WOMEN IN E N G L A N D IN THE MIDDLE AGES This page intentionally left blank Women in England in the Middle Ages Jennifer Ward hambledon continuum Hambledon Continuum A Continuum imprint The Tower Building 11 York Road London, SE1 7NX 80 Maiden Lane Suite 704 New York, NY 10038 First Published 2006 ISBN 85285 346 Copyright © Jennifer Ward 2006 The moral rights of the author have been asserted All rights reserved Without limiting the rights under copyrights reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the above publisher of the book A description of this book is available from the British Library and from the Library of Congress Typeset by Carnegie Publishing, Lancaster, and printed in Great Britain by MPG Books Ltd, Cornwall Contents Illustrations Preface vii ix Women's Worlds Marriage 11 Wives and Mothers 37 Widows 59 Work 81 Noblewomen 99 Queens 119 Religious Women 143 Charity and Lay Religion 171 Death 195 10 i Notes 201 Glossary 259 Bibliography 263 Index 277 This page intentionally left blank Illustrations Dorothy Clopton, Long Melford church, Suffolk Marriage: Panel on the Seven Sacrament font, Great Glemham church, Suffolk Baptism: Panel on the Seven Sacrament font, Great Glemham church, Suffolk Penance: Panel on the Seven Sacrament font, Great Glemham church, Suffolk Death: Panel on the Seven Sacrament font, Badingham church, Suffolk Old age: Misericord from Minster-in-Thanet church, Kent The temptation of fashion: Misericord from Minster-in-Thanet church, Kent The Birth of Jesus: Alabaster panel from Long Melford church, Suffolk Work and Religious Practice: Carving from Swaffham church, Norfolk 10 Lacock Abbey, Wiltshire: the north and east ranges of the cloister By permission of the Conway Library, Courtauld Institute of Art, London 11 Lacock Abbey, Wiltshire: the warming house By permission of the Conway Library, Courtauld Institute of Art, London 12 John and Katherine Goodale: painting at Burnham Norton church, Norfolk VIII WOMEN IN E N G L A N D IN THE MIDDLE AGES Text Figures Infant Mortality: Brass of Thomas Grevile at Stanford Rivers church, Essex By permission of Martin Stuchfield, p 47 The Widow: Brass of Christina Bray at Felsted church, Essex By permission of Martin Stuchfield, p 58 Family: Brass of William Turnor, with his wives and children, at Berden church, Essex By permission of Martin Stuchfield, p 71 Preface There is a growing interest in women of the past Much more can be found out about them in the records than used to be thought This results from work done by archaeologists on settlements, churches and houses, and from studies of medieval literature, as well as from research into historical documents Although the middle ages seem distant from the present day, enough evidence survives to show that medieval women did not always conform to the models laid down by the church or crown We can find as many varieties of women in the middle ages as we see around us in the modern world Women appeared outwardly submissive and obedient but were capable of making their wishes felt, whether in peasant protest or as noblewomen making their views known to the king In writing the book, I have made use of imperial measurements, the units of money before decimalisation and the county structure as it existed before the local government reorganisation of 1974 £1 was made up of twenty shillings; one shilling comprised twelve pence; the penny was divided into two halfpennies or four farthings The mark was a unit of account, worth 13s 4d A librate of land was a piece of land worth £1 I would like to thank Lindy Grant, Tony Morris, Nigel Saul, Martin Sheppard and Anne Sutton for their help with the book; and Martin Stuchfield and the Conway Library, Courtauld Institute of Art, London, for permission to reproduce illustrations Any remaining mistakes are mine I would also like to thank family and friends for their readiness to discuss questions relating to medieval women and to visit the churches and sites associated with them BIBLIOGRAPHY 269 H.Johnstone, 'The Queen's Household', in T.RTout, Chapters in the Administrative History of Medieval England, v (Manchester, 1930), pp 231-89 M K Jones and M G Underwood, The Kings Mother Lady Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby (Cambridge, 1992) R M Karras, Common Women: Prostitution and Sexuality in Medieval England (Oxford, 1996) R M Karras, 'The Regulation of Brothels in Later Medieval England', Signs, 14 (1988-89), pp 399-433B A Kellum, 'Infanticide in England in the Later Middle Ages', History of Childhood Quarterly, i (1973-74), PP- 367-88 B M Kerr, Religious Life for Women, c uoo-c 1350: Fontevraud in England (Oxford, 1999) A J Kettle, 'Ruined Maids: Prostitutes and Servant Girls in Later Medieval 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(York, 1989) J H Tillotson, 'Visitation and Reform of the Yorkshire Nunneries in the Fourteenth Century', Northern History, 30 (1994), pp 1-21 M Vale, The Princely Court: Medieval Courts and Culture in North-West Europe, 1270-1380 (Oxford, 2001) E Van Houts, Memory and Gender in Medieval Europe, 900-1200 (Basingstoke, 1999) N Vickers, 'The Social Class of Yorkshire Medieval Nuns', Yorkshire Archaeological Journal, 67 (1995), pp 127-32 R Voaden, ed., Prophets Abroad: The Reception of Continental Holy Women in Late-Medieval England (Woodbridge, 1996) S S Walker, ed., Wife and Widow in Medieval England (Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1993) J C Ward, English Noblewomen in the Later Middle Ages (London, 1992) J C Ward, Women in Medieval Europe, 1200-1500 (London, 2002) A K Warren, Anchorites and their Patrons in Medieval England (Berkeley, California, 1985) D Watt, ed., Medieval Women in their Communities (Cardiff, 1997) D Watt, Secretaries of God: Women Prophets in Late Medieval and Early Modern England (Woodbridge, 1997) BIBLIOGRAPHY 2/5 S L Waugh, 'Marriage, Class and Royal Lordship in England under Henry III', Viator, 16 (1985), pp 181-207 D Webb, Pilgrimage in Medieval England (London, 2000) J Whittle, 'Inheritance, Marriage, Widowhood and Re-Marriage: A Comparative Perspective on Women and Landholding in North-East Norfolk, 1440-1580', Continuity and Change, 13 (1998), pp 33-72 A Williams, The English and the Norman Conquest (Woodbridge, 1995) J Wogan-Browne, Saints' Lives and Women's Literary Culture, c 1150-1300 (Oxford, 2001) K L Wood-Legh, Perpetual Chantries in Britain (Cambridge, 1965) C M Woolgar, The Great Household in Late Medieval England (New Haven, Connecticut, 1999) B Yorke, Nunneries and the Anglo-Saxon Royal Houses (London, 2003) B Yorke, Wessex in the Early Middle Ages (Leicester, 1995) This page intentionally left blank Index Acre, Joan of, daughter of Edward I, countess of Gloucester 63, 74, 101 yElfflaed, wife of Byrhtnoth, ealdorman of Essex 100 ^Ethelberht, king of Kent (560-616) 12-13, 99> H9> 122 Bertha, wife of 119 yEthelflaed, lady of the Mercians 131 ^Ethelgifu 103, 149, 177 vEthelred II (978-1016) 122, 131, 139 Emma of Normandy, 2nd wife of 14, 122, 131, 139 yEthelwulf, king of Wessex (839-58) 12 Judith, wife of 12, 120-1 Aldhelm of Malmesbury 144 Alfred, king of Wessex (871-99) 13, 53, 131, H8 Amesbury Abbey, Wilts 136, 141, 152-3, 157, 15 Anesty, Richard de 23 Aumale, Hawise, countess of 73-4 Balliol, John de 117 Devorguilla, wife of 117 Barking Abbey, Essex 129, 144, 148, 150, 156, 158-60, 164, 190 Basset, Richard 26, 113 Baxter, Margery 181, 193-4 Beauchamp Elizabeth Berkeley, ist wife of 29, 104-6, 111 Isabel Despenser, 2nd wife of 101 Joan, lady of Abergavenny 30, 77, 114-15, 177 Richard, earl of Warwick 29, 105-6, 111 Thomas, earl of Warwick 164 Margaret, daughter of 164 Katherine, granddaughter of 164 Beaufort, Margaret, countess of Richmond 49, 78, 112, 115, 117, 123 Beaumont, Elizabeth, countess of Oxford 42, 76-7 Beauvais, Vincent de 48, 52-3 Beverley, Yorks 72, 94, 188, 190, 197 Blackborough priory, Norf 156, 164 Bodmin, Cornwall 187-8 Bohun Eleanor de, wife of Thomas of Woodstock 77, 115, 195, 197 Elizabeth de, daughter of Edward I, countess of Hereford 48-9 Joan de, countess of Hereford 108-9,195 Margaret de 106-8 William de, earl of Northampton 29 Elizabeth de Badelesmere, wife of 29-30 Bokenham, Osbern 51, 55, 115 brewing 85-7, 176 Brigstock, Northants 32, 63, 66, 70, 86-7 Bristol 29, 34, 88, 90, 94, 96, 177, 187, 195 All Saints church 183, 195 2/8 WOMEN IN ENGLAND Brotherton, Margaret de, duchess of Norfolk 74, 177 Bruisyard Abbey, Suff 56,155, 157, 164 Bryene, Alice de 7, 104, 113-14 Burgh Elizabeth de, countess of Ulster 105, 155 Elizabeth de, lady of Clare 61-2, 68-9, 76, 101, 105, 111-14, HZ, 155, 178,180, 190 Burnham Abbey, Bucks 160, 163 Bury St Edmunds 92, 149,153,190 Cambridge 117, 138, 176 Camoys, Margaret 44 Campsey Ash priory, Suff 155, 159, 164 Canonsleigh Abbey, Devon 154 Canterbury 78, 130,169,190, 193 Cappes, Margaret 195 Carrewe, Elizabeth, wife of Sir Thomas 183 Chelmsford 88-9 Chester 88 Chester Lucy, countess of 73,153 Matilda, countess of 112 Chichester 83,137,175 Clanvow, Perrin 191 Clare, Rohaise de, countess of Lincoln 101 Clarence, Margaret, duchess of 163 Claver, Alice, silkwoman 91 Clyfland, Joan 181,193 Cnut (1016-35) 13-14, 16, 18, 122, 131, 139 y£lfgifu of Northampton, ist wife of 14 Emma of Normandy, 2nd wife of, see ^Ethelred II Colchester 42, 66, 72, 83, 87 concubinage 14, 43 IN THE MIDDLE AGES Condet Agnes de 103 Alice, wife of Robert de 115 Courtenay, Margaret de, countess of Devon 191 Coventry 84, 88, 92, 97,128 Crabhouse priory, Norf 153, 164-5 Croke, Margaret 94 Dartford priory, Kent 143,155, 157, 160,163 de la Pole Katherine, abbess of Barking 158 Katherine Stafford, wife of Michael, earl of Suffolk 52, 68, 76 William, duke of Suffolk 175, 184 Alice Chaucer, wife of 116, 175, 183-4,191 Denny Abbey, Cambs 101, 116,155, 159-60 Despenser Constance, wife of Thomas, Lord 60 Elizabeth, lady Zouche 104 Hugh le, the younger 68, 111, 113, 186,192,194 divorce 13-15, 43-5 domestic service 82-4 dower 11, 15-16, 27, 30-1, 40, 60, 62-7, 69-70, 94, 124-5, 129, HO-i dowry 11, 15-17, 25, 28, 30-2, 43, 54, 62, 64, 76,124, 156 Eadwig, king of Wessex (955-59) 13, 135 Edgar (959-75) 120, 147-8 ^Elfthryth, 3rd wife of 120,131, 135-6 Wulfthryth, 2nd wife of 148 Edmund (939-46) yElfgifu, ist wife of 148 yEthelflaed, 2nd wife of 73, 100, 140 2/9 INDEX Edward I (1272-1307) 52, 68, 123-4, 134 Eleanor of Castile, ist wife of 6, 53, 55> 123-6, 137-8, 140-1, 172 Margaret of France, 2nd wife of 63, 123, 125, 137, 140 Edward II (1307-27) 123, 125, 127 Isabella of France, wife of 113, 123, 125, 134, 137, 140 Edward III (1327-77) 128-9, 134, 138 Philippa of Hainault, wife of 125, 128-9,134, 138 Edward IV (1461-70, 1471-83) 123, 128, 130, 134 Elizabeth Woodville, wife of 53, no, 122-3, 125, 128, 130, 138, Hi Edward the Confessor (1042-66) 122, 131, 139,148, 159 Edith, wife of 77, 122, 124, 126, 131, 136, 138-9, 148 Edward the Elder (899-924) 131, 147 vElfflaed, 2nd wife of 148 Eadgifu, 3rd wife of 130, 135 Edwin, king of Northumbria (616-33) H9, 143-6 vEthelburh, wife of 119, 144 Elstow Abbey, Beds 157-8, 161-2 Ely Abbey, Cambs 145, 179, 189 St yEthelthryth, foundress and abbess of 145, 159, 189 Essex, Alice of 26 Ewelme, Oxon 175, 183, 191 Exeter 88-9, 93-4, 96, 112, 136 Fauconberg, Isabella 103 fitz Gilbert, Constance 115 Fleet, Isabel, silkwoman 91 Fontevrault Abbey 134, 152-3 Francheville, Mabel de 23 Fyler, Beatrice, silkwoman 91 Glanville, Bertha de, vicecomitissa no Gloucester Miles of, earl of Hereford 25, 106-7 Sibyl de Neufmarche, wife of 25, 107 Robert, earl of 25, 132, 141 Mabel, wife of 106, no William, earl of 26, 106 Godgifu, wife of Leofric, earl of Mercia 106 Godstow Abbey, Oxon 153, 161 Grantham, Lines 187 Great Dunmow, Essex 188 Grosseteste, Robert, bishop of Lincoln 103, 105, 108 Gytha, wife of Godwine, earl of Wessex 112 Halesowen, Worcs 32, 37, 42, 45-6, 70, 88 Harling, Anne, lady Scrope 116,164, 190 Hastings, lohn, earl of Pembroke 61 Haye, Nicola de la in Henry I (1100-35) 18, 25, 63-4, 73, U3> 122, 124, 132-3, 135-7, 140, 148 Adeliza of Louvain, 2nd wife of 132, 140-1 Matilda of Scotland, ist wife of 101, 122, 132, 135-6, 139, 148 Henry II (1154-89) 26, 107, 124,133, 140, 153, 157 Eleanor of Aquitaine, wife of 122, 124, 127, 133-4, 140 Henry III (1216-72) 123, 125, 133, 141 Eleanor of Provence, wife of 55, 123-5, 130, 133, 135, 137, 140-1 Henry IV (1399-1413) 35, H4-i5> HO, 195 Joan of Navarre, 2nd wife of 140 Mary de Bohun, ist wife of 35, 49, 52, 115, 195 280 WOMEN IN ENGLAND IN THE MIDDLE AGES Henry V (1413-22) 123, 140-1, 195 Katherine of Valois, wife of 121, 123,133,141 Henry VI (1422-61,1470-1) 123-4, 134,189 Margaret of Anjou, wife of 123-6, 128-30, 134, 138 Henry VII 128,173 Elizabeth of York, wife of no, 123, 128,135,190 Herbert, William, earl of Pembroke 79 Hill, Johanna, bell-founder 93 Hilton, Joan, wife of Sir Robert 197 Holme, Denise 94 hucksters 88 Hull 66, 72, 83,197 Hull, Eleanor 115-16 Hungerford, Margaret, lady 175 Jerusalem 7,100, 190 John (1199-1216) 26, 123,133-4 Isabella of Angouleme, 2nd wife of 123,133,141 Isabella of Gloucester, ist wife of 26 Juliers, Elizabeth, countess of Kent 78 Kempe, Margery 7, 49, 165-6,169, 190 Kent, Joan of, mother of Richard II 123,133 Kent, Marion 94 Kirkby, Margaret 167 Kyte, Agnes 94 Lacock Abbey, Wilts 154, 156, 159, 164 Lacy Margaret de, countess of Lincoln 103 Matilda de, countess of Gloucester 154 Lancaster Henry, duke of 61, 76 Philippa of, queen of Portugal 113 Lanthony by Gloucester priory 77, 107-8, 117 Latimer Elizabeth, lady 76-7 Sir Thomas 191 Anne, wife of 191 La Tour-Landry, Knight of 41, 53, 55 Launceston, Cornwall 186 Leicester 97 Leicester, Petronilla, countess of 112 Leofflaed, wife of Thurkil the White 17 Leofgyth, abbess of Tauberbischofsheim 146 Leofgyth 92 leyrwite 31, 54, 72, 172 Lichfield 96 Lincoln 66, 95,111-12 London 34, 39-40, 51, 53, 61, 63, 66, 72, 78-9, 90-1, 93-6,116, 126, 128-9,132-3, 137, 155,157-8,172-4,185-6,192, 195-6,198 Long Melford, Suff 188 Longespee, Ela, countess of Salisbury no, 154,159 Luttrell, Elizabeth 42 Maldon, Essex 187 March, Cambs 186 Marham Abbey, Norf 154,157, 164 Markyate, Christina of 21,151, 167-8 marriage 11-35, 43, 55, 60, 63-4, 69-70, 72-4,108-9, 122-4,129 Marrick priory, Yorks 153, 158,163 Marshal, William, earl of Pembroke 26,133 Isabella de Clare, wife of 26 Matilda, daughter of Henry I, Empress 132, 139,141 INDEX merchet 5, 32-3 Minster-in-Sheppey Abbey, Kent 145 Seaxburh, foundress and abbess of 145 Minster-in-Thanet Abbey, Kent 145, 147 Eadburh, abbess of 146 St Mildred, abbess of 145 Mohun Elizabeth, countess of Salisbury 103 Joan de 42, 56 Montagu, Philippa, countess of March 100, 184 Montfort, Simon de, earl of Leicester 39> 48, 133,189 Eleanor, sister of Henry III, wife of 41, no, 112, 178 morning-gift n, 15-16 Nerford, Margery de 116 Neville Anne, duchess of Buckingham 106 Cecily, duchess of York 48, 78, 100, 104,160 Hawise de 75 Ralph, earl of Westmorland 31, 62, 74 Joan Beaufort, 2nd wife of 31, 62, 74, 115 Norwich 86-8, 90, 95, 128, 190, 192 archdeacon of 182 Carrow priory 162-4 St Giles's hospital 173 St Paul's hospital 174 Norwich, Julian of 165-8 Norwich, Katherine de 178 Nun Appleton priory, Yorks 153, 158, 166 Nuneaton priory, Warws 129, 152-3, 157-8 Nunkeeling priory, Yorks 153, 197 Nun Monkton priory, Yorks 153, 160 28l Oswiu, king of Northumbria (642-70) 119,144-6 Eanflaed, wife of 119, 145 Oxford 117, 129, 137-8, 174 Painswick, Gloucs Paston Agnes 76 John I 31, 109 Margaret Mautby, wife of 31, 57, 75, 101, 103,109 John II 75 John III 30-1, 39, 49, 95 Margery Brewes, wife of 30-1, 39, 49-50, 95 Margery 21, 27, 54, 57, 76 Richard Calle, husband of 27, 54,76 Penne, Matilda, skinner 93 Percy, Matilda de, countess of Warwick 103 Percyvale, Thomasine 72 Ferrers, Alice 128 Peverel, Katherine 175, 177 pilgrimage 51, 78, 100, 146, 169,179, 188-91, 193-4 Pizan, Christine de 41, 53, 116, 129 Plumpton, George 42 prostitution 96-7 Ramsey, Agnes, mason 93 rape 3, 13, 55 Redlingfield priory, Suff 153, 176 Richard I (1189-99) 123> 134 Berengaria of Navarre, wife of 60, 123, 126, 134 Richard II (1377-99) 68,123, 134, 191 Anne of Bohemia, ist wife of 123-4, 126, 139 Richard III (1483-5) 91,138 Anne Neville, wife of 91, 138 Ridel, Geoffrey 26, 113 Rolle, Richard 167, 185 282 WOMEN IN ENGLAND IN THE MIDDLE AGES Rome 7, 146, 169, 171, 189-91 Romsey Abbey, Hants 122,150, 153, 157 Roos Beatrice, Lady 103, 166,177-8 Mary, Lady 100, 184 Roumare, William de, earl of Lincoln 44 Hawise, wife of 112 Rowley Alice 194 Margaret 94 Sackville, William de 23 St ^Ethelwold, bishop of Winchester i35> 148 St Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury 135-6,149-50 St Boniface 4, 14,146 St Dunstan, archbishop of Canterbury 13,135, 148 St Gilbert of Sempringham 5,152 St-Pol, Marie de, countess of Pembroke 7, 29, 68,101, no, 117-18 Sandwich, Kent 96-7 Sanford, Cecilia de no Santiago de Compostela 7,190-1 Shaftesbury Abbey, Dorset 148-50, 157, 159 Shouldham priory, Norf 160, 164 Shrewsbury 86, 88 90 Sinningthwaite priory, Yorks 157, 160 Southampton 96-7 Stafford, Anne countess of 74,108, 195 Stapleton, Agnes 159 Stephen (1135-54) 26,112,132-3,137, 153 Mary, daughter of 153 Matilda of Boulogne, wife of 26, 132, 136-7, 153, 172 Stixwould priory, Lines 153 Stonor Elizabeth 39, 72-3, 104 Thomas 28 Sturdy, Johanna, bell-founder 93 Sturry, Alice 191-2 Swine priory, Yorks 197 Swynford, Katherine, 3rd wife of John of Gaunt 115 Syon Abbey, Middlesex 143, 155, 157, 160,164, 190 Tenterden, Kent 192 textile manufacture 82, 89-91, 94-5 Theodore of Tarsus, archbishop of Canterbury 12-13, !5> 147 Thetford priory, Norf 153,176 Thornbury, Gloucs 8, 70, 89 Trotula of Salerno 49 Valognes, Roger de 18-19 Vere Aubrey de, earl of Oxford (d 1194) 44-5 Elizabeth de, countess of Oxford 55, 57, 69 Matilda de, countess of Oxford 62 Robert de, earl of Oxford (d 1331) 30 Margaret Mortimer, wife of 30 Vescy, Isabella de in Walden Abbey, Essex 61, 76,109 Walsingham priory, Norf 48, 61,190, 193 wardship 25-7, 34, 63-4, 108-9 Warenne Isabella de, countess of Arundel in, 115,154, 159 John de, earl of Surrey 42 Isabel Holland, mistress of 42 Joan de Bar, wife of 42 Matilda de Nerford, mistress of 42 INDEX Watton priory, Yorks 152 West Ham, Essex 185 Wherwell Abbey, Hants 136, 159, 162 Euphemia, abbess of 162 Whitby Abbey, Yorks 144-6 ^ilfflaed, abbess of 144-5 St Hilda, abbess of 144-5 William I (1066-87) 124* 132, 136 Matilda of Flanders, wife of 124, 127,132, 136 Wilton Abbey, Wilts 122, 136, 138, 148, 150, 162, 166 St Edith 148,150 283 Wulfthryth, 2nd wife of Edgar, abbess of 148 Wimborne, Dorset 179 abbey 144, 146-7, 189 Tette, abbess of 144,146 Wulfwaru 82 Wycliffe, John 191 Wynflaed 77, 82, 149 York 34, 72, 88-90, 92-7, 128, 175,186, 190 St Clement's priory 164 St Leonard's hospital 173-4 St Nicholas's hospital 174 .. .WOMEN IN E N G L A N D IN THE MIDDLE AGES This page intentionally left blank Women in England in the Middle Ages Jennifer Ward hambledon continuum Hambledon Continuum A Continuum imprint The. .. acknowledged, concubines enjoyed certain rights, and, in contrast to the situation in the later middle ages, their children could inherit from their fathers.12 Churchmen fulminated against kings who failed... Compostela and shrines in Germany; of these, the pilgrimage to Santiago was very popular in the later middle ages In thinking about women' s sense of identity, it is likely that they saw themselves primarily