An Historical Study of Athenian Verse Epitaphs from the Sixth through the Fourth Centuries BC by Julia Lougovaya A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Ph.D Graduate Department of Classics University of Toronto ©by Julia Lougovaya (2004) Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner Further reproduction prohibited without permission 1+1 Library and Archives Canada Bibliotheque et Archives Canada Published Heritage Branch Direction du Patrimoine de !'edition 395 Wellington Street Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Canada 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-22057-3 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-22057-3 NOTICE: The author has granted a nonexclusive license allowing Library and Archives Canada to reproduce, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, communicate to the public by telecommunication or on the Internet, loan, distribute and sell theses worldwide, for commercial or noncommercial purposes, in microform, paper, electronic and/or any other formats AVIS: L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public par telecommunication ou par !'Internet, preter, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou autres formats The author retains copyright ownership and moral rights in this thesis Neither the thesis nor substantial extracts from it may be printed or otherwise reproduced without the author's permission L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur et des droits moraux qui protege cette these Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement reproduits sans son autorisation In compliance with the Canadian Privacy Act some supporting forms may have been removed from this thesis Conformement a la loi canadienne sur la protection de la vie privee, quelques formulaires secondaires ant ete enleves de cette these While these forms may be included in the document page count, their removal does not represent any loss of content from the thesis Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant ••• Canada Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner Further reproduction prohibited without permission An Historical Study of Athenian Verse Epitaphs from the Sixth through the Fourth Centuries BC Ph.D 2004 Julia Lougovaya Department of Classical Studies University of Toronto ABSTRACT This dissertation explores the social and historical significance of Attic verse epitaphs from their appearance in the second quarter of the sixth century to the late fourth century By examining verse epitaphs in context (both archeological and literary), the thesis assesses the way in which various strata of society commemorated the dead; it thereby permits acquaintance with a wider range of people than found in literary sources The material under investigation consists primarily of verse epitaphs edited by P.A Hansen in Carmina Epigraphica Graeca, with the addition of a few recent discoveries Since this dissertation considers the archeological context of inscriptions, including the appearance of the inscription, type and location of the monument, etc., it also makes extensive use of archeological data Chapter One is a study of archaic Attic verse epitaphs During this period, the practice was confined to the elite, whether Athenians or foreign residents in Athens, and inscribing verse on a funerary monument was one of the features of elite display at a burial site The tradition ceased around 500 BC when this type of display, which was associated with elite families during the reign of the Athenian tyrants, was either forbidden or deemed inappropriate following the liberation from tyranny and the reforms of Kleisthenes Chapter Two investigates fifth century Athenian public verse inscriptions It argues that during a period of at least fifty years (from the reforms of Kleisthenes to at least the mid 460s or even later) the Athenians did not inscribe public funerary monuments with verse epitaphs Instead, there developed a special genre of inscriptional verse which I call public commemorative or celebratory epigrams At some point in the mid fifth century the practice ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner Further reproduction prohibited without permission ABSTRACT of inscribing verse epitaphs resumed in Athens, in commemoration of those who were granted the honor of public burial by the Athenians Chapter Three opens with discussion of the reappearance of private grave monuments inscribed with verse epitaphs, and then analyzes verse epitaphs of the later classical period, often in comparison with and contrast to the archaic tradition iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner Further reproduction prohibited without permission ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The completion of this thesis was made both possible and enjoyable by the help of many people My dissertation committee comprised outstanding scholars of various fields who were always ready to share their expertise, Emmet Robbins and Jonathan Burgess in early Greek poetry, and John Traill in the thorny field of Greek epigraphy Joseph Day's critical comments were very helpful at the final stage of the project Above all, my supervisor, Malcolm Wallace, contributed to all aspects of my thesis, and has been a most helpful teacher and colleague My ideas have not always been shared by members of my committee, and I take full responsibility for the views expressed in this study, as well as for any mistakes I owe many thanks to the Department of Classics at the University of Toronto for providing scholarly and material support during my time as a graduate student, and to Ann-Marie Matti and Coral Gavrilovic for their kind assistance in all practical matters associated with my work at the Department, which was often conducted long-distance My indefinite gratitude goes to my family for their unflagging support, especially to my father, Michael Bronstein, who helped me in all computer matters, my husband, Rodney Ast, who discussed and read my study, offered numerous insightful comments, and helped in every possible way, to our younger daughters, Alitsia and Aglaia, the source of constant joy, and to our older daughter, Marfa, without whose resourcefulness I would never have been able even to start this work iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner Further reproduction prohibited without permission LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Table Archaic Attic Epitaphs, p 223 Figure Outline of the stele ofMnasitheios from Akraiphia, p 57 (After Andreiomenou 2000, p 85, fig Drawing by R Posamentir Courtesy ofR Posamentir.) Figure Upper part of the stele of Mnasitheios with reconstructed finial, p 59 (After Andreiomenou 2000, p 89, fig Drawing by R Posamentir Courtesy ofR Posamentir.) Figure Drawing of the gravestone and epitaph for Philon, CEG 76, p 80 (After Kourouniotes 1897, col 151, fig 5.) Figure Drawing of the gravestone and epitaph for Pleistias, CEG 77, p 81 (After Kourouniotes 1897, col 152, fig 6.) Figure Periboloi in Section A of the Kerameikos, p 159 (After Garland 1982, p 137, fig Reproduced with permission of the British School at Athens.) Figure Peribolos of Koroibos of Melite (A 20), p 160 (After Brueckner 1909, p 105, fig 66.) Figure Peribolos ofDionysios ofKollytos (A3), CEG 593, p 161 (After Brueckner 1909, p 66, fig 37.) V Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner Further reproduction prohibited without permission ABBREVIATIONS CAT = Chr Clairmont, Classical Attic Tombstones, Kilchberg 1993 CEG = Carmina epigraphica Graeca Carmina epigraphica Graeca: saeculorum VIII-V a.Chr.n., P.A Hansen, ed., Berlin and New York 1983 Carmina epigraphica Graeca: saeculi IV a Chr n (CEG 2), P.A Hansen, ed., Berlin and New York 1989 DAA = A E Raubitschek, Dedications from the Athenian Akropolis; a catalogue of the inscriptions of the sixth and fifth centuries B C., Archaeological Institute of America 1949 FGE = Further Greek Epigrams: Epigrams before A.D 50 from the Greek Anthology and Other Sources not included in 'Hellenistic Epigrams' or 'The Garland of Philip ', D L Page, ed., rev and prepared for publication by R D Dawe and J Diggle, Cambridge 1981 IEG2 = M L West, Iambi et Elegi Graeci ante Alexandrum Cantati, 2nd ed., Oxford 1998 IGAA = L H Jeffery, "The Inscribed Gravestones of Archaic Attica," BSA 57, 1962, pp 115-153 IGLPalermo = M T Manni Piraino, Iscrizioni greche lapidarie del Museo di Palermo, "SIKELIKA Collana di monografie pubblicate dal Centra Siciliano di Studi Storico-Archeologici 'Biagio Pace', Serie Storica," Palermo 1973 LGPN =Lexicon of Greek Personal Names LGPN I: Aegean Islands, Cyprus, Cyrenaica, P M Fraser and E Matthews, eds., Oxford 1987 LGPN II: Attica, M J Osbome and S B Byrne, eds., Oxford 1994 LGPN III.A: Peloponnese, Western Greece, Sicily, and Magna Graecia, P M Fraser and E Matthews, eds., Oxford 1997 LGPN III.B: Central Greece: From the Megarid to Thessaly, P M Fraser and E Matthews, eds., Oxford 2000 LSAG = L H Jeffery, The Local Scripts of Archaic Greece, ed rev with a supplement by A W Johnston, Oxford 1990 ML R Meiggs and D M Lewis, A Selection of Greek Historical Inscriptions to the End of the Fifth Century, Oxford 1969 vi Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner Further reproduction prohibited without permission TABLE OF CONTENTS ii ABSTRACT ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IV LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES V ABBREVIATIONS VI vii TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION CHAPTER ONE ARCHAIC ATTIC VERSE EPITAPHS 10 Early Archaic Burial Practice to ea 600 BC 10 Prior to ea 600 BC, 10 Changes ea 600 BC, 12 Solon's Funerary Legislation, 14 Archaic Attic Verse Epitaphs in Context 15 Typology of Monuments Associated with Verse Epitaphs, 15 Display and Layout of Archaic Attic Verse Epitaphs, 17 Verse vs Prose, 18 Commemorated Deceased 18 Death in War, 19 Virtues of the Deceased, 22 Origin of the Deceased, 26 Untimely Death, 29 Other Expressions of Grief, 37 38 ChiefMourner Identity of the ChiefMoumer, 38 Grief of the ChiefMoumer, 44 Address to a Passer-by and Reflections 45 Monument 47 Sight of the Monument, 47 Sculptors' Signatures on Monuments with Verse Epitaphs, 48 60 Meter and Literary Context Meters Employed in Archaic Attic Epitaphs, 60 Metrical Anomalies, 62 Excluded Inscriptions, 63 Literary Elegy and Verse Epitaph, 66 The Meaning of Elegos, 67 Inscriptional Evidence for Threnodic Elegy, 69 Literary Elegy and Verse Epitaph, Revisited, 72 Disappearance of Verse Epitaphs in Attica ea 500 BC 74 Post-Solonian Funerary Legislation, 74 After the Disappearance: Athenians and Athenians(?) Outside Attica, 80 vii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner Further reproduction prohibited without permission TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER TWO PUBLIC VERSE EPITAPHS AND COMMEMORATIVE EPIGRAMS Introduction 84 84 Literary Evidence to 479 BC 85 Chalkis, ea 507-501 BC, 85 Marathon 490 BC, 87 Artemisium and Salamis, 91 Plataia, 91 Inscriptional Evidence to 480/479 BC 92 IG 13 1142 (1}, 92 The Persian Wars Epigrams, IG 13 503/504 (2 and 3), 93 Public Commemorative Epigrams: Features and Further Examples 104 The Tyrannicides Epigram (430), 105 The Eion Epigrams, 105 The Eurymedon Epigram, 107 Evidence for the Burial of the War Dead in Athens 112 Patrios Nomos 113 Public Verse Epitaphs 125 Bringing Ta 6cna Home or Burying on the Battlefield: (a) Individual Burials, (b) Collective Burial, 114 Burying the War Dead Publicly (Bru.lOoic;x}, 117 Prothesis and Ekphora, 119 Epitaphios Logos, 120 Patrios Nomos Reconsidered, 121 Evidence from Pausanias and Plato, 122 The Epitaph for Argive Casualties (135), 125 Epitaphs for Distinguished Foreign Individuals (11, 12, 469), 126 The Epitaph for Athenians who Fell at the Hellespont (6), 129 The Koroneia Epitaph (5), 131 Fragmentary Verse Epitaphs of the mid Fifth Century, 134 The Potidaia Epitaph, 134 An Epitaph for Athenian Cavalrymen (4}, 136 A New Epitaph for Athenian Cavalrymen, 138 Public Epitaphs in the Late Fifth Century, 143 CHAPTER THREE ATTIC VERSE EPITAPHS OF THE LATER CLASSICAL PERIOD Introduction 144 144 Reappearance of Private Athenian Verse Epitaphs 145 Private Verse Epitaphs in the Fifth Century, 145 Date and Causes of the Reappearance ofPrivate Athenian Verse Epitaphs, 149 Later Classical Attic Verse Epitaphs in Context 157 Periboloi, 157 Typology of Classical Grave Stelai, 158 Display and Layout of Verse Epitaphs, 15 Verse Epitaphs Associated with Large Periboloi, 159 Members of Propertied Families, 165 Commemorated Deceased 168 Death in War, 168 Virtues of the Deceased, 171 Origin of the Deceased, 174 Activities of the Deceased: (a) Soothsaying and Priesthood, (b) Medicine, (c) Theater and Music, (d) Craftsmanship, (e) Occupations of Foreigners, 175 Untimely Death and Death in Old Age, 198 Grievous Fate, 200 viii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner Further reproduction prohibited without permission TABLE OF CONTENTS ChiefMoumer 200 Addresses and Reflections 203 Monument 205 Peculiarities of Poetic Diction and Meter 205 The Bridal Chamber of Persephone, 205 Gods and Personifications, 207 Meter, 208 CONCLUSION 209 BIBLIOGRAPHY 212 TABLE 223 ix Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner Further reproduction prohibited without permission CONCLUSION 210 may even have been results of poetic competitions Indeed, they included, in addition to praise, elements of narrative and occasional mythological digressions and in this respect appear to have been not unlike the genre of historical elegy seen in poems like Simonides' Plataia elegy At some point in the mid fifth century the practice of inscribing verse epitaphs resumed in Athens, perhaps first in the commemoration of highly distinguished foreigners who died in Athens and were granted the honor of public burial The burial sites of Athenian allies could also be marked with a monument bearing a verse epitaph In perhaps the mid 460s, public burials of the Athenian war dead started to be marked with stone monuments featuring casualty lists and a heading that recorded the campaigns of the year It may have been at this time that the Athenian state undertook fuller responsibility for the arrangements of funerals and commemoration It is impossible to say when funerary monuments for the war dead started to be inscribed with verse epitaphs, in addition to the heading and casualty lists; the practice is well attested from the early 440s to the early 420s (or, more precisely, from 447 or 446 to 429) The state was perhaps commissioning at this time as well the composition of verse epitaphs to some poets, and at least one monument (for the casualties ofPotidaia) appears to bear three epigrams composed by different poets No verse epitaphs for individual Athenians are attested for the major part of the fifth century Even the burial sites of the most distinguished Athenians are unlikely to have been marked with verse epitaphs, which must have been perceived as a distinction confined to the burials of the war dead After the Sicilian expedition, however, the attitude towards the distinction between private and public commemoration changed significantly, and, I suggest, the failure in Sicily led the Athenians to reconsider the nature of their politeia and the concept of the subordination of private, especially family, interests to alleged public interests Athenians started to feel that it was appropriate to commemorate deceased family members with monuments inscribed with verse epitaphs Whereas in the archaic period verse epitaphs were associated with funerary monuments of grandeur, which were set up by elite families, in the later classical period, verse epitaphs could be inscribed on both conspicuous and modest grave markers, and modest markers could be employed by families of various social strata In my discussion of later classical practice, I have attempted to outline some features of verse Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner Further reproduction prohibited without permission CONCLUSION 211 epitaphs that seem typical of the preferences of those people who could afford what they wanted These features demonstrate that affluent families could ensure that verse epitaphs met formal requirements of meter and diction, but that they were not especially interested in poetic originality or the individualized characterization of the deceased Verse epitaphs were probably perceived not as a genre of poetry, in which a fresh word or image might be appreciated, but rather as a normative way of praising and lamenting the deceased, as well as of giving some biographical information about him or her As in the archaic period, there seems to have persisted in the later classical period the notion that anything besides the name and origin of the deceased, whether some information about his or her life or an expression of grief on behalf of the survivors, could be conveyed only in a metrical inscription The exceptions (that is those cases when the inscription clearly was not meant to be metrical but still relates more than the name of the deceased) are very rare Consequently, those people who wanted a funerary monument to tell something memorable about the deceased opted for verse epitaphs even if they had little knowledge of the formal requirements of verse There was a sort of popularizing of the art of verse epitaphs in the later classical period, as observed in the different kinds of people commemorated in verse, from an archon to an actor, from a trierarch to a slave, from an upper class wife to a nurse The upper stratum of society, much in the tradition of the archaic period, seems to have preferred abstract praise for the deceased, portraying him or her as the ideal embodiment of one or more virtues, whereas within the middle class there can sometimes be detected a desire to praise some particular skill or character trait of the deceased, or to tell about the particularly grievous circumstances surrounding his or her death Thus, epitaphs for members of less affluent families contain greater individualization of the deceased, thereby allowing a glimpse at some aspects of family life among members of the Athenian middle class in the later classical period My study has, I hope, given an indication of the potential wealth of verse inscriptions in general and of epitaphs in particular as a source for social history Athenian material provides the best opportunity for a case study, but the investigation could be extended to other areas of Greece and beyond the fourth century Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner Further reproduction prohibited without permission BIBLIOGRAPHY Alexiou, M 1974 The Ritual Lament in Greek Tradition, Cambridge Aloni, A 2001 "The Proem ofSimonides' Plataea Elegy," in The New Simonides, D Boedeker and D Sider, eds., Oxford, pp 86-105 Andreiomenou, A K 1999 «'He~ 'AKpatcpias OTTlATJ Mvam8eiov, epyov tA.oupyov To hriypal-ll-lO», AE 138, pp 81-127 Andreiomenou, A K 2000 "Zur Werkstatt des Endoios und Philourgos," AM 115, pp 83-113 Andreou, J 1986 [1991] «Ta emypa~-tl-laTa Tov TioA.vavBpiov TTJS AD 41 A, pp 425-45, pis 97-100 A~-t(3paKias», Barron, J.P 1990 "All for Salamis," in 'Owls to Athens.' 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