Table of Contents Title Page Copyright Page Acknowledgements Introduction PART ONE - The Poor Knights of Christ CHAPTER ONE - The Beginning of the Order CHAPTER TWO - Hugh de Payns CHAPTER THREE - Baldwin II, King of Jerusalem CHAPTER FOUR - Hugh, Count of Champagne One of the earliest members of the CHAPTER FIVE - Bernard of Clairvaux CHAPTER SIX - Hugh de Payns Takes the Templars on the Road CHAPTER SEVEN - The Council of Troyes CHAPTER EIGHT - Go Forth and Multiply CHAPTER NINE - The Life of a Templar, According to the Rule CHAPTER TEN - Melisande, Queen of Jerusalem CHAPTER ELEVEN - Fulk of Anjou, the Queen’s Husband CHAPTER TWELVE - The Temple in Jerusalem CHAPTER THIRTEEN - The Popes Get Involved (You Knew They Would) CHAPTER FOURTEEN - The Second Crusade PART TWO - The Glory Years CHAPTER FIFTEEN - Grand Masters 1136-1191 CHAPTER SIXTEEN - Between the Second and Third Crusades (1150-1191) CHAPTER SEVENTEEN - Who Were the Saracens, Anyway? In the first paragraph of CHAPTER EIGHTEEN - Saladin CHAPTER NINETEEN - Richard the Lionheart CHAPTER TWENTY - The Assassins CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE - The Hospita lers CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO - Grand Masters 1191-1292/93 CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE - The Templars and the Saint, Louis IX of France Louis IX, CHAPTER TWENTY-FOUR - Templars and Money CHAPTER TWENTY-FIVE - The Temple in Paris CHAPTER TWENTY-SIX - The Temple in London CHAPTER TWENTY-SEVEN - The Last Stands; The Fa l of Acre and Loss of the Holy Land PART THREE - The End of the Order of the Poor Knights CHAPTER TWENTY-EIGHT - Jacques de Molay: The Last Grand Master 1292-1313 CHAPTER TWENTY-NINE - Philip the Fair CHAPTER THIRTY - Friday the Thirteenth; the Arrest and Trials of the Templars CHAPTER THIRTY-ONE - The Charges Against the Templars CHAPTER THIRTY-TWO - Guillaume de Nogaret CHAPTER THIRTY-THREE - The Council of Vienne and the End of the Order CHAPTER THIRTY-FOUR - Time Line of the Trials CHAPTER THIRTY-FIVE - The Trials Outside of France CHAPTER THIRTY-SIX - The Secret Rite of Initiation CHAPTER THIRTY-SEVEN - Marguerite Porete CHAPTER THIRTY-EIGHT - Who Were the Templars? CHAPTER THIRTY-NINE - The Other Guys; Regional Military Orders CHAPTER FORTY - Baphomet CHAPTER FORTY-ONE - The Cathars PART FOUR - The Beginning of the Legends CHAPTER FORTY-TWO - Templars in Fiction CHAPTER FORTY-THREE - What Happened to the Templars? CHAPTER FORTY-FOUR - The Holy Grail CHAPTER FORTY-FIVE - Templars in Denmark: Bornholm Island CHAPTER FORTY-SIX - The Templars and the Shroud of Turin CHAPTER FORTY-SEVEN - Templars in Scotland: Rosslyn Chapel CHAPTER FORTY-EIGHT - The Freemasons and the Templars Epilogue How to Tell if You Are Reading Pseudohistory Templar Time Line Recommended Reading Index Praise for The Real History Behind the Da Vinci Code: “If, like Sam Cooke sang, you ‘don’t know much about history,’ Newman’s encyclopedic, A-to-Z look at topics ranging from ‘Apocrypha’ to ‘Wren, Christopher’ provides perspective and insight.” — Pittsburgh Tribune-Review “Witty and charming, but nonetheless rational in explanation and complete in background research, The Real History Behind the Da Vinci Code seeks not so much to refute the novel, but to elucidate on the truth, and not so much to disparage the mistakes of Mr Brown but to make readers realize that the history is bigger than any one person, popular novelists included.” —Business World “The book gives the truth about topics used in Brown’s fiction Well-written and precise, it is the work of a woman who writes what she knows.”—Statesman Journal (Oregon) “For fans of Dan Brown’s popular The Da Vinci Code, Sharan Newman’s The Real History Behind the Da Vinci Code is a must-have companion.” —The Sunday Oregonian “Newman has arranged her discussion of the people, places, and events in The Da Vinci Code in an encyclopedic format, creating a book that is both accessible and fun to read Recommended for all libraries.” —Library Journal Most Berkley Books are available at special quantity discounts for bulk purchases for sales promotions, premiums, fund-raising, or educational use Special books, or book excerpts, can also be created to fit specific needs For details, write: Special Markets, The Berkley Publishing Group, 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014 THE BERKLEY PUBLISHING GROUP Published by the Penguin Group Penguin Group (USA) Inc 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014, USA Penguin Group (Canada), 90 Eglinton Avenue East, Suite 700, Toronto, Ontario M4P 2Y3, Canada (a division of Pearson Penguin Canada Inc.) Penguin Books Ltd., 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL, England Penguin Group Ireland, 25 St Stephen’s Green, Dublin 2, Ireland (a division of Penguin Books Ltd.) Penguin Group (Australia), 250 Camberwell Road, Camberwell, Victoria 3124, Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd.) Penguin Books India Pvt Ltd., 11 Community Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi—110 017, India Penguin Group (NZ), 67 Apollo Drive, Rosedale, North Shore, 0745, Auckland, New Zealand (a division of Pearson New Zealand Ltd.) Penguin Books (South Africa) (Pty.) Ltd., 24 Sturdee Avenue, Rosebank, Johannesburg 2196, South Africa Penguin Books Ltd., Registered Offices: 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL, England THE REAL HISTORY BEHIND THE TEMPLARS The publisher does not have any control over and does not assume any responsibility for author or third-party websites or their content Copyright © 2007 by Sharan Newman All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, scanned, or distributed in any printed or electronic form without permission Please not participate in or encourage piracy of copyrighted materials in violation of the author’s rights Purchase only authorized editions BERKLEY® is a registered tradmark of Penguin Group (USA) Inc The “B” design is a trademark of Penguin Group (USA) Inc PRINTING HISTORY Berkley trade paperback edition / September 2007 eISBN : 978-0-425-21533-3 An application to register this book for cataloging has been submitted to the Library of Congress http://us.penguingroup.com Acknowledgments Professor Malcolm Barber, for his generosity now and over the years in sharing his profound knowledge of the Templars and for enduring my many e-mail questions and ventings Professor Paul Crawford, California University of Pennsylvania, for his help on the Templars, Philip the Fair, and the University of Paris Dr Rozanne Elder, Cistercian Institute, for giving me instant information on Bernard of Clairvaux Professor Norman Hinton, University of Illinois, Springfield, emeritus, for Middle English references to the Templars Professor Janus Moeller Jensen, University of Southern Denmark, for giving me literary background on Templar ideals in Danish sagas Professor Kurt Villads Jensen, University of Southern Denmark, for advice on the likelihood of Templars in Denmark Courtney de Mayo, Rice University, for spending a tedious day copying all of the Marquis D’Albon for me Professor Brian Patrick McGuire, Roskilde University, for checking my section on Denmark and the Cistercians Professor Helen Nicholson, Cardiff University, for advice on Templars and Hospitallers and for referring me to other excellent sources Professor Jeffrey Russell, UC Santa Barbara, emeritus, (but not with me) for checking my Latin translations and giving advice on medieval theology Mme Alessandra Tchernik for checking my Italian translations Kyle Wolfley, Ball State University, for copying several books I couldn’t find in my own library And all the members of the Mediev-L list, who debated just what “interdict” consisted of when I couldn’t find a solid answer All of these people kindly helped me in my research Any errors in this book are totally my own They did their best Map drawn by Marcia Noland Fiction Holy Grail as Templars in Fifth Crusade First Crusade Fisher King de Floyran, Esquin de Folliaco, Jean Fortress of Montségur Fourth Crusade Franciscans Francis of Assisi Frederick Barbarossa Frederick Frederick of Alvensleben Frederick of Salm Freemasonry beginnings of spread of Freemasons See also Masons beginnings of order of rituals/rites of Templars and French army Friday the thirteenth de Fuentes, Bernardo Fulk of Anjou death of donations of family of as Jerusalem’s king Melisande and Templars first encountered by Garmund Genghis Khan Geoffrey of Monmouth Geoffrey of Rancon Gerard of Ridefort Germany Gilbert Erail Gnostics Godfrey of St Omer Goethe, Johann, Wolfgang von Grand Masters Andrew of Montbard () Armand of Périgord () Arnold of Torroja () de Barres, Everard () Bernard of Tremelay () Bertrand of Blancfort () Gerard of Ridefort () Gilbert Erail () de Molay, Jacques () Odo of St Amand () Peter of Montaigu () Philip of Nabulus () Philip of Plessis () Renaud of Vichiers () Robert of Sablé (/) Robert the Burgundian (de Craon) () Thibaud Gaudin (/) Thomas Bérard () William of Beaujeu () William of Chartres () William of Sonnac () Gregory Guilds Guillaume de Nangis Haagensen, Elring Hadrian von Hammer-Purgstall Joseph Henry Henry Henry Henry Heresy See also Cathar Heresy; Cathars Hermetic teaching Hildebert Hiram of Tyre Holy Grail as fiction legend of Templars and Holy Land See also Crusades defending loss of Holy Roman Empire Holy Sepulcher Horse breeding Hospitallers as charitable group churches of as military order papal privileges of papal protection of sea power of as Templars’ brothers Templars’ property to as Templars’ rivals today Houdini, Harry Hubert Walter Hugh, count of Champagne as first Templar marriages of de Payns as supporter of pligrimages of Hugh of Argenten Hugh of Boubouton Hugh of Salm Humbart of Beaujeu Hund, Karl von Hundred Years’ War Hungary The Idylls of the King (Tennyson) Income Innocent Innocent Interdict Interrogation Islam Isma’ili Italy Ivanhoe (Scott) James James Jerusalem Baldwin as king fall of Fulk of Anjou as king loss of Melisande as queen Saladin’s capture of Templars in Temple of Solomon in throne of Jews Philip the Fair and Joachim John John of Salisbury John the Baptist John the Evangelist John de Joinville, Jean Jordan, Alphonse de Jotro, Elias Khoury, Raymond Kipling, Rudyard Kissing Knights See also Calatravans; Hospitallers; Templars Knights of Malta Order of Alcántara Order of Avis Order of Dobrin Order of Montesa Order of Santiago Order of St Julián del Pereiro Order of St Lazarus Order of St Lazarus in Acre Order of St Thomas at Acre Teutonic Knights Knights of Malta See also Hospitallers Knights Templar See Templars The Knights of the Black and White (White) Ku Klux Klan The Last Templar (Khoury) Latin Rule See also Rule The Lay of the Last Minstral (Scott) Lazarus de Lenda, Jimeno Lincoln, Henry Lion hunting Loincloth Lord, Evelyn Lords of Roslin Lord’s Prayer Louis as Crusader death of ransom of Templars and Louis Louis Louis Louis de Lucca, Ptolomy The Mabinogian Magic The Magic Flute Magnussen, Knut Mallory, Thomas Mamluks Map, Walter de Marigny, Enguerrand Martel, Alan Martel, Charles Masaryk, Tomás Garrigue Masons See also Adoptive masonry; Freemasonry; Freemasons; Scottish Rite Masons; Speculative Masons famous geometry of lodges modern Schaw and in Scotland statutes for symbols of Templars and Mason Word Mass “Master of works,” Matins Melisande death of Fulk of Anjou and as Jerusalem queen psalter of William of Tyre on Ministeriales The Mirror of Simple Souls (Porete) The Mists of Avalon (Bradley) de Molay, Jacques confession of death of as Grand Master imprisonment of Monastic houses Money See also Donations; Income; Treasure Templars and Mongols Monks See also Hospitallers Benedictines Bernard of Clairvaux as Cistercians Dominicans Franciscans Templars as warrior de Monte Croce, Ricoldo Moors More, William de la Moslems Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus Muhammad Mulahid Nablus council de Nangis, Guillaume Neoplatonism New Testament Newton, Isaac Nicholas Nizari as Assassins formation of de Nogaret, Guillaume Boniface accused by death of as “doctor of law,” Templars condemned by Number symbolism Nur ad-Din “Obscene kiss,” Occitania Odo of Deuil Odo of Montfaucon Odo of St Amand Old Charges Old Testament On the New Knighthood Order of Alcántara Order of Avis Order of Dobrin Order of Knights of St John See Hospitallers Order of Montesa Order of Santiago Order of St Julián del Pereiro Order of St Lazarus end of lepers in military aspect of privileges of Order of St Lazarus in Acre Order of St Thomas at Acre founding of as military order purpose of Order of the Temple See Templars Otto of Brunswick Papacy See also specific popes Hospitallers protected by privileges from Templars approved by tyranny of Papal bulls Ad providam Celricos Laicos Milites Templi Militia Dei Omni Datum Optimum Papal bulls (cont.) privileges in Vox in excelso Papal states de Paris, Guillaume Paris, Matthew Parzival (von Eschenbach) Pawnbrokers de Payns, Hugh death of family of as Hugh, count of Champagne, supporter in Jerusalem recruitment by as Templars’ founder Peter of Bologna Peter of Bruys Peter of Montaigu Philip Augustus See Also Philip Philip Philip Philip See also Philip the Fair Philip of Nablus Philip of Plessis Philippe of Alsace Philip the Fair Boniface and death of family of Jews and as king last years of legacy of Templar executions and Templars and Picknett, Lynn Pierce, Walter Pilgrimages Pilgrims Piracy Ponsard of Gizy Pons of Guisans Pons the Gascon Porete, Marguerite Portugal Prayer Prince, Clive Pseudohistory evaluating traits of al-Qalanisi, Ibn Rabelais Ralph of Diceto Raoul de Cambrai Raymond Bernard Raymondo Raymond of Toulouse Raymond Reconquista Red Cistern Reformation Renaud of Vichiers Renaut de Montauban Richard the Lionheart coronation of death of diplomatic skill of executions by as homosexual legend of ransom of at Third Crusade Rigaud, Hugh Robert of Arbrissel Robert of Artois Robert of Sablé Robert the Bruce Robert the Burgundian (de Craon) de Rocaberti, Guillermo des Roches, Peter Rosetta stone Rosicrucians Rosslyn Chapel See also Lords of Roslin apprentice pillar in as incomplete legend of master pillar in pillar of plans of Rule daily life in infractions of language of secret rite of initiation in wagers in Sabbah, Hasan-i Saisset, Bernard Saladin in Damascus death of descendants of as Egypt’s vizier Jerusalem captured by legend of Saladin Saladin tithe Sancho Saracens defined Nur ad-Din Templars and Zengi Schaw, William Lords of Roslin and Masons and Scotland mason lodges in Templars in Scottish Rite Masons Scott, Walter Second Crusade failure of precipitation of Templars and winner of Secret rite of initiation denial of Christ and dissuasion during myths about oath of “obscene kiss” and prayers during privacy of in the Rule Secret Societies of the Middle Ages Sex Shabbat ba-Gadol Shi’ites Shroud of Turin Templars and as veil of Veronica Sinclair, Henry Sinclair, William Sodomy Sone de Nancy Sorcery Spain Speculative Masons Spies Square de Stacy, Sylvester Stephen of Saissy Stephen of Salerno Stevenson, David Steven the Cellerer St Paul’s Cathedral Sunni Sweden Swordbrethren Sydoine Symbols of Masons numbers as of Templars Syrians The Talisman (Scott) Tempeleisen Templar fortress of Monzón Templars in Antioch arrests of Assassins and in battle beginnings of Bernard of Clairvaux supporting blasphemies by in British Isles burning of castles of Cathars and charges against Clement ’s investigation of clothing of confessions of Council of Vienne and in Croatia in Cyprus in Denmark dissolution of donations to early expansion of in Egypt in England equipment of executions/Philip the Fair and expenses of fate of in fiction as fighting unit Freemasons and French army and frontier society of Fulk of Anjou first encountering gambling and in Germany historians and Holy Grail and horses of as Hospitallers’ brothers as Hospitallers’ rivals in Hungary idealized illiteracy of income of innocence of in Italy in Jerusalem as king’s bankers land of legends of Louis and Masons and money and as monks myths of de Nogaret’s condemnation of in Occitania papacy approving Templars (cont.) papal privileges of in papal states as pawnbrokers de Payns as founder of de Payns recruiting for Philip the Fair and as pilgrims in Portugal preaching by privileges abused by probationary period for profile of property to Hospitallers respect for for retiring nobility Saracens and in Scotland seals of Second Crusade and Shroud of Turin and in Spain standard of symbols of in Temple of Solomon theories about timeline for torture of treasure of trials of trials of, outside France warfare and William of Tyre on The Templars Secret Island (Haagensen/Lincoln) “Templar Strict Observance,” The Templar Legacy (Berry) Temple Church Temple in Jerusalem Temple in London See also Temple Church effigies in restoration of Temple in Paris invasion of royal documents in Temple of Solomon inner chambers of in Jerusalem Templars in Tennyson, Alfred De Teus, Garlcerand Teutonic Knights founding of as House of Hapsburg extension military activities of trials of vows of de Thérines, Jacques Thibaud Gaudin Third Crusade chronicles of Moslem victors of Richard the Lionheart at Third Lateran Council Thomas Bérard Thomas of Ludham Torture Treasure Trials of Templars of Templars, outside France of Teutonic Knights timeline of, for Templars Tripoli de Troyes, Chrétien True Cross Turcopoles Twain, Mark Twelvers Urban Ursula de Valois, Charles Veil of Veronica Victor de Vitry, Jacques Voltaire von Eschenbach, Wolfram von Hund, Karl von Salm, Hugo Wagner, Richard Waldensians Wasil, Ibn White, Jack William of Arreblay William of Beaujeu William of Chartres William of Puylaurens William of Sonnac William of Tyre Assassins and on Bernard of Tremelay on Melisande on number symbolism on Templars’ beginnings Wilson, Ian Yalla Zengi Also spelled Warmund and other variations I’m not sure what his mother called him You may remember Constance She dumped her first husband, Hugh of Champagne, while he was on pilgrimage He became a Templar in 1125 So they both wound up in the Holy Land Another interesting trait of pseudohistorians is that the author won’t have bothered to find out that the Templars filled in the courtyard with buildings, including a large church, and that it was only when Saladin took the city of Jerusalem and cleared them out that there was room to land a helicopter ... the Temple of the Lord, Their main duty, imposed on them by the patriarch and the other bishops for the remission of their sins, was that they should maintain the safety of the roads and the. .. devote their military skill to the defense of the Christian settlements They also agree that at first the Templars lived at the site the crusaders believed to be the temple of the Holy Sepulcher, the. .. France, the tyranny of the monarchy Catholics responded by remembering the Templars as the last defense against the enemies of Christ At the end of the eighteenth century, the creation of Templar