Ramanujan, AK collected essays

Books in English by A.K Ramanujan POETRY The Striders ( 1966) Relations (197 1) Selected Poems ( 1976) Second Sight ( 1986) Collecred Poems, including The Blrlt k Heti (posthumous 1995) TRANSLATIONS The Interior h n d s c a p e ( 1967) Speaking of ~ i v (a1973) Samskara by U.R Anantha Murthy (1976) Hymnsfor the Drowning ( 98 ) Poems of Love and Wor ( 1985) When Cod Is o Customer, with V Narayuna Rao and David Shulman (posthumous, 1994) CO-AUTHORED AND EGTTED BOOKS The Literatures ofIndia, with Edward C Dimock, Jr., and others (1974) Another Harmony, ed with Stuart Blackburn (1986) Folktales from Indicl (, 1992) TheOxfordAntholog~ofModernIndion Poetty, ed with Vinay Dharwadker (posthumous, 1994) Books in Kannada by A.K Ramanujan Proverbs (1955) Haladi Meenu (~rarislalionof English novel 1966) Hokkulalli Hrrvillu (,poems, 1969) Mattu lturtl P~dyagolu(poems 1977) Martobbancl A:rnclkure (novella 1978) ~b:qfobille( p ~ e m s 1990) , Tlie Collected Essays of A.K Ramanujan GENERALEDITOR Vinay Dharwadker CONTRIBUTORS Stuart Blackburn J o h n B Carrnan Edward C Dirnock, J r W e n d y Doniger Alan Dundes Krishna Rarnanujan Milton B Singer OXFORD I'SIVERSITY PRESS OXFORD U N I V E R S I T Y I'RESS YMCALibrary Building Jai Singh Road New Delhi 110001 xford University press is a departnlent of the University of Oxford It fi~rthersthe University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishiilg worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dares Salaam Hoilg Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Dellli Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Cllile Czecll Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered tradenlark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in India by Oxford University Press, New Delhi O Selection and ~ditorialmatter Oxford University Press 1999 Copyright illformatioil on individual essays is included in the Copyright Statenlent at the end of the book The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 1999 Second impression 2001 Oxford India Paperbacks 2004 Third ilnpression 2006 Line illustration based on traditional South Indian kolan~ by Ruknliili Krishnamurti All rights reserved No part of this publication inay be reproduced or transmitted in any forill or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or by any infornlation storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from Oxford University Press Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book ill any other binding or cover and you must impose this sanle condition on any acquirer ISBN-13: 978-0-19-566896-4 ISBN-10: 0-19-566896-0 Typeset ill Garalllond by Gun1 Typograph Technology, New Delhi 110 045 Printed in India by Saurabh Printers Pvt.Ltd Noida, UP Published by Manzar Khan, Oxford University Press YMCA Library Building, Jai Sing11 Road, New Delhi 110 001 Contents General Editor's Preface I VINAY DHARWADKER vii Introduction: Two Tributes fo A.K Ramanujan MILTONB SINGER EDWARD C DIMOCK, JR., A N D KRISHNA RAMANUJAN xii xiv General Essays on Literature and Culture INTRODUCTION BY WENDY DON~GER Where Mirrors Are Windows: Towards dn Anthology of Reflections I s There an Indian Way of Thinking? An Informal Essay Towards an Anthology of City Images Food for Thought: Towards an Anthology of Hindu Food-images Language and Social Change: T h e Tamil Example S o m e Thoughts on 'Non-Western' Classics: With Indian Examples 11 Essays on Classical Literatures INTRODUCTION BY VINAY DHARWADKER Three Hundred Ratnayanas: Five Examples and 10 II 12 Three Thoughts on Translation Repetition in the Mahlihharatu Classics Lost and Found Form in Classical Tamil Poetry On Translating a Tamil Poem From Classicism to Bhukti (with Norman Cutler) vi / T h f Collected Es.says o f A K Ramanu;cln 111 Essays on Bhakti and Modern Poetry INTRODUCTION B Y JOHNB CARMAN 13 On Women Saints 14 Men, Women, and Saints 15 The Myths of Bhakti: Images of ~ i v in a ~ a i v Poetry a 16 Why an Allama Poem I s Not a Riddle: An Anthological Essay 17 Varieties of Bhakti 18 On Bharati and His Prose Poems N Essays on Folklore INTRODUCTION B Y STUART BLACKBURN A N D ALAN DUNDES 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 The Clay Mother-in-law: A South Indian Folktale Some Folktales from India Hanchi: A Kannada Cinderella The Indian Oedipus The Prince Who Married His Own Left Half A Flowering Tree: A Woman's Tale Towards a Counter-system: Women's Tales Telling Tales Tell It to the Walls: On Folktales in Indian Culture Two Realms of Kannada Folklore On Folk Mythologies and Folk Pursnas Who Needs Folklore? Notes and References Chronology of Select Books and Essays by A K Rarnanujun Contributors Copyright Statement Index General Editor's Preface In the last three or four years of his life, A.K Ramanujan made a series of notes on the various essays on literature and culture that he had been writing for about four decades He had delivered most of the essays in earlier forms a s lectures to audiences in the United States, Europe, and India He had also published early and late versions of many of them in scholarly journals and edited books since the 1950s But some of them were still no more than outlines for talks or incomplete working drafts that needed substantial recasting and rewriting The papers he left behind at his death on 13 July 1993 suggest that he intended to complete some of the unfinished pieces, revise the finished ones that were in print or in typescript, and bring together about thirty-five of them in a thematic arrangement for a possible volume of collected essays Late in 1993, Molly Daniels-Ramanujan invited a number of Ramanujan's colleagues, collaborators and friends to complete what he had contemplated The present volume is a result of that collaboration, and comes a s close a s possible to the design he had revealed posthumously in his fragmentary notes Wendy Doniger reviewed the material for Section I, 'General Ess;~yson Literature and Culture', wrote a short introduction to it, and recommended other pieces for inclusion in the book John Carman wrote an introduction to the essays on Ohakti in Section 111, 'Essays on Bhctkti andModern Poetry', while Stuart Blackburn and Alan Dundes selected re-arranged and introduced the contents of Section IV, 'Es~aysonFolklore'.Milton Singer, working independently, and Edward Dimock and Krishna Ramanujan, working together, produced two different accounts of Raman~1jan.scareer h a t serve a s a composite introduction to his writing and as tributes to his memory As the general editor of the book, coordinated the work of.these colleagues, assembled all the essays, prepared the editorial mutter, revised the notes and references for viii I 7'170 C'ollcc.ic~rlEs.srr~~.s of'i4.K Ktrrntrr~ujtrrl u n i f o r ~ n ~of: ~style, and also provided the introduction to Section 11, 'Essays 011 Classical Literatures' This volume now contains thirty essays altogether, six each on genera] aspects of Indian literature and culture classical literatures, and the literatures of the hlzukti movement and the modern period, and twelve on the study of Indian folklore It excludes the essays that are already famous as part of Ramanujan's books in print: the Afterwords to T11eIntc~rior Landscape ( 1967) U.R Anantha Murthy ' s Sumskuru ( 1976) Hyn~ns for the Drowning (1 98 ), and Poems cfLove and Wcrr.( 1985), and the Introductions to Spmking of ~ i v (n1 973) and Folktcrlesfrom Indirr ( 1992).The volume also excludes the lecture-texts and interview-transcripts that are forthcoming in The Uncollected Poetq orld Prose and the drafts and outlines of several lectures and essays on topics in Indian linguistics that are too technical to be of interest to general readers This edition of his Collected Essuys thus brings together all the finished scholarly pieces that Ramanujan left behind in typescript or in print, that are not available in his other book-length works, and that he had contemplated including in such a volume Of the essays that have appeared in print earlier, we have reproduced the last published versions, incorporating all the further changes that Ramanujan had marked-in keeping with a lifelong habit-on his filecopies of the publications In the case of the four essays that were not published in his lifetime, we have closely followed the last typescript versions in his files, silently correcting obvious typographical errors For the essays that contain notes and references we have modified the styles of annotation and citation used in our copy-texts for consistency, and have consolidated all the notes and references at the end of this volume for the reader's convenience As the general editor, I have added clear1y designated notes in brackets identifying the copy-texts of the essays and commenting briefly, when necessary, on their textual 'evolution' Ramanujan often published an essay many years after he had first drafted or delivered it as a lecture, and since the complex sequence in which these pieces were written, revised and first published affects our response to them and to him now, I have constructed a general chronology of his books and essays at the end of this volume:My observations in the chronology may help us decipher how Ramanujan's mind revolved around certain themes over a long period of time, how ~t moved from one set of interests or switched from one angle of vision to another, and how it circled back to olderconcernsafterthinkingthrouglicr-uc~al niattersof methodand Interpretation in the light of his mol-e Irecent tliscoveries (;c>r~enil Editor's Prcqcice I i x Repetition and variation were persisten1 Ceatures of Ramanujan's style a s a thinker, teacher, poet, and essayist He embraced strong ideas passionately and held on to them for great lengths of time (until he could replace them with other powerful ideas), even a s he constantly sought out new concepts, new locations, new insights When he found an intellectuaI position that sustained all his interests-such as Anglo-American New Criticism in the 1950s, French structuralism, Russian formalism and German critical theory in the 1960s and 1970s, and some aspects of French deconstruction and American and Indian feminism in the 1980s-he used it as vigorously and comprehensively a s possible to elucidate many different texts, genres, and themes Whenever he discovered the shortcomings of a particular method or perspective (as he did with the structuralist logic of binary oppositions in the early 1980s, for example), he approached his material all over again with a new understanding of their values and meanings But just as he rarely adopted others' theories and principles without important modifications of his own, he rarely repeated himself without ringing changes, or producing significant variations, on what he had thought and said earIier His explications of Indian literature and culture thus were always in motion, constantly energising familiar patterns with unexpected new alignments and rearrangements The combination of movement and recurrence that gives a critical edge to the essays in this volume is linked closely to the multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary dimensions of Ramanujan's scholarship He approached his topic, no matter what it was, with instruments of analysis from several different disciplines, and the arguments he developed could not be reduced to the standard arguments in any one of them His explications of poems, for example, drew as much on the protocols of formalist literary criticism as on the contextual concerns of ethnography, history, and folklore studies, while his explanations of social codes depended equally on social theory, linguistics, poetics, and comparative cultural studies He negotiated the difficult terrain of multiple, intersecting, and sometimes potentially conflicting disciplines by traversing a helix-like path through them, circling around a central axis but never returning to exactly the same position Ramanujan moved effortlessly through different disciplines and different types of material (poems, stories, forms, conventions, religions, histories, cultures) by fashioning a distinctive scholarly style He designed and wrote his essays so that they would work upon his readers a s much by allusion, echo, and suggestion, as by the force of explicit x I The ('ollrc.tpd Es.str~,so f A.K Ktrt?itinl!icrn argument While each piece was structured simply so that it never strayed far from its stated theme i t was alsosurrounded by a field of multiple resonances, leading the reader outward in several directions at once This 'ripple efrect' was a function of Ramanujan's poetic sty le a s a writer ofcritical prose in which wit, irony, humour and polyphony enabled him to condense several perspectives or insights into a few aphoristic phrases Itwas also the result of his pursuit of obliqueness or indirection-the classical Sanskrit device orvakrokti, 'crooked speech'-under the mask of lightness and simplicity Ramanujan, in fact, constructed an essay much like a poem, which shows more than it tells, suggests more than it reveals, and echoes more than it acknowledges Ramanujan succeeded in combining direct topicalisation with indirect articulation because he thought and wrote intertextually His essays are full of explicit and implicit quotations, and many of them reproduce large portions of other texts, often whole poems and even entire stories In this proliferation of quoted material, Ramanujan's own commentary frequently takes a back seat, running like a tour-guide's voice in the background, while the objects he discusses keep us fascinated in the foreground This sort of apparently self-effacing critical intertextuality was central to his scholarly practice because he believed that literary and cultural texts can 'speak for themselves', and speak especially effectively when they are unfamiliar or have been cunningly 'defamiliarised' For him, the ideal critical essay was the one proposed by Walter Benjamin, where a scholar-critic ought to hide behind 'a phalanx of quotations which, like highwaymen, would ambush the passing reader and rob him of hisconvictions.' Particularly in thesecond half of his career, Ramanujan constructed an essay a s an 'anthology of quotations', a phrase that also echoes Jacques Derrida's notion of a text a s a 'tissue of citations' Any one of the later critical pieces he wrote was therefore likely to be an 'anthological essay' the text of which emerged out of a series of pretexts meta-texts, counter-texts, and inter-texts interacting variously with each other This book would not have been possible without Molly DanielsRamanujan's generosity and patience, and without the promptness and care with which Stuart Blackburn, John Carman, Edward Dimock, Wendy Doniger, Alan Dundes Krishna Ramanujan and Milton Singer contributed their expertise at short notice We regret that Girish Karnad could not join LIS because of the distances that still separate the United Statesand India: and that V Narayana Rao and David Shulman were un.~bleto add their special skills to this editorial efl'ort We record wlth deep Parole, 73 Parry, Milman 164 parsis, 35, 88 589 parsons, Anne, 395,583 Parvat7 (Hindu goddess, wife of Siva), 94, 234, 305, 307, 359, 390,440, 478,5 13-1 , , ; Allama and, 286; breast or consort goddess, 31, 496-8.543: GaneSa and, 377,386 15; Mahadevyakka and, 300-1 ; quarrels with Ganges, 506: quarrels with Siva, 478 PaSupatas (Saiva sect), 285 Patafijali (Yogasutra author), 179 Puii_rrupputtu.See Ctrrikum poetry Pounzuc(rriyti See KCmdytrnci, Jam Peirce, Charles Sanders, 44, 74, 156, 515 556, 558, 562-3 See ulsa Semiotics Penances See Asceticism Penzer, N.M 457,564 Percival, Rev P., 104 Periyalvar (Tarnil Vaisnava saint), 285 Perse, St John 17 18 568 Perso-Arabic languages 106 10,333 PEy (Tamil Vaisnava saint), 244-6.570 Phallus See Body, penis Philosophy, 47, 49, 58, 61, 107, 247, 270,282,326 Piaget Jean, 591 Picasso Pablo 16 253 See crlso Arr Pigs See Animals Pilgrimage, 17 See cil>oTemples Pillai CI Cay Tamotarani See Taniotaram Pillai, C I Cay Pillai, Minaksisundarain See Minaksisundaram Pillai Pillai Shanmugam M See Shanmugam Pillai, M Pi!!ai, Va Cu Cekalvaraya See Cekalvaraya Pillai Va Cu Pillai Vetanayakam .See Vetanayal,tni Pillai Pinnai (Krsna's wife) 248, 57 Plato, 41.49, 122,347, 579 Poet-sa~nls.Tamil (u!l,dr.\ and I I ~ ~ \ / ~ I ~ I I ~ L Soe ~ I \Saints, ~) Tam11 Poetlcs: f'olk 508-9; Greek, 591 Indian 84; Sanskrit 127, 129 163 232, 1 , 508-9 510: Tamil, 10, 127, 129, 197-218, 230, 232 234, 425 See ulso Rnsu Poetry, 73, 123; modem, 342, 343 541: mythology and, 295, 298 300 303 10, 13 See crlso Bhtrkii: Ctrriktr~,~ poetry: Tamil: English; Saints, Tarntl: Vtrcclrrtr Polltlcs, 99 Poilock Sheldon, 562 563 Pond~cherry.333 Popper Karl 440 588 589 590 Possession, 162, 265, 290 303 467 490,496,498,507-9,5 1.592 stories inducing, 1 Pots magic See Magic Pound, Ezra, 116 Power 7, 9, 116, 277, 367, 412,327-8, 469, 504, 13, 522, 546, 548: supernaLural, 20, 1, 32, 90, 13 138, 140, 144-5, 165, 386 388 470,474-5,48 1,503-4,506, 523-4.530-1,543,545,546,551, See crlso Magic; ~trkir Poykai (Tam11Vaisnava saint), 244-6 569-70 Prahlada, 280 Praise (genre of poetry pdifi!? ir~~c'r) 12 234-5, 244 PrqXpatr (creator god), 44.47, 388 Prakrit (language), 70, 144,333 536 PI-trsfidtr.85-6, 94, 95 See ulso Food: 1-eftovers Pregnancy, 84, 146,390,485,505 Sue trl.\o Women, pregnant Pr~nungp r e u 35, 49, 101-2, 104 115.466 Prometheus 396 I'ronouns 98 I 12-1 I'lopp, V l a d ~ n i ~16.3, r 350 370 377 300, 41 579, 580 f'rosc~tu~es and courtesans 64-5 (77- I $: f V / : : 92 274 304 320-1 38 I 445 4x1 549-50 Proust Marcel, 18 Proverbs 26, 36 53-4 73 77.79 83 87, 118, 349, 352 360, 441 457 459 463.467, 470, 485, 492, 497, 533 534, 536, 537, 538, 540 541, 585 589; American, 54; Biblical, 43 ; Dravidian, 537; Kannada, 83-4 158,347,427,485, 497 537, 542-3; MtrlrCblldruicr, 162: Rdmdvunu, 158; riddles and 485: Sanskrit, 189 Provinces of reality, 25, 459 Psychoanalysis, 38, 293, 393, 395, 397,410-1 , , 4 , , , 459.460, 497, 58 See ulso Freud, Sigmund; Oedipal conflict i j d , 85, 146, 472 Puklr (city in Tamilnadu), xiv, 54, 59, 62, 63, 64, 65-6, 67, 69 Punjab 144 P u r ~ n r('exterior'), 5, 10, I , 349, 425, 459.486.489,490,495,499, 502, 51 1,574,592: meaning, 10-1 , 458,488,491 P u r ~ mpoetry, 1 , 13-18, 190, 198, 204%208, 210, 21 , 212 214, 215 217, 218, 224, 229, 233, 241, 250, 254, 510; bhrrkri poetry and , 190, 4 248, 250; conventions 12, 199-200,233-4,244,488: subgenres, 13, 212, 214, 235; thematic situations, 235-6 Purundnrjru See Curikum poetry Purclnus (mythological texts), 7, 27 133 187 232, 242 25 280 284 301, 388 429 441 456 497, 513 15 544 564: B h f i ~ u ~ ~ n7.i u496 , 16; counter 144: 16: Bhu~*I'qc~ distinctive features of, 16: folk 13- 18, 530-1 ; Jain 144: Mdr-kondevcr 90, 501: Sanskrit and Iolk, 514: S I V ~ ,386: Skrrntlu 403 Tanill 13 16: fir~tv~lrrr\rr/rrl 560 C',~rrc 16 Purandharadfisa 276 574 Purl Swami Satyananda 562, 563 Purusa ('primordial person') 118 293, 545 Putam (Tamil Vaisnava saint), 244-5, 570 Puttappa, K.V., 162 Radhakrishnan, S 50 Radha (Krsna's lover), 122-3, 270, 7 , , , 324, 328 329 Rdgus, , , 163,228 Ragau, 390, 504, 583, 593 Ragelson, Stanley, 558 Raghavan, Srinivasa, 570 Raghavan, V., 563 Raglan, Lord, 583 Rain, 16-17 57, 76, 170-1, 175, 198, 202-3,205, 212-13, 215,237,245, 25 1-2,255,258,325,328,336-7, 41 43 1, 459 460, 493, 494 52 ; generosity and, 240; Krsna and, 568-9, 570; in Rc7mCyunu, 150-2, 155; Visnu and, 570 See rrlso Water Ra.jagopalachari, C., 16 I-2,566 RqaSekhara, P.K., 146, 387, 390, 504, 18, 563.583, 592, 593, 594 Rajasthan, 27 Ranla (Hindu god), 21-5, 106, 127-8, 131-60,282 377,388,390-1, 465-6,481,489,514-15: Ahaly8 and, ; Ayodhya and, 61-3, 506-7, 547-8; banishes Sita, 147-50 504: composite of, 181 ; divinity of 142 149, 155; exile of, 70 143, 386 506-7; humanity of 142 149 155, 504; in folk Rtimri>.ctnu.$.146-7; Jain view of, 144-5: in Karnban, 134, ; kills Vall 23: kills demons 142; Krsna and 24-5; multiplicity of, 133, Nun~~nalvnr on 142-3, 247-9: Ramanhthapilr;t named after 506 15- 16 rlng of, 13 I - ~ 178-60, , 477 %bar1 and 84 87 \on\ 01 133, 146 147 l SO 385-6 503: story 134: subordinated lo Sila or Siva, 147, 149 465 545: in Thai Rn11l3\.cl!1rr, 148-0: in Valmiki, 134 141-2 150 See 01.tr1 Sit,i Rhvann KGinur.rr~-i/rr 106 Ramac~~vami Mutaliyir 103 RBrnu-korh~,557 Ramamrutam, La Ca 107 Ramanathapura (city in Karnataka) 506.515-16 Ramanna Kyatanahalli, 593 Ramanuja (Sanskrit philosopher, Vaisnava theologian), 284 572 Ramanujan, A.K., vii, 263-5; as hyphen, xiv, 4: awards, xvii-xviii; childhood, xiv-xv, 80, 161, 448-50.456.467: education, xvi-xvii, 161, 347; father of, xiv-xvi, xviii, 5, 35-8, 449-50; interest in folklore, 347; languages spoken by, xiv-xv xvii, 4-5, 161, 347, 449-50; methodology, xvii: mother of xv, 80 352 358, 436, 449,457 Ramanujan Krishna, vii, x, xviii 602 RGrnEytr!~cr,7, 32, 17-18, 127-8, 130, 131-60, l85,377,429.465,537, 562; Atlbhutu, 155; Aclh~'Glrnu,2 , 143: Annamese 133; Balinese 133: beginnings I5 1-5; Bengali, 133, 144, 149 157,377: Burmese, 148; Cambodian, 133, 148: Chinese, 133; endings, 150; English 161-2, 157: exile, 70, 391: first kivytr: 57: folk, 146, 149 390, 465 504, 506-7,545,547: frame story, 42; Gujarati 133; Hanuinan con~posed, 479-80: Hindi, 134, 143,466 16 542; Indonesian, 148, 185: lam 21 128 144 145-6, 148-9 15 155 7;Javanese 133, 148; Kannada 133 146-9, 155, 390 504-6,562: Kashmiri 133 140: lihol;~nese.133: L~iotian.133 118: MlrliNhlrfir-(rio and, 22-4: bl;~layalan~ 143, 480: Malaysian 131 143 148: Maratht 113: metaKGn1(7\,~1!1rrs, l 143: multtplicity of, 13 173, i 34 539, 562: never read i'or first time 158: Oriya 133; Prakrit, 133; recitation 158-60 440, 476-7, 542, 557; Sanskrit, 128 133-8, 147, 150,50&5; Santali, 133, 155; Sinhalese, 133: Tamil, 105, 128, 3 , 151-5, 156-7, 44 , 480-1, 562; television 16 466; tellings 134; Telugu, 133, 143, 562; Thai, 128, 133, 143, 148-50 155, 157, 185,562; Tibetan 133, 148 See ulso Ayodhya: Dasaratha; Hanuman; Kampan; Kumbhakama; KuSa; Laksmana; Lava; Orality and oral traditions; Rain, Rima; Ravana: ~ a b a r iSita: ; ~ i v aSugriva;Tataka: ; VHli, Vllmiki; Vibhisana; Vimalastiri; Yayati Rtirncirriltntincrs (Hindi RGrnciyuntr) 134, 143,466,516.542 Kindas (saint), 289 Ranganatha (name of Visnu) 288 Rao, V Narayana See Narayana Rao, V Rrrsr, (essence, flavour) 22,46-8 79-82, 127, 544: blicivu and, 70-1, 92, 15 1,508-9: compassion, 10; erotic 329, 510: heroic, 510: nine 329: peaceful, 80, 163,s 10; six 79-80 Rationality, 35, 144, 145 Rats See Animals Kavana (demon, villain of RrirnG~unu) 20, 24-5 61, 127 142, 146, 118-52, 155-6.249 299, 377 390-1 505 507-8, 545, 546, -547 portrayed positively 144-5 150 father ofSit3 147 377 505; tragic ligure 145 .Scz trl.\.o Ravaula 1i I Kavldas (saint), 2x8 Rielf, Philip 573 575 Ravu!a (folk name for Ravana), 146, Riesman Paul, 592 147 Rings 370, 373 38 579; ~ d i i a k t i ' s Ray Amita, 557 524: Duhsanta's 374-5: Rama's, Ray, Punya Sloka 560 13 1-3 158-60 477; Rituals, 44 Kecit, 134 46.6 1.62 67, 83 234, 28 , 292, Redfield, Robert, xiv, 63, 64, 348, 535 293, 300 309, 330, 440, 491; bull, 557 493-5; compcters 50: folk, 507-9: Reflexivity, 8, 26, 279; verbal 9-10 funerals, 73 84, 87 382, 400, 444, Regelson Stanley, 80 474.481 ; Sakat 85-6: i e r l d h ~ , Rekavve (ViraSaiva saint), 272-3 409; storytelling and, 458, 471-5, Rembrandt 10 See also ~n 486, 489-90, 493-6 507-8, Renou Louis, 46, 556 10-1 1, 17, 585; mythology and, Renouncers, 1-2-48, 86-7, I I 280, 512; weddings 73, 83, 84, 146, 382,409 See ulso Asceticism 147, 155 157, 363,416,431, Repetition, 128, 163 445-7.454-5,469,490,498,535, Reversals, 403 See ulso Inversion 579, 591; women's, 408 446 See Reynolds, Holly*290 (11~0Sacrifice Rgvedu See Vedas Rivers, sleeping, 467-8 See U ~ S O Rhyme, 221 Ganges; Vaikai; Water Rice 82-7 89 91.110 183.240283 Roberts, Warren, 347, 585 588,596 300,427, 505,548-9, 55 : children Roghair, Gene H., 544.596 smearing, 86; clay mother-in-law Roheim, Geza, 395 and 354-5; fish-hook in, 454-5; Roland Alan, 46-7,394,556,583 Hanchi's, , 366-7, 373; stale, Rooth, Anna 369, 580 358-60; pregnancy and 149; rituals Ropes, 263,33941,379,399,507 and 83,85-6 173, 190-1.472, Rosaldo, M., 574 474, 494; in Sri Vaisnavism, 84-5 Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 410 See also Food Roy, Manisha, 583 Richman, Paula, 561, 562 RSyaSniga (naive ascetic), 143, 151 Ricoeur Paul, 393, 583 Rudolph, Lloyd, 560 Riddles 31 1-12.405-8,457 467, 534, Rudolph, Susanne Hoeber, 560 581, 586: Allama and, 267-8, Rudra (name of ~ i v a )335, 388 See 10-12,3 19-23; coconut, 485: also ~ i v a death of lover, 400-3.405-7; folk Ruesch, Jurgen 560 genre 323 349, 441, 459, 485 492, Rushdie Salman 533,536-7,589 ; house, 31 1-1 2: Ruskin, John, 16 metaphors and 1-1 2, 19: Russell, Bertrand 36 nirgu!~cr/su~ur~cr poets and, 12, Russell Ralph 59, 558 317: oxymorons and 31 1-12: panRussia and Russian, 144 185,333,457 Indian tradition of, 10; paradox and 1 - 2: proverbs and, 349, &bar1 (devotee ol Rama) 84, 87 459, 463 485, 492, 534 591: Sacrifice 46 58 145 174 176 I X weddings 447 59 : wornen and, 242 475 503, 507 10 565 b11trLi1 585 Sra crl.\o Language twilight and 27-8 270: birth Irom 14') 630 I Index 179-80; demons and, 90, 306; folk or village, 490,496, 499-501, 507, 51 - , 4 ; folk compared to Vedic, 496-7; food and 75-7, 79 88; goddesses offered, , 498-501.503,507.5 1-12.543-4; horse, 44, 147: human, 274, 285, 457, 500, 503; in ideal city, 58, 61-3, 66; Jains reject, 149; magic and 20; snake 22, 178,565; Vedic 46, 242, 258-9, 270, 280 See also Animals, sacrificial Sddhirunu dhrrrrnn See Dhurma, sddhirrincr Sagunu ('wlth form'), 28, 267-8, 295, 310, 12, 17, 320 See ulso Nirgunu Sahadeva (character in Mu/iribhdrutu) 164-5, 181, 182 Said, Edward, 38, 187, 556, 567 Saints, 270-94; castes of, 284-5; hagiographies, 266, 271, 284, 493, 495, 573; history, 279-84; low-caste and untouchable, 270-1, 273,275,277,279,2845,287-9: others, 293: steam engine, 279; temple entry and 287-8; typology, 266, 270; upper-caste, 270 1, 273-4, 277, 285, 288,290; words for, 279 Saints, female 266, 270-8 284, 287, 288,430, 585; compared to male saints, 276-9, 287-90; conversion experiences unnecessary, 266,272 274,276-7, 287,289-90; 'flow chart,' 272-3; goddesses and, 276: life stages of, 27 1-6; marriage refused by, 272, 274, 278; marrrage to God, 273-5, 278, 283; social norms defied by, 273-5, 29 302, 327, 328,574 Sre also Anti!; Avvai; Bahinabii; Dalayi; Gauriha~ Goggavve; Janabai; Kara~kkilan~mai ; Kururamma; Lalla: Mahadevyakka: Mjrabai: Rekavve: T l l a k , ~ ve: ~ Viraco!adevl: Viralocaniidevi; Virasangavve: Women, marr~edto saints Saints, male, 270-1, 279-94; 574; compared to female saints, 276-9 287: conversion and, 266, 274 276-7 285-7,290,293; take on female personae, 30, 250, 270, 277, 290-3, 302, 393, 574; typical, 276-8 See also Appar: Campantar; Ceraman Perumal: Chokhamela; Ci~uttontar;Cuntarar; Devara Dasimayya; EknZth; Gora: Kabir; Kakkayya: Kalavaticarana; Kannappar; Kulacekarar; Lalon Shah; Manikkavacakar; Nammalvar; Nantagir; Narahari: Periyilvar; Ravidas; Sajana; Saints low-caste and untouchable: Saints, upper-caste; Samvata; Surdas; Tirumankai; Tiruppanalvar; Tukaram; Vidyapati Saints, Tamil (dlviirs and t t ~ u n r n r i r s ) , 130,229,2334,243-50.253-5, 265,279.282-3,290,293, 296 303-7.3 10,569,570-1,592; castes of, 285; poetry recited, 244 See ulso Anti!; Appar; Campantar; Ceraman Perumd; Ciruttonlar; Cuntarar; Kannappar; Kulacekarar: Manikkavacakar: Namma!var; Nantanar; Periyilvir; Poykai: Putam; Pey; Tirumankai; Tiruppanalviir Salvas and Saivism 28, 83, 100 103-5,233,265,279,282-3,332 573; canon 235.283 Sajana (saint), 289 ~ a k t a (Hindu s sect), 332 ~ u k t r('power'), 276 14, 335-7 341 342,497,50 18-26 Sakuni (character in M u h c i h l ~ ~ r r ~ r t ~ ) , 183: 435 ~;lkunlala(heroine and play hy Kalidasa) 127 166, 374 436.446 570 S'llya (character in Mcrlrril~lrri~~or(i) I Oh * Index 576 Samhandar Tiruiiana (Tamil $alva saint) .See Campantar Sutpsir-cr (cycle of death and rebirth), 46,430 Samvata (saint), 288 Sandhyakara (poet), 106 ~crni.See Saturn Sarijaya (character in Mul~db/~ircrtu) 175, 180 ~ a t i k a r a(philosopher, founder of Vedanta school), 1, 284, 13, 17, 43 1.468 Sunnydsi See Renouncers Sanskrit, 5, 50, 52, 16, 192, 196, 284, 429-30, 447, 448, 456-7; bhrrkri and, 326, 330; Dravidian languages and, 79 1 1,219, 254, 264,266, 333, 342, 495; as father-tongue, 50, 449.464; folk myths and, 27 486, 492-3,496,499,50 1,503-4, 506-7.51 2-18.530-1,536-9, 543-6, 548; Great Tradition and, 26,348,535; language of gods, 481 ; literature, 3,70, 72, 349; local dialects of, 536,479; lyrics, 42; mythology, 543,544; names, 100-1.495,506; poetry and poetlcs, 24, 84, 127, 129, 163, 232 1, 326, 508-9, 10; Prakrit and, 71; Sanskritisation, 101, 110; South Asian studies and, 3 ; vocabulary, 11 264 266,375, 423,435.450; women 441 See ctlso ~nandavardhana;Bhisu; B/~rr~avudgitii ; Bfuhmunus: Cities, Sanskrit descriptions of; Epics, Sanskrit; Goddesses, Sanskrit and village; Kalidasa; Kdmusutrcr: KuthrT.srrritsd~uru;Kdvvu; Mcil~ibhdruru;Puiicutunrru; pan in^; Purincts: Rdrni2vunu,Sanskrit; Vilrniki ~ a n t a n u(character in Muhdbhcircrtu), 164-5, 178.385.394 Sapir Edward 98 56 Sarah~ran,Cl~haoen.562, 563 Snr:!svati (Hindu goddess) 527,543 546 Sarma, C.R 505, 594 Sastri, K.A N~lkanta.See Nilakanta Sastri, K.A Sastri, S M Natesa See Natesa Sastri, S.M Sastri, V.H Subbrahamanya See Subbrahamanya Sastri, V.H Sastrigal, K Chinnaswami 563 ~ o t u ~ u r hBrdl~rnuntr tr See Bfuhmu!~us Suti See Suttee Satire, 28, 322, 467, 506, 548 See also Irony; Jokes and humour; Parody Saturn (Sun;), 435,499 Satyavati (character in Muhdbhiirata), 164-5, 178, 180 Sauda (Urdu poet), 59.64 Savitri (chaste Hlndu woman), 27 278,413,446 Saw, 264,286,306 Sax, William 162, 566 Scandal, 396 Schomer, Karine, 277 Schumacher, E.F , Schutz, Alfred, 50,429 Science, xvi, 35,41, 48.49, 50 Seashore See Landscapes, seashore Sebeok, Thomas A., xvii 561 Self-reflexivity 3, Selwyn, T., 78, 558 Semen, 88, 380,381,410 Semiotics, 44,74, 84, , 15 See also Peirce, Charles Sanders Sen, Dineshchandra, 157,562,563 Senses,79,311.313.316,318,320, 321.322,396 See also Body Serpents See Animals Manasa; Sacr~fice Sexual intercourse, 27 122, 135, 139, 180,217,227, 270,274-5, 307, 1,327,342-3, 380, 387 397, 424.427,53 See also Incest Shah Ahmad, 87 632 / I r l r / ~ x ci:~~ice ot, 105, 307 525 545-6 Shakespeare, xvl I 15 116 185 15 dlurns or 66 68: In lolk genre\ 395, 434 447, 449, 537-40 541 94-5 440 442-3 452 586 See rrl.co Hamlet: Lear 456-7.493, 505-6 13-14 18 Stianmuganl Pillai M., 108, 100 i 1-3 , 545-6: goddesses and 560 ,406-7 544: as labourer 305: Lord Sharks See Animals of Caves 28 1-2.287 297 I Stiarma, Arv~nd,564 13- 16 18-22: in Mtrhfihl~dr-rriri Shamia, C.R., 562, 563 177 565: marri'lpe and 303-5: Sharif Sahib (saint), 289 ~naternalrlature 298-9: Oed~pal Shaw, George Bernard, 40 conflict and, 385-90; PaSupati, 298; Shelley Percy B y s h e , 55 333, 342 146-9, 15 1-2; reviles in Rrirnu'~rl:~tr Sheep See Animals h~mself,301; riddles, 285; sacrif~ce Shils, Edward, xiii and, 88; sirkti and, 497; snakes and Shulman David D., x , 138 155, 70-1 301 -2; as storyteller 478: 299, 305, 307, 322, 501, 505 513 subordinate to goddess, I ; 543,545,554,562,563,564,566 supremacy of, 21, 149,296-7.23; 576.590.594,595,596,600 t e t s devotees, 306-7: ViraSaiva Shweder, Richard, 46, 556 depiction of, 295-308 See rrlso Siddhas See Cittars Allama: Appar: ArdhanariSvara: Siegel Lee, 1, 554 Basavanna; Campantar: Signifiers 369, 37 372.493, 14 C ~ ~ u t t o n t aCuntarar; r; Devara 537 Dasimayya; Mahadevyakka: ~ a ~ v a s ~ i k h a n d i n(character ~nMah~7Dlldr~tci) and Saivis~n 177, 178 Sivrr PurrTnrr See I'urfinirs Singaravelu S., 143, 562 564 S~vakumar,K.Y., 583 Singer Milton B., vii, x, xi, 50, 63.64 i ' i ~ ~ ~ i i t i r r r n o k c i ~ / ~ r T r a r(ViraSa1r.a ~~c~koi~i 348, 535, 556, 557, 559, 566, 596 text), 27 602 Sloberg Andree F., 567 Sinha, Tarun C 393,583 Shantla See Murukan 234 Sinhalese, 185 See also Sri Lanka Smrti (Lype of Hindu scripture) 41 Soe S i t i (Hindu goddess, w ~ f eof Rama), til.ro H/itqnvtir/gi/ir:M~ihrThhfir.ti/ci: 21-5, 31-2.61 127, 145-52 155 M anu: Pirru'trtrs: RdmrTvcr!lrr 158-60.249.27 1,278,390- 1,444, Snakes SCPAnimals serpents: 365.477.489 506-7, 547: argues Sacril-ice with Rama 21 143: ban~shed, Snake-charmer,6 147-50: daughter of Ravana, 147-8 Sonia (Hindu god) 88.280 377 505: Engl~shsultor, 547: In Sophocles 377, 378, 395 10 592 folk RtinlNyat1~1,31 146-8, 1-55 Southeast Asia, 11.5 117, 133, 133 390, 465, 504-5, 545; kills Ravana 148 155, 158 See ol.\o R r i n i t i ~ t i r ~ ~ l 155,465, 545; name of 147 150 Thai 505 Space, 35-6,48,96.3 12 ~ i v (Hindu a god) 18 20 66-8, 105 Si~l~tting 405 444 445 461 186, 293, 310, 537 Dhrikrr 232 S ~ I ; L P I I 378, 396 496 583 594 245 270; beauty of 300-2; becomes ~ a i v a307: a ( , l i ~ r k i ~ ~ ~ l S r l l-;~nka.63 112 144 147 148 150, 185 237 248 249 377 546 poet 303, 569 ~ r e a r ~ oby n 32: ,, Sri Valsnavas and ~ r Vi a ~ s n a v l s ~ ( H ~ n d usect), 35, 84-5, 130, 142, 246, 250, 253 254, 269,475, 570, 57 Srikanthayya, B.M., 510 Srinatha (Telugu author), 89 Srlnivasa Raghavan, A,, 572 ~ r i r a n g a m See Temples ,$rirarigam ~ r r c t r4, See also Vedas St Augustine See Augustine, Saint St John of the Cross See John o,f the Cross Saint Staal, Frits, 47, 280, 596 Standing (sihu'vara), 264, 266, 299 Stanislavsky, Konstantin, 34 Stein, Burton, 1, 558 Stepmothers, 362,369, 373, 384, 391, 543, 585; evil, 449 Stem G.E., 558 Stevens Wallace, Stories: domestic, 448-50, 46 1, 479, 486,488-92,495,504.5 1 , 91 ; endless, 482-3; necessity of telling, 437-41,454,458,470-2,475; stories about, 21-2, 35 , 430, 43740,454,469-70,472,475 478.482-3, 51 1-12; vengeful, 439, 454-5.457-8 See also Rituals, storytelling and: Tale types Story (sirjet), 128, 134 Strachey, James, 587 Structuralism, I X , 7, 350 See rilso 1-evi-Strauss, Claude Subaltern 548 See tilso Power; Women; Untouchables Subbrahamanya Sastri V H., 563 Subbulakshmi, M.S., 50 Subh2sira~arnak~Scr See Vidyikara Subvers~on,8, 27 30 64 See al.so Inversion Sugar, 10 Sugriva (character in RZnlZytina) 133 Su~clde.379 381 -2, 383 401-3, 407, 432, 444 447 474 504 .See ulso Suttee Sujer .Sre Story Index / 633 Sumatra 144 ~ u n ~ r t s a m ~ u ' d (Virasaiva (~ne text), 18, 19 573,576,577 Surdas (saint), 24, 25, 281, 310 ~ u r ~ a n a k(demon, hi character in Ru'mQano), 149 Suttee (Soti), 272, 274,432, 474 Svubhu'va ('given nature'), See also Bhu'vas Swami, B.L., 72,210 Swaminad Aiyzr, U.V See CHminFitaiyar, U Ve Symbols, 44 Tagore, R., 100,333,334, 450 Tale types and motifs 350, 579, 581; Animal Groom, 579; Captor's Bag, 363; Dream Coming True, 373; Envious Neighbors, 353; Frightened Robbers, 353; Golden Hair, 578; Goose Girl, 362; Innocent Man Chosen to Fit the Stake, 595: Lecherous Holy Man, 365-8, 370, 37 1, 390; Loathly Lady, 362; Magic Objects, 33, 358, 359, 360, 361, 362; Maiden in Box, 366,367,370,37 I; Measuringvessel, 353; Offended Deity, 435; Open Sesame, 353, 540; Potiphar's Wife, 384; Pregnant Father, 390; Srgn Language, 404, 405; trickster, 363 See also Cinderella; Folktales; Oedipus-tales; Thompson, Stith Tamilnadu and Tamil, 37, 80, 84, 96-1 14, 16, 189-92.2 19-3 1,384, 534-5,538; bhrikti movement, 26, 232-59,283-4; bow songs (villuppdttrr), 10, 544, 592; c l a s s ~ c rediscovered, s 103-5, 186-9: colloqu~al.107-10; diglossia, 99 107: Dravidian Iang~~age, 19: Dylanese and, 223; folktales 358 359 389-90, 391, 433 438,448,449, 461,470, 532, 595: grammar, 9- 10.22 1-2,303, 568: tolktale and other folk genres 57, 352 358 377 480-1; leftbranching, 222-3.227; iitetdture, 42-5, 69, 162, 534, 589; metres, 220-1; as mother-tongue, 347 449-50: mythology, 26 543: names, 100-1: nature, 44, 72: novels, 102; phonemes, 101, 220; poetry and poetics xiv, 10 1-2, 121, 127, 129 197-218, 224,230 232, 244, 425: politics, 99: pronouns, 112-13: prose 106-7; Purdnus 13 16: regional dialects 108-9: religion 430, 496-7; rhyme 22 1; Sanskrit and, 1 1,219, 333: script 105-6, l 1 219; ~ i v and a 303; standardisation, 109, 110, 112: syntax, 222: vocabulary, 78, 110-12,223,435: women 290, 423-4 See also Ant%!; Appar; Bards, Tamil; Bhukti; Bharati, Subramania: Buddhism, Tamil; Caminitaiyar U.Ve.: Campantar; Cutikunz poetry: CilupputikZrum: Ciyuttontar: Cities, Tamil descriptions of; Cittars; Civukucintdmuni; Cuntarar; Epics, Tamil; lainism, Tamil: Kampan: Kannappar; Kings, Tamil views of: Kulocekarar; Muhdbharot(1, Tamil: Manikkavacakar: Maturai; Namm%!vLr; Oedipus-tales, Tamil: Orality and oral traditions, Tamil; PukcTr: Ramanujan, A.K., languages spoken by: RCtnciyr~nu.Tamil; Saints Tamil: Sri Lanka: Tiruccirappalli; Tirukkuru!: Tirumankal: TirrmzurukC~upp~ltri: Tirupati: TiriippZvni; Tiruppanalvar: Tiruvanliii: Tiruviiymo!i; 'Tolkappiyclln: Vedas: VEtanayakam Pillai: Virasam~ Cettiyar Tarnotaram Pillai C I Cay., 104 7'unlru,8,9, 18.27.310.312.329 536 l'i11~1s .See Asceticls~n Ta~aka(demon character in Kfirt~rT\'trnrr).142 7iilli~i?~l [I[)N~?IJ'N~ SFC U ~ ~ l l l i ~ ~ d S Tawney C.H 404, 457.564 Taylor, Archer 537, 596 Television 18 l 466 483, 488 542 Tellings or variants , 127 134 369, 376, 380-2 398, 401, 403-4, 408-9.458 479 16, 539 See ulso RitnrTqrrnrr, television Telugu, 87-9, 148,284,307,465 562, 588, 59 : folktales, 434 46 469, 470, 47 , 1 ; religion, 496 Temperatures, 79,80, 82 84 Temples 163, 191, 232, 244, 248, 264, 266,267,275, 282,283.287 290, 297,299,309.310.385,387,439 442-3,472,475,481,491,493, 497,498, 569; and houses, 84-5: entry into 287-8: ~ r i r a h ~ a m 275 , 481, 570; myths 513, 543: Min%ksi.569: Puri, 293: Srisaila, 273,275 Tendulkar Vijay 185 Thailand and Thai, 144 See also KcTn~Cyclncr.Thai Thomas, Dylan, 223 Thompson Stith 4, 347, 358, 359, 363, 369, 370, 375.402, 403,404, 409.435,457, 580.584, 588 589, 595,596 Thoreau, Henry David 16 Thoughts and thinking Indian, 34- 51 Tibet and Tibetan, 144 Tigers See A ~ ~ i m a l s T~lakavve(Viradaiva saint), 272,274 573 Time 45-8,96,202.204,205, 224 36 I; cyclical and linear 77 Tiresias (Greek seer) 332 Tiruccirappalli (city in Tamrinadu) 208, 352 358 Iiriikbir~~rl (l'arnil text) ! 55 I89 Tirum31 l n m e ol isn nu) 234-6, 238 240-4, '50, 255 See u/.\o Vlsnu Tlrumahkai (Tamil Vaisnava s a i n ~ , 250, 285.286 rirurnurui (Tamil ~ a i v atexts), 75 '-2, ~~run~uruk~~ (Tamil l u p text ~ ~ ton~ i Murukan), 190-2, 234-5, 250 Tirunlakandar ( ~ a i v asaint), 304-5 Tirupati (city in Tamilnadu), 49-50, 465 Tiruppanalvar (Tamil Vaisnava saint), 285,287-8 7iruppdvrri (Tamil text), 568-9 T~ruvdcakarn(Tamil ~ a i v text a by Manikkavacakar), 244 Tiruvannamalai (city in Tamilnadu), 303 Tiruvuntdrl (Tamil Vaisnava text), 245-6 Tiruvlrur (city in Tamilnadu), 303 TiruvCymoli (Tamil Vaisnava text), 244,246-5 1,253,265,475,571 See ulso ~ c u r y firdayurn; c~ Nammllvir Tiruvenkatam, 254 firuviruttum (Tam11Vaisnava text), 250,252,571 Toads See Animals Tobacco, 33 Todas, 184-5 Tolkuppiytrm (Tamil text on grammar and poetics), 109, 197-214, 218, 230,233-5, 568 Tolstoy Leo 15, I 6, 449 547 Tool-box See Bricolage Tooth Goddesses See Goddesses, tooth Tracy, David, Traditions: Alternative, 9, , 30: Great, xiv, 9, 26, 27, 34, 63, 348-9, 535-6; Little, xiv 7, 9, 34, 348-9 535 536 See u1.c.o Counter traditions Tragedy 145, 150, 177 199 13, 233, 379, 382 384 509 10 544 See ol.co Wvana Translation, 127-8, 130, 156, 162 189, 219,226-31, 265, 268, 516; difficulty of, 129, 219, 220, 229; four aids 229-3 I : iconic 156-7: indexical, 157: literal, 222; symbolic, 157: tunnel metaphor, -, L3 I Transvestism, 293.393, 404, 507 Trees, 13-15, 17, 38, 117, 180-1, 191, 201-3, 206, 10, 212.2 18, 224-5, 241, 281,287, 304, 315, 318, 334, 353,355-9, 369-70, 373.375, 382-3,438,440,446,452,457-8, 473-5,478,482,506,526-8, 565; banana, 485; banyan, 360-2.406-7, 454-5; cosmic, 380; evergreen, 202,205,225; flowering, 413-23; green bay, 40; k o g ~ i 17, , 18, 251, 252; laurel, 422; mango, 43, 146, 379, 380,382, 565; murutam, 154, 202; neem 161; palmyra, 239,257; spirits in, 359-62; women and, 13-26 Trevor-Roper, Hugh, 467 Tribal traditions Trichinopoly See TiruccirHppaIli Trisahku, 5, 32 Trousers, Irishman's, Tukaram (saint), 273, 275 Tulsi (salnt, author of Hindi Rdm@vunn), 143 155 Tunnels See Translation Turkish, 222 Turner, Terence, 583 Turner, Victor 283, 309, 564 Twain, Mark, 35 Twins, 22, 33, 381 504 See ulso KuSa; Lava Ullurui See Insets Ulupi 182 Uma (Hindu goddess, wifeof ~ ~ v a ) 276, 298 See trl.so Goddesses; Psrvati van Eultenen J.A.B., xii, 92 169, 183, Unity in diversity, 7, 35, 130 409 554, 559, 564 585 Universals and Ul1iversalisnl 39, Vanamlilai, N., 558 47,48, 49 129 229 393,413 Varadarajan, M., 570, 572 untouchable.^, 29, 30, 1, 146, 289, Vasanas, 26 290, 498, 499, 501, 502, 503 Vasistha (Hindu sage), 131, 132, 178, 11, 543, 592 See ulso Caste and 280 386 387 class; Saints, low caste and Vatsyayan, S.H 55,558 untouchable Vatsyayana S e e Kfimushiru Upanisuds 232, 243, 25 1, 280, 28 1, Vaudeville, Charlotte, 270, 570 572, 296, LO, 376,545: Brhuclitru~r~uk~~, 575 44,47, 270, 402,468; Mrtn&iku, Vedas, 27.69, 332-5,340-3, 377,385, 18 1; Tuittiriyu 75, 120; Yogrrttuh,er, 10, 464, 530, 57 ; bhirkti and 26, 58 309,232, 242-3,296 25 1,257-9, Urdu, 58-9, 333, 47 I See also Sauda 270,279-80,296,309-10.3 13; Uri ('phase of love'), 20 I , 203-5,224, cryptic or mystical language of, 234 10, 539-40; death ritual, 19-20 IJrvaSi (celestial nymph), 182, 435 26; demons and 188 479: folk Utopias, traditions and, 509; infinite, 154: Uttara (character in Mul~dbhitrutu), influence of, 34-5: nlasculine ethos 167-8, 180,564 of 270; recited or studied by Brahmans, 58-61.63.66, 170, Vacunir (Kannada genre), , 18, 539-40; Tamil and, 101, 17,246; 283 See uiso Allama; Basavanna: Visnu and, 188,242-3.246 257-9 Devara DHsimayya: 479 See ulso Sacrifice, folk Mahadevyakka: ViraSaivas compared to Vedic; Sacrifice, Vedic Vagina dentata, 445.497 Vegetarianism, 80, 83, 306,498, 543 Vaikai (river) 14-15, 235 Vemana (saint), 286 VaikhHnasa, 572 Venkatac%mi.Mayilai Cini, 97 104 5, Vaiiampayana 170, 17 , 172, 173, 561 I74 Vetanayakam Pillai ( 19th-century Vaisnavas and Vaisnavism (Hindu Tamil novelist) 96, 102-3, 561 sect) 9, 28 83, 100 103-5, 233, Vibhi5ana (character in Rdmciytrnc~).24, 235,263,265,279,282-3,295, 133 324, 328 329, 332, 333, 515 Vic~travirya(character in 572-3; canon 244 57 See UISO Mah5l?llrlrcrfo) 165 183 ~ rVaisnavas: i Visnu Victorla Queen, 516 Vali (character in Rittnityuntr), 23 Vldura (character in Mrr/~fibl~i,~-nrtr) Vallattol (Vallathol Malaya11 author), 164-5, 170 171 173 180 333 V~dyiikara(author of Valli (wife at' Murukan), 250 S ~ r h / ~ ~ s i t c ~ r c r ~ n).u 24 ko.ic~ Valmiki (author o f Sanskrit Vidyiipati (Bengali saint), 291 293 Rfimfiyun(0 1-2 64, 127-8 134 310 312 138, 141, 144, 149, 150-1, 155-8, V~etnanl.144 280,505; curses hunter 15 1: V~llages:and City 54, cunlpart'd 10 influence of, 74 148 156 cllles 53, 62: Seah~.78: on C;;ln$r\ i t ~ R~itir,iwrtrcr o d I vultureb, ~~~d~ R~~ttr(i~'irtru LIIILI~~ Vyas S N 5511 \'~Ivariia!ig;iI(.s;~lnt) 27.5 Vyasa (Hindu sage, compiler of Vllnal;l