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COUPLINGS R"JOINTS MECHANICAL ENGINEERING A Series of Textbooks and Reference Books Editor L L Faulkner Columbus Division, Battelle Memorial Institute and Department of Mechanical Engineering The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 I 22 23 24 25 Spring Designer’s Handbook, Harold Carlson Computer-Aided Graphics and Design, Daniel L Ryan Lubrication Fundamentals, J George Wills Solar Engineering for Domestic Buildings, William A Himmelman Applied Engineering Mechanics: Statics and Dynamics, G Boothroyd and C Poli Centrifugal Pump Clinic, lgor J Karassik Computer-Aided Kinetics for Machine Design, Daniel L Ryan Plastics Products Design Handbook, Part A: Materials and Components; Part B: Processes and Design for Processes, edited by Edward Miller Turbomachinery: Basic Theory and Applications, Earl Logan, Jr Vibrations of Shells and Plates, Werner Soedel Flat and Corrugated Diaphragm Design Handbook, Mario Di Giovanni Practical Stress Analysis in Engineering Design, Alexander Blake An lntroduction to the Design and Behavior of Bolted Joints, John H Bickford Optimal Engineering Design: Principles and Applications,James N Siddall Spring Manufacturing Handbook, Harold Carlson lndustrial Noise Control: Fundamentals and Applications, edited by Lewis H Bell Gears and Their Vibration: A Basic Approach to Understanding Gear Noise, J Derek Smith Chains for Power Transmission and Material Handling: Design and Applications Handbook, American Chain Association Corrosion and Corrosion Protection Handbook, edited by Philip A Schweitzer Gear Drive Systems: Design and Application, Peter Lynwander Controlling In-Plant Airborne Contaminants: Systems Design and Calculations, John D Constance CADLAM Systems Planning and Implementation, Charles S Knox Probabilistic Engineering Design: Principles and Applications, James N Siddall Traction Drives: Selection and Application, Frederick W Heilich Ill and Eugene E Shube Finite Element Methods: An lntroduction, Ronald L Huston and Chris E Passerello 26 Mechanical Fastening of Plastics: An Engineering Handbook, Brayton Lincoln, 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 Kenneth J Gomes, and James F Braden Lubrication in Practice: Second Edition, edited by W S Robertson Principles of Automated Drafting, Daniel L Ryan Practical Seal Design, edited by Leonard J Martini Engineering Documentation for CAD/CAM Applications, Charles S Knox Design Dimensioning with Computer Graphics Applications, Jerome C Lange Mechanism Analysis: Simplified Graphical and Analytical Techniques, Lyndon Barton CAD/CAM Systems: Justification, Implementation, Productivity Measurement, Edward J Preston, George W Crawford,and Mark E Coticchia Steam Plant Calculations Manual, V Ganapathy Design Assurance for Engineers and Managers, John A Burgess Heat Transfer Fluids and Systems for Process and Energy Applications, Jasbir Singh Potential Flows: Computer Graphic Solutions, Robert H Kirchhoff Computer-Aided Graphics and Design: Second Edition, Daniel L Ryan Electronically Controlled Proportional Valves: Selection and Application, Michael J Tonyan, edited by Tobi Goldoftas Pressure Gauge Handbook, AMETEK, U.S Gauge Division, edited by Philip W Harland Fabric Filtration for Combustion Sources: Fundamentals and Basic Technology, R P Donovan Design of Mechanical Joints, Alexander Blake CADLAM Dictionary, Edward J Preston, George W Crawford, and Mark E Coti cchia Machinery Adhesives for Locking, Retaining, and Sealing, Girard S Haviland Couplings and Joints: Design, Selection, and Application, Jon R Mancuso Shaft Alignment Handbook, John Piotrowski BA SIC Programs for Steam Plant Engineers: Boilers, Combustion, Fluid Flow, and Heat Transfer,V Ganapathy Solving Mechanical Design Problems with Computer Graphics, Jerome C Lange Plastics Gearing: Selection and Application, Clifford E Adams Clutches and Brakes: Design and Selection, William C Orthwein Transducers in Mechanical and Electronic Design, Harry L Trietley Metallurgical Applications of Shock-Wave and High-Strain-Rate Phenomena, edited by Lawrence E Murr, Karl P Staudhammer, and Marc A Meyers Magnesium Products Design, Robert S Busk How to Integrate CADLAM Systems: Management and Technology, William D Engelke Cam Design and Manufacture: Second Edition; with cam design software for the IBM PC and cornpatibles, disk included, Preben W Jensen Solid-state A C Motor Controls: Selection and Application, Sylvester Campbell Fundamentals of Robotics, David D.Ardayfio Belt Selection and Application for Engineers, edited by Wallace D Erickson Developing Three-Dimensional CAD Software with the ISM PC, C Stan Wei Organizing Data for CIM Applications, Charles S Knox, with contributions by Thomas C Boos, Ross S Culverhouse, and Paul F Muchnicki Computer-Aided Simulation in Railway Dynamics, by Rao V Dukkipati and Joseph R Amyot 62 Fiber-Reinforced Composites: Materials, Manufacturing, and Design, P K Mallick 63 Photoelectric Sensors and Controls: Selection and Application, Scott M Juds 64 Finite Element Analysis with Personal Computers, Edward R Champion, Jr., and J Michael Ensminger 65 Ultrasonics: Fundamentals, Technology, Applications: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Dale Ensminger 66 Applied Finite Element Modeling: Practical Problem Solving for Engineers, Jeffrey M Steele 67 Measurement and Instrumentation in Engineering: Principles and Basic Laboratory Experiments, Francis S Tse and lvan E Morse 68 Centrifugal Pump Clinic: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, lgor J Karassik 69 Practical Stress Analysis in Engineering Design: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Alexander Blake 70 An Introduction to the Design and Behavior of Bolted Joints: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, John H Bickford 71 High Vacuum Technology: A Practical Guide, Marsbed H Hablanian 72 Pressure Sensors: Selection and Application, Duane Tandeske 73 Zinc Handbook: Properties, Processing, and Use in Design, Frank Porter 74 Thermal Fatigue of Metals, Andrzej Weronski and Tadeusz Hejwowski 75 Classical and Modern Mechanisms for Engineers and Inventors, Preben W Jensen 76 Handbook of Electronic Package Design, edited by Michael Pecht 77 Shock-Wave and High-Strain-Rate Phenomena in Materials, edited by Marc A Meyers, Lawrence E Murr, and Karl P Staudhammer 78 Industrial Refrigeration: Principles, Design and Applications, P C Koelet 79 Applied Combustion, Eugene L Keating 80 Engine Oils and Automotive Lubrication, edited by Wilfried J Bark Mechanism Analysis: Simplified and Graphical Techniques, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Lyndon Barton 82 Fundamental Fluid Mechanics for the Practicing Engineer, James W Murdock 83 Fiber-Reinforced Composites: Materials, Manufacturing, and Design, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, P K Mallick 84 Numerical Methods for Engineering Applications, Edward R Champion, Jr 85 Turbomachinery: Basic Theory and Applications, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Earl Logan, Jr 86 Vibrations of Shells and Plates: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Werner Soedel 87 Steam Plant Calculations Manual: Second Edition, Revised and Ex panded, V Ganapathy 88 Industrial Noise Control: Fundamentals and Applications, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Lewis H Bell and Douglas H Bell 89 Finite Elements: Their Design and Performance, Richard H MacNeal 90 Mechanical Properties of Polymers and Composites: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Lawrence E Nielsen and Robert F Landel 91 Mechanical Wear Prediction and Prevention, Raymond G Bayer 92 Mechanical Power Transmission Components, edited by David W South and Jon R Mancuso 93 Handbook of Turbomachinery,edited by Earl Logan, Jr 94 Engineering Documentation Control Practices and Procedures, Ray E Monahan 95 Refractory Linings Thermomechanical Design and Applications, Charles A Schacht 96 Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing: Applications and Techniques for Use in Design, Manufacturing, and Inspection, James D Meadows 97 An Introduction to the Design and Behavior of Bolted Joints: Third Edition, Revised and Expanded, John H Bickford 98 Shaft Alignment Handbook: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, John Piotrowski 99 Computer-Aided Design of Polymer-Matrix Composite Structures, edited by Suong Van Hoa 100 Friction Science and Technology, Peter J , Blau 101 Introduction to Plastics and Composites: Mechanical Properties and Engineering Applications, Ed ward Mi Iler 102 Practical Fracture Mechanics in Design, Alexander Blake 103 Pump Characteristics and Applications, Michael W Volk 104 Optical Principles and Technology for Engineers, James E Stewart 105 Optimizing the Shape of Mechanical Elements and Structures, A A Seireg and Jorge Rodriguez 106 Kinematics and Dynamics of Machinery, Vladimir Stejskal and Michael ValaSek 107 Shaft Seals for Dynamic Applications, Les Horve 108 Reliability-Based Mechanical Design, edited by Thomas A Cruse 109 Mechanical Fastening, Joining, and Assembly, James A Speck 110 Turbomachinery Fluid Dynamics and Heat Transfer, edited by Chunill Hah 111 High-Vacuum Technology: A Practical Guide, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Marsbed H Hablanian 112 Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing: Workbook and Answerbook, James D Meadows 113 Handbook of Materials Selection for Engineering Applications, edited by G T Murray 114 Handbook of Thermoplastic Piping System Design, Thomas Sixsmith and Reinhard Hanselka 115 Practical Guide to Finite Elements: A Solid Mechanics Approach, Steven M Lepi 116 Applied Computational Fluid Dynamics, edited by Vijay K Garg 117 Fluid Sealing Technology, Heinz K Muller and Bernard S Nau 118 Friction and Lubrication in Mechanical Design, A A Seireg 119 Influence Functions and Matrices, Yuri A Melnikov 120 Mechanical Analysis of Electronic Packaging Systems, Stephen A McKeown 121 Couplings and Joints: Design, Selection, and Application, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Jon R.Mancuso Additional Volumes in Preparation Gear Noise and Vibration, J Derek Smith Heat Exchanger Design Handbook, T Kuppan Handbook of Hydraulic Fluid Technology, edited by George E Totten Thermodynamics, Earl L Logan Mechanical Engineering Soshyre Spring Design with an IBM PC, AI Dietrich Mechanical Design Failure Analysis: With Failure Analysis System Software for the ISM PC David G Ullman COUPLINGS AND JOINTS D€SIGN, S€l€CTION,RND RPPLICRTION S€COND €DITION, R€VIS€D RND €XPRND€D JON R MANCUSO Kop-Flex Emerson Power Transmission Corporation Baltimore, Maryland M A R C E L MARCELDEKKER, INC D E K K E R NEWYORK BASEL ISBN: 0-8247-9950-X This book is printed on acid-free paper Headquarters Marcel Dekker, Inc 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 100I6 tel: 12-696-9000;fax: 12-685-4540 Eastern Hemisphere Distribution Marcel Dekker AG Hutgasse 4, Postfach 12, CH-400 Basel, Switzerland tel: 1-61 -26 1-8482; fax: 1-61-261-8896 World Wide Web http://www.dekker.com The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in bulk quantities For more information, write to Special Sales/Professional Marketing at the headquarters address above Copyright 1999 by Marcel Dekker, Inc All Rights Reserved Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher Current printing (last digit): PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA In memory of Lynn-my daughter Samuel-my father and to the rest of my family Josephine-my mother Rose-my w$e Samuel, Jonette, and Kristie-my children and the next generation, my grandchildren Jonathan Lynnette Allec Brandon D.J Typical Installation Instructions 567 II INSTRUCTIONS FOR DISC COUPLINGS INSTALLATION AND ALlONMlNT FLIXIELB DISC COUPLINOS AllONMENT INSTALUTION Rcaronable c u e in initial assembly and aligning will permit couplings to operate to full capacity in correcting f u t w mlrallgnments INOKATOR METHOD INDICATOR MOUNTINO TO It WORUED TO SUIT CONDITIONS AT HAND All rotating power transmission producrs a r e potentially dangerous a n d must be properly Coupling is shipped with center member assembled as shown above If it is necessary to disassemble the coupling completely, tie a string or wire thru the bolt holes to maintain the dialing (alternating grain of the individual discr) Be careful to note the arrangement of parts Inspect both shafts and hub bores, making sure they are free from burn Be sure the keys fit the shafts and hubs properly Mount h u b on shafts If hub is bored for an interference fit they should be heated in water, 011 or with soft open flame and quickly positioned on the shaft Do not spot-heat hub a s it may cause distortion Move equipment to be connected into position, making sure that the distance between hubs is equal to the "C' dimension given in coupling dimensional tablea ("L" dimension on floating shaft coupling types.) CHECK FOR ANOULAR MISALIGNMCNT MISAlIGNMENT CHECK FOR ANGULAR MISALIGNMENT CHECK FOR PMII*EL MISALIGNMENT Dial indicator measure8 Dial indicator m e a s u r e s m a x i m u m longitudinal diaplacement of one shaft variation in hub spacing center line from the other through 360" rotation Attach dial indicator to hub, M with a bosc clamp; rotate coupling 360" to locate point of minimum reading on dial; then rotate body or face of indicator 80 that zero reading linea up with pointer Rotate coupling 380' Watch indicator for misalignment reading Driver and driven units will be lined up when dial indicator reading comes within maximum allowable variation of 002' for each inch of flange diameter: ie a coupling with a 4-inch diameter flange has a maximum variation of ,008inches in indicator reading Reset pointer to zero and repeat above operations and when either driven unit or driver is moved during aligning trials Check for parallel misalignment an shown Move or shim units so that parallel misalignment is a t a minimum Coupling should be rotated aeveral revolutions to make lure no "end-wise creep'' in connected shafts la measured Tighten all lacknuts Re-check and tighten all locknuts after several hours of operation CALIPER AND STRAIGHT EDGE METHOD Reassemble coupling, keeping the proper order of parts an noted in Step Refer to drawings on c o u p l i n g listing pages Note that coupling in in alignment NOTE: Floating shaft coupling8 should be mounted close to bearlnp of connected units to minimize overhang Cool- ing tower and other right angle drives-dowel right angle gear boxes to their baner after couplings have been digned Right angle gear boxes tend to creep in a counterrotational direction, which causes severe coupling misalignment and may result in premature failures Use calipem to check the gap between h u b Gap should be the same a t all points around the hub Place straight edge on the rims a t the top and sides When the coupling is in alignment the straight edge should rut evenly and both disc pack eraemblies should be in a perfect plane a t right anglea to the straight edge Tighten all locknuts After several hours of operation recheck gap between hubs, and recheck tlghtness of all locknuts When operating at full speed, disc packs should have a clearly detlned appearance-not blurred when viewed from top and side Appendix B 568 111 INSTRUCTIONS FOR ELASTOMERIC COUPLINGS SUREFLEX INSTALLATlON INSTRUCTIONS Sure-Flex flanges (outer metallic parts) and sleeves (inner elastomeric members) come in many sizes and types First, determine the size and type of components being used Remove all components from their boxes,and loosely assemble the coupling on any convenient surface All rubber sleeves (EPDM and Neoprene) have the same ratings for a given size and may be used interchangeably Hytrel sleeves, however, have completely different ratings Rubber sleeves should not be substituted for Hytrel or Hytrel for rubber (Do not attempt to install the wire ring on the twopiece E or N sleeve at this time.) Check parallel alignment by placing a straightedge across the two coupling flanges and measuring the maximum offset at various points around the periphery of the coupling DO NOT rotate the coupling If the maximum offset exceeds the figure shown under "Parallel" in table below, realign the coupling Check angular alignment with a micrometer or caliper Measure from the outside of one flange to the outside of the other at intervals around the periphery of the coupling Determine the maximum and minimum dimensions DO NOT rotate the coupling The difference between the maximum and minimum must not exceed the figure given under "Angular" in table below If a correction is necessary, be sure to recheck the parallel alignment Inspect all coupling components and remove any protective coatings or lubricants from bores, mating surfaces and fasteners Remove any existing burrs, etc from the shafts Slide one coupling flange onto each shaft, using snug-fitting keys where required With theType B or C flanges, it may be necessary to expand the bore by wedging a screwdriver into the saw cut Position the flangeson the shafts toachieve the G dimension shown in table at right It is usually best to have an equal length of shaft extending into each flange Tighten one flange in its final position Slide the other far enough away to install the sleeve With a two-piece sleeve, not move the wire ring to its final position; but allow it to hang loosely in the groove adjacent to the teeth Slide the ldose flange on the shaft until the sleeve is completely seated in the teeth of each flange (The "G" dimension is for reference and not critical.) Secure the flange to the shaft (Note: When using sleeve bearing electric motors, the armature must be at its electrical center when determining sleeve engagement and flange location.) ' Parallel Angular MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE MISALIGNMENT IDimensions in inches) - TYPS 'I""0 010 010 015 015 020 020 JN "Q"1.C TYW nna 056 070 081 043 010 015 015 020 094 020 025 025 032 032 WO 3u 16 4% L N -035 045 062 - "O"l8l 043 056 070 081 094 109 128 151 175 195 242 330 - Note: Values shown above apply i f the actual torque transmitted is more than '/, the coupling rating For lesser torque, reduce the above values by % I f the coupling employs the two-piece sleeve with the wire ring, force the ring into its groove in the center of the sleeve It may be necessary to pry the ring into position with a blunt screwdriver Different coupling sleeves require different degrees of alignment precision Locate the alignment values for your sleeve size and type in table at right Check safety codes, and install protective guards or shields as required Caution: Coupling sleeves may be thrown from the assembly when subjected to a severe shock load References American Gear Manufacturers Association Load classification and service factors for flexible couplings AGMA 922-A96, 1996 American Gear Manufacturers Association Nomenclature for flexible couplings AGMA 10, 1984 American Gear Manufacturers Association Flexible couplings-lubrication AGMA 9001-B97, 1997 American Gear Manufacturers Association Bore and keyways for flexible couplings (inch series) AGMA 9002-A86, 1986 American Gear Manufacturers Association Flexible couplings-potential unbalance classification AGMA 9000-C90, 1990 American Gear Manufacturers Association Metric dimensions for gear coupling flanges AGMA 56 O 1, 1978 American Gear Manufacturers Association Flexible couplings-keyless fits AGMA 9003-A9 I , 1991 American Petroleum Institute Pumps for refinery service API 610, American Petroleum Institute, 1990, 1998 569 570 References American Petroleum Institute Special-purpose couplings for refinery service API 67 1, 2nd and 3rd ed., American Petroleum Institute, 1990, 1998 ANSI Balance quality of rotating rigid bodies ANSI S2 19-1989, 1989 Barlett Hayward Company Fast’s Self-Alignment Couplings Catalogue, 1930 Boylan, W Marine Application of Dental Couplings Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, 1966 Broersma I G Couplings and Bearings H Stam N.V., 1968 Calistrat, M., and R Munyon Design of Coupling Enclosures Lecture-Turbomachinery, 14th Symposium, 1985 Calistrat, M Extended gear coupling life (parts and 2) Hydrocarbon Processing, 1978 Calistrat, M Flexible Coupling Installation Koppers, Baltimore, 1968 Calistrat, M Friction Between High Speed Gear Coupling Teeth ASME 80C2/DET Calistrat, M Grease Separation Under Centrifugal Forces Koppers 3924 Calistrat, M Flexible Couplings: Their Design, Selection, and Use Caroline Publishing, 1994 Calistrat, M Shaft lubrication Journal of the American Society of Lubrication Engineers, 1980, pp 9-15 Calistrat, M Wear and lubrication Mechanical Engineering, 1975 Calistrat, M Sludge accumulation in continuously lubricated couplings Koppers 1645 Calistrat, M Hydraulically Fitted Hubs: Theory and Practice Lecture-Turbomachinery, 9th Symposium, 1980 Carter, D., M Garvey, and J Corcoran Baffling and Temperature Predictions of Coupling Enclosures Lecture-Turbomachinery, 23rd Symposium, 1994 Chase, T W Maintenance of gear-type couplings Iron and Steel Engineer, 1964, pp 72-84 Chironis, N Gear Design and Application McGraw-Hill, New York, 1967 Condon, W Application of Universal Joints to Construction and Industrial Machinery Society of Automotive Engineers, 1961 Dodd, R Total Alignment Petroleum Publishing Co., 1975 Eschleman, R Combating vibration with mechanical couplings Machine Design, 1980 Faires, V M Design of Machine Elements, 4th ed Macmillan, New York, 1965 Firth, D Couplings for steel mill drives Iron and Steel Engineer, 1963 Genshelmer, J How to design flexible couplings Machine Design, 1961 Gibbons Diaphragm Couplings in Turbomachinery Machinery Vibration Institute, 1979 References 571 Gibbons, J Mancuso, and R Munyon Tutorial on Couplings Turbomachinery, 18th Symposium, 1989 IRD Mechanalysis Audio-Visual Customer Training, Instruction Manual, 1975 ISO Flexible couplings for mechanical power transmission-special purpose applications I S DIS 10441 ISO Flexible couplings for mechanical power transmission-general purpose applications IS0 DIS 1469I ISO Balance quality of rotating rigid bodies I S 1940/1, 1986 Wilson, W K Practical Solutions of Torsional Vibration Problems Chapman & Hall, 1968 Lord Corporation Understanding Torsional Vibration Design Monograph DM 1107, 1978 Lovejoy, Inc Power Transmission in the Twentieth Century: An Overview Downers Grove, IL, 1988 Lovejoy, Inc Preventing Unnecessary Failure of Power Transmission Components LJ-702, Downers Grove, IL, 1985 Mancuso, J Retrofitting gear couplings with diaphragm couplings Hydrocarbon Processing, 1988 Mancuso, J Let’s try to really understand coupling balance ASME, 1996 Mancuso, J Manufacturers world of coupling potential unbalance LectureTurbomachinery, 13th Symposium, 1984 Mancuso, J General purpose vs special purpose couplings Tutorial-Turbomachinery, 23rd Symposium, 1994 Mancuso, J., J J Zilberman, J S Corcoran, and D’Ercole Flexible-element couplings: how safe is safe? Hydrocarbon Processing, December, 1994 Mil-C-23233 For Couplings for Propulsion Units, Auxiliary Turbines and Line Shafts Naval Shipboard Muster, J., and B Flores Balancing Criteria and Their Relationship to Current American Practices ASME Paper 69-Vibo-60 Neale, M., et al Proceedings of the International Conference on Flexible Couplings for High Power and Speeds 1977 Peterson, R Stress Concentration Factors Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1974 Piotrowski, J Shaft Alignment Handbook, 2nd ed Marcel Dekker, New York, 1995 Poole Foundry and Machinery Co Catalog 1958 Potgietier, F Cardan universal joints applied to steel mill drives Iron and Steel Engineer, 1969, pp 73-78 Roots, F, Shaft Couplings U.S Patent 349,365, 1886 572 References Rothfuss, N Design and Application of Flexible Diaphragm Couplings to Industrial-Marine Gas Turbine ASME 73-GT-75 Rothfuss, N Design criteria and tables for selecting high speed power couplings Product Engineering, 1963 Schwerdlin, H Reaction forces in elastomeric couplings Machine Design, 1979 Society of Automotive Engineers Universal Joint and Driveshaft Design Manual AE-7.SAE, 1979 South, D., and J Mancuso Mechanical Power Transmission Components Marcel Dekker, New York, 1994 Texaco, Inc Lubrication of Flexible Couplings, Vols and Thomas Flexible Coupling Co Thomas Flexible Couplings Catalog 1942 Wellman Bibby Co The Bibby Resilient Coupling Wolford, C Retrofitting turbomachinery with high performance flexible dry couplings Lecture-Turbomachinery, 19th Symposium Wood’s, TB, Sons Company Home Study Course on Couplings, 1970 Wright, J Tracking down the cause of coupling failure Machine Design, 1977 Wright, J Transient Torsional Vibration in Synchronous Motor Drives ASME Paper 75-DE- 15, 1975 Zurn Industries, Inc The evolution of environmentalism, 1973 Zurn, F Crowned Tooth Gear Type Couplings AISE, 1957 Index AGMA balance classes, 134,138-1 39, 141 keys and keyways, I 57- 163 shaft fit, 153, 156 Alignment, 193-2 16 cold method, 197-2 1 hot method, 1-2 13 importance of, 195-1 96 laser, 10-2 I6 tolerance guide, 194 vibration signatures, 13-2 15, 17-22 American Gear Manufacturers Association (see AGMA) American Petroleum Institute (API) balance, 136-1 37, I39 safety factors, 87 Angular misalignment, 98,200-202 Assembly, 15-240 elastomeric, 224, 568 flexible metallic element, 223224,567 gear couplings, 227-240,564566 lubricated coupling, 16, 220, 222-223 Assembly balance, 128, 130-1 32 Attachment methods for couplings, 154-155 573 574 Axial force gear coupling, 283-284 general equation, 101 Axial natural frequency, 445-448 Axial stiffness flexible element, 445-448 linear vs nonlinear, 445-448 Axial travel, 25-26, 70-71 Balancing, 18-1 52 AGMA classes, 134 arbitrary limit, 134, 136-1 38 micro-inch limit, 137-1 38 oz-in limit, 136-1 37 assembly balance mandrel, 128, 130-1 mandrelless, 128, 129, 132 basics of, I 8-1 24 classifications, 138-1 39 weight vs speed, 139, 141 component, 127-1 33,1294 30 example selection, 140-1 52 summary of, 140 field, 128, 131, 133 fundamentals, I 19-1 22 how to, 126-128 levels of, 138-1 39 mandrelless, 128, 131, 132 mandrels, 122, 123, 128, 131 manufacturing, tolerance effect, 127, 140 potential, 124, 134, 136-138 residual, 124, 134, 136-1 38 single-plane, 120- I two-plane, 12 types, 128-1 33 U-joint, 132 unbalance causes of, 125-1 26 force, 124 Index [Balancing] [ unbalance] when to, 138-1 39 why, 124-1 25 Bending moment gear coupling, 284-287 general equation, 100- I0 Bore information, 79 Bolt grades, 110 Bushings, 164, 182-1 83 loosening of, 245-246 Capacities, 70-7 axial travel, 70-71 bore, 70-71 misalignment, 70-7 speed, 70-71 torque, 70-7 I Cardon joint, Centrifugal force, effect on diaphragm stresses, 44 1-442 lubrication, 233-240 speed, 90 Chain coupling, 354-36 applications, 354, 357 covers, 359 design and construction, 355 first, how they work, 354, 356 lubrication, 227-228 nylon, 40, 355, 358 steel, 39, 354, 358 selection, 36 I types, 354-355,358 typical sizes, 360 Characteristics of various types, 68-69,72-73 Clearance shaft installation, 179-1 standards, 156 Index Coefficient of friction bolt threads, 108-109 flanges (between), 106-107 gear coupling teeth, 283-284 shaft to hub, 115 Component balancing, 126- 28, 129-1 30, 150-1 52 Crowned tooth gear coupling, 38, 264-265,266-267,282283,290,292-293,298, 300,322,325 Design equations and parameters, 101-1 18 Diaphragm coupling, application, 8 construction, 480 failure mode, 4 first used, 3, 11, 16 installation, 223-224 high performance, 19,64-66 multiple convoluted, 66, 44 1-444,447,476,480, 483-484,486 multiple straight, 64, 66 482, 486 one-piece type, 19, 65,475-478 reduced moment, 479 tapered contoured, 64-65, 475480,482-485 types, 64-66,480484 Disassembly of couplings, 240-246 Disc couplings, 462-475 application, 6 circular disc, 50,463-464,468 construction, 465 failure mode, 468470,473-475 forms of disc, 6 frame type, 64,472 high performance, 18,62-63 575 [Disc couplings] installation, 223, 567 link type, 62,464,47 1-472 pump type, square and miscellaneous shapes, 50-5 1,463464,470 types, 62-64,467-472 Earliest couplings 1-9 Elastomeric couplings, 403-438 differences, compression, and shear type, 403-405 failure modes, 17-423 how they work, 423-438 installation, 224, 568 material chemical resistance, 422423 torsional considerations, 409417 Elastomeric compression couplings, 41-49,403-405, 423-430 block type, 20,48, 61,423427 donut or ring type, 47,428429 jaw type, 48,423-426 pin and bushing, , types, 43-45,47-49 Elastomeric shear couplings, 41-43,45-47,430-438 bonded type, 60,435 donut type, 46-47,436-438 tire type, 4546,430-435 types, 45-47,50 End movement, 25-26 Fai1ure s diaphragm couplings, 484-486 disc couplings, 473-475 576 [Failures] elastomeric couplings, 17-423 equipment, 28,406 gear couplings, 27, 329-342 grid couplings, 346 U-joints, 368-37 I , 392-402 Fasteners for couplings assembly of, 224-227 grades used, I10 thread coefficient of friction, 109 Fatigue failure, 39 Flange connection, 17 1- 175 capacities and stresses, 106- I2 Flange information, 79 Flanged rigid, 249, 250-252 Flattened bores, 163- 164 Flexible couplings, advantages of, 23-29 Functional capacities, 70-7 I Functions of couplings, 23-29 Gear couplings, 262-342 affect on system axial force, 283-284 bending moment, 284-287, 326-327 application of, 265-266, 294297 backlash requirements, 263265 carburized, 274-277, 280, 1732 coefficient of friction, 283-284 criteria for comparison, 280283 crowned tooth, 38, 263-265, 266-267,290-293,297298,300 failure modes, 287-289, 329342 Index [Gear couplings] [coefficient of friction] teeth, 287-289,329-337 other, 27, 158, 338-342 flangeless, 304 functionality, 257-272 gas turbine type, 307 general purpose, 257, 299-304 ground gearing, 321 high angle/high speed, 27 1-272, 12-3 14 high angle/low speed, 268-27 1, 308-3 I high performance (high speed), 53-56,306 how they work, 263-265,289293 how to evaluate, 280-283, 32 1324 induction hardened, 272-279, 17-320 insta1lation, 227-236, 564-5 66 large, 295-296, 303 lubrication, 227-240,566 materials and heat treatment, 272-280,3 17-32 material strength comparison, 18-3 I9 material wear resistance, 19320 miscellaneous applications, 14316 nitrided, 273-275, 279-280, 7-320 percent of teeth in contact at various misalignment, 32 I PV criteria (ScV), 322 spacer, 303 spindle type, 11,53-54,26827 I , 295,308-3 I Index [Gear couplings] [spindle type] comparison with u-joints, 59 where used, 294 special purpose, 267-268,305307 standard gear coupling comparison, 301-302 straight tooth form, 37, 266-267, 298-299 tandem (floating shaft), 304 tooth failures, 287-289, 329337 tooth patterns, 32 1, 328 tooth stresses, 280-283, 321324 bending, 281 compression, 282-283, 321322 shear, 281 tooth sweep, 325 torque capacity, 283, 323-324 types, 37-38 by application, 257-272 by tooth form, 266, 298 variables in design, 262-263 where used, 265-266,294-297 General purpose couplings, 34-52 capacities, 70 chain, 38-39 characteristics, 72 disc, 49-52 elastomeric, 1-48 gear, 37-38 grid, 39-40 miscellaneous, 52 u-joints, 40-41 Grid couplings, 343-353 accommodate misalignment, 343,347 affect on system, 345-346 577 [Grid couplings] application of, 344, 348-349 design and construction, 344345 failure modes, 346 horizontal cover type, 42, 344, 350 selection, 352-353 specials, 35 1-352 torsional flexibility of, 343, 348 types, 39-42, 350 vertical split cover type, 41, 344, 350 where used, 344,348-349 Guards coupling, 457-462 Heat treatment gear couplings, 274-280 importance, 275-276 History of couplings, 1-22 early, 1-3 1900-1930,2,4-7 1930-1945,4,8-9 1945-1960, 10-12 1960-1985, 10, 13-14, 16-17 I985-present, 15, 17-2 I Hooke joint, Hubs installation, 178-193 keyed, 104-106, 112-1 13 keyless, 113-1 18 removal, 243-246 Hydraulic mounting, 169, 174 Industrial couplings, 29-30 Installation, 177-240 alignment, 193-2 15 disc coupling, 567 do’s & don’ts, 192-193 elastomeric, 568 fasteners, 224-227 578 [Installation] gear couplings, 564-566 hubs, 177-193 interference shafts, 178- 182 intermediate bushings, 182-1 83 preparation for, 178-1 79 rough bored couplings, 187-1 89 tapered shafts, 84- 87 Interface connections, 152- 175 flanges, 171-175 face keys, 174-175 shrouded vs exposed bolt, 172-1 74 keyless fit assembly, 165- 17 stresses, I 13-1 torque capacities, 114-1 I8 selection information, 79 shaft connection, 152- I75 AGMA standard, 153, 156, 157-163 bushings, 164 clearance bores, 152-1 53 flattened bores, 163 interference fit, 153 key and keywidth tolerances, 160 keyed bores, 157- 163 keyless fit, 165-1 I keyless fit advance, 166-1 67 setscrews, 153, 156 splines, 164-1 65 split hubs, 156- 157 I S balance requirements, 135 Interference shaft installation, 179-1 82 standards, 165-1 69 Keyless fitted hubs, 165- 17 I hub retention, 172-1 73 o-ring arrangements, 168-1 69 Index [Keyless fitted hubs] oil injection methods, 169-170 stress-relief grooves, 169, 17 Keys and keyways, 157-163 AGMA standard, 160 allowable stress limits, 106 class of key fit, 159-160 dimensions, 160 fillet radii, 163 lead error, 161-162 stresses, how to calculate, 104106 tolerances, I6 1- 163 types, 159 Key fit, 189-191 failure, 158, 34 1-342 Laser alignment, 10-2 16 Lateral critical speed, 1-93 Lockup in gear couplings, 232-235,287-2 89, 337-3 38 Lubrication, 227-240 amount required, 232 centrifugal force, effect on, 23 I240 methods and practices, 23 1-240 grease, 237-240 oil, 23 1-236 anti-sludge, 234 damless, 235 types, oil vs grease, 236-237 Maintenance, 240-243 Mandrels for balancing, 122, 123, 128, 131 Material limits, 93-97 shrink fits, 180 Mechanically flexible couplings, 29-30,26 1-402 Metallic beam, 52 Index Metallic element, 439-487 axial natural frequency, 445448 axial stiffness, 445-448 heat generated and windage loss, 450-462 lateral critical speed, 448-449 stresses, type in membrane, 440444 system design considerations, 444-449 Miniature couplings, 29-30, 3336 Misalignment, 25-26, 98-99 capacity of coupling, 199-200 definition of, 197 how to calculate, 98-99, 198-1 99 how to correct for, 200-2 10 angular, 200-203 offset, 200-203 how to rough align, 193 limits of equipment, 197, 199-200 symptoms of, 196 tolerance guide, 194 types, 197- 199 Miscellaneous couplings, 489493 pin and bushing, 52,489491 Schmidt, 67,489,491 slider block, 52-53,489,493 spring tangential, 57,491-492 spiral, 35,492-493 types, 52-53,64,66-67 Modified Goodman diagram, 86 Offset misalignment,200-203 Oldham coupling, 493 ISO, 133-135 579 Pin and bushing coupling, 49, 426427,490-49 Pilots shrink fit effect, 191-192 Potential unbalance, 124, 134, 136-138 Power transmission, 23-24 Quill shaft coupling, 32, 248, 258, 260 Rating of couplings, 80-93 correct, 89 speed, 90-93 torque, 80-90, 93 Reactions of couplings axial force, 101 bending moment, 100-1 unbalance force, 124 Residual unbalance, 124, 134, 136138 Retrofitting nonlubricated couplings, 19-536 example, 523-536 guidelines weight-center of gravity, 523 torsional stiffness, 524 match the coupling, 521-533 other considerations, 524-5 33 responsibility, 520-52 I why change?, 19-520 Returning parts to service, 246 Ribbed rigid coupling, 1,249, 254-255 Rigid couplings, 247-260 application, 253,255 flanged rigid, 1,247-252 quill shaft, 32,248,258, 260 ribbed rigid, 1,249, 254-255 sleeve rigid, 32,253, 256-258 types, 1-32,253,256-258 Index 580 Safety factors, 81-87, 93-95 Schmidt coupling, 67,489,491 Seals for couplings, 228-230, 1 Selection, 75-77 capacities, 70-7 characteristics, 72-7 factors, 75-76 information required, 77,7879 responsibility, 75-80 steps required, 76-77 type for various torques and speeds, 68 criteria, 82-84 Service factors, 1-83, 88-89 Set screws, 153, 156 Shaft stresses, 101-102 Shrink fit, 114-1 18 heat mounting, 181 Sleeve rigid, 32, 253, 256-259 Slider block couplings, 52-53,489, 493 Sludged-up gear coupling, 233, 288,337 Special-purpose couplings, 52-57 capacities, characteristics, 73 diaphragm, 64-66 disc, 62-63 elastomeric, 57, 60-62 gear type, 53-55 miscellaneous, 64, 66-67 u-joints, 55-57 Speed balancing requirements, 135, 141 ratings based on, 90-93 classes, 136-1 38 Splines, 103-1 04, 164-1 65 Split hubs, 156- 157 Spring couplings spiral, 35,492-493 tangential, 57, 49 1-492 Straight toothed gear coupling, 37, 266-267,298-299 Strength limits, 95-97 Stress equations elements (disc and diaphragms), 8048,440444 fasteners, 107-1 10 flanges, 109, 111-1 12 gear teeth, 280-283 hubs, 112-113 keys, 104-1 06 shafting, 101-102 splines, 103- 104 Surface hardening, 276-280 System interactions, 77, 80 Tapered shafts, 184-1 87 advance required, 184 installation, 184-1 87 Torque, 98 Torque vs speed, 68 Torquemeter coupling, 1,495508 logistics, 496-497 strain gage type, 497-499 torsional deflection type, 50 1- 508 one channel, 506-508 three channel, 503-506 two-channel, 501-503 Torsional damping coupling, 508-5 19 coupling design, 18-5 19 damper couplings, 14-5 18 machine analysis, 1-5 14 machine vibration, 508-509 torsional vibration, 509-5 1 Index Torsional stiffness, 99-100 Torsional vibration, 405-4 17 Transmissibility, 15-4 Types of couplings, 29-73 Unbalance force, 124 U-joints, 362-402 application, 362, 373-377 block type, 21, 58, 363, 372, 381-382,396 constant velocity, 57, 363, 379380 design and construction, 363-364,38 1-386 effect on system, 367-368,391 failure modes, 368-37 1, 392402 FEA yoke, 37 flange types, 386 industrial type, 55-59 kinematic relationships, 364367,387-390 lubrication, 227-228 581 [ U-joints] mechanisms, 44,362-363,377378 problems, causes, and corrections, 399-402 ratings, 367 solid eye type, 17, 55-57, 363, 38 1,384 split eye type, 363, 372, 38 1, 383 split yoke type, 363, 381, 384 types, 40-41,43-44,55-59, 38 1-386 vehicle type, 40-41,43 Universal joints (see U-joints) Urethane tire coupling, 45, Weight (component), how to calculate, 99-1 00 Worm tracking (gear couplings), 287-289,3 36 WR2 (flywheel effect), how to calculate, 99- 100 ... Crawford, and Mark E Coti cchia Machinery Adhesives for Locking, Retaining, and Sealing, Girard S Haviland Couplings and Joints: Design, Selection, and Application, Jon R Mancuso Shaft Alignment Handbook,... Stephen A McKeown 121 Couplings and Joints: Design, Selection, and Application, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Jon R.Mancuso Additional Volumes in Preparation Gear Noise and Vibration, J Derek... Characteristics and Capacities of Couplings Selection and Design I Selection Factors 11 Design Equations and Parameters 111 Balancing of Couplings IV Interface Connections Installation and Maintenance