Baudelaire and the art of memory

 i Baudelaire and the Art of Memory BAMPR 4/23/99, 7:26 PM This page intentionally left blank  iii Baudelaire and the Art of Memory J A Hiddleston CLARENDON PRESS · OXFORD BAMPR 4/23/99, 7:26 PM  iv Great Clarendon Street, Oxford   Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Athens Auckland Bangkok Bogotá Buenos Aires Calcutta Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Florence Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Paris São Paulo Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto Warsaw with associated companies in Berlin Ibadan Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © J A Hiddleston  The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published  All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose this same condition on any acquiror British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Data available ISBN----           Typeset in Ehrhardt by Best-set Typesetter Ltd., Hong Kong Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by Bookcraft Ltd, Midsomer Norton, Somerset BAMPR 4/23/99, 7:26 PM  v Glorifier le culte des images (ma grande, mon unique, ma primitive passion) F J BAMPR 4/23/99, 7:26 PM This page intentionally left blank  vii Preface A  study of Baudelaire’s art criticism would be a vast and highly complex undertaking His aesthetic ideas, his relationship with Delacroix, his theories on laughter and caricature, his understanding of Guys and choice of him as the painter of modern life, even his silences (about Courbet and Manet, for example), his rhetoric and critical method, would each require a separate volume, as the works of Horner, Moss, Hannoosh, and Kelley’s edition of the Salon de  all eloquently demonstrate In order to treat the subject in one volume, I have had accordingly to condense discussion of each of these principal aspects to a single chapter ‘In Search of an Aesthetic’ seeks to analyse Baudelaire’s ideas on the function of criticism, on naïveté and individualism, Romanticism, colourists and draughtsmen, memory, imagination, and his attitude towards individual painters such as Ingres and Courbet The emphasis is principally on the Salon de , the most seminal and controversial of his art-critical works, though I have tried at the same time to highlight the evolution of his thinking through the Exposition universelle of  to the Salon de  This first chapter is closely linked to the last one, ‘Language and Rhetoric’, in which, after a survey of his principal stylistic devices, the notorious dédicace ‘Aux Bourgeois’, the chapter ‘Des écoles et des ouvriers’, the notion of progress, and the contention that the  Salon constitutes a summum of Baudelaire’s aesthetic, social, and political thinking, are analysed in terms of his rhetorical strategy I argue that commentators have been too ready to read into some of his pronouncements of the mid-s a political or social message, without taking sufficiently into account the specific context in which they are embedded and their function in the overall economy of the argument The Baudelaire of  is clearly another matter In the chapter on Delacroix, where I have concentrated on a relatively small number of key paintings (La Madeleine dans le désert, La Mort de Sardanapale, La Lutte de Jacob avec l’ange, Pietà, Les Femmes d’Alger, and Ovide chez les Scythes), and in Chapter , on caricature, I have tried above all to bring out the nature of his response, which is almost always very brief, and to develop in a ‘Baudelairean’ manner BAMPR 4/23/99, 7:26 PM  viii the suggestive quality of the works he admires Wherever relevant, I have sought also to indicate the relationship of the art criticism to his other writings, in particular Les Fleurs du Mal and Le Spleen de Paris In Chapter , a close analysis of his theory of laughter, I have tried to identify and tease out some of the contradictions in the argument, in which the doctrine of the Fall seems to sit badly with the joy which, as in Hoffmann, is said to characterize ‘le comique absolu’ In Chapter , ‘From Landscape to the Painting of Modern Life’, Boudin is seen as a pivotal figure, inflecting the poet towards an aesthetic of the fleeting and the evanescent, which is eventually spelled out in Le Peintre de la vie moderne and exemplified in the works of Constantin Guys Here again, as with Delacroix and caricature, I have concentrated on Guys’s drawings and the sections of the essay in which their presence is most palpable This has involved accentuating ‘Les Annales de la guerre’, ‘Pompes et solennités’, ‘Le Militaire’, and ‘Les Femmes et les filles’ at the expense of the chapters on ‘Le Dandy’ and make-up, which in any case have been the subject of much critical attention Finally, Baudelaire’s silence about Manet, whom he knew well and whose work has many parallels with that of the poet, seems such an important gap in the art criticism as to merit a separate chapter Here, I argue that his silence and implied disapproval can be explained by what the poet, who believed in the inviolable specificity of art forms, must have identifed in Manet as a mismatch between medium (the oil on canvas) and an ironic or ‘agnostic’ content I have called this study Baudelaire and the Art of Memory because the idea that art, whether it is painting, poetry, or for that matter music, springs from the memory of the artist and speaks to the memory of the consumer of that art, is a fundamental truth which the poet emphasizes in relation to Delacroix, Daumier, Guys, and Wagner, and which is exemplified in his own creative writing It is a fundamental tenet of his aesthetic that criticism is primarily a phenomenon of recognition; and it is that sense of recognition that I have sought to elucidate and develop throughout The secondary literature is so vast that for obvious reasons of space I have been constrained to limit the bibliography to the major contributors and to the works directly cited or crucial to the argument Many ‘canonical’ studies and articles receive little or no mention I trust that their omission will not be seen as laxity or arrogance; their presence is embedded in the text, and the work of Gilman, Ferran, Ruff, Sérullaz, and Moss, to name but a few, have made such a BAMPR 4/23/99, 7:26 PM  ix contribution that their ideas have become integrated into the corpus of acquired knowledge In this subject, possibly more than in some others, we build upon the acquired knowledge of earlier generations For all that, this study is aimed as much at the undergraduate as at the specialist reader I am grateful to the editors of The Modern Language Review, Etudes baudelairiennes, and Romantisme, for permission to use material previously published in articles on Baudelaire and Manet, Baudelaire and Guys, Baudelaire and Delacroix, and Baudelaire and caricature My sincere thanks are also due to the Librarians of the Taylor Institution, the Ashmolean Museum, the Department of the History of Art at Oxford, to the Curators of the Musée Carnavalet and the Musée des Arts Décoratifs in Paris, to Monsieur Jérôme Dufilho for his evercourteous help with reproductions of Guys, and to Bernard Howells for his painstaking reading, well beyond the call of duty or friendship, of Chapters , , and , and for his helpful suggestions and profound observations which have freed me from many an error and ‘foolish notion’ J A H BAMPR 4/23/99, 7:26 PM   C, A., Les Cinq Paradoxes de la Modernité (Paris: Seuil, ) C, B, Oeuvres (Paris: Gallimard, ) C, Q, History of Alexander, ed J C Rolfe (London: Heinemann, ) D  H, A, Delacroix (Paris: Hazan, ) D, P, Delacroix le libérateur (Paris: Club des Amis du Livre progressiste, ) —— La Vie de peintre d’Edouard Manet (Paris: Fayard, ) D, E, Oeuvres littéraires,  vols (Paris: Crès, ) —— Correspondance générale d’Eugène Delacroix, ed André Jubin 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292 4/26/99, 12:15 PM   H, E T A., The Golden Pot and other Tales, trans Ritchie Robertson (Oxford: Oxford University Press, ) H, W, Nana: Mythos und Wirklichkeit (Cologne: Verlag M DuMont Schauberg, ) H, Odes H, L, Baudelaire critique de Delacroix (Geneva: Droz, ) H, B, Baudelaire: Individualism, Dandyism and the Philosophy of History (Oxford: Legenda, ) H, R-P, Paul Huet (Paris: Laurens, ) H, C, Victor Hugo en Zélande (Paris: Lévy, ) H, V, Théâtre complet,  vols (Paris: Gallimard, ) —— Oeuvres dramatiques et critiques complètes (Paris: Pauvert, ) —— L’Homme qui rit (Paris: Flammarion, ) H, L B, Baudelaire as a Love Poet and Other Essays (University Park and London: Pennsylvania State University Press, ) —— Baudelaire: Man of his Time (New Haven: Yale University, Press, ) J, L, The Paintings of Eugène Delacroix: A Critical Catalogue,  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Esquisse d’une philosophie (Paris, ) L R, F , Maximes L, F W., ‘Baudelaire: The Poet as Moralist’, in Studies in Modern French Literature presented to P Mansell Jones (Manchester: Manchester University Press, ) —— Baudelaire and Nature (Manchester: Manchester University Press, ) BAMBIB 293 4/26/99, 12:15 PM   L, F W., Baudelaire, Collected Essays, – (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ) L, P, Eugène Boudin: roi des ciels (Lausanne: Bibliothèque des Arts, ) L, R, Baudelaire et Hoffmann: affinités et influences (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ) M, G, Baudelaire critico (Milan: Rizzoli, ) M, N, Dreams of Happiness: Social Art and the French Left, –  (Princeton: Princeton University Press, ) M, L, Le Romantisme et les mœurs (Paris: Champion, ) M, A, Les Voix du silence (Paris: NRF, ) —— Oeuvres complètes, i (Paris: Gallimard, ) M, P , Blindness and Insight, nd edn (London: Methuen, ) M, E, Manet –, catalogue of the exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of New York (New York: Harry N Abrams, ) M, L, Boudin et la Normandie (Paris: Editions Anthèse, ) —— Eugène Boudin: dessins (Arcueil: Editions Anthèse, ) M, C, Melmoth the Wanderer (Harmondsworth: Penguin, ) M, C, Le Dernier Baudelaire (Paris: José Corti, ) —— ‘Le rire baudelairien’, Europe (Apr.–May ) M, G, Diderot et Baudelaire: critiques d’art (Paris and Geneva: Minard/ Droz, ) M, C, Charles Meryon, Paris um (Frankfurt: Stọdelsches Kunstinstitut, ) M, J-F, Jean-Franỗois Millet (London: Haywood Gallery, ) M, Oeuvres complètes,  vols (Paris: Gallimard, ) M, A, Baudelaire et Delacroix (Paris: Nizet, ) M-N, E., Manet raconté par lui-même (Paris: Laurens, ) M, G P., Eugène Delacroix’s Theory of Art (Princeton: Princeton University Press, ) N, G , Oeuvres, vol i (Paris: Gallimard, ) N, P, Richard Parkes Bonington: ‘On the Pleasure of Painting’ (New Haven: Yale Center for British Art, ) O, D, Pariser Bilder I (–): Antibourgeoise Asthetik bei Baudelaire, Daumier und Heine (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, ) O, Tristia: Epistulae ex ponto (London: Heinemann, ) ——Metamorphoses P, B, Pensées, Brunschvicg and Lafuma —— Les Provinciales, ed H F Stewart (Manchester: Manchester University Press, ) BAMBIB 294 4/26/99, 12:15 PM   P, J, ‘Baudelaire and Bossuet on Laughter’, Publications of the Modern Language Association of America,  (Sept ) P, H, Manet (Paris: Hachette, ) P, C, Baudelaire: études et témoignages (Neuchâtel: La Baconnière, ) —— (ed.) Lettres Baudelaire (Neuchâtel: La Baconnière, ) —— and Z, J, Baudelaire (Paris: Julliard, ) P, G, The Birth of Modern Painting (London: Tiger Books International, ) P, G, Etudes sur lộcole franỗaise, vols (Paris: Michel Lévy, ) P  S, L, Traité des causes physiques et morales du rire ([] Exeter: Exeter University Publications, ) P, G, La Conscience critique (Paris: José Corti, ) P, J, Baudelaire (Paris: Mercure de France, ) P, A, Edouard Manet Souvenirs (Caen: L’Echoppe, ) P, M, Contre Sainte-Beuve (Paris: Gallimard, ) —— A la recherche du temps perdu,  vols (Paris: Gallimard, ) Q, Institutio oratoria R, J, Théâtre complet (Paris: Garnier, ) R, T, A Poetics of Art Criticism: The Case of Baudelaire, North Carolina Studies in the Romance Languages and Literatures (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, ) R, P, ‘Baudelaire et Manet’, Les Temps modernes,  (October ) R, R, Manet (Paris: Flammarion, ) R, A, Oeuvres complètes (Paris: Gallimard, ) R-M, C, Eugène Boudin (Paris: Crès, ) R, D-P, Traité médico-phylosophique sur le rire (Paris: Crochard, ) R, J H., Manet’s Silence and the Poetics of Bouquets (London: Reaktion Books, ) R, M A., L’Esprit du mal et l’esthétique baudelairienne (Paris: Armand Colin, ) S, O, Baudelaire und seine Muse auf dem Weg zur Revolution (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, ) S-B, C-A, Nouveaux Lundis (Paris: Michel Lévy, ) —— Volupté (Paris: Gallimard, ) S-S, C-H , Oeuvres (Paris: Anthropos, ) (reprint of Oeuvres de Saint-Simon et Enfantin, ed E Dentu, ‒) S, G, Correspondance, ed Georges Lubin, vol ii (Paris: Garnier, –) BAMBIB 295 4/26/99, 12:15 PM   S, R, Eugène Boudin – (Paris: Schmit, ) S, R S ed The Catalogue raisonné of the Prints of Charles Meryon (London: Garton & Co., ) S, S W, Ivanhoe (Edinburgh: T C & E C Jack, n.d.) S, P, Philosophie du rire (Paris: Poirée, ) S, G , ‘Riot and Revolution in the Salon de ’, French Forum, / (Sept ) S, D, ‘Philibert Rouvière: E Manet’s L’Acteur tragique’, Burlington Magazine, cxvii (Nov ) S, J., Delacroix: The Death of Sardanapalus (London: Allen Lane, ) S, J, Portrait de l’artiste en saltimbanque (Geneva: Skira, ) S, Racine et Shakespeare (Paris: Le Divan, ) —— Histoire de la peinture en Italie (Paris: Le Divan, ) —— Molière, Shakespeare: La Comédie et le rire (Paris: Le Divan ) —— Le Rouge et le Noir (Paris: Garnier, ) —— La Chartreuse de Parme (Paris: Garnier, ) S, H, Der historische Ort Baudelaires (Munich: Fink, ) —— ‘Les écrivains et l’évolution idéologique de la petite bourgeoisie dans les années : le cas de Baudelaire’, Romantisme, – () T, A., Manet et ses œuvres (Paris: Gallimard, ) T, J, ‘Manet et Baudelaire Quelques considérations sur le Romantisme et le Naturalisme’, Etudes d’Art, i (Algiers, ) T, T, Salons de W Bürger – (Paris: Renouard, ) T, M, Eugène Delacroix devant ses contemporains (Paris: Jules Rouam, ) T, F A., The Attainment of Delacroix (Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, ) V, A , Oeuvres complètes,  vols (Paris: Gallimard, ) V, J , La Légende dorée, ed Teodor de Wyzewa (Paris: Perrin et Cie, ) W, B, and S, D H T., Baudelaire: ‘La Fanfarlo’ and ‘Le Spleen de Paris’ (London: Grant and Cutler, ) W, R, The Origins of French Art Criticism (Oxford: Clarendon Press, ) Z, E, Ecrits sur l’art (Paris: Gallimard, ) BAMBIB 296 4/26/99, 12:15 PM   Index About, Edmond  Alexandre, Arsène  n  Alfieri, Vittorio  Aligny, Théodore  allegory – Ancelle, Narcisse  n  Apollinaire, Guillaume  Ariosto, Ludovico  Asselineau, Charles  n , ,  n  Astruc, Zacharie  n ,  St Augustine  Aupick, General  Bachelard, Gaston  Bakhtin, Mikhail , ,  n  Balzac, Honoré de , , , , , , , ,  n , , , , , , , , , , , ,  Banville, Théodore de ,  Bard, Jean-Auguste ,  Baron, Henri  n  Barrès, Maurice  Barthes, Roland  n  Bassano, Jacopo da Ponte  B, C: ‘A celle qui est trop gaie’ ,  n  ‘L’Amour du mensonge’  n  ‘Any where out of the world’  ‘Assommons les pauvres!’  ‘Aube spirituelle’  ‘Au lecteur’  n , ,  ‘A une madone’  n  ‘A une passante’ – ‘Aux bourgeois’ , –,  ‘Les Aveugles’  ‘Le Balcon’ ,  ‘La Béatrice’ , ,  ‘Bénédiction’  ‘Les Bijoux’ , – ‘Bohémiens en voyage’  ‘Les Bons Chiens’  ‘Brumes et pluies’  n  ‘Chacun sa chimère’  n , ,  ‘La Chambre double’  BAMIndex 297 ‘La Chevelure’ , –, ,  ‘Confession’  n  ‘Le Confiteor de l’artiste’  ‘La Corde’ , – ‘Correspondances’ , ,  ‘Le Coucher du soleil romantique’  ‘Le Crépuscule du matin’ , ,  ‘Le Crépuscule du soir’ , ,  ‘Le Cygne’ , , , , , , ,  ‘Danse macabre’ , , ,  ‘Déjà!’  ‘Don Juan aux enfers’ ,  ‘Duellum’ ,  n , –,  ‘Elévation’  n , , ,  ‘Enivrez-vous’  n  ‘Epilogue’  ‘La Fausse Monnaie’  ‘Femmes damnées’  n ,  ‘Les Fenêtres’ , , , ,  ‘Le Fou et la Vénus’  ‘Les Foules’ ,  n , ,  ‘Le Galant Tireur’  n ,  n ,  n.,  ‘Le Gâteau’ , ,  ‘Le Guignon’  ‘Harmonie du soir’ ,  ‘Horreur sympathique’  ‘Hymne la Beauté’ ,  ‘L’Idéal’ , ,  ‘L’Invitation au voyage’ ,  ‘L’Irrémédiable’  n , ,  ‘L’Irréparable’ ,  ‘J’aime le souvenir ’  ‘Je t’adore l’égal de la voûte nocturne’  ‘Le Jeu’ , ,  ‘Laquelle est la vraie?’  n  ‘Lola de Valence’  ‘La Lune offensée’  ‘Mademoiselle Bistouri’ ,  n , ,  ‘Le Masque’ ,  ‘Le Mauvais Vitrier’  n.,  ‘Le Miroir’ ,  4/26/99, 12:15 PM   B, C (Cont.): ‘Mœsta et errabunda’ ,  ‘La Muse malade’  ‘La Muse vénale’  ‘Obsession’  ‘Les Phares’ , ,  n , ,  n  ‘Les Plaintes d’un Icare’  ‘Le Poison’  ‘Le Port’  ‘Portraits de mtresses’  ‘Les Projets’  ‘Les Promesses d’un visage’  n  ‘Le Rebelle’  n ‘Recueillement’  ‘Le Reniement de St Pierre’ ,  ‘Le Rêve d’un curieux’  ‘Réversibilité’  n  ‘Les Sept Vieillards’ , ,  ‘Sépulture’  ‘Spleen’ ,  n ,  ‘Sur Le Tasse en prison d’Eugène Delacroix’  ‘Tableaux parisiens’ , , , , , , , , , , ,  ‘Les Tentations’ , ,  ‘Le Tir et le cimetière’  ‘Une charogne’  ‘Une martyre’ ,  ‘Une mort héroïque’ , – ‘Un plaisant’  n ,  ‘Vers pour le portrait de M Honoré Daumier’  n  ‘Les Veuves’ , ,  ‘La Vie antérieure’  ‘Le Vieux Saltimbanque’  ‘Le Vin de l’assassin’  ‘Le Vin des chiffonniers’  ‘Les Vocations’  ‘Le Voyage’  ‘Les Yeux des pauvres’  Baudry, Paul  n  Beauvoir, Roger de  Becq, Annie  Benjamin, Walter  n ,  n  Béranger, Charles  Béranger, Pierre-Jean , ,  Bergson, Henri  Berlioz, Hector  Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, Henri , , , ,  Bidermann, Jacob  n  BAMIndex 298 Bigand, Auguste , ,  Blanc, Charles  Blanchot, Maurice  n  Boissard, Fernand  Bonaventura, ,  Bonington, Richard Parkes , , , , ,  Bossuet, Jacques-Bénigne , ,  n ,  Boucher, Franỗois Boudin, Eugốne n , n , , , –, ,  Boulanger, Louis  Bourdaloue, Louis , ,  n  Bourget, Paul  Bowness, Alan  Breton, André , , ,  Brueghel, Peter the elder , , – Brombert, Victor ,  n  Brunier, Charles  n Buisson, Jules  Burton, Richard D E ,  Burty, Philippe , ,  n  Byron, Lord , , , , ,  n , , , Cabat, Louis Cachin, Franỗoise Cahen, Gustave ,  n  Cailleux, L  n  Calame, Alexandre  Callias, Hector de  Callot, Jacques , , ,  Camus, Albert  n  Castex, Pierre-Georges  n ,  n  Catlin, George , , ,  Cellier, Léon  n  Chambers, Ross ,  n Champaigne, Philippe de  Champfleury, [ Jules Husson]  n , , ,  n ,  n ,  n , , ,  Chardin, Jean-Baptiste  Charlet, Nicolas , –, , , ,  Chassériau, Thộodore Chateaubriand, Franỗois-Renộ de , , , , , , , , ,  Chenavard, Paul ,  Chénier, André  Chennevières, Philippe de , , , ,  Chevandier, Paul  4/26/99, 12:15 PM  Chevreul, Michel-Eugène ,  le chic – Chomsky, Noam  Christophe, Ernest ,  Clapton, George  Clark, Timothy  n , , Claude, [Claude Gellộe] Coblence, Franỗoise n Cogniat, Raymond  n  Cogniet, Léon  colour – Comộdie franỗaise , , Constant, Benjamin , n Corneille, Pierre  Cornélius, Pierre de  Corot, Camille , , –,  n , , ,  Courbet, Gustave –, , , , , ,  n , ,  n  Couture, Thomas ,  Crépet, Jacques  n , ,  n Cruikshank, George , , –, ,  Daguerre de Hureaux, Alain  n ,  n , ,  n ,  n  Daix, Pierre ,  Dante Alighieri , , , , , , , Darcis, Louis Daubigny, Charles-Franỗois Daumier, Honoré , , , , , –, ,  n , , , , , , , , , , , ,  n ,  David, Louis , , , , , , , – , ,  n ,  Debucourt, Philibert-Louis  Decamps, Alexandre-Gabriel , ,  Delacroix, Eugène Ch ,  passim, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,  n , , , , , , , , , ,  n  L’Assassinat de l’évèque de Liège , ,  Les Adieux de Roméo et Juliette , , ,  Annonciation  L’Archange saint Michel terrassant le démon  BAMIndex 299  La Barque de Dante , , , , , ,  n , ,  La Bataille de Taillebourg  Boissy d’Anglas saluant la tête du député Féraud  n ,  La Chasse au tigre  n  La Chasse aux lions  Le Christ au jardin des oliviers , , , –,  Le Christ sur le lac de Génézareth ,  Les Convulsionnaires de Tanger ,  Correspondance générale  n ,  n  Dernières Paroles de l’empereur MarcAurèle , ,  L’Enlèvement de Rébecca , , ,  L’Entrée des croisés Constantinople – , ,  L’Exécution du doge Marino Faliero  La Femme aux bas blancs  n ,  Femme caressant un perroquet  Les Femmes d’Alger , , –, , , , ,  Hamlet , , , , ,  Héliodore chassé du temple – Herminie chez les bergers  n  Journal , , , ,  n , , ,  n , ,  n , ,  n.,  n , ,  n Lady Macbeth somnambule  n  La Liberté guidant le peuple  Le Lever  La Lutte de Jacob avec l’ange , , –,  Luxembourg ceiling , , , , , –,  La Madeleine dans le désert  n , – ,  La Madeleine avec un ange  Médée furieuse  n , , , ,  La Mise au tombeau ,  n , – La Montée au calvaire  La Mort de Sardanapale , , , , –, , , , , ,  Nature morte aux homards  Le Naufrage de Don Juan  Les Naufragés  Noce juive au Maroc  Odalisque allongée sur un divan ,  Othello et Desdémone  Ovide chez les Scythes  n , , , –, , , , , , ,  4/26/99, 12:16 PM   Delacroix, Eugène (Cont.): Pietà , ,  n , –, , ,  n ,  La Résurrection de Lazare  Saint Sébastien secouru par les saintes femmes , ,  Scènes des massacres de Scio , , ,  Une Sibylle qui montre le rameau d’or ,  n  Le Sultan du Maroc , , ,  Delaroche, Paul  Delâtre, Auguste ,  Delécluze, Etienne-Jean ,  Delteil, Loys  n ,  n  Desbordes-Valmore, Marceline  Descartes, René ,  Desgoffe, Alexandre  Desnoyers, Fernand  n Destouches, Philippe  Devéria, Achille , , ,  Devéria, Eugène , ,  Diadorus of Sicily , ,  Diáz de la Peủa, Narcisse-Virgile , Diday, Franỗois Diderot, Denis , ,  n., , , ,  n.,  n., , ,  Dostoevsky, Fyodor  n  Drost, Wolfgang  n  Dubray, Jean-Paul,  n Duflo, Pierre  n –,  n ,  n ,  n –,  n –,  n Dumas, Alexandre , ,  Dumur, Guy  Duranty, Edmond  ébauche , , , , ,  Ecclesiasticus ,  école(s) –, , – El Greco  Emerson, Ralph Waldo  Les Enfants du Paradis  n  Escholier, Robert  Etex, Antoine  Fairlie, Alison  Fantin-Latour, Henri  Farwell, Beatrice  Faunce, Sarah  n ,  n  Fénelon, Franỗois de Salignac de la Mothe- , , Fộval, Paul  Flandrin, Paul  BAMIndex 300 Flaubert, Gustave –, , , , , , , , , , ,  Flers, Camille  Fleury, Robert  Fontenelle, Bernard Le Bovier de  Fourier, Charles , , , ,  n., , , ,  Fragonard, Jean-Honoré , ,  Franỗais, Franỗois-Louis Frộmiet, Emmanuel Freud, Sigmund , n  Fried, Michael  Fromentin, Eugène  n ,  Gambetta, Léon  Gautier, Armand – Gautier, Théophile , ,  n , ,  n , , , , , , , ,  n ,  Gavarni, [Sulpice-Guillaume Chevalier] , , , –, , ,  Geffroy, Edmond  Genesis , ,  n  Geoffroy, Charles Geoffroy, Gustave n Gộrard, Franỗois Gộricault, Thộodore , , ,  n  Gérome, Jean-Léon  n  gesture –,  Giacometti, Alberto  Gide, André ,  n  Girodet, Anne-Louis , , ,  Glaize, Auguste-Barthélemy  Gleyre, Charles , ,  Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von ,  Goncourt, Edmond and Jules de ,  Goya, Francisco de , , , , , –, ,  Grandville, [ Jean-Ignace-Isodore Gérard] , , , –, , , , Granet, Franỗois-Marius Grappe, Georges Greeks and Romans , , , ,  Greuze, Jean-Baptiste  Grillparzer, Franz  Gros, Antoine-Jean  n , ,  n  Guérain,  Guérin, Pierre , , , ,  Guys, Constantin , , , , , –, –, , , , , , ,  4/26/99, 12:16 PM  Haffner, Félix ,  Hambly, Peter  n  Hamilton, George H  n  Hamilton, Vivien  n ,  n , ,  n  Hamlet character and play , , –, , ,  Hannoosh, Michele , ,  n ,  n ,  n , , ,  n , , ,  n.,  n.,  n.,  Hardy, Thomas  Haussard, Prosper  Haussmann, Georges  Haussoullier, William ,  n ,  n., ,  Hegel, Friedrich  Heine, Heinrich , ,  Hemmings, F W J  Herding, Klaus  n  Héroult, Antoine-Desiré  Hesse, Auguste ,  n  Hiddleston, J A  n ,  n ,  n ,  n ,  n ,  n ,  n.,  n  Hobbes, Thomas ,  Hoffmann E.T.A , , , , – , , , ,  Hofmann, Werner  n Hogarth, William , –,  Homer ,  Horace  Hornung, Joseph  Houssaye, Edouard  n  Howells, Bernard  n ,  n ,  n  Huet, Paul , ,  Hugo, Charles  n  Hugo, Victor , , , , , , , , , –,  n , , , , , , ,  n , ,  Hume, David  Huysmans, Joris-Karl  n  Hyslop, Lois Boe  n ,  imagination , – Ingres, Jean-Auguste-Dominique , , –, –, , , , , , , , , , ,  Isabey, Eugène , ,  Jacque, Charles ,  Jadin, Louis-Godefroy  n  Johnson, Lee  n ,  n , ,  n , BAMIndex 301   n , , , ,  n , ,  n ,  n ,  nn  + –,  n , ,  n ,  n ,  n  Johnson, Samuel  Jongkind, Johann Barthold  n  Joubert, Laurent  Jung, Carl Gustav  Junot, Philippe  n  Kant, Emmanuel ,  Kelley, David , , , , , ,  n , ,  n , , , ,  Kiörböe, Carl Fredrik  Knyff, Gilbert de  n  Köhler, Ingeborg ,  Konody, P G  n Kopp, Robert  Labrusse, René  n  La Bruyère, Jean de , –,  Laclos, Choderlos de  La Fontaine, Jean de ,  La Rochefoucauld, Franỗois duc de La Rochefoucauld, Sosthốnes de Laforgue, Jules , , ,  n ,  Lamartine, Alphonse de  Lamennais, Félicité de  n ,  n  Lami, Eugène  Lassalle-Bordes, Gustave  Lautréamont [Isodore Ducasse]  Lavater, Johann Caspar , , , , ,  Laverdant, Désiré ,  Leakey, F W  n., , , ,  n.,  Lebrun, Charles , ,  n , ,  Lécurieux, Jacques-Joseph  Legros, Alphonse , – Lehmann, Henri ,  Leleux, Adolphe and Armand  Lemtre, Frédéric  n , , ,  Lemoine, Pascale n Lộpaule, Franỗois-Gabriel Leroux, Pierre , Lesueur, Eustache  Leys, Henri  Liès, Joseph  Lloyd, Rosemary  n , , , ,  Locke, John  Louis-Philippe, king , ,  4/26/99, 12:16 PM   Numa, [Pierre Numa Bassaget]  Luke  Lyon ,  Maccabees  Macready, William ,  McWilliam, Neil  n.,  n  Maigron, Louis  n Maistre, Joseph de , ,  n , , , ,  Maistre, Xavier de  Malassis, Auguste ,  Mallarmé, Stéphane  Malraux, André ,  n ,  Man, Paul de ,  Manet, Edouard , ,  Manœuvre, Laurent  n ,  n.,  Manzoni, Ignazio  Marivaux, Pierre Carlet de Chamblain de  Matisse, Henri  Matout, Louis  Maturin, Charles , , , , , ,  Maurin, Nicolas-Eustache  Mauron, Charles  n ,  May, Gita  Mayne, Jonathan  n.,  n ,  n ,  n ,  n  Meissonier, Ernest , ,  memory –, –, , ,  Ménard, Louis  Meryon, Charles –,  Metella, Cecilia  Michelangelo , , , , Millet, Jean-Franỗois , n  Moffett, Charles ,  Molière, [ Jean-Baptiste Poquelin] , , , , , ,  Monnier, Henri –,  Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat  Moreau-Nélaton, Etienne,  n  Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus  Mras, George ,  Murillo, Bartolomé Estaban , ,  Musset, Alfred de ,  naïveté –, , , , , , ,  Nerval, Gérard de , , , , ,  Neyt, Charles  Nochlin, Linda  n ,  n  Noël, Jules  n  Noon, Patrick  n  BAMIndex 302 Orpheus  Ossian  Ovid , –, , , ,  Papety, Dominique , ,  n ,  Pascal, Blaise , , ,  n , , , , , ,  Patty, James ,  Penguilly, Octave , ,  Pensotti, Céleste  Perruchot, Henri ,  Philemon  n  Philipon, Charles ,  philosophic art – Picasso, Pablo  Pichois, Claude  n ,  n , ,  n , ,  n.,  n ,  n ,  n , ,  n., , , , ,  n ,  n ,  Picon, Gaëtan  Pierret, Jean-Baptiste  n  Pigal, Edme-Jean  Pinelli, Bartolomeo , , – Planche, Gustave  n , ,  Planet, Louis de ,  n ,  Poe, Edgar Allan , , , , , , , , , , ,  Poinsinet de Sivry, Louis  n , ,  les pointus ,  Poterlet, Hippolyte  Poulet, Georges – Poussin, Nicolas , ,  Prarond, Ernest  n Praz, Mario  Prévert, Jacques  n  Prévost, Jean  n ,  n , ,  n.,  n  progress – Proust, Antonin  n , ,  n  Proust, Marcel , , , , ,  Prud’hon, Pierre  Quatremère de Quincy, Antoine Chrysostome  Quintilian ,  Quintus Curtius n , n Rabelais, Franỗois n , , , , ,  Racine, Jean , , , ,  4/26/99, 12:16 PM  Raphael, [Raffaello Sanzio] , , , , ,  n., ,  n.,  n , ,  Raser, Timothy  n  Rebeyrol, Philippe  Rembrandt, , , , , , , , ,  Rethel, Alfred  Rey, Robert  n  Richter, Jean-Paul , ,  Rimbaud, Arthur , ,  Robespierre, Maximilien de  Roger-Marx, Claude ,  n  Romanticism – Ronsard, Pierre de  Rossini, Gioacchino  Rousseau, Jean-Jacques , , ,  n  Rousseau, Théodore , ,  n ,  Rouvière, Philibert , , – Roy, Denis-Prudent  n , ,  n  Rubens, Peter Paul  n , , , , ,  n , , ,  Rubin, James H.,  n  Ruff, Marcel A  n  sacerdoce ,  n.,  Sade, Donatien marquis de  Saint-Aubin, Gabriel de – Saint-Jean, Simon ,  Saint-Simon, Claude-Henri comte de – Saint-Victor, Paul Bins de,  n  Sainte-Beuve, Charles-Augustin  n , , ,  n Sand, George ,  Sartre, Jean-Paul  Satire Ménippée  Schanne, Alaxandre ,  Scheffer, Ary , , –, , , , , ,  n , , , , , , , ,  Schlegel, Friedrich ,  Schneiderman, Richard E.,  n –,  nn  &  Scott, David H T  Scott, Walter ,  Scudo, Pierre  n , , , ,  n  Seymour, Robert , – Shakespeare, William , , , , , , , ,  n , , ,  n ,  BAMIndex 303  Slyke, Gretchen van  Solkin, David  Solomon ,  Solomon-Godeau, Abigail  n  specificity of art forms –,  Spector, Jack  n , ,  Staël, Madame de ,  Starobinski, Jean ,  Statius  Stendhal [Henri Beyle] ,  n.,  n , , , , ,  n ,  Stenzel, Hartmut  Sterne, Laurence  Sue, Eugène  suicide , , –,  n  Tabarant, Adolphe,  Tassaert, Octave , , –, Tasso, Torquato  Tertullian  n  Thiis, Jens  n  Thoré-Bürger, Théophile ,  Titian [Tiziano Vecellio] , , ,  Tourneux, Maurice  n  Trapp, Frank A.,  n  Traviès, Charles-Joseph de Villers , , –,  Trimolet, Joseph-Louis –,  Troyon, Constant , , ,  Unamuno, Miguel de  Velásquez, Diego  n , , , ,  n  Vernet, Carle , ,  Vernet, Horace , –, , , , , , , , , , , –, ,  Veronese [Paolo Caliari]  n , , ,  n , , ,  Vidal, Vincent  Vigny, Alfred de , , , , ,  Villehardouin, Geoffroi de Villon, Franỗois Vinci, Leonardo da Virgil , ,  Vitet, Louis  n ,  n Voltaire, [Franỗois-Marie Arouet] , , , , Voragine, Jacques de  n  Wagner, Richard , , ,  n , , ,  4/26/99, 12:16 PM   Watteau, Francois , , ,  Wattier, Charles-Émile  Weber, Carl Maria von , , , , ,  BAMIndex 304 Winckelmann, Johann Joachim ,  Wright, Barbara  n  Zola, Emile , – 4/26/99, 12:16 PM ... study Baudelaire and the Art of Memory because the idea that art, whether it is painting, poetry, or for that matter music, springs from the memory of the artist and speaks to the memory of the. .. in articles on Baudelaire and Manet, Baudelaire and Guys, Baudelaire and Delacroix, and Baudelaire and caricature My sincere thanks are also due to the Librarians of the Taylor Institution, the. .. enigmatic and suggestive formulation; they will also recognize in it the origin of his aesthetic of the verse and prose poem Baudelaire s taste for short poems and stories and his distrust of the epic