A historical guide to henry david thoreau

A HISTORICAL GUIDE Henry David Thoreau TO HISTORICAL GUIDES TO A M E R I C A N AUTHORS The Historical Guides to American Authors is an interdisciplinary, historically sensitive series that combines close attention to the United States' most widely read and studied authors with a strong sense of time, place, and history Placing each writer in the context of the vibrant relationship between literature and society, volumes in this series contain historical essays written on subjects of contemporary social, political, and cultural relevance Each volume also includes a capsule biography and illustrated chronology detailing important cultural events as they coincided with the author's life and works, while photographs and illustrations dating from the period capture the flavor of the author's time and social milieu Equally accessible to students of literature and of life, the volumes offer a complete and rounded picture of each author in his or her America A Historical Guide to Ernest Hemingway Edited by Linda Wagner-Martin A Historical Guide to Walt Whitman Edited by David S Reynolds A Historical Guide to Ralph Waldo Emerson Edited by Joel Myerson A Historical Guide to Henry David Thoreau Edited by William E Cain A Historical Guide to Henry David Thoreau E D I T E D BY WILLIAM E CAIN OXPORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2OOO OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Oxford New York Athens Auckland Bangkok Bogota Buenos Aires Calcutta Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Florence Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Paris Sao Paulo Shanghai Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto Warsaw and associated companies in Berlin Ibadan Copyright © 2000 by Oxford University Press, Inc Published by Oxford University Press, Inc 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A histroical guide to Henry David Thoreau / edited by William E Cain p cm.—(Historical guides to American authors) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-19-513862-7;—ISBN 0-19-513863-5 (pbk.) Thoreau, Henry David, 1817-1862—Criticism and interpretation Literature and history—United States—History—19th century Literature and society-—United States-—History—i9th century I Cain, William E., 1952- II Series PS3O54 H57 818'.3O9—dc2i 2000 99-055276 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper Acknowledgments I am grateful, first of all, to Robert A Gross, Dana D Nelson, Lawrence A Rosenwald, Cecelia Tichi, and Laura Dassow Walls for their excellent work in this volume I want also to express my thanks to T Susan Chang, former Humanities Editor at Oxford University Press, for inviting me to be part of the Historical Guides series Both Elissa Morris and Jennifer Rozgonyi of Oxford University Press have also been very helpful and supportive For their insight and cooperation, I would also like to thank Leslie Wilson, Special Collections, Concord Free Public Library; Ruth R Rogers and Jill Triplett Bent, Special Collections, Clapp Library, Wellesley College; my colleagues in the English department of Wellesley College; and my wife Barbara and daughters Julia and Isabel As I have worked on my sections of this collaborative project, I have thought often of three scholar/critics of American literature: Laurence B Holland, who taught with uncanny power and passion Thoreau and other writers of the American Renaissance; Richard Poirier, whose forthright, stimulating books and essays I have long admired and from which I have learned so much; and Eric J Sundquist, whose literary criticism I find inspiring and whom I have known as a friend since our days together in graduate school This page intentionally left blank Contents Introduction William E Cain Henry David Thoreau, 1817-1862: A Brief Biography 11 William E Cain THOREAU IN HIS TIME Thoreau, Manhood, and Race: Quiet Desperation versus Representative Isolation 61 Dana D Nelson Domesticity on Walden Pond 95 Cecelia Tichi Romancing the Real: Thoreau's Technology of Inscription 123 Laura Dassow Walls The Theory, Practice, and Influence of Thoreau's Civil Disobedience 153 Lawrence A Rosenwald "That Terrible Thoreau": Concord and Its Hermit 181 Robert A Gross V111 Contents ILLUSTRATED CHRONOLOGY Bibliographical Essay 265 William E Cain Contributors 275 Index 277 243 A HISTORICAL G U I D E TO Henry David Thoreau Bibliographical Essay 271 Fink, Steven Prophet in the Marketplace: Thoreau's Development as a Professional Writer Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992 Foster, David R Thoreau's Country: Journey through a Transformed Landscape Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999 Francis, Richard Transcendental Utopias: Individual and Community at Brook Farm, Fruitlands, and Walden Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1997 Garber, Frederick Thoreau's Fable of Inscribing Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991 Thoreau's Redemptive Imagination New York: New York University Press, 1977 Golemba, Henry Thoreau's Wild Rhetoric New York: New York University Press, 1990 Gura, Philip F., and Joel Myerson, eds Critical Essays on American Transcendentalism Boston: G K Hall, 1982 Harding, Walter The Days of Henry Thoreau 1965, rev 1982 Reprint, with a new afterword, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992 , ed Thoreau as Seen by His Contemporaries New York: Dover, 1989 Harding, Walter, and Michael Meyer The New Thoreau Handbook New York: New York University Press, 1980 Hildebidle.John Thoreau: A Naturalist's Liberty Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983 Howarth, William L The Book of Concord: Thoreau's Life as a Writer New York: Viking, 1982 The Literary Manuscripts of Henry David Thoreau Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1974 Johnson, Linck C Thoreau's Complex Weave: The Writing of "A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers," with a Text of the First Draft Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1986 Leary, Lewis "Henry David Thoreau." In Eight American Authors, edited by James Woodress, 129-71 New York: Norton, 1971 Lebeaux, Richard Thoreau's Seasons Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1984 Young Man Thoreau Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1977 McGregor, Robert Kuhn A Wider View of the Universe: Hemy Thoreau's Study of Nature Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997 272 Bibliographical Essay Mclntosh, James Thoreau as Romantic Naturalist: His Shifting Stance toward Nature Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1974 Marx, Leo The Machine in the Garden: Technology and the Pastoral Ideal in America New York: Oxford University Press, 1964 Matthiessen, R O American Renaissance: Art and Expression in the Age of Emerson and Whitman New York: Oxford University Press, I94i Meyer, Michael "Henry David Thoreau." In The Transcendentalists: A Review of Research and Criticism, edited by Joel Myerson, 260-85 New York: Modern Language Association, 1984 Meyer, Michael Several More Lives to Live: Thoreau's Political Reputation in America Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1977 Milder, Robert Reimagining Thoreau New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995 Moller, Mary Elkins Thoreau in the Human Community Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1980 Myerson, Joel, ed The Cambridge Companion to Henry David Thoreau, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995 Critical Essays on Henry David Thoreau's "Walden." Boston: G K Hall, 1988 , ed Emerson and Thoreau: The Contemporary Reviews New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992 Neufeldt, Leonard N The Economist: Henry Thoreau and Enterprise New York: Oxford University Press, 1989 Paul, Sherman The Shores of America: Thoreau's Inward Exploration Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1958 Peck, H Daniel Thoreau's Morning Work: Memory and Perception in "A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers," the "Journal," and "Walden." New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990 Poirier, Richard A World Elsewhere: The Place of Style in American Literature New York: Oxford University Press, 1966 Porte, Joel Emerson and Thoreau: Transcendentalists in Conflict Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1966 Richardson, Robert D., Jr Henry Thoreau: A Life of the Mind Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986 Ross, Donald, Jr., and Stephen Adams "The Endings of Walden and Stages of Its Composition." Bulletin of Research in the Humanities 84 (Winter 1981): 451-69 Sattelmeyer, Robert "The Remaking of Walden." In Writing the Bibliographical Essay 273 American Classics, edited by James Barbour and Tom Quirk, 53-78 Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990 Thoreau's Reading: A Study in Intellectual History, with Bibliographical Catalogue Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988 Sayre, Robert F., ed New Essays on "Walden." New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992 Thoreau and the American Indians Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977 Scharnhorst, Gary Henry David Thoreau: An Annotated Bibliography of Comment and Criticism before 1900 New York: Garland, 1992 Henry David Thoreau: A Case Study in Canonization Columbia, S.C.: Camden House, 1993 Schneider, Richard J Henry David Thoreau Boston: G K Hall, 1987 Shanley, J Lyndon The Making of "Walden," with the Text of the First Version Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1957 Teichgraeber, Richard F Sublime Thoughts/Penny Wisdom: Situating Emerson and Thoreau in the American Market Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995 Thoreau, Henry David The Annotated "Walden." Edited by Philip Van Doren Stern New York: Potter, 1970 Collected Poems of Henry Thoreau Edited by Carl Bode Chicago: Packard, 1943 - Correspondence Edited by Walter Harding and Carl Bode New York: New York University Press, 1958 Faith in a Seed: "The Dispersion of Seeds" and Other Late Natural History Writings Edited by Bradley P Dean Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1993 - The Natural History Essays Edited by Robert Sattelmeyer Salt Lake City: Peregrine Smith, 1980 - Political Writings Edited by Nancy L Rosenblum New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996 - "Walden": An Annotated Edition Edited by Walter Harding Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1995 Wild Fruits: Thoreau's Rediscovered Last Manuscript Edited by Bradley P Dean New York: Norton, 2000 - Writings Edited by Robert F Sayre New York: Library of America, 1985 The Writings of Henry D Thoreau Edited by Walter Harding et al., 12 vols to date Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1971- 274 Bibliographical Essay The Writings of Henry David Thoreau With bibliographical introductions and full indexes, 11 vols Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1893-1894 The Writings of Henry David Thoreau 20 vols Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1906 The Thoreau Quarterly 1982- The Thoreau Society Bulletin 194- Timpe, Eugene F, ed Thoreau Abroad: Twelve Bibliographical Essays Hamden, Conn.: Shoe String Press, 1971 Wagenknecht, Edward Henry David Thoreau: What Manner of Man? Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1981 Walls, Laura Dassow Seeing New Worlds: Henry David Thoreau and Nineteenth-Century Natural Science Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1995 Contributors WILLIAM E CAIN is Mary Jewett Gaiser Professor of English at Wellesley College He is the editor of William Lloyd Garrison and the Fight Against Shivery: Selections from "The Liberator" (1995) and Nathaniel Hawthorne's "The Blithedale Romance": A Critical and Cultural Edition (1996), and he has coauthored, with Sylvan Barnet, a number of textbooks for literature and composition courses ROBERT A GROSS is the Forrest D Murden, Jr., Professor of History and American Studies at the College of William and Mary Author of The Minutemen and Their World (1976) and Books and Libraries in Thoreau's Concord (1988), he has written numerous essays on the social and cultural history of Concord in the era of Emerson and Thoreau His book, The Making of Emerson's Concord, 1790-1840, will be published by Hill & Wang in 2002 DANA D NELSON is professor of English and social theory at the University of Kentucky She is the author of National Manhood: Capitalist Citizenship and the Imagined Fraternity of White Men (1998), and is currently co-editing two essay collections, Materializing Democracy, with Russ Castronovo, and a special issue of American Literature on Violence, the Body and "The South," with Houston Baker 275 276 Contributors LAWRENCE A ROSENWALD is Anne Pierce Rogers Professor of American Literature at Wellesley College He is the author of Emerson and the Art of the Diary (1988) and the translator, with Everett Fox, of Scripture and Translation (1994), a collection of essays by Martin Buber and Franz Rosenzweig He also has written on translation theory, on the relations between words and music, and on war tax resistance Currently he is at work on a study of how American literature, both in English and in other languages, has represented language contact and language difference CECBLIA TICHI is William R Kenan, Jr., Professor of English at Vanderbilt University Her publications include New World, New Earth: Environmental Reform in American Literature from the Puritans through Whitman (1979); Shifting Gears: Technology, Literature, Culture in Modernist America (1987); Electronic Hearth: Creating an American Television Culture (1991); and High Lonesome: The American Culture of Country Music (1994) Recently, under the pseudonym "Tishy," she has published three mystery novels, Jealous Heart, Cryin' Time, and Fall to Pieces (1997-2000) In addition, her Bodies of Nature's Nation: Environment, Nation, and Bodily Identity in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century America will appear in 2001 LAURA DASSOW WALLS is associate professor of English at Lafayette College, where she is also coordinator of the Values and Science/Technology Program She is the author of Seeing New Worlds: Henry David Thoreau and Nineteenth-Century Natural Science (1995), which traces the intersection of literature and science in the writings of Thoreau, and the editor of Material Faith: Thoreau on Science (1999) She has published articles in American Quarterly, Configurations, Nineteenth-Century Contexts, and ISLE (Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and the Environment), and elsewhere on Thoreau, Emerson, Humboldt, Louis Agassiz, S Weir Mitchell, and Michel Serres Her current book project is on Emerson and science INDEX abolitionists, 45, 46, 64, 77 Adams, John Quincy, 15 Aesthetic Papers (Peabody), 36, 157 Agassiz, Louis, 35, 146 Aitteton, Joseph, 87 Alcott, Amos Bronson, 8, 17, 25, 35, 36, 48, 50, 155, 156, 157, 160, 173, 183, 2.13 Alcott, Louisa May, 51 Allen, Phineas, 12 Alton Locke (Kingsley), 19 American Frugal Housewife, The (Child), 107 'American Scholar, The" (Emerson), 14, 165 American Tract Society, 25 American Revolution, 66, 68, 69, 71, 161, 195, 204, 214, 230 American Woman's Home (C Beecher and Stowe), 96, 105, 114, 115, 116 Andrews, Barbara, 160, 175 Anti-Masons, 195 architectural styles, 103-6 Arkwright, Sir Richard, 148 Atlantic Monthly, The, 51, 202, 218 Aurelius, Marcus, 32, 53 "Autumnal Tints" (Thoreau), 51 Bacon, Francis, 135 Ballou, Adin, 26, 27, 156, 173 Bartlett, Josiah, 209 Beecher, Catherine, 7, 96-118 Beecher, Henry Ward, 48 Bhagavad Gita, 53 Bible Society, 25 Biographia Literaria (Coleridge), 131, 132 biology, 146 blackface, 77 Blake, Harrison G O., 51 Bledstein, Burton, 85 Bliss, Shepherd, 80 Blithedale Romance, The (Hawthorne), 25, 27 Blumin, Stuart, 85 Bly, Robert, 80 277 278 Book for the Home Circle, A (Kirkland), 110 Bosnia, 164 Boston elite, 30-31 Boston Tea-Party, 82, 172 Brisbane, Albert, 23, 26 Bronte, Charlotte, 19 Bronte, Emily, 19 Brook Farm, 17, 21, 25, 27 Brown, Gillian, 102, 115 Brown, John, 48-49, 65, 158, 171, 172, 188, 189, 217 Brownson, Orestes, 13, 17 Buber, Martin, 153, 172 Buell, Lawrence, 52 Bull, Ephraim, 192 Bunyan, John, 226 Burns, Anthony, 45, 46 Bush, Trevor N W., 153 Bushnell, Horace, 104 Butman, Asa, 163 Cabet, Etienne, 26 Caldwell, Charles, 76 California and Oregon Trail, The, (Parkman), 81 Calvinism, 17 Cape Cod, 49, 50 Cape Cod (Thoreau), 51, 53 capitalism, 63—64, 80—81 Carlyle, Thomas, 17, 19, 34, 53 Catholics, 82, 83 Channing, Edward Tyrell, 13 Channing, William Ellery, 49, 50, 51, 52, 232 Chapman, John Jay, 165 Chaucer, 19, 38 Child, Lydia Maria, 7, 43, 48, 97, 107 Chinese texts, 41 Cholmondeley, Thomas, 49 Index Christian Home movement, 104 Christian Non-Resistance (Ballou), 156 Christian Nurture (Bushnell), 104 Christian pacificism, 161 church tax, 154 Cicero, 32 civil disobedience, theory and practice of, 153-73 "Civil Disobedience" (Thoreau), 5, 8, 36, 73, 171-73 Civil War, 213, 225, 226 Clark, Jr., Clifford, 99, 104 Clay, Henry, 45, 210 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 17, 19, 130, 131 Collins, James, 83-84, 85, 101 Collins, John A., 26 Commonwealth, The, 224 Compromise of 1850, 45 Concord, 3, 8, 11, 19, 22, 24, 29, 30, 38, 63, 100, 147, 163, 181-233 Concord Academy, 12, 20, 21, 199—200 Concord Bank, 192, 202 Concord Free Public Library, 204 Concord Lyceum, 8, 21, 34, 36, 157, 187 Concord Republican, 194, 222 Concord Women's Anti-Slavery Society, 12 Coningsby (Disraeli), 19 conscience, 169 Contrast, The (Tyler), 69-72 "Contribution to Social and Economic History, A" (E.Jarvis), 210-11 Cooke, George W, 218 Cooper, James Fenimore, 19, 80 Cooper, Peter, 28 cotton, 75-76 Index Crevecoeur, St John de, 67-69 Cudworth, Ralph, 19 Curtis, George William, 203 Danish resistance, 153, 170, 171 Darwin, Charles, 124, 146 Dawley, Alan, 74 Deevey, Jr., Edward S., 145 democracy, 66 Democrats, 187 DeQuincey, Thomas, 139-40 Dial, The, 4, 21, 38, 201, 222 Dickens, Charles, 19 "Discourse of the Transient and Permanent in Christianity, The" (Parker), 18 Dispersion of Seeds, The (Thoreau), 4, 136 Disraeli, Benjamin, 19 "Divinity School Address, The" (Emerson), 18 domestic advice texts, 107 domesticity, 7, 95-117 Donne, John,19 Douglas, Stephen, 44, 45 Douglass, Frederick, 8, 48, 76, 158, 168 Dred Scott decision, 45 Dunbar, Asa, 196 Echoes of Harper's Ferry (Redpath), 49 Eclogues (Virgil), 102 Eliot, George, 43 Embkms (Quarles), 19 Emerson, Edward Waldo, 12 Emerson, Lidian, 23 Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 11, 14, 16, 21, 22, 23, 27, 35, 38-39, 45, 48, 51, 83, 85, 97, 132, 138, 147, 164-66, 169, 173, 183, 184, 185, 279 189, 190, 193, 195, 196, 200-201, 204, 216, 217, 218, 219, 227, 230, 232 Emerson, William, 21, 23, 200 Epictetus, 32 Erie Canal, 28, 192 Etzler, J A., 32 evolution, 146 Excursions (Thoreau), 51 Fable for Critics, A (Lowell), 185 Faler, Paul, 74 Federalist Papers, The, 70 feminist criticism, 97 Field, John, 84, 85 Finney, Charles Grandison, 25 First Act of Naturalization, 70 First Church (Concord), 194, 198, 208 Fisher, Philip, 98, 102 Flaccus, Aulius Persius, 21, 38 Fourier, Charles, 26 Franklin, Benjamin, 62, 107 free market, 202, Free Soil, 223 Frugal Housewife, The (Child), 97, 107, 115 Fruitlands, 25 Fugitive Slave Law, 45, 46, 171 Fuller, Margaret, 17 furniture, 108 Gandhi, Mohandas K., 5, 153, 162, 169, 170, 171, 172 Garber, Frederick, 148 Garrison, William Lloyd, 8, 12, 45, 46, 47, 48, 76, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 168, 169, 175, 188 Gaskell, Elizabeth, 19 Gilded Age, 211, 229 Glassie, Henry, 99 28 o Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 13, 17 Gold Rush, 32-33 Golden Bowl, The (James Jr.), Goldfield, Michael, 75 Goldman, Emma, 153 Graham's Magazine, 34, 203 Gray, Asa, 146 Great Awakening, 25 Great Boston Fire, 226 Greek Revival, 103 Greeley, Horace, 23, 43, 223 Grier, Katherine C., 99 Gross, Robert A., 30, 63, 174 Gulf War, 166 Index "History of Myself, The" (Thoreau), 34 History of the World, The (Raleigh), 19 Hoar, Elizabeth, 181 Hoar, Samuel, 155 Home Missionary Society, 25 Homer, 19, 95-96 Hosmer, Horace, 183, 186, 199, 205, 206, 220, 221, 225-29, 231, 232, 233 Hosmer, Joseph, 183 Houghton Mifflin, 51 "House and Home Papers" (Stowe), 105, 109 household advice texts, 103, 115 "Houses and People in Concord, Massachusetts, 1810-1820" (E Jarvis), 211—12 Howells, William Dean, 38 Humboldt, Alexander von, 124, 128, 146 Hunt, Almira, 208 Halttunen, Karen, 108 Hanson, Harriet, 223 Haraway, Donna, 147 Harvard, 3, 4, 13, 19, 95, 107, 181, 188, 198, 199, 205, 206, 207, 232 Harvard Divinity School, 222 Haskins, David Greene, 16 Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 19, 22, 25, Ignatiev, Noel, 82 27, 43, 49, 51, 97, 98, 184, 232 Iliad, The (Homer), 95, 96 Hayden, Dolores, 113 immigrants, 29 Hedge, P H., 17 independence, ideal of, 2,31—32 Hedge's Club, 17 Indians, 7, 12, 40, 82, 97 Hemingway, Ernest, Industrial Revolution, 126, 191 Hennacy, Amman, 153 inscription, 123-48 Herbert, George, 19 International Order of Red Men, Herodotus, 128, 134 80 Hess, Errol, 153 Irish, 29-30, 82-83 Hieroglyphikes of the Life of Man Irving, Washington, 19 (Quarles), 19 Italian Journey (Goethe), 13 higher law, 124 Hindu texts, 19, 41 Jackson, Andrew, 15 Hints to Persons of Moderate Jacksonian Democrats, 195, 222 Fortune (Child), 107 Jacksonian era, 74 Historical and Statistical InformaJames, Sr., Henry, 23 tion (Schoolcraft), 40 Index James, Jr., Henry, James Munro and Company, 37 Jarvis, Deacon, 206, 207 Jarvis, Edward, 205, 206-12, 214, 216, 220, 229, 231, 232 Jay, John, 70 Jerry (fugitive slave), 45 Jesuit Relations, 40 Jesus, 18 Jim Crow laws, 169 Jones, Samuel A., 227, 229 Journal (Thoreau), 16, 27, 51-52, 125-28, 131, 135, 141 Kansas-Nebraska Act, 45, 46 Kant, Immanuel, 17 Kazin, Alfred, 52 Kehler, Randy, 153 Keyes, John, 214, 215, 216, 222 Keyes, John Shephard, 205, 212-20, 229, 231, 232 King, Jr., Martin Luther, 5, 153, 161, 169, 170, 171 Kingsley, Charles, 19 Kirkland, Caroline, no Know-Nothings, 213 laboring class, 221 Lane, Charles, 155, 156, 159 Last of the Mohicans, The (Cooper), 80 "Last Days of John Brown, The" (Thoreau), 73 "Lately, Alas, I Knew a Gentle Boy" (Thoreau), 87, 88 Latour, Bruno, 123, 142, 143 Laws of Menu, The, 32 League of the Iroquois (Morgan), 40 Leaves of Grass (Whitman), 50, 229 LeBrun, Jean Munro, 12 Lee, Robert E., 48 281 Letters to Various Persons (Thoreau), 51 Leverenz, David, 117 Liberator, The, 44, 76, 155 "Life without Principle" (Thoreau), 51, 82, 86, 203 Lincoln, Abraham, 213 Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 13, 19, 43 Lott, Eric, 77 "Love" (Emerson), 216 Lowell, James Russell, 185, 202 Lowell American, 223 Lowell Courier, 223 Ludwig, Carl, 130 lyceum, 20-21 Lynd, Barbara, 161 Lynd, Staughton, 161, 165 Mahoney, William, 153 Maine Woods, The (Thoreau), 34, 5i, 79, 87 manhood, 61-90, 166-67 market economy, 96, 98,111,115 Marx, Leo, 102, 168 Masons, 195 Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, 45 material culture studies, 104, 109 McPherson, James, 38 Meditations (Aurelius), 53 Melville, Herman, 19, 49, 97, 106 Mexican War, 28, 35-36, 159, 162-63, 164, 169, 170, 187, 204 middle classes, 63-64, 105 Milton, John, 19, 217 minstrelsy, 77 Mintz, Stephen, 99 Moby-Dick (Melville), 19, 106 Modern Painters (Ruskin), 282 Montgomery bus boycott, 5, 161-62 Morgan, Lewis Henry, 40 Mormons, 26 Morton, Samuel George, 76 Munroe, William, 196 Index Parker, Theodore, 17, 18, 48 Parkman, Francis, 81 Parks, Rosa, 166, 167 parlor, 107-12 Past and Present (Carlyle), 19 Pater, Walter, Peabody, Elizabeth, 36, 157 Peirce, Benjamin, 13 Narrative (Douglass), 76, 158 pencil manufacturing, 23, 37-38, National Anti-Slavery Standard, 44, 132, 168, 191, 196-98 76 Pendennis (Thackeray), 225 Nativism, 83 natural history, 7-8, 146 perfectionism, 25-26 Pessen, Edward, 74 "Natural History of MassachuPetroski, Henry, 37 setts, A" (Thoreau), 21 Phillips, Wendell, 45, 47, 48, 217 natural philosophy, 124 Pilgrim's Progress, The (Bunyan), nature, 103, 106, 116, 123-48 226 Nature (Emerson), 14, 184 "Plea for Captain John Brown, A" Neo-Gothic, 103 (Thoreau), 49, 171 New England Non-Resistance Poe, Edgar Allan, 97 Society, 155 Polis, Joe, 87 New Testament, 169 "Politics" (Emerson), 165 New Views of Christianity, Society, and the Church (Brownson), 13 Polk, James K., 33 poll tax, 35-36, 154 New York Times, 185 Portrait of a Lady, The (James Jr.), New York Tribune, 44, 223 no-government men, 159, 160 Powell, Timothy, 83, 85 non-resistance, 8, 155 Prescott, Martha, 216 Nott, Josiah, 76 Pullman, George, 28 Noyes, John Humphrey, 26 Puritans, 187, 208 Nylander, Jane, 99, 113 Putnam's Monthly Magazine, 41, 51, 202 Old Manse, 22 organic theory of art, 139 Origin of Species, The (Darwin), 124 Quakers, 161 Quarles, Francis, 19 Ornamental Tree Society, 209 Quincy, Josiah, 13 Ossian, 38 Quoil, Hugh, 84 Owen, Robert, 26 Owen, Robert Dale, 26 race, 61—90 railroads, 27 Panic of 1837, 15-16, 63, 197 Raleigh, Walter, 19 Paradise Lost (Milton), 139 Index Rapp, George, 26 Redpath, James, 49 Religio Medici (Browne), 19 Rennie, John, 148 Rennie, Sir John, 148 Republicanism, 104 Republicans, 213, 217 resistance, 169 "Resistance to Civil Government" (Thoreau), 36, 52, 78, 157, 168 resorts, 27 Rich Men of Massachusetts, The, 202 Ricketson, Daniel, 49 "Rights and Duties of the Individual in Relation to Government, The" (Thoreau), 157 Ripley, Ezra, 186, 194, 195, 208, 220, 233 Ripley, George, 17 Rise of Silas Lapham, The (Howells), 38 Robinson, Harriet Hanson, 183, 199 Robinson, Sr., William, 221 Robinson, William S., 194, 205, 207, 220, 221-25, 229 231 232 Roediger, David, 77 Rogin, Paul, 79 Romero, Lora, 100 Rotundo, Anthony, 69 Ruskin, John, Russell, Mary, 219 Salt, Henry, 153 Sanborn, F B., 35, 49, 225, 227 Sartain's Union Magazine, 41 Sartor Resartus (Carlyle), 19 Sattelmeyer, Robert, 185 283 Sayre, Robert, 78, 79 Schaffer, Simon, 131, 132 Schlegel, August Wilhelm von, 17 Schlegel, Friedrich von, 17 Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe, 40 science, 7-8, 123-48 Second Great Awakening, 25 self-reliance, 200-1 "Self-Reliance" (Emerson), 165 Sellers, Charles, 72, 86 Seneca, 32 Sewall, Edmund, 20 Sewall, Ellen, 20, 185, 200, 219 sewing, 97 Shadrach (fugitive slave), 45 Shakers, 26 Shanley, J Lyndon, 42, 43 Shattuck, Lemuel, 197 Shaw, Lemuel, 163 Shepheardes Calendar, The (Spenser), 102 Signs of the Times, The (Carlyle), 53 Sims, Thomas, 45, 163 slavery, 7, 44-45, 61-90, 168, 169, 188 "Slavery in Massachusetts" (Thoreau), 44, 46, 47, 65 Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, 225 Smith, Joseph, 26 "Snow-Bound" (Whittier), 106 Social Circle, The, 209, 217, 224 Social Destiny of Man, The (Brisbane), 23 "Society" (Thoreau), 20 South African Black Act, 162, 169 Sparks, Jared, 34 Spenser, Edmund, 102 Staples, Sam, 35-36, 154 Stein, Gertrude, Stilgoe, John, 102 Stoic philosophy, 32 284 Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 7, 76, 96-118 "Student Life in New England, Its Economy" (Thoreau), 37 Studies in the History of the Renaissance (Pater), suffrage, 74 surveying, 40 Sybil (Disraeli), 19 "Sympathy" (Thoreau), 20, 21 tax resistance, 154 Taylor, Zachary, 223 technology, 123-48 Thackeray, William Makepeace, 225 Therien, Alex, 87 Thoreau, Cynthia Dunbar (mother), 11-12, 196, 233 Thoreau, Helen (sister), 12, 198 Thoreau, Henry David abolitionism, involvement in, 44-49 civil disobedience, theory and practice of, 8, 35-36, 153-73 domesticity, attitudes toward, 7, 95-117 education, 12-13 experiences at Walden Pond, 23-25 illness and death, 51 Indians, interest in, 40, 79-82 influence of, 5, 153-54 jailed for refusal to pay poll tax, 35-36 manhood and race, views on, 61-90 parents of, 11-12 reading, 19 relationship with Concord neighbors, 3, 8, 181-233 Index relationship with Emerson, 3, 14-17, 38-40 science and nature, attitudes toward, 7-8, 123-48 siblings, 12 social views, 31-33 surveyor, 40 Transcendentalism, relation to, 17-19 writing, 3-4, 33-34, 40-43 Thoreau, John (father), 11-12, 191, 196, 197, 198, 212 Thoreau, John (grandfather), 190, 196, 212 Thoreau, Jr., John (brother), 12, 20, 21, 34, 38, 200, 213, 221, 226, 227 Thoreau, Louisa (aunt), 182 Thoreau, Maria (aunt), 36, 154 Thoreau, Rebecca (grandmother), 196 Thoreau, Sophia (sister), 12, 43, 51, 198 Thornton, Tamara Plakins, 30, 31 Ticknor and Fields, 43, 202 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 167 Tolstoy, Leo, 153, 170, 173-74 Tompkins, Jane, 98, 117 Traditions and Reminiscences of Concord, 210, 211 Transcendental Club, 17 Transcendentalism, 4, 11, 17, 20, 21, 46, 47, 96, 124, 186, 202, 2O4, 216, 222, 227 Treatise on Domestic Economy (C Beecher), 96, 98, 103, 108, 115 True Intellectual System of the Universe, The (Cudworth), 19 Turner, Nat, 76, 158 Index Tyler, Royall, 69-72 Typee (Melville), 19 Uncle Tom's Cabin (Stowe), 76-77, 106, 109-10 Underground Railroad, 65 Underwood, Francis, 218 Union Magazine of Literature and Art, 34, 36 Unitarians, 208 Uphaus, Willard, 153 Utopian communities, 25-27 Vaux, Calvert, 108, 109 Very, Jones, 17 Vesey, Denmark, 76 Villas and Cottages (Vaux), 108 Virgil, 19, 102 wage slavery, 64 Walden (Thoreau), 3, 5, 7, 13, 27, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 41, 43, 44, 47, 52, 53, 61, 63, 71-73, 74, 79, 81, 86, 87, 89, 95-117, 124-25, 136, 144, 148, 168, 182, 185, 188, 190, 205, 215, 219, 225, 226, 232 Walden Pond, 23-24, 134, 144, 184, 193 Walker, David, 76 Walker's Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World, 76 285 "Walking" (Thoreau), 51 War of 1812, 196, 204 Warner, Michael, 65 Warren, Josiah, 26 Webster, Daniel, 45 Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers, A (Thoreau), 3, 34, 36, 37, 38, 41, 42, 51, 53, 79, 138, 201-2, 2O3, 214 Wheeler, Charles Stearns, 23 Whigs, 187, 195 Whitefield, George, 25 whiteness, 73-84 Whitman, Walt, 4, 49, 50 Whittier, John Greenleaf, 106 "Wild Apples" (Thoreau), 51 Wild Fruits (Thoreau), Williams, Jr., Henry, 35 Williams, Isaiah, 21 Wordsworth, William, 17, 19 workers, 31 Workingman's Party, 64 Wright, Frances, 26 Yankee in Canada, A (Thoreau), 41, 51 Yeast (Kingsley), 19 Yeoman's Gazette, 222 Young, Brigham, 26 Young, Sir Thomas, 130 Young Men's Debating Society, 194 .. .A HISTORICAL GUIDE Henry David Thoreau TO HISTORICAL GUIDES TO A M E R I C A N AUTHORS The Historical Guides to American Authors is an interdisciplinary, historically sensitive series that... to Ernest Hemingway Edited by Linda Wagner-Martin A Historical Guide to Walt Whitman Edited by David S Reynolds A Historical Guide to Ralph Waldo Emerson Edited by Joel Myerson A Historical Guide. .. Athens Auckland Bangkok Bogota Buenos Aires Calcutta Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Florence Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Paris Sao Paulo