as relation of Chaucer, 189; and suspected murder of princes, 526, 532, 535–36, 538, 539–41 Richard III: His Life and Character (Markham), 539 Richard III Society, 542–43 Richard of York, 521–23 Riggs, A G., 325 Ritson, Joseph, 50, 400 701 Roberson, Jennifer, 404 Robert I, King of Scots See Robert the Bruce Robert II, King of Scotland, 115 Robert the Bruce (symphony), 126 Robert the Bruce, King of Scots (1274–1329), 107–35; artistic renderings of, 126–27; Barbour on, 115–16; burial site of, 110; death of, 110; factual history of, 108–10; as inspiration for classical music, 125–26; Langtoft on, 112–14; legacy of, 135; modern treatment of, 128–35; political songs on, 114–15; romantic literature on, 118–24; as Scottish political symbols, 124–25; Scott on, 123; Tranter on, 127 See also Wallace, William Robert the Bruce Receiving the Wallace Sword from the Sprit of Scotland (painting), 127 Robin and Marion (film), 404 Robin Hood, 395–415; broadside ballads, 398, 400; fifteenth-century references, 397–98; in film, 402–3; fourteenthcentury references, 397; modern printed renditions, 403–4; nineteenthcentury references, 400–401; origins of, 396–97; The Play of Robin Hood, 406–15; post-medieval references, 398; in stage plays, 401–2; on television, 402–3; and Tudor political culture, 398–400 Robin Hood (de Koven), 402 Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (film), 403 “Robin Hood: To a Friend” (Keats), 401 Robin of Sherwood (TV series), 403 Robinson, Edwin Arlington, 51 Rob Roy (Scott), 120 Rochead, John Thomas, 133 Rochester Castle, England, 581, 602 Roger of Pont l’Evêque, 86, 88 Rohr, Philip, 559 Rollo, Duke of Normandy, 583–84 Romance of the Rose (Meun), 28, 31 Roman Empire, Romania, 553, 559 702 Index Romanian National Military Museum, 552 Roosevelt, Franklin, 300 Roper, William, 474, 477, 479–80, 506 Roscelin of Compiègne, 3, 4, 12, 19 Ross, Andrew, 134 Ross, Charles, 539, 540 Rossetti, Dante Gabriel, 261 Round Table, 44 Rouse, Richard, 536 Royal Palace on Ỵle de la Cité, France, 607–9 Rufino, Brother, 324, 336, 345, 351 Rule of Saint Benedict See Benedictine Rule Runciman, Steven, 340, 341 Rupertsberg convent, 357 Ruskin, John, 199 Rymer, James Malcolm, 563 Sabatier, Paul, 326 Saberhagen, Fred, 576 The Sad Shepherd (Jonson), 399 Sỉmundsson, Nína, 300 Said, Edward, 568–69 Saint Denis monastery, 18, 22–23, 593 Saint Francis See Francis of Assisi Saint Geneviève monastery, 31 Saint Gildas monastery, 25–26, 32 St Omer Chronicle, 636–37, 638 Saint Thomas’s Eve (Plaidy), 512 Saint Victor monastery, 9–10 Saladin, Sultan, 453, 593, 661 Sallust, 481, 489 Sanction of Bourges (1438), 441 Sanglier, Henry, 21 Santa Chiara of Assisi, 331 Santa Maria degli Angeli, 333, 335 Saracens, 146, 157, 161, 336 Saxon wars, 144, 155, 156–57, 158–61 Scheps, Walter, 116 Schiller, Friedrich, 443 Scotland: modern treatment of Robert the Bruce in, 133–35; modern treatment of Wallace in, 133–35; wars with England, 109–12 See also specific rulers and individuals Scott, Walter, 50, 400–401, 629 Scott, William, 120–23, 127 Scottish Home Rule Association (SHRA), 124–25 Scottish National Party (SNP), 125, 130 Scotus, John Duns, 337, 467–68 The Sea Road (Elphinstone), 314–15 Second Estate, defined, 356 Second Life (Thomas of Celano), 324, 334, 339, 340, 343 Secret History of the Mongols (de Rachewiltz), 207–9, 210–13, 216–17, 219 Sephton, John, 292 Serbia, 559–60 A Sermon on the Song of Songs (Bernard of Clairvaux), 30 Se7en (film), 265 Shakespeare: comparison to Chaucer, 199; comparison to Dante, 262; Henry VII, 511–12; history plays, 186, 536; on Joan of Arc, 443; Macbeth, 533; Richard III, 520, 533, 536–38; Tragedy of King Richard III, 490, 492 Shari‘at (Islamic law), 230 Sharp, Michael, 130 Shaw, Ralph, 531 Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft, 564, 566 Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 259, 260, 564 Shore, Jane, 530, 542 The Siege of Orléans (miracle play), 426 Siege warfare, 631–67; and archers, 598–99; assault on outer defenses, 636–38; battering rams, 596, 647; camps, 641–42; castles as fortresses, 592–99, 610; during Charlemagne’s rule, 169; daily routines, 650–53; defensive counterpreparations and sallies, 649–50; defensive preparations, 634–35; deliberate assaults, 654–58; devastation of surrounding areas, 636–38; ending of sieges, 660–64; failure of hasty assaults, 639–41; hunger and disease, 632–33, 660–61; impact of gunpowder, 665–67; knights, 598, 604–5; long sieges, 658–60; and mounted knights, 598; preparation for deliberate assaults, 642–48; Index sieges of castles, 664–65; skirmishes, 652–54; stone-throwing machines, 596–97, 645; supply systems, 651–52; and tactics of Chinggis Khan, 220–21; threats, 648 Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, 551–52 Sigurðardóttir, Þórunn, 311 Silver, 167–68 Simon de Montfort, 93, 627 Simpson, Frederick James, 126 Single-hero romance genre, 45–48 Sir William Wallace (song), 126 “The Skeleton in Armour” (Longfellow), 294 Skinner, B F., 499 Smiley, Jane, 312 Song of Roland, 144, 151, 156–57, 172 “Song of the Scottish Wars” (poem), 114–15 Sorrell, Roger D., 348 Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), 132–33 Spain: cathedrals and siege warfare in, 593; during Charlemagne’s rule, 144, 156–57, 161; Islamic culture in, 16, 452 Speght, Thomas, 195, 197, 198 Spenser, Edmund, 49, 194, 260 Spielberg, Stephen, 312 Spike (comic book), 575 Spinoza, Baruch, 468–69 Spiritual Franciscans, 338 Stade, Richardis von, 369–71, 373 Stapleton, Thomas, 487 Stealing Heaven (film), 39 Stephen, King of England, 63, 64–66, 68, 72, 276–77 Stephen III, Pope, 154, 155 Stephen of Garlande, 8, 10–12, 24, 25, 32, 34 Stevenson, Robert Louis, 543, 566, 574 Stewart, Mary, 51 Stirrups, 168–69 Stoker, Bram, 548, 550–51, 555–58, 565–75, 576–77 Stokesay Castle, England, 613 Stone-throwing machines, 596–97, 645 703 The Story of My Misfortunes (Abelard), 2, 6, 17, 18, 19, 20, 23–27, 31 Stow, John, 193–95 The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (Stevenson), 566, 574 Strassburg, Gottfried von, 46 Strohm, Paul, 187 Sturluson, Snorri, 290, 292, 312 Subodai, 224–29 Suetonius, 481, 489 Sufism, 237–38, 455 Superman (comic book), Eriksson references in, 307–8 Sutcliff, Rosemary, 52 Sutherland, John, 120–21 The Sword in the Stone (White), 51 Sydney, Philip, 196, 197 Sylvester, R S., 489 Tacitus, 481, 489 Tales from the Crypt (TV series), 198 Talmud, 452, 454, 455–56, 463, 465, 469 Tassilo III, Duke of Bavaria, 158 Tatar tribe, 207, 211, 216–17 Templars, 594, 603, 604–5 Temüjin See Chinggis Khan Tengswich, Abbess, 367–69 Tennyson, Alfred, 50–51, 101–2, 260–61 Tertiary Order of Saint Francis, 324, 335, 351 Terza rima (rhyme scheme), 259, 260 Testament (Francis of Assisi), 326, 347 Teutonic Knights, 604 Tey, Josephine, 512–13, 540 Thelwall, John, 50 Theobald, archbishop of Canterbury, 60, 63–65, 66, 67–68, 69 Theodoric of Echternach, 372, 376 Theologia Christiana (Abelard), 25, 34 Theologia summi boni (Abelard), 19–22 Theologico-Political Treatise (Spinoza), 468–69 The Thief ’s Mistress (Feyrer), 404 Third Estate, defined, 356 Thomas (Mydans), 103 Thomas of Celano, 324, 325, 327–28, 334, 336, 343, 348, 351 704 Index Thomas of Morigny, 33 Thomas of Woodstock, 180 Thorbjarnardóttir, Gudrid, 314 Thorfinnsson, Snorri, 314 The Thrall of Leif the Lucky (Liljencrantz), 302 Throop, Priscilla, 387 Thynne, William, 192–93, 196 Toghrul Wang-Khan, 212, 213–14, 216, 217–18 Tomb of Dracula (Marvel Comics), 575 Torah, 454, 456, 458, 460, 462, 467, 468, 469, 470 Tournaments, 626 Tower of London (film), 544 Tower of London, England, 583, 588–89 Toy, Sidney, 611 Tragedy of King Richard III (Shakespeare), 490, 492 Tranter, Nigel, 127–28 Travisa, John, 54, 55 Treatise on Coitus (Maimonides), 466 Treatise on Resurrection (Maimonides), 464–65 Treaty of Arras (1435), 441 Treaty of Corbeil (1258), 161 Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton (1328), 110 Treaty of Heiligen (811), 160 Treaty of Troyes (1421), 419, 420, 521 Trebuchets, 597, 643–45 Tremayne, Peter, 576 Trémoïlle, Georges de la, 433, 434 Treptow, Kurt, 557–58 Trial by battle, 78 “Triumph of Life” (Shelley), 260 Troilus and Criseyde (Chaucer), 182, 185, 187, 190, 259 Trotta, Margarethe von, 390 Troubadours, 279, 327 Tudor Dynasty, 189–90, 192–93, 535–36 Tunes of War (Grave Digger), 132 Twain, Mark, 51, 52 Tyrel, James, 540 “Ulysses” (Tennyson), 261 Union of the Two Noble Families of Lancaster and York (Hall), 536 Universals: Abelard on, 3–4, 7; William of Champeaux on, Universal Studios, 574–75 Universities, studium as, University of Wisconsin, 299 Urban II, Pope, 3, 359, 593 Urry, John, 198 Utopia (More), 476, 478, 481, 484, 490, 492–97, 511 Vampires in literature See Dracula legend The Vampyre (play), 564 The Vampyre (Polidori), 563–64 Van Helsing, Abraham, 556–57 Varney the Vampire (Rymer), 563 Vergil, Polydore, 49, 536 Vespucci, Amerigo, 492–93 Victor IV, Antipope, 83, 360, 361 The Viking (film), 302–4 Viking America (Barnes), 311 Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga (Fitzhugh and Ward), 311 Vinland (Brown), 309–11 Vinland, or The Norse Discovery of America (Marshall), 300–301 Vinland Tapestry (Jóhansson), 313–14 Viollet-le-Duc, 615 Virgil, 254, 256, 257, 258 Vitalis, Ordericus, 583 Vlad II Dracul, 551–53 Vlad III Dracula (1431–1476), 547–77; death of, 554; early life, 551–52; later reputation of, 551–54; and literary Dracula legend, 550–51, 554, 555–59, 574–75; as prince of Wallachia, 550, 551–54, 555 Voltaire, 361, 443 “The Voyage to Vinland” (Lowell), 295–96 Vulgate (Chrétien), 47–48 Wace, Robert, 45–47 Waddell, Helen, 39 Wagner, Richard, 126 Wainwright, Sally, 201 Waldensians, 331 Wales, castles of, 589, 590, 591, 607, 609–11, 615 Index Waley, Arthur, 208 Wallace (poem), 110–11, 116–17 The Wallace (Tranter), 128 Wallace, Alan, 111 Wallace, William (ca 1272–1305), 107–35; Andrew of Wyntoun on, 135; artistic renderings of, 126–27; Blind Hary on, 110–11, 116–17, 118, 129; death of, 112; factual history of, 110–12; as inspiration for classical music, 125–26; Langtoft on, 112–14; legacy of, 135; Major on, 117–18; modern treatment of, 128–35; political songs on, 114–15; romantic literature on, 118–24; as Scottish political symbol, 124–25; Scott on, 123; Tranter on, 128 See also Robert the Bruce Wallace, William (composer), 126 Walpole, Horace, 198, 539 Walter, Gustav, 617 Ward, E., 311 Wars of the Roses (England), 189, 522, 543 Warton, Thomas, 50 “The Waste Land” (Eliot), 262 Waverley (Scott), 120, 121 Wawn, Andrew, 311 Wax tablets, 13 Weaponry: during Chinggis Khan’s rule, 221, 231; impact of gunpowder, 665–67; in siege warfare, 596–97, 643–45, 665–67 See also specific weapons Westminster Hall, 592 What Dreams May Come (film), 265 Where Angels Fear to Tread (Forster), 261 White, Lynn, Jr., 348, 349 White, T H., 51 White Tower of London, England, 583, 588–89 Whitney, Ann, 299 Whittier, John Greenleaf, 294–95 Whittinton, Robert, 473, 513 705 Who Murdered Chaucer? (Jones et al.), 186 The Wide World (Kristjánsson), 314 Widukind, Saxon chief, 159–60 Wilkinson, William, 554–55 William I, King of England, 65, 74, 80, 582–83, 585, 586 William II, King of England, 65, 592 William Morris and Co., 289, 296–97, 314 William of Canterbury, 89–90 William of Champeaux, 4–8, 9–10, 11, 12, 14 William of Eynsford, 70 William of Ockham, 337 William of Saint Thierry, 33, 35 Williams, William Carlos, 301–2 William the Conqueror See William I, King of England Wilson, Clyde, 132 Wilson, Derek, 172–73 Winchester Cathedral, 592 Windsor Castle, England, 589, 590 Witchblade (TV series), 447 Wolfe, Catherine Lorillard, 296–97 Wolsey, Thomas, 501–2 Woolf, Virginia, 200 Woolley, Persia, 52 Wordsworth, William, 50, 53, 119 World of Warcraft (computer game), 176 Wyatville, Jeffry, 589 Wyclif, John, 183–84 Yarbro, Chelsea Quinn, 576 Yeats, William Butler, 200, 261 Yelü Dashi, 222 Yes and No (Abelard), 22, 25 Yesügei, Bahadur, 209–10 Young, Douglas, 125 YouTube: Dante’s Inferno rendition, 264–65; videos on Chaucer, 176, 179, 196, 198, 202 Yvette of Huy, 356 Zacharias, Pope, 152 ... so forth ICONS OF THE MIDDLE AGES Rulers, Writers, Rebels, and Saints Volume Lister M Matheson, Editor ICONS OF THE MIDDLE AGES Recent Titles in Greenwood Icons Icons of Unbelief: Atheists, Agnostics,... and the appearance of vernacular written documents; the Early Middle Ages (the fifth century to ca 1000); the High Middle Ages (ca 1000 to the end of the thirteenth century); and the Late Middle. .. church at Saint Icons of the Middle Ages Germain-des-Prés and the other is the chapel of Saint Aignan, north of Notre Dame cathedral on the Ỵle de la Cité As a cathedral canon, William of Champeaux